EXPERIMENT NO-
AIM- To analyse the given salt for acidic and basic radical.
Materials required :-
EXPERIMENT
1.PHYSICAL EXAMINATION OF THE
SALT
a) COLOUR
b)ODOUR
c) DRY HEATING TEST
Small quantity of given salt is heated
in a dry testtube.
2. DILUTE SULPHURIC ACID TEST
To a small quantity of given salt taken
in a dry test tube dilute sulphuric acid
is added.
CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR
CARBONATE
LIME WATER TEST
To a small quantity of given salt taken
in a dry testtube added dilute
sulphuric acid and the gas evolved
was passed through lime water.
PREPARATION OF ORIGINAL SOLUTION: Given salt is dissolved in cold, distilled water to obtain clear and transparent
Detection of group for basic
radical
1.Group Zero: Added NaOH to original
solution and boiled.
CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR NH4+
NESSLER'S TEST
To the original solution added NaOH,
boiled and passed the gas through
Nessler's reagent taken in test tube.
RESULT- The given salt contains acidic radical/ anion CO32- and basic radical/cation NH4+
DATE-
OBSERAVATION INFERENCE
White Mn2+,Ni2+,Co2+ Fe2+ etc are absent.
Ammoniacal smell NH4+ may be present
NH4+ may be present
Colurless Gas with ammoniacal smell
which gives white fumes with glass
rod dipped in HCl .White sublimate is
formed
ANALYSIS OF ACIDIC RADICAL
Colourless, odourless gas with brisk
effervescence and turns lime water CO32-may be present
milky
CO32- is present and confirmed.
Bisk effervescence and Lime water
turns milky and on excess passing
milky colour disappear due to
formation of bicarbonates
ANALYSIS OF BASIC RADICAL
solution.
Ammoniacal smell, white fumes are NH4+ is present and confirmed.
obtained with a glassrod dipped in
dilute HCl.
Brown ppt. is formed NH4+ may be present
EXPERIMENT NO- DATE-
AIM- To analyse the given salt for acidic and basic radical.
MATERIALS :----
EXPERIMENT OBSERAVATION INFERENCE
1.PHYSICAL EXAMINATION OF THE SALT
Mn2+,Ni2+,Co2+ Fe2+ etc are
a) COLOUR White absent.
NH4+ ,CH3COO- etc. May
b)ODOUR No odour be absent
c) DRY HEATING TEST Small NH4+ may be present
quantity of given salt is heated in a dry Colurless Gas with ammoniacal smell
testtube. which gives white fumes with glass rod
dipped in HCl .White sublimate is formed
ANALYSIS OF ACIDIC RADICAL
2. DILUTE SULPHURIC ACID TEST No characteristic reaction Group I anions are absent
To a small quantity of given salt taken in CO32-, S2-, SO32- and NO2-
a dry testube dilute sulphuric acid is may be absent
added.
3.CONCENTRATED SULPHURIC ACID TEST No characteristic reaction Group II anions are absent
To a small qunatity of salt taken in a dry Cl-, Br-, I-, NO3-& CH3COO-
test tube added conc H2SO4 and heated. may be absent

4. TEST FOR SULPHATE White ppt. is obtained which is insoluble SO42- is present and
a) Barium Chloride test Small in conc. H2SO4 confirmed.
quantity of the given salt is dissolved in
water and added Barium chloride
solution.
b)Lead Acetate test White ppt. is formed which soluble in SO42- is present and
Small quantity of the given salt is excess of hot ammonium acetate confirmed.
dissolved in water and added Lead solution.
Acetate solution.
ANALYSIS OF BASIC RADICAL
PREPARATION OF ORIGINAL SOLUTION: Given salt is dissolved in cold, distilled water to obtain clear and
transparent solution.

Detection of group for basic

radical
1.Group Zero: Added NaOH to original Ammoniacal smell, white fumes are NH4+ is present and
solution and boiled. obtained with a glassrod dipped in dilute confirmed.
HCl.
CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR NH4+ Brown ppt. is formed NH4+ may be present
NESSLER'S TEST
To the original solution added NaOH,
boiled and passed the gas through
Nessler's reagent taken in test tube.

RESULT- The given salt contains acidic radical/ anion SO42- and basic radical/cation NH4+
EXPERIMENT NO- DATE-
AIM- To analyse the given salt for acidic and basic radical.
MATERIALS :----
EXPERIMENT OBSERAVATION INFERENCE
1.PHYSICAL EXAMINATION OF THE SALT
Mn2+,Ni2+,Co2+ Fe2+ etc are
a) COLOUR White absent.
NH4 ,CH3COO- etc. May be
+

absent
b)ODOUR No odour
c) DRY HEATING TEST Colourless gas with pungent Cl- may be present.
Small quantity of given salt is heated in a smell,gives white fumes with glass rod
dry test tube. dipped in Ammonia solution.
ANALYSIS OF ACIDIC RADICAL
2. DILUTE SULPHURIC ACID TEST No characteristic reaction Group I anions are absent
To a small quantity of given salt taken in a CO32-, S2-, SO32- and NO2-
dry testube dilute sulphuric acid is added. may be absent

3.CONCENTRATED SULPHURIC ACID TEST
To a small qunatity of salt taken in a dry test
tube added conc H2SO4 and heated.
CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR CHLORIDE
SILVER NITRATE TEST
To a small quantity of aq. Salt solution
added Dil HNO3 ,boiled ooled and added
Silver nitrate solution.
Colourless gas with pungent Cl- may be present.
smell,gives white fumes with glassrod
dipped in Ammonia solution.
White ppt. is ontained which is Cl- is present and
completely soluble in ammonium confirmed
hydroxide.

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR CHLORIDE Cl- is present and

Chromyl chloride test: confirmed
(a) Chromyl chloride test:-
 Salt + solid K2Cr2O7 + conc. H2SO4, heat Red vapours evolved
 (ii)Pass the red vapours into
 NaOH solution Yellow solution
 The yellow solution + dil. CH3COOH + Yellow ppt
lead acetate solution

ANALYSIS OF BASIC RADICAL

PREPARATION OF ORIGINAL SOLUTION: Given salt is dissolved in cold, distilled water to obtain clear and
transparent solution.

Detection of group for basic radical

1.Group Zero: Added NaOH to original Ammoniacal smell, white fumes are NH4+ is present and
solution and boiled. obtained with a glassrod dipped in confirmed.
dilute HCl.
CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR NH4+ Brown ppt. is formed NH4+ may be present
NESSLER'S TEST
To the original solution added NaOH, boiled
and passed the gas through Nessler's
reagent taken in test tube.
RESULT- The given salt contains acidic radical/ anion- Cl- and basic radical/cation NH4+
EXPERIMENT NO- DATE-
AIM- To analyse the given salt for acidic and basic radical.
MATERIALS :----
EXPERIMENT OBSERAVATION INFERENCE
1.PHYSICAL EXAMINATION OF THE SALT
Mn2+,Ni2+,Co2+ Fe2+ etc are
a) COLOUR White absent.
NH4 ,CH3COO- etc. May
+

b)ODOUR No odour be absent

c) DRY HEATING TEST White residue is obtained. Al3+,Ba2+,Ca2+,Sr2+ may be
Small quantity of given salt is heated in a present.
dry testtube.
ANALYSIS OF ACIDIC RADICAL
2. DILUTE SULPHURIC ACID TEST No characteristic reaction Group I anions are absent
To a small quantity of given salt taken in a CO32-, S2-, SO32- and NO2-
dry testube dilute sulphuric acid is added. may be absent
3.CONCENTRATED SULPHURIC ACID TEST No characteristic reaction Group II anions are absent
To a small qunatity of salt taken in a dry Cl-, Br-, I-, NO3-& CH3COO-
test tube added conc H2SO4 and heated. may be absent
4. TEST FOR SULPHATE White ppt. is obtained which is insoluble SO42- is present and
a) Barium Chloride test in conc. H2SO4 confirmed.
Small quantity of the given salt is
dissolved in water and added Barium
chloride solution.
b)Lead Acetate test White ppt. is formed which soluble in SO42- is present and
Small quantity of the given salt is excess of hot ammonium acetate confirmed.
dissolved in water and added Lead solution.
Acetate solution.
ANALYSIS OF BASIC RADICAL
PREPARATION OF ORIGINAL SOLUTION: Given salt is dissolved in cold, distilled water to obtain clear and
transparent solution.
Detection of group for basic
radical
1.Group Zero: Added NaOH to original No characteristic reaction NH4+ is absent.
solution and boiled.
2. Group I: To a part of O.S added Dil HCl No ppt. Group I cations are absent.

3. Group II: To a part of O.S added Dil HCl No ppt. Group II cations are absent
and passed H2S gas through it
4.Group III: To a part of O.S added solid White gelatinous ppt is obtained Group III may be present
ammonium chloride and ammonium Al3+, may be present.
hydroxide solution.
CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR Al3+ Blue ppt is otained which floates in the Al3+is present and
Dissolved the white gelatinous ppt colorless solution confirmed.
obtained in the above test in dilute
hydrochloric acid and added two drops of
blue litmus solution. further added
ammonium hydoxide solution dropwise
till blue color develops.
RESULT- The given salt contains acidic radical/ anion SO42- and basic radical/cation Al3+
EXPERIMENT NO- DATE-
AIM- To analyse the given salt for acidic and basic radical.
MATERIALS :----
EXPERIMENT OBSERAVATION INFERENCE
1.PHYSICAL EXAMINATION OF THE SALT
Mn2+,Ni2+,Co2+ Fe2+ etc are
a) COLOUR White absent.
NH4+ ,CH3COO- etc. May
b)ODOUR No odour be absent
c) DRY HEATING TEST Small Reddish brown gas ,turns FeSO4 NO3- may be present.
quantity of given salt is heated in a dry solution black. Pb2+ may be present.
testtube. Brown residue which turns yellow on
cooling
ANALYSIS OF ACIDIC RADICAL
2. DILUTE SULPHURIC ACID TEST No characteristic reaction Group I anions are absent
To a small quantity of given salt taken in a CO32-, S2-, SO32- and NO2-
dry testube dilute sulphuric acid is added. may be absent
3.CONCENTRATED SULPHURIC ACID TEST Reddish browngas with pungent smell NO3- may be present.
To a small qunatity of salt taken in a dry turns FeSO4 solution black
test tube added conc H2SO4 and heated.
CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR NITRATE Dark brown fumes were evolved. NO3- is present and
1.COPPER CHIPS TEST confirmed.
Heated a small quantity of Salt with Conc.
H2SO4 and few copper chips are added.
2.BROWN RING TEST Brown ring is formed at the junction of NO3- is present and
Added a small quantity of freshly prepared two layers. confirmed.
aq. Solution of ferrous sulphate to a part
of aq solutopn of salt and added conc
sulphuric acid along the sides of test tube.
ANALYSIS OF BASIC RADICAL
PREPARATION OF ORIGINAL SOLUTION: Given salt is dissolved in cold, distilled water to obtain clear and
transparent solution.
Detection of group for basic
radical
1.Group Zero: Added NaOH to original No characteristic reaction NH4+ is absent.
solution and boiled.
2. Group I: To a part of O.S added Dil HCl White ppt Group I cations are
present.
CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR Pb2+ yellow ppt. is obtained 2+
Pb is present and
1.POTASSIUM IODIDE TEST confirmed.
TO a small quantity of Salt solution added
Potassium iodide solution.

2. Potassium chromate test TO a small yellow ppt. is obtained Pb2+ is present and
quantity of Salt solution added Potassium confirmed.
chromate solution.

RESULT- The given salt contains acidic radical/ anion- NO3- and basic radical/cation Pb2+
EXPERIMENT NO- DATE-
AIM- To analyse the given salt for acidic and basic radical.
MATERIALS :----
EXPERIMENT OBSERAVATION INFERENCE

1.PHYSICAL EXAMINATION OF THE SALT

Mn2+,Ni2+,Co2+ Fe2+ etc are
a) COLOUR White absent.
NH4 ,CH3COO- etc. May be
+

b)ODOUR No odour absent

c) DRY HEATING TEST
Small quantity of given salt is heated in a
dry test tube.
ANALYSIS OF ACIDIC RADICAL
2. DILUTE SULPHURIC ACID TEST
To a small quantity of given salt taken in a
dry testube dilute sulphuric acid is added.
3.CONCENTRATED SULPHURIC ACID TEST
To a small qunatity of salt taken in a dry
test tube added conc H2SO4 and heated.
Reddish brown vapors ,turn starch paper Br- may be present.
yellow.
No characteristic reaction Group I anions are absent
CO32-, S2-, SO32- and NO2-
may be absent
Reddish brown vapors ,turn starch paper Br- may be present.
yellow.but does not turn FeSO4 solution
black

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR BROMIDE Dull yellow ppt. is ontained which is Br- is present and
SILVER NITRATE TEST partially soluble in ammonium hydroxide. confirmed
To a small quantity of aq. Salt solution
added Dil HNO3 ,boiled ooled and added
Silver nitrate solution.

ANALYSIS OF BASIC RADICAL

PREPARATION OF ORIGINAL SOLUTION: Given salt is dissolved in cold, distilled water to obtain clear and transparent
solution.
Detection of group for basic
radical
1.Group Zero: Added NaOH to original Ammoniacal smell, white fumes are NH4+ is present and
solution and boiled. obtained with a glassrod dipped in dilute confirmed.
HCl.
CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR NH4+ Brown ppt. is formed NH4+ may be present
NESSLER'S TEST
To the original solution added NaOH,
boiled and passed the gas through
Nessler's reagent taken in test tube.

RESULT- The given salt contains acidic radical/ anion- Br- and basic radical/cation NH4+
EXPERIMENT NO- DATE-
AIM- To analyse the given salt for acidic and basic radical.
MATERIALS :----
Experiment Observations Inference
1. Physical Examination
(a) Colour White Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+ may
be absent

Vinegar like CH3COO- may be present

(b) Smell
2. Flame test:- Prepared a paste of the salt Dull bluish white flame
with conc. HCl & performed flame test Pb2+ present
ANALYSIS OF ACIDIC RADICAL
3. Dil. Sulphuric test:- CO32-, S2-, SO32- and NO2- may be
Salt + dil. H2SO4, No. gas evolved absent

4. Conc. Sulphuric test:- Coloourless vapours with CH3COO- may be present

Salt + conc. H2SO4 Vinegar like smell evolved
5. Confirmatory test for CH3COO-:-
(a) Oxalic acid test:-
Make a paste of salt and solid oxalic Vinegar like smell CH3COO- confirmed
acid with water, rub and smell it

(b) Salt solution + neutral FeCl3 Solution

Deep red colour CH3COO- confirmed

ANALYSIS OF BASIC RADICAL

6. TEST FOR ZERO GROUP :-
Test for ammonium ion:- No Ammonical smell NH4+ may be absent
Salt + NaOH solution, heat

7. TEST FOR I GROUP White ppt Pb2+ may be present

Salt solution + dil. HCl

8. Confirmatory test for Pb2+:-

Dissolve the white ppt in hot water &
divide the solution into two parts
(a) First part + KI solution Yellow ppt Pb2+ confirmed

Yelloe ppt Pb2+ confirmed

(b) Second part + K2CrO4 solution

Result:- The given inorganic salt contains:- Cation- Pb2+and anion CH3COO-
 EXPERIMENT NO- DATE-
AIM- To analyse the given salt for acidic and basic radical.
MATERIALS :----
Experiment Observations Inference
1.Physical Examination
(a)Colour White Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+
may be absent

NH4+, CH3COO- & S2- may be

No. characteristic smell absent
(b)Smell

2.Flame test:- Prepared a paste of the
salt with conc. HCl & performed flame
test
3 Salt+dil.H2SO4
No. characteristic colour of flame
ANALYSIS OF ACIDIC RADICAL
Colourless,Odourless gas with brisk
Effervescense
Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Pb2+
may be absent
CO32- may be present

4.Confirmatory test for carbonate :- Changes lime water CO32- confirmed

(a) Pass the evolved gas Milky
Through lime water On excess passing milky colour
disappear

(b)Magnesium sulphate test:- White ppt of MgCO3 formed

Salt spolution + MgSO4 solution CO32- confirmed
ANALYSIS OF BASIC RADICAL
1. Test for ammonium ion:- Zero group
Salt + NaOH solution, heat No Ammonical smell NH4+ absent

2. Salt solution + dil. HCl No. White ppt (I group)

Pb2+ absent
3. Pass H2S gas in above solution No ppt II group absent
4. Aq. Solution of salt + solid NH4Cl & No ppt III group absent
boil, cool & add excess of NH4OH
5. Pass H2S gas through the above No ppt IV group absent
solution
6. Aq. Solution of salt + solid NH4Cl & No ppt V group absent
boil, cool & add excess of NH4OH ,
add (NH4)2CO3 solution
Test for VI group White ppt Mg2+ may be present
O.S.+ NH4Cl+ NH4OH+ Na2HPO4

(a) O.S.+(NH4)3PO4 White ppt Mg2+ confirmed

(b) O.S.+ NaOH+Nessler’s reagent
White ppt Mg2+ confirmed

Result:- The given inorganic salt contains:- Cation- Mg2+ and anion CO32--
EXPERIMENT NO- DATE-
AIM- To analyse the given salt for acidic and basic radical.
MATERIALS :----
Experiment Observations Inference
1. Physical Examination
(a)Colour green Ni2+ may be present

(b)Smell No. characteristic smell NH4+, CH3COO- & S2- may be

absent
2. Flame test:- Prepared a paste of the salt No. characteristic colour of flame Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Pb2+ may
with conc. HCl & performed flame test be absent
ANALYSIS OF ACIDIC RADICAL
3. Dil. Sulphuric test:- CO32-, S2-, SO32- and NO2- may be
Salt + dil. H2SO4, warm No. gas evolved absent

4. Conc. Sulphuric test:- Coloourless gas with pungent Cl- may be present
Salt + conc. H2SO4, warm smell evolved
5. Confirmatory test for Cl-:-
(b) Silver nitrate test:- White ppt soluble in ammonium
Salt solution + AgNO3 solution hydroxide Cl-confirmed

(c) Chromyl chloride test:-

(i) Salt + solid K2Cr2O7 + conc. Red vapours evolved
H2SO4, heat
(ii)Pass the red vapours into Yellow solution
NaOH solution
(i) The yellow solution + dil.
CH3COOH + lead acetate Yellow ppt
solution Cl- confirmed

ANALYSIS OF BASIC RADICAL

6. Test for ammonium ion:-
Salt + NaOH solution, heat No Ammonical smell NH4+ may be absent

7. Salt solution + dil. HCl No. White ppt Pb2+ may be absent
8. Pass H2S gas in above solution No ppt II group absent
9. Aq. Solution of salt + solid NH4Cl & boil, No ppt III group absent
cool & add excess of NH4OH
10. Pass H2S gas through the above solution Black ppt IV group (may be Co2+ or Ni2+)
present
11. Confirmatory test for Ni2+:-
Dissolve the black ppt in aqua regia & divide
the solution in two parts-
(a) One part + NH4OH + dimethyl glyoxim Bright rose red ppt Ni2+ confirmed
(b) Second part + excess NaOH + bromine
water, boil Black ppt Ni2+ confirmed

Result:- The given inorganic salt contains:- Cation- Ni2+and anion Cl-