BAHRIA UNIVERSITY,

(Karachi Campus)
Department of Software Engineering
QUIZ#01 – Fall 2020

COURSE TITLE: Data Communication & Networking COURSE CODE: CEN-222

Class: BSE-5(A) Shift: Morning
Course Instructor: ENGR. MAHAWISH Time Allowed: 30 Min.
Date: 23/10/2020 Max. Marks: 10 Points
Name: Aakif Iqbal Reg no: 57267

Q1: What are the main functionalities of following layers in TCP/IP network model? [CLO 1]
Layer1: Physical Layer
 It manages, those functions that are essential to carry bit streams over a physical
Medium.
 In TCP/IP, the physical layer is the lowest level of suite of protocols.
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Layer2: Data Link Layer

 Main function is to transmit the data across the link and adds reliability for data
transmission.
 The data-link layer takes the data obtained from the data network layer and encapsulates it into a
Packet called a frame.
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Layer3: Network Layer
 In general, the network layer is responsible for host-to-host communication and delivery of the packet
through possible routes
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Layer4: Transport Layer
 The main function is to provide end to end flow control, error control and congestion control, when
required by the application.
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Layer5: Application Layer
 Its main task is the process of transporting communication of the message, where a process is an
application running on a host.
  Enables the user to access the network using an application, such as network service

terminals, file access and E-mail services.

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Q2: Write down the propagation modes of fiber optics. Describe each of them. [CLO 1]
Propagation Modes of Fiber-Optics:
1. Multimode: Multiple beams from a source of light can travel through various paths through
the core.
 The Stage Index:
Sudden modification in light beam movement.
Causes signal attenuation and distortion.
 Graded Index:
Seamless modification in light beam movement.
Reduces attenuation and distortion.
2. Single Mode: Beam propagation is nearly horizontal
Q3: Describe network topologies in your answer? [CLO 1]
Network topology is basically the geometric representation of the relationships of all links and linking devices to
one another. The four basic network topologies are:
1. Star Topology
2. Bus Topology
3. Ring Topology
4. Mesh Topology

In star topology, every device has dedicated point-to-point link to a central controller. One link and one I/O is
required at each device.
 Advantages: less expensive and less resources required than mesh, easy fault isolation.
 Disadvantage: if the central controller is down, the whole network will be affected.
In bus topology, there is a multipoint connection where nodes are connected to bus cable by drop lines and taps.
 Advantages: easy to install, less resources than star.
 Disadvantages: Difficult to locate faulty line in cases of breakdown and Any break stops all
transmission.
 Applications: traditional LANs, i.e. less popular nowadays.
In ring topology, every device has a dedicated point-to-point connection with only the two devices on either side
of it.
 Advantage: Easy to install, can easily add up another connection.
In mesh topology, a host is connected to one or multiple hosts. This topology has hosts in point-to-point
connection with every other host or may also have hosts which are in point-to-point connection to few hosts
only.
 Advantages: reliable, secure, robust, easy fault isolation.
 Disadvantages: costly, installation efforts.

Apart from the above topologies, we have a Hybrid Topology too, which is a combination of star and bus
topology.