Project Final Repord 2076 PDF

CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW
1.1 INTRODUCTION
The studies related with earthquake demand the structures must be stronger and safer. The
safe design should hold paramount importance as loss of lives and properties are unpleasant
because of the worst scenario it can create. Structural design with the use of sound
knowledge of structural engineering determines the size of members like beam, column,
rebar arrangements and others. These structural are subjected to various loads like
concentrated load, uniformly distributed loads, uniformly varying loads, random loads,
internal or earthquake load and dynamic forces. The structural transfer its load to the
support and ultimately to the ground. While transferring the loads acting on the structure,
the members of the structures are subjected to internal forces like axial force, shear force,
bending and torsional moments. Structural analysis deals with analyzing these internal
forces in the members of the structure.
The project owes a complete conformity with various stipulations in Indian standards. In
addition, relevant issues of NBC are referred in case of regional varying behavior of the
design approaches.
1.2 THEME OF PROJECT WORK

We deal detail design, structural analysis and estimation of institutional building with
respect to safety, economy, stability and strength. It is earthquake resistant structure. The
project linked up with the complete structural earthquake resistant design. Acquires the
complete knowledge and skill with a practical application along with the benefit for
construction of building.
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1.3 OBJECTIVES
The aim of RCC design is the achievement of an acceptable probability that structures
being designed will perform satisfactory during their intended life. The objectives of the
project are mentioned below:
 Analysis: using SAP 2000

 Preliminary design and estimation of loads for dead, live and earthquake.
 Modeling of building for structural analysis.
 Integrate the theoretical knowledge of structural engineering to practical field.
 Design of earthquake resistant institutional building.
 To draw the structural drawing.
 Estimation of construction cost of the building.
1.4 BUILDING DESCRIPTION

Building type: College building
No. of storey: G+2
Floor height: 3.172m
Plinth area:8578sq.ft
Type of foundation: Isolated and Combine
Type of soil: II
Seismic zone: v
Seismic zone factor(z):0.36
Grade of concrete: M25
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1.5 IDENTIFICATION OF LOAD
Dead loads are calculated as per IS 875 (part I) – 1987. Seismic loads are taken according
to NBC 105-1994 considering job site in Surkhet located at Zone V. imposed load are taken
according to IS 875(part II)-1987.
1.6 CODE OF PRACTICES

IS 456:2000 code of practice for plain concrete and reinforcement
IS 875:1987 code of practice for Design load of Building and structures (part I - Dead
loads: part-II – Imposed loads)
IS 1893 (part I):2000 Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of structures
NBC 105: 1994
Design criteria for seismic load
SP 16 Design Aids for Reinforced concrete to IS 456:1978
1.7 IDEALIZATION AND ASSUMPTION IN ANALYSIS AND

DESIGN
Various Assumptions have been made in analysis and design of the structures, for
consideration of simplicity and economy, namely:
 Tensile strength of concrete is ignored.

 Shrinkage and temperature strength are negligible.
 Adhesion between concrete and steel is adequate to develop full strength.
 Seismic and wind load do not occur simultaneously.
 Centerlines of concrete of beam, column and shear walls are concurrent everywhere.
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1.8 METHOD OF ANALYSIS
The building is modeled as a space frame. SAP2000 version20 is adopted as the basic tools
for execution of analysis. SAP program is based on finite Element Method. Due to possible
actions in the building, the stresses, displacements and fundamental time periods are
obtained using SAP which are used for the design of the members. Isolated foundation,
staircase, slabs, columns, beams are analyzed separately.
1.9 DESIGN
The following materials are adopted for the design of the elements:
Concrete Grade: M25
Reinforcement steel: HYSD500
The design of RC elements is carried out using Limit State Method. The design is based
on various Indian Standards Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete IS 456-
2000, Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete IS 456:1987 (SP-16), Criteria for Earthquake
Resistant Design Structures IS 1893-2002, Ductile detailing of Reinforced Concrete
Structures Subjected to Seismic Forces IS 13920:1993.
1.10 DETAILING
The space frame is considered as a special moment resisting frame (SMRF) with a special
detailing to provide ductile behavior and comply with the requirements given in IS 13920-
1993.
1.11 SCOPE
The project work is limited to the structural analysis and design only. Design and detailing
of following structural elements is performed
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Slab
Beam
Column
Staircase
Footing
The project work is only related with the practical application of the studied courses in the
field. Detail cost estimate of the project is also included in this report.
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CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 BACKGROUND
In the previous days, the design of structures wasn’t as per rules. In context of Nepal, due
to earthquake on 2072/01/12, Many building fell and changed into ashes only because of
the lack of seismic analysis and design. Similarly, in institutional building, the design is
not as per the requirement. The institutional building must be structurally approved. The
design of components such as BEAM, COLUMN, STAIRCASE, FOUNDATION, SLAB
etc should as per the requirement. As per as the building should be economically feasible.
Generally, the institutional building is constructed by considering the types of institutions.

The appropriate size of the class room, staff room, meeting hall, auditorium hall, canteen,
parking area, toilets, water taps, labs and library, etc. are specifically designed.
2.2 DESIGN PHILOSOPHY

Design philosophies of for RC structure are
I.Working stress design

II.Ultimate strength design
III.Limit state design
In comparison to ultimate strength design, there is more reliability for safety concern in
working stress design and limit state design method. So limit state design and working
stress design are more popular and widely used in the design of structure.
2.2.1 LIMIT STATE DESIGN

Limit state Design method is the latest approach in structural design which is based on not
exceeding the limiting condition of probable load and probable strength of materials
through probabilistic approach. Thus, the philosophy of limit state design method is to see
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that the structure remains fit for use throughout its designed life by remaining within the
acceptable limit of safety and serviceability based on the risk involved.
Different limit states for design
Limit states are the states beyond which the structure no longer satisfies the specified
performance requirements. The various limit states to be considered in design may be
grouped into following two major categories:
a) Limit state of strength

b) Limit state of serviceability
Limit state of strength:
The limit state prescribed to avoid collapse of structure which may endanger the safety of
life and property are grouped under this category. The limit state of strength includes:
 Loss of equilibrium of whole or part of the structure.

 Loss of stability of structure as whole as part of it.
 Failure by excessive deformation.
 Fracture due to fatigue.
 Brittle fracture.
Limit state of serviceability:
The limit state of serviceability includes:
 Deformation and deflections adversely affecting the appearance or effective

use of structure are casing improper functioning of equipment ar services or
damage to finishing.
 Vibrations in structures or any part of its components limiting is functional
effectiveness.
 Repairable damage or crack due to fatigue.
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 Corrosion.
 Fire.
2.3 LOADS
Loads calculation is an important factor for design consideration. The ultimate load on the
structures determine the design of BEAM, SLAB, COLUMN, STAIRCASE,
FOUNDATION, etc.
For the design of institutional building the load of scholars, furniture, floor finishes, loads
of infills wall, self-weight of all structural components, occasionally causing seismic
weight, etc. are taken into consideration as per the codes standards.
2.3.1 DESIGN LOADS

The total load on a structural system for the most severe combination of loads and forces
which is design to sustain. Design load is the load to be taken for the use in the appropriate
method of design; it is the characteristics load in case of working stress method and
characteristics load with appropriate partial safety factors for limit state design.
2.3.2 LOAD ASSESSMENT

After preparation of Detailed architectural plan of the building with positioning of services
provided by architectural norms, load calculation was done. For detailed assessment of
loads acting on the building, three types of load are considered in the analysis. i.e. DEAD
LOAD, LIVE LOAD, AND SEISMIC LOAD.
2.3.3 DEAD LOADS

Dead load consists of the self- weight of column, beam, slab, and wall. Dimensions of
column, beam, and slab are taken from preliminary design. For wall load, thickness of wall
is taken from plan and deduction of opening is done according to the average size of
opening in the outer and inner walls and deduction is not made in solid wall. In case of
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partition wall in the middle of slab, the total weight of the wall is calculated as uniformly
distributed load and assigned over the nearest beam. Dead load is taken from IS 875:2000
(part I).
2.3.4 LIVE LOAD

Live load is taken from IS:2000(part-II). The magnitude of the live load depends upon the
occupancy of the building. In case of different live load in one panel of slab, highest value
of the live load is taken for the panel.
2.3.5 SEISMIC LOADS

Seismic weight is the total load plus approximate amount of specified imposed load. While
computing seismic eight of each floor, the weight of columns and walls in any storey shall
be equally distributed to the floor above and below the storey. The seismic weight of the
whole building is the sum of the seismic weights of all the floor.
Seismic load or earthquake load a building depends upon its geographical location, lateral
stiffness. And mass, and is reversible. Its effect should be considered along both axes of
building taken at a time. A force is defined as the product of mass and acceleration. During
an earthquake, the mass is imparted by the building whereas the acceleration is imparted
by ground disturbance. In order to have minimum force, the mass of the building should
be as low as possible. The point of application of this inertial force is the Centre of gravity
of mass on floor of the building.
There are two methods of determination of earthquake load in building:
A. Seismic coefficient method or static method.

B. Response spectrum method or modal analysis method of spectral acceleration
method or dynamic method.
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2.3.6 SEISMIC DESIGN CRITERIA
Table 1 Seismic Design Criteria
SDC Building types and expected MMI Seismic design
A building located in regions having a no specific seismic design requirements

very small probability of experiencing but structures are required to have
damaging earthquake effects complete lateral force resisting systems
and to meet basic structural intensity
criteria.
B Structures of ordinary occupancy that Structures must be designed to resist

could experience moderate(MMI) seismic forces
intensity shaking
C Structures of ordinary occupancy that Structure must be designed to resist

could experience strong(MMI VII) and seismic forces. Critical nonstructural
structures that could experience components must be provided with
moderate(MMI VI) shaking seismic restraint.
D Structures of ordinary occupancy that Structure must be designed to resist

could experience very strong seismic forces.
shaking(MMI VIII) and important
Only structural systems capable of
structures that could experience (MMI
providing good performance are
VII) shaking
permitted.
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Nonstructural components that could
cause injury must be provided with
seismic restraint.
Nonstructural system required for life

safety protection must be demonstrated
to be capable of post-earthquake
functionality.
Special construction quality assurance

measures are required.
E Structures of ordinary occupancy Structure must be designed to resist

located within a few kilometers of seismic forces.
major active faults capable of
producing(MMI IX) or more intensity
providing superior performance are
shaking.
permitted.
Many types of irregularities are

prohibited.

seismic restraint.

functionality.
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measures are required.
F Critically important structures located Structure must be designed to resist

within a few kilometers of major active seismic forces.
faults capable of producing MMI IX or
more intensity shaking.
providing superior performance are
permitted.
Many types of irregularities are

prohibited.

seismic restraint.
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functionality.

measures are required
2.4 ESTIMATION OF LOADS
After the study of architectural drawing and preliminary design, load calculations were
done using the IS 875:1987 as reference. The exact value of unit weights of the materials
from the code was used in the calculation. The thickness of materials was taken as per
design requirement.
DEAD LOAD
Dead load consists of the self-weight of the column, beam, slab and wall. Dimensions of
column, beam, and slab were taken from preliminary design. For wall load, thickness of
wall was taken from plan, deduction of opening was done according to the average size of
opening in the outer and inner walls and deduction was not made in solid wall. In the case
of the partition wall in the middle of slab, the total weight of the wall was calculated as
uniformly distributed load and assign over the nearest beam.
Live load
Live load was determined by using code for design loads (IS 875:2000 part 2) for various
types and purposes of rooms.
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Lateral load
Earthquake load is calculated by referring the code IS 1893:2002 according to which base
shear of the building is calculated by considering different factors. It also considers each
storey as lumped mass system and distributes the base shear to all lumped mass systems.
The base shear, Vb= Ah-Ws ( Ref. Cl 7.5.3 IS 1893(part 1):2002
Where, Z = Zone factor given by IS 1893(part 1):2002 table 2 & Z=0.36 for zone V.
I = Importance factor given by IS 1893(part 1):2002 table 6
R = Response reduction factor given by IS 1893 (part 1):2002 Table 7 & R = 5.0 fof special
RC moment resisting frame.
Sa/g = Average response acceleration coefficient which depends on Ta.
Where,
Ta = Fundamental natural periods of vibration
Ta = 0.075h0.35 for without brick infill and RC framed building
2.5 TERMINOLOGIES
1) Methods of Analysis
Seismic Coefficient method: It means a method of analysis using static loads to simulate
the effects of earthquake ground motion.
Model Response Spectrum method: It means a method of dynamic analysis in which a

given earthquake design spectrum is applied to a mathematical model of the structure and
the response of several models are determined and combined.
Dead load: It means the Self weight of all permanent components of a building including
walls, partitions, columns, roofs, finishes and fixed plant and fittings that are an integral
part of the structures.
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Design: It means the use of rational computational or experimental methods in accordance
with the established principles of structural mechanics.
Diaphragm: It means a member composed of a web, or a truss which distributes forces to

the horizontal load resisting system.
Ductility: It means the ability of the building or member to undergo repeated and reversing
inelastic deflection beyond the point of first yield while maintaining a substantial
proportion of its initial maximum load carrying capacity.
2) Elements
Primary elements: It means elements forming part of the basic load resisting structure,
such as beams, columns, diaphragms, or shear walls necessary for the buildings survival
when subjected to the loadings.
Secondary elements: It means elements such as intermediate or secondary beams,

partition walls, panels, or veneers not necessary for the survival of the buildings as a whole
but which may be subjected to stresses due to load applied directly to them or to stresses
induced by the deformations of the primary elements.
Frames: It means a system composed of interconnected members functioning as a

complete self-contained unit with or without the aid of horizontal diaphragms or floor
bracing system.
Moment resisting frame: It means a load carrying frame in which the members and are
capable of resisting horizontal loads through bending moments.
Horizontal load resisting system: It means that part of the structural system to which the
horizontal loads prescribed by this standard are assigned.
Live loads: It means the loads assumed or known to result from the occupancy or use of a
building and includes the loads on floors, loads on roofs other than wind, imposed loads
and all movable goods.
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Set back: It means any offset horizontally in from the plane of an exterior wall of a
structures.
Shear walls: It means a wall of any materials required to resist horizontal loads through
the transfer of shear forces.
Storey: It means the space between two adjacent floors or platform levels.
2.6 LOAD COMBINATIONS

Different load cases and load combination cases as per IS 875 are considered to obtain
most critical elements stress in structure in the course of analysis. For Limit State Design
in RCC structure and pre-stressed concrete the possible load combinations taken for
analysis and design are given below:
 Dead Load (DL)

 Live Load (LL)
 Other Loads (Masonry+ partition+ Floor Finish)
 Earthquake load in X-direction (EQx)static
 Earthquake load in Y-direction (EQy)static
Following load combination as per IS 1893(Part 1):2002 are adopted:
a) Combo 1 :- 1.5(DL+LL+Other)
b) Combo 2 :- 1.2(DL+LL+Other+EQx)
c) Combo 3 :- 1.2(DL+LL+Other-EQx)
d) Combo 4 :- 1.2(DL+LL+Other+EQy)
e) Combo 5 :- 1.2(DL+LL+Other-EQy)
f) Combo 6 :- 1.5(DL+Other+EQx)
g) Combo 7 :- 1.5(DL+Other-EQx)
h) Combo 8 :- 1.5(DL+Other+EQy)
i) Combo 9:- 1.5(DL+Other-EQy)
j) Combo 10 :- 0.9(DL+Other)+1.5EQx
k) Combo 11 :- 0.9(DL+Other)-1.5EQx
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l) Combo 12 :- 0.9(DL+Other)+1.5EQy
m) Combo 13 :- 0.9(DL+Other)-1.5EQy
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CHAPTER 3: STRUCTURAL SYSTEM, METHODOLOGY
AND PRELIMINARY DESIGN
3.1 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

The building system is functionally and legally planned appropriately as mentioned in
previous section. Our focus in the current section is the structural orientation of the
building in horizontal and vertical plan avoiding irregularities mentioned in I.S 1893
(part1):2002.
The following types of irregularities mentioned in table 4 and 5 of IS 1893(part1):2002
should be avoided as far as practicable during functional planning.
 Plan irregularities
I. Torsion irregularities
II. Re-entrant irregularities
III. Diaphragm irregularities
IV. Out of plane offsets
V. Non parallel system
 Vertical irregularities
I. A. stiffness irregularity-soft storey
B. Stiffness irregularities-extreme soft storey
II. Mass irregularities
III. Vertical irregularities
IV. In plane Discontinuity in vertical Element Resisting Lateral Forces
V. Discontinuity in capacity- Weak storey
The aim of design is the achievement of an acceptable probability that structures being
designed will perform satisfactorily during their intended service life. With an
appropriate degree of safety, they should sustain all the loads and deformations of normal
construction and use and have adequate durability.
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Structural planning of the building is done over the proposed architectural plan for
providing and preserving the structural integrity of the entire building. This is dealt in
detail for each structural element with necessary justification.
Finalized structural plan is then employed for load assessment and preliminary design of
structural members for modeling in ETABS 2015.
3.2 STRUCTURAL ARRANGEMENT PLAN

The planning of the building has been done as per available land area, shape, space
according to building bylaws and requirement of institutional building. The position of
columns, staircases, restroom etc. are appropriately done and accordingly bam
arrangements is carried out so that the whole building will be aesthetically, functionally
and economically feasible.
The aim of design is the achievement of an acceptable probability that structures being
design will perform satisfactorily during their intended life. With an appropriate degree of
safety, they should sustain all the loads and deformations of normal construction and use
and have durability.
3.3 LOAD CALCULATION

Load calculation is done using IS 456:2000 and IS 1983 (part I):2002 as reference. The
exact value of unit weight of materials from code is used in calculation. Thickness of
section is taken as per design requirement.
Three types of loads which are considered in the analysis:
 Dead load
 Live load
 Lateral load
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3.4 PRELIMINARY DESIGN
Preliminary design is carried out to estimate approximate size of the structural members
before analysis of the structure. Grid diagram is the basic factor for analysis in both
Approximate and exact method and is presented below.
For design, we considered
Concrete grade = 20MPa
Steel grade = Fe500
Preliminary design of slab:
Taking thickness of all slab equal
Deflection criteria,
Shortest span/overall span = 40*0.8 (for continuous beam as per IS 456:2000 cl.24.1)
4013.2
i) Overall depth = 40∗0.8 = 125.41mm
Therefore, depth of slab = 130mm

𝐿y 4972
= 4013.2 = 1.32 < 2
𝐿𝑥
Hence, the slab is two way, load distribution will be trapezoidal.

2381.2
ii) Overall depth = = 74.41
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For safer depth of slab = 125mm
𝐿𝑦 4972
= = 2.08 > 2
𝐿𝑥 2381
The slab is one way, load distribution will be rectangular.
Preliminary design of Beam:
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Longest span of beam = 3606.8mm
𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛
= 26* M.F
𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ
Assume, M.F = 0.5
3606.8
d = 26∗0.5 = 277.45mm = 300mm
overall depth(D) = 325mm
2 2
b =3*D = 3*325 = 243.75 = 250mm
Moment criteria,
Calculation of loads acting on a beam
Self-weight of slab = 0.130*25 = 3.25KN/m2
Live load = 3KN/m2 (as per IS 875 part 2)
Floor finish = 1.5KN/m2
Partition load = 1KN/m2
Total factored load = 1.5*(3.25+3+1.5+1) = 13.125KN/m2
Masonry load = ϒ*h*t = 19*3*0.23 =13.11KN/m
Self-weight of beam = 25*0.325*0.25 = 2.031KN/m
𝑤𝐿𝑥 13.125∗2.0065
Total load transferred = 2* ( ) =2* = 77.55KN/m\
3 3
𝑤𝐿𝑥 13.125∗4.972^2
Mu = = = 27.038
12 12
Mu = 0.133fck bD2
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27.038∗10^6
D =√0.133∗20∗250 = 201.63 < 325
Hence, beam is safe
Therefore, provide D = 325mm
Preliminary design of column:
Self-weight of slab = 25*0.13*4.972*4.013 =64.85KN
Self-weight of F.F and P.T = (1+1.5) *4.972*4.013 = 49.88159KN
Self-weight of column = 25* (3-0.13-0.325) *0.3*0.3 = 5.73KN
Self-weight of beam = 25*0.25*0.325*4.972 = 10.10KN
Total dead load = 130.56KN
Live load = 4.972*4.013*3* (0.9+0.8+0.7) = 143.65KN
Total factored load = 1.5* (130.56+143.65) = 346.035KN
Pu = 3*346.035 = 1038.105KN
Taking 30% extra for earthquake
Pu = 1360KN
Pu = 0.4*fck*Ac+0.67*fy*Asc
1360*1000 = 0.4*25* (Ag-0.02Ag)+0.67*415*0.02*Ag
1360000
Ag = = 8853.59mm2
15361
Assuming the column is square
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B = √8853.59 = 297.54=300mm
Therefore column size = 300mm*300mm
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CHAPTER-4: MODELING AND STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
4.1 INTRODUCTION
Computer software has brought more accuracy in analysis of any structure. Finite element
analysis is carried out for the approximation of analysis result. SAP version 20 is used for
analysis and a model is prepared from the drawing of plan of the building. To make a sap
model following steps are undertaken in general:
1. Modeling
 The coordinates are assigned along all the axes. 3D model is prepared.
 Units are also assigned according to the metric system.
2. Define material properties, section properties, support conditions and load
 Assign the section size from preliminary design of slab, beam and column.
3. Define load combination and mass source.
4. Analyze the model.
5. Design the section and revise if any failure.
4.2 ANALYSIS
Keeping in mind the limitation of the manual calculations the use of computer has been
taken as the important aspect of our project. The use of SAP2000V20 and Autodesk
(AutoCAD) and other necessary software’s were exercised during our project work.
In load assessment stage, dead loads, live loads and seismic loads acting or likely to be
acted on the building were determined. Dead loads and live loads were assumed based on
IS875:1987 and seismic loads were calculated adopting IS 1893:2002.
During modeling, 3D computer models of building were prepared for three different parts
(as they are separated by expansion joint) in sap 2000V20. Beam and columns were
modeled as frame sections while slab was modeled as area sections. The dead loads of the
elements were incorporated by defining the material, frame sections and area sections. The
dead load (DL), live load (LL), earthquake force in X-direction (EQX) and earthquake force
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in Y-direction (EQY) were defined as load case and were assigned at appropriate nodes,
lengths and directions.
During the analysis, 9 various load combinations were defined. The computer model was
run for above defined load cases and combination.
4.3 MODELING AND ANALYSIS TOOL

There are various tools used for modeling and analysis of the structures. The tools used for
modeling of the structure are :
 AutoCAD
 Revit
For the analysis of the structure, used software are:
 SAP 2000v20
 SAFE
4.4 ANALYSIS PROCESS

The software used for analysis of the structure is SAP 2000v20. There are various processes
for structural analysis. They are:
 Time history
 Response spectrum
 User coefficient
Time history analysis is a step by step analysis of the dynamic response of a structure to a
specified loading that may vary with time. Time history analysis is used to determine the
seismic response of a structure under dynamic loading of representative earthquake.
Response spectrum analysis is a linear statistical analysis method which measures the
contribution from each natural mode of vibration to indicate the likely maximum seismic
response of an essential elastic structure.
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CHAPTER 5: STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND PROGRAM
5.1 ANALYSIS
The manual analysis of the building is limited work. Once the storey of building rises and
its structure becomes complicated it will be very difficult to analysis it. So the computer
based Structural Analysis Program (SAP2000) is used for this purpose. It has a special
option for modelling horizontal rigid floor diaphragm system. A floor diaphragm is
modelled as a rigid horizontal plane parallel to global X-Y plane, so that all points on any
floor diaphragm can’t displace relative to each other in X-Y plane.
This type of modelling is very useful in the seismic analysis of building, The base shear
and earthquake lateral force are calculated as per IS 1893(part 1): 2002 and are applied at
each frame joint in every storey of the building in X-Y directions respectively.
5.2 ABOUT SAP2000

SAP 2000 represents the most sophisticated and user-friendly release of the SAP series of
computer programs. When released in 1996, SAP2000 was the first version of SAP to be
completely integrated within Microsoft windows. Currently in its 14th edition, it features
a powerful graphical user interface unmatched in terms of ease-of –use and productivity.
Creation and modification of the modal, execution of the analysis, checking and
optimization of the design are all done through the single interface. A single structural
model can be used for a wide variety of different types of analysis and design.
5.3 ABOUT AUTOCAD

AutoCAD is a useful program for all kinds of engineering works. As a civil engineer,
AutoCAD is used for drawing like building, highway, alignment, etc. It is an important
tools for drawing the different elements with high accuracy and minimizing the error and
time.
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5.3.1 OBJECTIVES OF AUTOCAD
 It contains different types of tools which help to setup a work area, edit object and
layout of a drawing.
 It organize object with block and groups which will explore some tools unique to CAD
like symbols, blocks and layers.
 It provides a chance to make some drawing that we can use in future project of own.
5.4 ABOUT IS 456:2000

This Indian standard (Fourth revision) was adopted by bureau of Indian standards, after a
draft finalizes by the cement and concrete sectional committee have been approved by the
civil engineering division council. This standard was first published in 1953 under the title
“Code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete for general building construction” and
subsequently revised in 1957. The code was further revised in 1964 and published under
modified title “Code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete”, thus enlarging the scope
of use of this code to structure other than general building construction also. The third
revision was published in 1978, and it includes limit state approach to design. This is the
fourth revision of the standard. This revision was taken out with a view to keeping abreast
with the rapid development in the field of concrete technology and to be in further
modification/improvements in the light of experience gained while using the earlier version
of the standard. In recent year, durability of the concrete structure has become the cause to
concern to all concrete technologists. This has led to the need to codify the durability and
the requirements world over.
5.5 ABOUT SP16

The charts and tables included in the design aids where selected after consultation with
some user of the India. The design aids cover the following:
a) Material strength and stress strain relationships
b) Flexural members (limit state design)
c) Compression member (limit state design)
d) Shear and torsion (limit state design)
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e) Development length and anchorage (limit state design)
f) Working stress method
g) Deflection calculation and
h) General tables
i) The format of the design aids
j) Assumption regarding material strength
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CHAPTER 6: DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENT AND
THEIR DETAILING
6.1 DESIGN PROCEDURE:
6.1.1 SLAB
Slab are plate elements forming floors and roof of building and carrying distributed loads
primarily by flexure. Staircases can be considered as inclined slabs. A slab may be
supported by beams or walls or continuous over one or more supports. One-way slabs are
those in which the length is more than twice the breadth. One-way slab can be simply
supported or continuous. When the slabs are supported on four sides, two ways spanning
action occurs. The deflection and bending moments in a two way slab are considerably
reduced as compared to those in one way slab. Moreover, a slab may be simply supported,
or continuous over over one or more supports and is classified according to the manner of
support:
a) One way slabs spanning in one direction, that is, supported on two opposite edges
b) Two way slabs spanning in both directions, that is, supported on four edges
c) Circular slabs,
d) Flat slabs resting directly on columns with no beams, and
e) Grid floor and ribbed slabs
Slabs are designed by using the same theories of bending and shear as are used for
beams. The flowing method of analysis are available:
a) Elastic analysis-idealization into strips or beams,

b) Semi empirical coefficient as given in the Codes, and
c) Yield line theory.
29
Flow Chart 1: Slab Design
Determine factored
load w=1.5(DL+LL)
wD= 1.5DL,wL=1.5LL
Determine ratio ly/lx
If ly/lx<
2 NO One way slab
YES
Two way slab

Determine moment
coefficient
Determine type of panel
IS code 456, Table 12
e.g. Two adjacent cont. edge
Determine moment coefficient, Calculate moment at mid,

edge
IS code 456,
M=MD+ML
Table 26, e.g. long, short span,
edge, mid MD= αDwlx2
ML= αLwlx2
Calculate Mx= αxwlx2
My = αywlx2 Ast>Ast min
0.12%bD
Calculate area of steel Ast

M = 0.87fyAst (d-fy Ast /fckd)
Sv<300mm
Determine spacing of bars or 3d
Sv=Abar/Agross*1000
30
Two adjacent edge are discontinuous
Lx = 4.013
Ly=4.972
𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 4.013
Effective depth = 𝑀.𝐹∗26 = = 96.46 = 100𝑚𝑚
1.6∗26
𝐿𝑦
= 1.22 < 2 , hence two-way slab.
𝐿𝑥
Overall depth of slab, D =125mm (from SAP)
Assuming ϕ8mm bar 20mm clear cover

8
Deff = 125-20-2 = 101mm
Calculation of design load
Unit weight of concrete ϒc = 25KN/m3
Self-weight of slab = 0.125*25 = 3.125KN/m2
Floor finish = 1.5KN/m2
P.T = 1KN/m2
Live load 3KN/m2
Total load = 8.625KN/m2
Factored load = 1.5*8.625 = 12.94KN/m2
Moment along short span (Mx) = αxwlx2
Moment along long span (My) = αywly2
Referring to table 26 of IS 456:2000, short span and long span coefficient

𝐿𝑦
At 𝐿𝑥 = 1.22, αx+ = 0.061, αx- = 0.0458
, αy+ = 0.047, αy+ =0.035
(Lx)eff = 3606.8mm
31
(Ly)eff =4572mm
(Mx)+ve =0.061*12.92*3.6062 = 10.26KNm per m width
(Mx)-ve = 0.0458*12.94*3.6062 = 7.71KNm per m width
(My)+ve =0.047*12.64*4.5722 = 12.71KNm per m width
(My)-ve = 0.035*12.94*4.5722 = 9.47KNm per m width
Taking maximum moment,
(Mu) = 12.71KNm
Mu = 0.133fckbd2 = 0.133*20*1000*d2
d = 69.12mm<101mm
provide d = 101mm
design of reinforcement,
a) Along long span in y direction,
0.5∗𝑓𝑐𝑘 4.6𝑀𝑢
Ast = (1-√1 − 𝑓𝑐𝑘∗𝑏𝑑^2 )*bd
𝑓𝑦
Ast = 313.81mm2
Using 8mm dia bar,
1000∗П∗𝜙2
Spacing = ( )/Ast = 160.19mm not greater than 3d or 300mm
4
Provide spacing 8mm dia bar @ 150mm c/c
Check for minimum and maximum steel bar,
(Ast)min = 0.12% of bD = 0.0012*1000*1252 = 150mm2
(Ast)max = 4% of bD = 5000mm2
32
(Ast)min<(Ast)provided<(Ast)max
Therefore (Ast)provided = 313.81mm2 ok
Along short span in x direction,
0.5∗𝑓𝑐𝑘 4.6𝑀𝑢
Ast = (1-√1 − 𝑓𝑐𝑘∗𝑏𝑑^2 )*bd =248.99mm2
𝑓𝑦
(Ast)min<(Ast)provided<(Ast)max
Therefore (Ast)provided = 248.99mm2 ok
1000∗50.27
Spacing = = 201.89 is not greater than 3d or 300
248.99
Therefore provide 8mm dia bar @ 150 c/c

1000∗П∗8^2
(Ast)provided = = 335.13mm2
150∗4
Check for shear,

𝑤𝑙 12.94∗4.013
Maximum shear force (Vu) = = = 25.96KN
2 2
𝑉𝑢 25.96∗1000
Nominal shear stress = 𝑏𝑑 = 1000∗101 = 0.257N/mm2
100∗(Ast)provided 100∗335.13
Percentage of steel (Pt) = = = 0.332%
𝑏𝑑 1000∗101
for Pt = 0.332% and M20 concrete,
From table 19, 0.398
For 125mm slab, k = 1.3 ( IS 456:2000, cl.40.2.1)
33
τc=1.3*0.398 = 0.52N/mm2 > τv
therefore, shear reinforcement is not required.
Check for deflection,

(𝐴𝑠𝑡)𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 313.81
Along shorter span, fs = 0.58fy*(𝐴𝑠𝑡)𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 =0.58*500*335.13
Fs =271.55N/mm2
M.F = 1.38
We have,
𝑙
(𝑑)max = 26*1.38 = 35.88
𝑙 3606
(𝑑)provided = = 35.70
101
𝑙 𝑙
(𝑑)max >(𝑑)provided, hence ok
6.1.2 BEAM
The design of beam requires the determination of steel for the section fixed from the
Preliminary design. The design of the section may result as singly or doubly reinforcement
which may be ascertained by comparing the design moment (Mu) with the moment of
resistance of balanced section (Mul) and the section is usually design as under reinforced
section.
There are two types of reinforced concrete beams in our case.
A. Singly reinforced beams

B. Doubly reinforced beams
A) Singly Reinforced Beams:
34
In singly reinforced simply supported beams, reinforcing steel bars are placed near the
bottom of the beams, which is the position where they are most effective in resisting the
tensile stresses. In singly reinforced cantilever beams, reinforcing bars are placed near the
top of the beam for the same reason.
If Mu<Mu1, then it is singly reinforced section and the area of steel Ast is determined by
M u lim
Ast1  Where, Xu = neutral axis depth
((0.87 f y (d  0.42 X u lim ))
B) Doubly Reinforced Beams:

In doubly reinforced concrete section is reinforced in both compression and tension region.
The section of the beam may be rectangular, T and L sections. The necessity of using steel
in the compression region arises due to two main reasons:
 When depth of section is restricted, the strength available for the single reinforced
section is inadequate.
 At a support of a continuous beam where bending moment changes sign, such a
situation may also arise in design of a beam circular in plan.
If Mu> Mu1, then it is doubly reinforced section and the area of tensile reinforcement
Ast is determined as, Ast  ( Ast 1  Ast 2 )
M u lim M u  M u lim
Ast  +
((0.87 f y (d  0.42 X u lim )) 0.87 f y (d  d )
The area of compression reinforcement (Asc) is determined as,
M u  M u lim
Asc= Where, d  = effective cover to reinforcement
( fsc  fcc)(d  d )
fsc, fcc= stresses in compression steel and Concrete respectively Corresponding to
M u  M u lim
Strain(e)= =0.0035(Xu- d  )/Xu
( fsc  fcc)(d  d )
35
Mulim=0.133*fck*bd2 (For Fe 500 steel)
For Transverse reinforcement (vertical stirrups):
Refer IS: 456-2000, clause 40.3, 40.4& Table 19
36
Flow Chart 2: Beam Design (Moment Bars)
Take moment of each

beam (Mu)
Calculate Mlim
M lim=0.133*fck*bd2 Doubly reinforced section
M lim=0.133*fck*bd2
If Mu<Mlim
Calculate M=Mu-Mlim
Singly reinforced section

Calculate Ast1 from Mlim
Ast1=Mlim/ (0.87*fy*(d-0.42*xlim))
Calculate Ast
Mu=0.87*fy*Ast*(d-0.42xu)
Calculate Ast2
Ast2=M/(0.87*fy*(d-dˈ))
Calculate number of
Bars = Ast/Abar
Calculate Asc
Asc=M/(fsc*(d-dˈ))
Ast>Astmin=0.12
Calculate Ast=Ast1 + Ast2
% of bD
Calculate number of Bars =

Ast/Abar
37
Flow Chart 3: Beam Design (Shear Reinforcement)
Take maximum shear force Vu
Calculate % of steel by
p= Ast/ (bd)*100
Calculate ζv by
ζv= Vu/ (bd)
If ζc< ζv< Provide minimum Shear

ζmax Reinforcement as per IS
NO
456:2000 Clause26.5.1.6
YES
Vus= (ζv- ζc)*(bd)
Find spacing by
Using suitable stirrup, find
Asv Sv= (0.87fyAsvd)/Vus
Check minimum spacing as

per IS 13920:1993 clause 7.2
38
Design of Beam section.
Flange beam,
Beam size = 350mm*450mm
fck =20MPa, fy = 500MPa
Mu = 205.745KNm
Vu = 132.872KN/mm2
d` = assume 25mm
Lo = distance between the point of zero moment in the beam = 4.972m
Df = effective depth of flange =125mm
bw= width of beam = 350mm
D = overall depth of beam = 450mm
deff = effective depth = 450-25 = 425mm

𝐿𝑜 4.972∗1000
bf = effective width of flange, bf = *bw*6Df = +350+6*125 = bf =
6 6
4972−350
1928.67mm, or bf = bw +T/2 =350+ = 2661mm
2
Taking bf = 1928.67mm
𝐷𝑓′ 125
Referring code, = 425 = 0.294>0.2
𝑑
Xm =0.46d = 0.46*425 = 195.5 >d

𝑑′ 25
=425 = 0.058
𝑑
𝐷𝑓 125
=
𝑋𝑚 195.5
= 0.6 >0.43
39
Assume N.A lies in web
𝑋𝑚 𝑋𝑢 𝑌𝑓
(Mu)lim. = 0.36* *(1-0.42* 𝑑 )fckbwd2+0.45fck(bf-bw)yf(d- 2 )
𝑑
yf = (0.15Xm+0.65Df) = 0.15*195.5+0.65*125 = 110.575
(Mu)lim. = 746.766KNm
Therefore, (Mu)lim. >Mu
Adopt singly reinforced beam
0.5∗𝑓𝑐𝑘 4.6𝑀𝑢
Ast = (1-√1 − 𝑓𝑐𝑘∗𝑏𝑑^2 )*bd = 1483.143mm2
𝑓𝑦
Provide 6-ϕ20mm bar
In order to prevent from earthquake a minimum of 50% of tension bar is provided in

compression side.
(Ast)comp. = 50% of 1483.143 = 741.57 mm2
Provide 4-ϕ16 bar on it to prevent lateral force.
i) Check minimum reinforcement,

0.87𝑏𝑑
Amin. = = 258.825 <Ast, ok
𝑓𝑦
ii) Check for maximum reinforcement,

Amax = 0.04bD =0.04*350*450 = 6300mm2 >Ast, ok
Check for development length.

1.3𝑀1
Ld ≤ + Lo
𝑉
𝑓𝑦∗𝐴𝑠𝑡
M1 = 0.87fyAst(d- 𝑓𝑐𝑘∗𝑏 ) = 205.85KNm
V=132.872KN/mm2
Lo = 12ϕ or d, which is greater
Lo=425mm
40
1.3∗205.85∗10^6
Ld≤ +425 ≤ 2439.005mm
132.872∗10^3
0.87∗𝑓𝑦 𝜙𝑚𝑎𝑥
Ld≥ = 956.25 ≤2439, ok
4𝜏𝑏𝑑∗1.6
Check for shear reinforcement

𝑉𝑢
τv =𝑏𝑑 =0.893N/mm2
100∗𝐴𝑠𝑡
Percentage of steel = = 1.08%
𝑏𝑑
From IS 456 at M20, τc=0.625, (τc)max=2.8
τc< τv, need shear design
Vus=Vu- τc*bd = 132.872*103 -0.625*350*425 = 39.903KN
Adopt 2l 8mm steel bar as stirrups
П∗8^2
Asv=2* = 100mm2
4
0.87∗𝑓𝑦∗𝐴𝑠𝑣∗𝑑
Vsv = 𝑆𝑣
Sv =463.311mm
Provide shear reinforcement @150mm c/c at middle L/3.
Provide shear reinforcement @100mm c/c at both side L/3.
6.1.3 COLUMN
Columns are the vertical members that are subjected to axial loads and moment acting from
two directions (bi-axially). All columns are subjected to some moment which may be due
to accidental eccentricity or due to end restraint imposed by monolithically placed beams
or slabs. The strength of column depends upon the strength of the material, shape and size
41
of the cross section, length and the degree of positional and directional restraint at its ends.
A column may be classified based on different criteria such as:
 Shape of cross section

 Slenderness ratio
 Type of loading and
 Pattern of lateral reinforcement
The column section may be rectangular, square or circular shaped depending upon the
architectural or structural requirements. A column may be classified as follows based on
types of loading:
1. Axially loaded column

2. A column subjected to axial load and uni-axial bending and
3. A column subjected to axial load and biaxial bending
The design of column section for given axial load and biaxial moments can be made by
pre-assigning the section and then checking adequacy. The design of column depends upon
the eccentricity of loading and the moment acting in different directions. The minimum
eccentricity specified by the IS 456-2000(clause 39.2) is:
emin= Lo/500 + D/30 but not less than 20mm
Where, Lo = unsupported length of column
D = lateral dimension in plane of bending
If emin is less than 0.05D, then column is designed as axially loaded column. If the
eccentricity exceeds 0.05D, then column is designed for both moment and axial load
42
Flow Chart 4: Column Design
Select Maximum
Mu= /M2/ + /M3/
Mux = /M2/
Muy = /M3/
Take corresponding axial load (Pu)

load (Pu)
Calculate minimum C
eccentricity ex and ey
eccentricity ex and ey
Determine Muxl, Muyl using
Calculate moment due to
appropriate chart from SP-16
minimum eccentricity by
with ratios p/fck, d’/D and
Muex = Pu *eyand
Pu/ (fck*BD)
Muey= Pu * ex
Mux = Max. of Muxand Muex

Calculate Pu/Puz
Muy = Max. of Muy and Muey
Design as biaxial bending Determine αn from table

from Pu/Puz and αn
Assume d’ and find ratio d’/D
If (Mux/Mux1)
Assume suitable Asc and αn+ (Mux/Mux1)
find p= Asc/(B*D) αn>1
Increase Asc (steel

Calculate the ratios
reinforcement) and find p.
Pu/(fck*BD) and p/fck
The assumed reinforcement is OK.
43
Design of column
Design constant, fck=20MPa
fy=500MPa
column size = 400mm*400mm
Muy= 40.462KNm
Mux=308.102KNm
Pu=1246.248KN
Check for long or short column
As per IS456:2000, cl.25.1.2 and cl.25.1.3
Unsupported length(L)=3048-450=2598mm
Effective length(Leff.)=0.8*2.598=2.078m
𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 2.078
Therefore, =0.450=4.62<12, the column is short column.
𝐷
Check Mux and Muy for minimum eccentricity.
𝐿 𝐷
(ex)min.=(500+30) or 20 = 20.196 or 20
(ex)min=(ey)min=20mm
(Mux)=Pu*emin.=1246.248*0.02=24.92KNm
Taking Mux and Muy
Mux=maximum of 308.102 or 24.92=308.102KNm
44
Muy=40.462KNm
Resultant moment
M=1.15√𝑀𝑢𝑥 2 + 𝑀𝑢𝑦^2 =357.38KNm
𝑑′
Assume, 𝐷 =0.1 and reinforcement is distributed equally in four side.
From chart 48, SP16.
𝑀𝑢 357.38∗10^6
=
𝑓𝑐𝑘∗𝑏𝐷^2 20∗450∗450^2
=0.196
𝑃𝑢 1246.248∗10^3
= =0.307
𝑓𝑐𝑘∗𝑏𝐷 20∗450∗450
𝑃𝑢
=0.155
𝑓𝑐𝑘
Therefore, Pt=0.155*20=3.1%
Puz=0.45*fck*Ac+0.75*fy*Asc
Asc=3.1% of Ag=0.031*450*450=6277.5mm2
Provide, 8-ϕ32mm bar
Therefore, provided, Asc =6433.98mm2
Ac=(Ag-Asc) = 450*450-6480=196020mm2
Puz=0.45*20*196020+0.75*500*6433.98=4176.922KN
𝑃𝑢 1246.248
= = 0.297
𝑃𝑢𝑧 4176.982
𝛼n =1.162
check for column subjected to biaxial mment
45
6433.98
(Pt)provided=450∗450*100=3.18%
𝑃𝑡
=0.159
𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝑃𝑢
=0.307
𝑓𝑐𝑘∗𝑏𝐷^2
𝑀𝑢𝑥1
From chart 48, 𝑓𝑐𝑘∗𝑏∗𝐷^2=0.21
Mux1=0.21*20*450*4502=382.725KNm
𝑀𝑢𝑦1
=0.21
𝑓𝑐𝑘∗𝐷𝑏^2
Mux1=Muy1=382.725KNm
Biaxial check,
𝑀𝑢𝑥 𝑀𝑢𝑦
(𝑀𝑢𝑥1)αn+(𝑀𝑢𝑦1)αn≤1
308.102 40.462
(382.725)1.162+(382.725)1.162≤1
0.851≤1, ok
Diameter and pitch of lateral ties
𝜙 32
Diameter of lateral ties bars =not less than 4 = 4 =8mm, from IS456 cl.26.5.3.3(c)
Adopt 8mm dia of tie bar
Calculation of pitch,
Pitch of transverse reinforcement shall not be more than least of following condition,
i) Least lateral dimension =450mm

ii) 16*small dia. of bar=16*32=512mm
46
iii) 300mm
Adopt pitch = 300mm
But from earthquake Resistance criteria,

𝐻
Pitch =150mm c/c at at middle 3
𝐻
Pitch=100mm c/c at top and bottom 3
6.1.4 DESIGN OF FOOTING
DESIGN OF LEFT BLOCK FOOTING
1) Corner face
Factored load on corner column=838.28 KN
838.38
Service load on corner column= KN
1.5
= 558.92 KN
Size of column=400mm×400mm
Depth of foundation=2m
Safe bearing capacity of soil (SBCS) = 150KN/𝑚2
Grade of concrete=M20
Steel used=Fe500
Unit weight of soil (¥s) = 16KN/𝑚3
Total service load (P) = service load + self wt. of footing
𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
= 558.92 + ɣ× Df × 𝑆𝐵𝐶𝑆
558.92
= 558.92 + 16 × 2 × 150
= 570.85KN
47
𝑃
Area of footing required (Af) = 𝑆𝐵𝐶𝑆
570.85
= 150
= 3.81𝑚2
Assuming square footing,
L = B = √3.81 = 1.95m
Use 2m × 2m footing
Factored load
Net upward reaction (BCS) = Area of footing
570.85 × 1.5
= 2×2
= 142.713KN/𝑚2
Calculation of maximum bending moment
From clause 34.2.3.1 and 34.3.2.2 of IS code 456:2000,maximum moment occurs at the
face of column.
𝐿 𝑙
( − )2
2 2
Myy = BCS × B × 2
2 0.4 2
( − )
2 2
= 142.713 × 2 × = 91.34KNM
2
=91.34×10^6 Nmm
Mxx =91.34×106 Nmm
Calculation of depth of footing
48
For Fe500,
Mmax = 0.133 fck b𝑑 2
91.34×10^6 = 0.133 × 20 ×2000 ×𝑑 2
d = 131mm
Provide d = 2×131=262mm and overall depth D = 262+65=327mm
Calculation of reinforcements:
fy×Ast
Myy = Mxx = 0.87 × fy × Ast ×(d- 𝑓𝑐𝑘×𝐵 )
500×Ast
91.34×106 = 0.87 × 500 × Ast ×(262- 20×2000)
Ast =834.68m𝑚2
Provide 12mm bar,

𝛱
×122
4
Spacing = ×2000
834.68
=270.99mm
Provide 260mm spacing
2000 𝛱
Ast(provided) = × 4 ×122
260
=870m𝑚2
CHECK:
a) Check for one way shear
From clause 34.2.4.1(a) of IS code 456:2000 , critical section for one-way shear lies at a
distance d from the face of column as shown in figure below:
49
d
Figure 1: Isolated Footing
𝐿 𝑙
Vxx = Vyy = BCS × B ×(2-2 − 𝑑)
2 0.4
= 142.713 × 2 × (2 − − 0.262)
2
= 153.56KN
𝑉𝑢
Nominal shear stress (ɽ) = 𝑏𝑑
153.56×103
= 2000×262
= 0.293N/m𝑚2
For d = 262mm, ks = 1.076
𝐴𝑠𝑡
Pt % = ×100
𝑏𝑑
50
870
= 2000×262×100
= 0.166 %
For M20 , pt % = 0.166 % , ɽ = 0.293N/m𝑚2 = 0.293N/m𝑚2 OK
b) Check for two way shear
𝑑
Critical shear of two way shear lies at distance 2 from each face of column as shown in
figure.
d/2 d/2
figure footing
Vu
= BCS × (L×B-(l+d)(b+d))
= 142.713 ×(2×2-(0.4+0.262)(0.4+0.262))
= 508.31KN
𝑉𝑢
Nominal shear(ɽ) = 𝑏𝑑
508.31×103
= 4(400+262)×262
= 0.733N/m𝑚2
51
Critical shear(ɽ) = ks × 0.25 ×√𝑓𝑐𝑘
= 1 × 0.25 ×√20
= 1.118N/m𝑚2 > 0.733N/m𝑚2 OK
c) Check for development length:
From clause 26.2.1 of IS code 456:2000 , development length(Ld) is given by:

Փ×fy
Ld = 4×ɽ
20 × 500
=
4×1.6×1.2
= 1302.1mm
𝐿 𝑙
Ld available =2 -2 - cover
2000 400
= - - 65
2 2
=735mm <1302.1mm NOT OK

So,
Bend the bar upto (1302.1-735) = 570mm
Design summary
Dimension of footing = 2000mm×2000mm
Effective depth of footing = 262mm
Overall depth of footing = 262+65 + 327mm
Reinforcement along both side = 12mm Փ bar @ 260mm c/c
Development length = 735mm horizontal and 570mm vertical
Design of middle block column footing

1) Side face
Factored load on side column = 639.57
639.57
1.5
= 426.38 KN
52
Steel used=Fe500
service load
= 426.38 + ¥s × Df × 𝑆𝐵𝐶𝑆
426.38
= 426.38 + 16 × 2 × 150
= 517.34KN
𝑃
517.34
= 150
= 3.45𝑚2
L = B = √3.45 = 1.86m
Use 2m × 2m footing
Factored load
517.34 × 1.5
= 2×2
= 194KN/𝑚2

From clause 34.2.3.1 and 34.3.2.2 of IS code 456:2000, maximum moment occurs at the
face of column
𝐿 𝑙
( − )2
2 2
Myy = BCS × B× 2
2 0.4
( − )2
2 2
= 194× 2× 2
= 124.16 KNm
= 124.16×106 Nmm
Mxx = 124.16×10^6 Nmm
53
For Fe500,
Mmax = 0.133 fck bd^2
124.16×106 = 0.133 × 20 ×2000 ×𝑑 2
d = 152.77mm
fy×Ast
Myy = Mxx = 0.87 × fy × Ast ×(d- )
fck×B
500×Ast
124.16×10^6 = 0.87 × 500 × Ast ×(320- 20×2000)
Ast =925.41m𝑚2
Provide 12mm bar,
𝛱
×122
4
Spacing = 925.41 ×2000
=244.42mm
2000 𝛱
Ast(provided) = × ×122
220 4
=1028.16m𝑚2
CHECK:
𝐿 𝑙
Vxx = Vyy = BCS × B ×(2 − 2 − 𝑑)
2 0.4
= 194 × 2 × (2 − − 0.320)
2
= 186.24KN
𝑉𝑢
186.24×10^3
= 2000×320
= 0.291N/m𝑚2
54
For d = 320mm, ks = 1
𝐴𝑠𝑡
Pt % = ×100
𝑏𝑑
1028.16
= 2000×320×100
= 0.161 %
For M20 , pt % = 0.161% , ɽ = 0.29N/m𝑚2 = 0.293N/m𝑚2 OK
Critical shear of two way shear lies at distance d/2 from each face of column as shown in
figure.
d/2 d/2
figure footing
Vu = BCS × (L×B-(l+d)(b+d))
= 194 ×(2×2-(0.4+0.262)(0.4+0.320))
= 675.43KN
55
𝑉𝑢
675.43×10^3
= 4(400+320)×320
= 0.733N/m𝑚2
= 1 × 0.25 × √20
= 1.118N/m𝑚2 > 0.733N/m𝑚2 OK

Փ×fy
Ld = 4×ɽ
20 × 500
= 4×1.6×1.2
= 1302.1mm
𝐿 𝑙
2000 400
- − 65
2 2
=735mm <1302.1mm NOT OK

So,
Design summary
Overall depth of footing = 320+65 = 385mm
2) Corner face
Factored load on side column = 350.75KN
56
Service load on corner column=350.75/1.5KN
= 233.83 KN
Steel used=Fe500
Unit weight of soil (¥s) = 16KN/M^3
service load
= 233.83 + ¥s × Df × 𝑆𝐵𝐶𝑆
233.83
= 233.83 + 16 × 2 × 150
= 283.72KN
𝑃
283.72
= 150
= 1.89𝑚2
L = B = √1.89 = 1.375m
Use 1.4m × 1.4m footing
Factored load
283.72 × 1.5
= 1.4×1.4
= 217.13KN/𝑚2

face of column
57
𝐿 𝑙
( − )2
2 2
Myy = BCS × B × 2
1.4 0.4 2
( − )
2 2
= 217.13× 1.4 × 2
= 38KNm
= 38×10^6 Nmm
Mxx = 38×10^6 Nmm

For Fe500,
38×106 = 0.133 × 20 ×1400 ×𝑑 2
d = 101mm
fy×Ast
Myy = Mxx = 0.87 × fy × Ast ×(d- )
fck×B
500×Ast
38×106 = 0.87 × 500 × Ast ×(210- 20×1400)
Ast =431.84𝑚𝑚2
Provide 12mm bar,
Π/4×12^2
Spacing =431.84×1400
=366.65mm
1400 𝛱
Ast(provided) = × 4 × 122
300
=527.79𝑚𝑚2
58
CHECK:
𝐿 𝑙
Vxx = Vyy = BCS × B ×(2 − 2 − 𝑑)
1.4 0.4
= 217.13 × 1.4 × ( 2 − − 0.210)
2
= 88.155KN
𝑉𝑢
88.155×103
= 1400×210
= 0.3N/𝑚𝑚2
For D = 275mm, ks = 1.05
𝐴𝑠𝑡
Pt % = ×100
𝑏𝑑
527.79
= ×100
1400×210
= 0.1795 %
For M20 , pt % = 0.1795% , ɽ = 0.304N/𝑚𝑚2 >0.3N/𝑚𝑚2 OK
figure.
59
d/2 d/2
figure footing
= 217.13 ×(1.4×1.4-(0.4+0.210)(0.4+0.210))
= 136.74KN
𝑉𝑢
Nominal shear(ɽ) =𝑏𝑑
136.74×103
= 4(400+210)×210
= 0.267N/𝑚𝑚2
Critical shear(ɽ) = ks × 0.25 × √𝑓𝑐𝑘
= 1 × 0.25 × √20
= 1.118N/mm^2 > 0.267N/𝑚𝑚2 OK
60

Փ×fy
Ld = 4×ɽ
20 × 500
= 4×1.6×1.2
= 1302.1mm
𝐿 𝑙
Ld available =2 − 2 - cover
1400 400
= - - 65
2 2
=435mm <1302.1mm NOT OK
So, Bend the bar upto (1302.1-435) = 870mm

Design summary
3) Middle face
Factored load on side column = 1064.11KN

1064.11
Service load on corner column= 1.5
= 709.41 KN
61
Steel used=Fe500
service load
= 709.41 + ¥s × Df × 𝑆𝐵𝐶𝑆
709.41
= 709.41 + 16 × 2 × 150
= 860.751KN
𝑃
860.751
= 150
= 5.74𝑚2
L = B = √5.74 = 2.39m
Factored load
860.751 × 1.5
= 2.4×2.4
= 224.154KN/𝑚2

face of column
𝐿 𝑙
( − )2
2 2
Myy = BCS × B × 2
62
2.4 0.4 2
( − )
2 2
= 224.154× 2.4 × = 269KNm
2
= 269×106 Nmm

For Fe500,
269×10^6 = 0.133 × 20 ×2400 ×𝑑 2
d = 205.27mm
Provide d = 2×205.27=410mm and overall depth D = 410+65=475mm
fy×Ast
Myy = Mxx = 0.87 × fy × Ast ×(d- )
fck×B
500×Ast
269×10^6 = 0.87 × 500 × Ast ×(410- 20×2400)
Ast =1571 𝑚𝑚2

Provide 12mm bar,
𝛱
×122
4
Spacing = × 2400s
1571
=172.78mm
2400 𝛱
Ast(provided) = × 4 × 122
160
=1696.46𝑚𝑚2
CHECK:
:
distance d from the face of column as shown in figure below
63
d
Y
figure footing
𝐿 𝑙
Vxx = Vyy = BCS × B ×(2-2 −d)
2.4 0.4
= 224.154 × 2.4 × ( 2 - 2 −0.410)
= 88.155KN
𝑉𝑢
Nominal shear stress (ɽ) =𝑏𝑑
269×103
= 2400×410
= 0.273N/𝑚𝑚2
For D = 475mm, ks = 1
𝐴𝑠𝑡
Pt % = ×100
𝑏𝑑
1696.46
= 2400×410×100
= 0.1724 %
For M20 , pt % = 0.1724% , ɽ = 0.298N/𝑚𝑚2 >0.273N/𝑚𝑚2 OK
64
figure.
d/2 d/2
figure footing
= 224.154 ×(2.4×2.4-(0.4+0.410)(0.4+0.410))
= 1144.06KN
𝑉𝑢
1144.06×10^3
= 4(400+410)×410
= 0.86N/𝑚𝑚2
65
Critical shear(ɽ) = ks × 0.25 × √𝑓𝑐𝑘
= 1 × 0.25 × √20
= 1.118N/𝑚𝑚2 > 0.86N/𝑚𝑚2 OK

Փ×fy
Ld = 4×ɽ
20 × 500
= 4×1.6×1.2
= 1302.1mm
𝐿 𝑙
Ld available =2 -2 − cover
2400 400
= − - 65
2 2
=935mm <1302.1mm NOT OK

So,
Design summary
Design of right block column footing

1) middle face
Factored load on corner column=1128.53 KN
1128.53
1.5
= 752.353 KN
66
Steel used=Fe500
𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
= 752.353 + ɣ× Df × 𝑆𝐵𝐶𝑆
752.353
= 752.353 + 16 × 2 × 150
= 912.86 KN
𝑃
912.86
= 150
= 6.086𝑚2
L = B = √6.086 = 2.47m
Factored load
912.86× 1.5
= 2.5×2.5
= 219.1 KN/𝑚2

From clause 34.2.3.1 and 34.3.2.2 of IS code 456:2000,maximum moment occurs at the
face of column.
𝐿 𝑙
( − )2
2 2
Myy = BCS × B × 2
2.5 0.4 2
( − )
2 2
= 219.1 × 2.5 × 2
= 301.95 KNm
67
=301.95×106 Nmm
Mxx =301.95×106 Nmm

For Fe500,
301.95×106 = 0.133 × 20 ×2500 ×𝑑 2
d = 213.1mm
Provide d = 2×213.1=426.17mm≈420mm and overall depth D=420+65=485mm
fy×Ast
Myy = Mxx = 0.87 × fy × Ast ×(d- 𝑓𝑐𝑘×𝐵 )
500×Ast
301.95×106 = 0.87 × 500 × Ast ×(420- 20×2500)
Ast =1723.43m𝑚2
Provide 12mm bar,
𝛱
×122
4
Spacing = ×2500
1723.43
=164.06mm
2500 𝛱
Ast(provided) = × 4 ×122
160
=1767.15m𝑚2
CHECK:
68
Y
d Y
figure footing
𝐿 𝑙
Vxx = Vyy = BCS × B ×(2-2 − 𝑑)
2.5 0.4
= 219.1 × 2.5 × ( 2 − − 0.420)
2
= 345.08KN
𝑉𝑢
Nominal shear stress (τ) = 𝑏𝑑
345.08×103
= 2500×420
= 0.329N/m𝑚2
For d = 420mm, ks = 1
𝐴𝑠𝑡
Pt % = ×100
𝑏𝑑
1767.15
= 2500×420×100
= 0.1683 %
69
For M20 , pt % = 0.1683 % , τ = 0.29N/m𝑚2 ≈ 0.293N/m𝑚2 OK

𝑑
Critical shear of two way shear lies at distance 2 from each face of column as shown in
figure.
d/2 d/2
figure footing
= 219.1 ×(2.5×2.5-(0.4+0.420)(0.4+0.420))
= 1222KN
𝑉𝑢
1222×103
= 4(400+420)×420
= 0.887N/m𝑚2
= 1 × 0.25 ×√20
70
= 1.118N/m𝑚2 > 0.887N/m𝑚2 OK

Փ×fy
Ld = 4×ɽ
20 × 500
= 4×1.6×1.2
= 1302.1mm
𝐿 𝑙
2500 400
= - - 65
2 2
=985mm <1302.1mm NOT OK

So,
Bend the bar upto (1302.1-985) = 317.1mm
Design summary
71
Combine footing of block 3
800
400
800
850 400 2000
Figure 2: Combine Footing
(i) Length and width of the footing
Centre of gravity of load from the property line

666.74×1.05+628.83×3.431
x= 666.74+628.83
= 2.21m
Length of footing = 2×2.21 ≈ 4.5 𝑚
Soil bearing capacity = 150 KN/𝑚2 (say)
1.05×(666.74+628.83)
Width of footing = = 2m
150×4.5
therefore, provide 4.5m × 2m footing
72
(ii) Longitudinal bending moment and shear
666.74+628.83
Net upward soil pressure = = 143.95KN/𝑚2
4.5×2
Net upward soil pressure per unit length = 143.95× 2 = 287.904𝐾𝑁/𝑚

Maximum shear force at centre of column A
V1 = 287.904×1.05 = 302.30KN
V2 = 302.30 - 666.74 = - 364.441KN
Maximum shear force at centre of column B
V1 = - 287.904×1.05 = - 302.30KN
V2 = - 302.30+628.83 = 326.531KN
302.30KN 326.531KN
364.441KN 302.30KN
1050 1260 740 1050
71.941
71.941KNm
158.71KNm 158.71KNm
73
Point of zero shear force from centre of column A
364.441 326.531
= 2.381−𝑥
𝑥
x = 1.26m
BM computed from left side
(0.85+0.2+1.26)2
= 287.904× – 666.74× 1.26
2
= - 71.941KNm
BM computed from right side
(0.85+0.2+2.381−1.26)2
= 287.904× – 628.83×(2.381 –
2
1.26)
= - 26.45 KNm
We have,
BM = 0.133fckb𝑑 2
71.941×106
d = √0.133×20×2000 = 116.29mm
provide d = 350mm and overall depth D = 400mm for shear consideration

(iii) Main negative longitudinal reinforcement
𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑡
BM = 0.87 fy At(d – 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏 )
0.5𝑓𝑐𝑘 4.6 𝐵𝑀
At = (1 – √1 − )bd
𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏 𝑑2
0.5×20 4.6 ×71.941×106

= (1 – √1 − ) 2000× 350
500 20× 2000× 3502
= 481.02𝑚𝑚2
Provide 8mm bar@200mm c/c (=502.65𝑚𝑚2 )
(iv) One way shear action of column A
Vu = - 364.441 +287.904 × (0.2+0.35)

= - 206.1KN
74
Vu 206.1×103
Nominal shear stress (τv) = 𝑏𝑑 = = 0.294N/𝑚𝑚2
2000×350
502.65×100
Percent tensile steel p = = 0.072%
2000×350
The shear strength of M20 concrete for 0.072% steel = 0.28N/𝑚𝑚2 <0.294N/𝑚𝑚2 NOT
OK
Increase the depth to 400mm
Vu 206.1×103
Nominal shear stress (τv) = 𝑏𝑑 = = 0.258N/𝑚𝑚2 <0.28N/𝑚𝑚2 OK
2000×400
(v) Two way shear action of column A
Shear stress Vu = 666.74 –(0.4 + 0.4)2 × 143.95 = 574.612KN

Vu 574.612×1000
Nominal shear stress 𝜏v = 𝑏𝑑 = = 0.718N/𝑚𝑚2
2000×400
Shear strength of concrete τc’ = ksτc = 1× 0.25√20 = 1.12N/𝑚𝑚2 > 0.718N/𝑚𝑚2

OK
(vi) Curtailment of negative reinforcement
22
BM at C = 287.904× − 666.74 × (2 − 1.05) = −57.60𝐾𝑁𝑚
2
Area of steel required at C,

0.5𝑓𝑐𝑘 4.6 𝐵𝑀
At = (1 – √1 − )bd
0.5×20 4.6 ×57.60×106

= (1 – √1 − ) 2000× 400
500 20× 2000× 4002
= 334.67𝑚𝑚2
Provide 8mm bars@300mm c/c
Actual cutoff bar = 2 – 0.4 = 1.6m
Provide temperature reinforcement = 8mm @ 300mm c/c in transverse direction
(vii) Positive longitudinal reinforcement at bottom of footing beyond column

face
0.852
BM at face of column A = 287.904× = 104KNm
2
75
0.852
BM at face of column B = 287.904× = 104KNm
2
Area of tension steel is,

0.5𝑓𝑐𝑘 4.6 𝐵𝑀
At = (1 – √1 − )bd
0.5×20 4.6 ×104×106

= (1 – √1 − ) 2000× 400
500 20× 2000× 4002
= 609.6134𝑚𝑚2
Provide 8mm bar @ 160mm c/c
(viii) Transverse reinforcement

666.74
Factored upward pressure under column = = 333.37KN/m
2
0.82
BM at the face of column A = 333.37× = 106.68KNm
2
0.5𝑓𝑐𝑘 4.6 𝐵𝑀
At = (1 – √1 − )bd
0.5×20 4.6 ×106.68×106

= (1 – √1 − 2000× 400
500 20× 2000× 4002
= 625.64𝑚𝑚2
Provide 8mm bars @ 160mm c/c
628.85
Factored upward pressure under column B = = 314.425KN/m
2
0.82
BM at the face of column B = 314.425× = 100.616KNm
2
0.5𝑓𝑐𝑘 4.6 𝐵𝑀
At = (1 – √1 − )bd
0.5×20 4.6 ×100.616×106

= (1 – √1 − ) 2000×
500 20× 2000× 4002
400 = 589.40𝑚𝑚2
Provide 8mm bars @ 160mm c/c
76
6.1.5 DESIGN OF STAIRCASE
Effective span = c/c distance of wall = 4.74m

Riser = 156mm
Tread = 300mm
Fck = 20MPa
Fy = 500MPa
Assume, Thickness of waist slab (t) = 150mm
Overall thickness (D) = 180mm
1) Load calculation
Calculation of load of waist:

√𝑅 2 +𝑇 2
Weight of waist slab = D×25× 𝑇
√1502 +3002
= 0.18×25× =5.07 KN/m
300
1
Weight of steps = 2×R×25 = 2.0625 KN/m
Total dead load (DL) = 5.07+2.0625 = 7.1325 KN/m

Floor finish (FF) = 1.5 KN/m
Live load (LL) = 3 KN/m
Total factored load (W) = (7.1325+1.5+3) ×1.5 = 17.45 KN/m
Calculation of load on landing portion:
Dead load (DL) = 0.15×25 = 3.75 KN/m
Finishing load (FF) = 1.5 KN/m
Total factored load (W) = (3.75+1.5+3)×1.5 = 12.375 KN/m
77
17.45 KN/m
12.375 KN/m 12.375 KN/m
RA
RB
Figure 3: Loading on Staircase
Taking moment at A ,
RB = 33.34 KN
RA = 37.51 KN
VX = 0
37.51-12.375×0.36-17.45x = 0
x = 1.89m
Mu = 44.01 KNm
Mu lim = 0.133fck b𝑑 2
= 0.133×20×1000×1502 = 60.12 KNm > Mu
Hence, singly reinforced design.
78
2) Reinforcement calculation
0.5×𝑓𝑐𝑘 4.6𝑀𝑢
Ast = (1-√1 − 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑2 )×bd
𝑓𝑦
0.5×20 4.6×44.01×106
= (1-√1 − 20×1000×1502)×1000×150
500
= 774.89 𝑚𝑚2
Use Փ12mm bar ,
774.89
Number of bar = 122
= 6.89 ≈ 7
𝜋×
4
1000
Spacing = = 142.85 𝑚𝑚
7
Provide Փ12mm bar @ 140mm c/c .

3) Distribution steel
Ast = 0.12% of cross sectional area

0.12
= × 1000 × 150 = 216 𝑚𝑚2
100
Provide Փ8mm bar

50
Spacing = 216 × 100 = 232.71𝑚𝑚
Provide Փ8mm bar @230mm c/c .

4) Check for shear
Vu = RA or RB which is greater
= 37.51 KN/m
𝑉𝑢 37.51×103
ɽ = 𝑏𝑑 = = 0.250𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
1000×150
807.84
Pt = 1000×150×100 = 0.54 %
From table 19, ɽ = 0.493 > 0.25 OK

at M20 ,
τ’ = kτc at d= 180 mm, k=1.24
= 1.24 ×0.493
= 0.611>τv Ok
79
CHAPTER 7: LATERAL LOAD ANALYSIS
7.1 EARTHQUAKE CALCULATION METHODS

The earthquake forces are mainly calculated by two methods
 Seismic coefficient method
 Modal response spectrum method
7.2 INTRODUCTION TO LATERAL LOAD ANALYSIS

Lateral load on the building frames are caused primarily by wind pressure. In addition,
EQ shocks produce horizontal sway, which results in the inertia force acting horizontally
on the structure. For the reason mentioned above in the introduction topic, only the lateral
load due to the EQ shocks is default here. It was found by extensive observation that these
horizontal forces, rather than induced by the simultaneous vertical motion of the ground,
are chiefly responsible for the structural EQ damages. For this reason, building codes in
the localities with higher EQ incidence required that structural design.
To resist corresponding horizontal force, these horizontal forces have been computed using
SEISMIC COEFFICIENT METHOD following IS 1893 (Part I) 2000.The horizontal force
to EQ shocks are determined and the next step was to find the design forces in the member
due to these lateral forces. The exact analysis of such forces requires very lengthy
computation. In the most of the cases, however, such accurate determination are neither
required nor justified.
80
7.3 LUMPED MASS CALCULATION
LUMPED MASS CALCULATON

Data
given
bredth depth bredth depth
(mm) (mm) (m) (m)
beam 400 550 0.4 0.55 L 12.73
Column 400 400 0.4 0.4 B 17.7
slab 125 0.125
Roof Floor Load Calculation= mass of infill+mass of column+mass of beam in

longitudinal and transverse of that floor+mass of slab+imposed load of that floor
mass of infill 443.9
mass of column 126.88
mass of beam in longitudinal 279.96 766.6
mass of beam in transverse 486.67
mass of slab 703.75
imposed load of that floor 450.4
Total load (m3) 2491.6
m2=m1
mass of infill 887.8
mass of column 253.76
mass of beam in longitudinal 279.96 766.6
mass of beam in transverse 486.67
mass of slab 703.75
imposed load of that floor 450.4
Total load (m3) 2491.6
∑W1h1^2 350967
seismic weight of buiding 7475
Base shear (Vb) Ah*w
Ah z/2*I/R*Sa/g
z 0.36
I 1.5
R 5
Sa/g fundamental natural time period
T 0.09* 0.204
Sa/g 2.5
Ah 0.135
base
shear 1009.1
Q1 Vb*(W1h1^2)/∑(W1h1^2)
Q1 648.7
Q2 288.31
Q3 72.077
81
Lateral force Distribution
Figure 4: Lateral Force Distribution
7.4 DISPLACEMENT CALCULATION4
Displacement of Block 1, at EQx

∆1 = 0.0066-0.0051
= 0.0015
∆2 = 0.0051-0.0026
= 0.0025
Displacement of Block 1, at EQy

∆1 = 0.0082-0.0063
= 0.0019
∆2 = 0.0063-0.0031
= 0.0032

∆1 = 0.0151-0.0115
= 0.0036
82
∆2 = 0.0115-0.0054
= 0.0061

∆1 = 0.015-0.0114
= 0.0036
∆2 = 0.0114-0.0053
= 0.0061

∆1 = 0.0115-0.0089
= 0.0026
∆2 = 0.0089-0.0043
= 0.0046

∆1 = 0.0101-0.0078
= 0.0023
∆2 = 0.0078-0.0038
= 0.004
7.5 DRIFT CALCULATION
Drift calculation of block 1 at EQx

U1 = 0.0066 at roof joint
U1 = 0.0114 at second floor joint
U1 = 0.0053 at first floor joint
∆1 = 0.0066-0.0051
= 0.0015
∆2 = 0.0051-0.0026
= 0.0025
83
∆2−∆1 0.0025−0.0015
Drift = = = 0.00033
ℎ 3.05
Drift calculation of block 1 at EQy

∆1 = 0.0082-0.0063
= 0.0019
∆2 = 0.0063-0.0031
= 0.0032
∆2−∆1 0.0032−0.0019
Drift = = = 0.00043
ℎ 3.05

∆1 = 0.0151-0.0115
= 0.0036
∆2 = 0.0115-0.0054
= 0.0061
∆2−∆1 0.0061−0.0036
Drift = = = 0.00082
ℎ 3.05

∆1 = 0.015-0.0114
= 0.0036
∆2 = 0.0114-0.0053
= 0.0061
84
∆2−∆1 0.0061−0.0036
Drift = = = 0.00082
ℎ 3.05

∆1 = 0.0115-0.0089
= 0.0026
∆2 = 0.0089-0.0043
= 0.0046
∆2−∆1 0.0046−0.0026
Drift = = = 0.000656
ℎ 3.05

∆1 = 0.0101-0.0078
= 0.0023
∆2 = 0.0078-0.0038
= 0.004
∆2−∆1 0.004−0.0023
Drift = = = 0.00056
ℎ 3.05
85
Table 2: Drift Table for Block 1
Displacement Displacement Inter storey Inter storey Allowable Drift

Floor due to EQx due to EQy Drift along X- Drift along X- = 0.004× Storey
along X-axis along Y-axis axis (mm) axis height
is U1(mm) is U2(mm)
Second Floor 6.6 8.2 1.5 1.9 12.68

First Floor 5.1 6.3 2.5 3.2 12.68
Ground Floor 2.6 3.1 2.6 3.1 12.68
Table 3: Drift Table For Block 2

is U1(mm) is U2(mm)
Second Floor 15.1 15 3.6 3.6 12.68

First Floor 11.5 11.4 6.1 6.1 12.68
Ground Floor 5.4 5.3 5.4 5.3 12.68
Table 4: Drift Table For Block 3

is U1(mm) is U2(mm)
Second Floor 11.5 15 2.6 3.6 12.68

First Floor 8.9 11.4 4.6 6.1 12.68
Ground Floor 4.3 5.3 4.3 5.3 12.68
In all block, Inter storey Drift<Allowable Drift. OK
86
7.6 BASE SHEAR CALCULATION
Table 5: Base Shear For Block 1
TABLE: Base Reactions
OutputCase CaseType StepType GlobalFX GlobalFY GlobalFZ
Text Text Text KN KN KN
DEAD LinStatic 2.949E-12 -2.002E-12 6588.441
Live load LinStatic 1.81E-12 -3.529E-12 2442.816*0.5
Wall load LinStatic 1.753E-12 -4.054E-12 3080.428
Floor Finish LinStatic 7.692E-13 -3.403E-13 1429.773
Partiation LinStatic 7.083E-13 -1.166E-12 781.016
Stair load LinStatic -9.223E-13 1.437E-12 208.365
EQx LinRespSpec Max 574.72 5.778 0
EQy LinRespSpec Max 5.778 587.444 0
Total load (W) 12088.023
Base shear Ah*W 1087.92207

Ah (Z*Sa*i)/2gR 0.09
Z 0.36
i 1
R 5
T 0.228866985
Sa/g 2.5
Eqx 1.892960172
Eqy 1.851958774
87
Table 6: Base Shear for Block 2
TABLE: Base Reactions

DEAD LinStatic 5.596E-14 3.948E-13 5469.151
Live load LinStatic 6.168E-13 1.038E-12 2136.872*0.5
pt LinStatic -4.869E-12 -5.656E-12 2143.205
fff LinStatic 9.159E-15 7.172E-14 999.009
wall LinStatic 5.089E-12 -2.752E-12 2617.223
EQx LinRespSpec Max 1762.117 0.00001379 0.0001461
EQy LinRespSpec Max 0.000007168 1760.484 2.174
Total load 11230.76215

Ah (Z*i*Sa/2gR) 0.09
Z 0.36
i 1
R 5
T 0.194740236
Sa/g 2.5
Eqx 0.573610375
Eqy 0.574142448
88
Table 7: Base Shear for Block 3
TABLE:
Base
Reactions
DEAD LinStatic -8.651E-13 -6.883E-14 4913.986
pt LinStatic -3.574E-13 5.669E-15 632.842
ff LinStatic -1.7E-13 2.32E-14 746.495
wall LinStatic -3.215E-13 1.554E-13 1713.541
live LinStatic -1.505E-13 6.883E-14 1507.802*0.5
EQx LinRespSpec Max 1439.927 22.689 0
EQy LinRespSpec Max 22.474 1395.703 0
Total Load
(W) 8006.864

Ah (Z*Sa*i)/2gR 0.09
Z 0.36
i 1
R 5
T (0.09*h)/d^0.5
0.211217004
Sa/g 2.5
Eqx 0.50045437
Eqy 0.516311679
89
7.7 SECTION FAILURE
BLOCK 1
Figure 5: Section Filure of Block 1
90
BLOCK 2
Figure 5: Section Failure of Block 2
91
BLOCK 3
Figure 6: Section Failure of Block 3
92
7.8 REBAR PERCENTAGE
BEAM & COLUMN REINFORCEMENT OF BLOCK 1 GRID 8
Figure 7: Rebar Percentage of Block 1 Grid 8
93
94
95
96
97
98
7.9 CHECK MODAL DISAPICITATING MASS RATIO
Table 8: Modal Participating Mass Ratios for block 1
TABLE: Modal Participating Mass Ratios for block 1

OutputCase StepType StepNum Period UX UY SumUX SumUY
Text Text Unitless Sec Unitless Unitless Unitless Unitless
MODAL Mode 1 0.509717 0.00241 0.88316 0.00241 0.88316
MODAL Mode 2 0.505011 0.85174 0.0029 0.85415 0.88606
MODAL Mode 3 0.439388 0.0353 0.00036 0.88944 0.88642
MODAL Mode 4 0.18069 0.00155 0.06872 0.89099 0.95514
MODAL Mode 5 0.177535 0.07333 0.00166 0.96432 0.9568
MODAL Mode 6 0.160143 0.00638 0.00403 0.9707 0.96083
MODAL Mode 7 0.151974 0.0032 0.02199 0.9739 0.98282
MODAL Mode 8 0.139211 0.01029 0.00066 0.98419 0.98348
MODAL Mode 9 0.116516 2.303E-06 7.974E-07 0.98419 0.98348
MODAL Mode 10 0.111007 0.01411 0.00033 0.99831 0.98381
MODAL Mode 11 0.109467 0.00034 0.01605 0.99864 0.99985
MODAL Mode 12 0.09551 0.00128 2.013E-05 0.99992 0.99987
0.999 ok 0.999 ok
SumUX and SumUY are between -1 and +1 ok
99
TABLE: Modal Participating Mass Ratios of block 2

MODAL Mode 1 0.3581 0 0.87118 0 0.87118
MODAL Mode 2 0.3534 0.86697 0 0.86697 0.87118
MODAL Mode 3 0.3133 0.00666 0 0.87362 0.87118
2.203E-
MODAL Mode 4 0.1166 18 0.10367 0.87362 0.97485
MODAL Mode 5 0.1154 0.10153 2.08E-17 0.97516 0.97485
9.627E-
MODAL Mode 6 0.1025 0.00081 16 0.97597 0.97485
3.633E-
MODAL Mode 7 0.0713 19 0.02465 0.97597 0.9995
MODAL Mode 8 0.071 0.02363 4.22E-20 0.9996 0.9995
4.088E-
MODAL Mode 9 0.0632 0.0002 17 0.99981 0.9995
1.973E- 4.647E-
MODAL Mode 10 0.059 16 05 0.99981 0.99955
7.915E- 3.267E-
MODAL Mode 11 0.0568 16 05 0.99981 0.99958
5.674E- 2.542E-
MODAL Mode 12 0.0559 07 15 0.99981 0.99958
0.9998 0.9998
ok ok
100
TABLE: Modal Participating Mass Ratios of block 3

MODAL Mode 1 0.33207 0.85423 0.01737 0.85423 0.01737
MODAL Mode 2 0.32921 0.02425 0.7897 0.87849 0.80707
MODAL Mode 3 0.30804 0.0036 0.07687 0.88208 0.88394
MODAL Mode 4 0.11086 0.08402 0.01026 0.9661 0.8942
MODAL Mode 5 0.110467 0.01296 0.07483 0.97906 0.96903
MODAL Mode 6 0.103477 0.00027 0.01111 0.97933 0.98014
MODAL Mode 7 0.070466 0.00044 0.01635 0.97977 0.99649
MODAL Mode 8 0.069984 0.02019 0.00044 0.99996 0.99693
MODAL Mode 9 0.066006 0.00002659 0.00306 0.99998 0.99999
MODAL Mode 10 0.040385 5.876E-07 5.13E-09 0.99999 0.99999
MODAL Mode 11 0.037621 7.083E-08 1.7E-07 0.99999 0.99999
MODAL Mode 12 0.037145 1.327E-06 2.05E-09 0.99999 0.99999
0.99 0.99
OK OK
101
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW ............................................................................................................ 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 THEME OF PROJECT WORK ................................................................................................ 1
1.3 OBJECTIVES ........................................................................................................................... 2
1.4 BUILDING DESCRIPTION ..................................................................................................... 2
1.5 IDENTIFICATION OF LOAD ................................................................................................. 3
1.6 CODE OF PRACTICES............................................................................................................ 3
1.7 IDEALIZATION AND ASSUMPTION IN ANALYSIS AND DESIGN .......................... 3
1.8 METHOD OF ANALYSIS ....................................................................................................... 4
1.9 DESIGN .................................................................................................................................... 4
1.10 DETAILING ........................................................................................................................... 4
1.11 SCOPE..................................................................................................................................... 4
CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF LITERATURE................................................................................... 6
2.1 BACKGROUND ....................................................................................................................... 6
2.2 DESIGN PHILOSOPHY........................................................................................................... 6
2.2.1 LIMIT STATE DESIGN ........................................................................................................ 6
2.3 LOADS ...................................................................................................................................... 8
2.3.1 DESIGN LOADS ................................................................................................................... 8
2.3.2 LOAD ASSESSMENT .......................................................................................................... 8
2.3.3 DEAD LOADS....................................................................................................................... 8
2.3.4 LIVE LOAD ........................................................................................................................... 9
2.3.5 SEISMIC LOADS .................................................................................................................. 9

2.3.6 SEISMIC DESIGN CRITERIA ........................................................................................... 10
2.5 TERMINOLOGIES ................................................................................................................. 14
2.6 LOAD COMBINATIONS ...................................................................................................... 16
CHAPTER 3: STRUCTURAL SYSTEM, METHODOLOGY AND PRELIMINARY DESIGN

....................................................................................................................................................... 18
3.1 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM ...................................................................................................... 18
3.2 STRUCTURAL ARRANGEMENT PLAN ............................................................................ 19
3.3 LOAD CALCULATION......................................................................................................... 19
3.4 PRELIMINARY DESIGN ...................................................................................................... 20
CHAPTER-4: MODELING AND STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS ................................................. 24
4.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 24
4.2 ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................................. 24
4.3 MODELING AND ANALYSIS TOOL .................................................................................. 25
4.4 ANALYSIS PROCESS ........................................................................................................... 25
CHAPTER 5: STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND PROGRAM .................................................. 26
5.1 ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................................. 26
5.2 ABOUT SAP2000 ................................................................................................................... 26
5.3 ABOUT AUTOCAD ............................................................................................................... 26
5.3.1 OBJECTIVES OF AUTOCAD ............................................................................................ 27
5.4 ABOUT IS 456:2000............................................................................................................... 27
5.5 ABOUT SP16 .......................................................................................................................... 27
CHAPTER 6: DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENT AND THEIR DETAILING ............... 29
6.1 DESIGN PROCEDURE:......................................................................................................... 29
6.1.1 SLAB .................................................................................................................................... 29
6.1.2 BEAM .................................................................................................................................. 34
6.1.3 COLUMN ............................................................................................................................. 41

6.1.4 DESIGN OF FOOTING ....................................................................................................... 47
6.1.5 DESIGN OF STAIRCASE................................................................................................... 77
CHAPTER 7: LATERAL LOAD ANALYSIS ............................................................................. 80
7.1 EARTHQUAKE CALCULATION METHODS .................................................................... 80
7.2 INTRODUCTION TO LATERAL LOAD ANALYSIS ......................................................... 80
7.3 LUMPED MASS CALCULATION ....................................................................................... 81
7.4 DISPLACEMENT CALCULATION4 ................................................................................... 82
7.5 DRIFT CALCULATION ........................................................................................................ 83
7.6 BASE SHEAR CALCULATION ........................................................................................... 87
7.7 SECTION FAILURE .............................................................................................................. 90
7.8 REBAR PERCENTAGE ......................................................................................................... 93
ANNEX-01 ESTIMATION
ANNEX-02 OUTPUT TABLES FROM SAP2000
ANNEX-03 FIGURES AND DIAGRAMS FROM SAP2000
Table 1 Seismic Design Criteria ....................................................................................... 10

Table 2: Drift Table for Block 1 ....................................................................................... 86
Table 3: Drift Table For Block 2 ...................................................................................... 86
Table 4: Drift Table For Block 3 ...................................................................................... 86
Table 5: Base Shear For Block 1 ...................................................................................... 87
Table 6: Base Shear for Block 2 ....................................................................................... 88
Table 7: Base Shear for Block 3 ....................................................................................... 89
Table 8: Modal Participating Mass Ratios for block 1 ..................................................... 99
Table 9: Modal Participating Mass Ratios for block 2 ................................................... 100
Table 10: Modal Participating Mass Ratios for block 3 ................................................. 101
Flow Chart 1: Slab Design ............................................................................................... 30
Flow Chart 2: Beam Design (Moment Bars) .................................................................... 37
Flow Chart 3: Beam Design (Shear Reinforcement) ........................................................ 38
Flow Chart 4: Column Design .......................................................................................... 43
Figure 1: Isolated Footing ................................................................................................. 50

Figure 2: Combine Footing ............................................................................................... 72
Figure 3: Loading on Staircase ......................................................................................... 78
Figure 4: Lateral Force Distribution ................................................................................. 82
Figure 5: Section Filure of Block 1................................................................................... 90
Figure 6: Section Failure of Block 3 ................................................................................. 92
Figure 7: Rebar Percentage of Block 1 Grid 8 .................................................................. 93
Figure 10: Rebar Percentage of Block 1 Grid 5 ................................................................ 96

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CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW

1.2 THEME OF PROJECT WORK

 Analysis: using SAP 2000

1.4 BUILDING DESCRIPTION

No. of storey: G+2

Floor height: 3.172m

Type of foundation: Isolated and Combine

Seismic zone factor(z):0.36

Grade of concrete: M25

1.6 CODE OF PRACTICES

IS 1893 (part I):2000 Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of structures

NBC 105: 1994

Design criteria for seismic load

SP 16 Design Aids for Reinforced concrete to IS 456:1978

1.7 IDEALIZATION AND ASSUMPTION IN ANALYSIS AND

 Tensile strength of concrete is ignored.

Concrete Grade: M25

Reinforcement steel: HYSD500

Generally, the institutional building is constructed by considering the types of institutions.

2.2 DESIGN PHILOSOPHY

I.Working stress design

2.2.1 LIMIT STATE DESIGN

Different limit states for design

a) Limit state of strength

Limit state of strength:

 Loss of equilibrium of whole or part of the structure.

Limit state of serviceability:

The limit state of serviceability includes:

 Deformation and deflections adversely affecting the appearance or effective

2.3.1 DESIGN LOADS

2.3.2 LOAD ASSESSMENT

2.3.3 DEAD LOADS

2.3.4 LIVE LOAD

2.3.5 SEISMIC LOADS

There are two methods of determination of earthquake load in building:

A. Seismic coefficient method or static method.

Table 1 Seismic Design Criteria

SDC Building types and expected MMI Seismic design

A building located in regions having a no specific seismic design requirements

B Structures of ordinary occupancy that Structures must be designed to resist

C Structures of ordinary occupancy that Structure must be designed to resist

D Structures of ordinary occupancy that Structure must be designed to resist

Nonstructural system required for life

Special construction quality assurance

E Structures of ordinary occupancy Structure must be designed to resist

Many types of irregularities are

Nonstructural components that could

Nonstructural system required for life

F Critically important structures located Structure must be designed to resist

Many types of irregularities are

Nonstructural components that could

Special construction quality assurance

2.4 ESTIMATION OF LOADS

The base shear, Vb= Ah-Ws ( Ref. Cl 7.5.3 IS 1893(part 1):2002

I = Importance factor given by IS 1893(part 1):2002 table 6

Sa/g = Average response acceleration coefficient which depends on Ta.

Ta = Fundamental natural periods of vibration

Ta = 0.075h0.35 for without brick infill and RC framed building

Model Response Spectrum method: It means a method of dynamic analysis in which a

Diaphragm: It means a member composed of a web, or a truss which distributes forces to

Secondary elements: It means elements such as intermediate or secondary beams,

Frames: It means a system composed of interconnected members functioning as a

Masonry load = ϒht = 1930.23 =13.11KN/m

Self-weight of beam = 250.3250.25 = 2.031KN/m

Self-weight of slab = 250.134.972*4.013 =64.85KN

Self-weight of F.F and P.T = (1+1.5) 4.9724.013 = 49.88159KN

Self-weight of column = 25* (3-0.13-0.325) 0.30.3 = 5.73KN

Self-weight of beam = 250.250.325*4.972 = 10.10KN

Live load = 4.9724.0133* (0.9+0.8+0.7) = 143.65KN

13601000 = 0.425* (Ag-0.02Ag)+0.674150.02*Ag

(Mx)+ve =0.06112.923.6062 = 10.26KNm per m width

(Mx)-ve = 0.045812.943.6062 = 7.71KNm per m width

(My)+ve =0.04712.644.5722 = 12.71KNm per m width

(My)-ve = 0.03512.944.5722 = 9.47KNm per m width