The Learner

The Biological and

Physiological
Development of the
Learner
The Biological and Physiological Development
of the Learner

1. The Prenatal Stage

• It is from conception to birth.

• During this period all the parts of
the human body such as the
internal organs, skeletal bones,
flesh, etc. are formed.
• The inherited characteristics from
the parents are also imparted to
the child during this period.
 The Biological and Physiological
Development of the Learner

2. Infancy or Babyhood

• birth to 2 years
• development of physical and physiological
behavior patterns such as rolling, crawling, sitting,
standing, walking, talking, laughing, taking solid
foods, controlling the elimination of wastes,
learning sex differences, relating to emotionally
to parents and kins, etc
• begins to learn the rudiments of right and wrong
• the child enjoys sucking his fingers and toes (oral
stage)
• tantrums are used to call attention
• Sprouting of baby teeth at the end of this period
The Biological and Physiological
Development of the Learner

3. Early childhood
• 2 to 6 years
• pre-school age
• exploratory and inquisitive period
• the child wants to explore any place or
anything he can reach
• asks so many questions
• the child begins to learn some social
relationships and mixes and plays with children
of his age group
• he learns some physical and manual skills
• enjoys playing with his sex organs
• continues to learn what is right and wrong
• at the end of the period, the child can walk and
run with steadiness, talk understandably, follow
simple directions, and take a bath and dress by
himself alone
The Biological and Physiological
Development of the Learner

4. Late childhood

• 6 or 7 years to 11 or 12 years
• elementary school period
• the child learns manual skills taught at home
and school
• learns things taught in school i.e. reading,
writing, arithmetic & language
• joins peer groups
• further learns what is right and wrong and how
to relate himself to others
• becomes critical of others
• begins to be interested in the opposite sex
The Biological and Physiological
Development of the Learner

5. Puberty stage

• starts at about 12 or 13 years to 14 or 15 years

• urge of sex begins to assert itself very rapidly
• capable of procreation
• very fast physical & physiological changes ♂♀
• ♂♀ grow their pubic hair
• boys begin to grow hair in arms and legs
• rapid growth of height and weight
• apparent growth of breasts for girls
• girls start having their monthly period
• this is in the early high school years.
The Biological and Physiological
Development of the Learner

6. Early adolescence

• from puberty to about

seventeen years old
• this is the late high school
period
• rapid sex maturation occurs.
• some young people get
married at this stage
• voice, feeling, and thinking
continue changing
• the youth continue their
studies and now develop their
life ambitions and aspirations
The Biological and Physiological
Development of the Learner

7. Late adolescence

• 18 to 21 years
• the process of development continues
• the youth in college are now preparing
for their professional or vocational
careers
• those out of schools are entering or
finding jobs in preparations for an
independent life
• development of intellectual and social
skills continues
 The Biological and Physiological
Development of the Learner

8. Early Adulthood

• from 21 to 40 years
• new life adjustments occur such as
courtships and marriage,
parenthood, employment,
recreational hobby, religious
affiliation, which may occur earlier,
joining clubs and years of
achievement
• higher studies may be pursued.
• this is the start of the productive
years.
The Biological and Physiological
Development of the Learner

9. Middle Age

• from 40 to 65 years
• man or woman have achieved most of
his or her aspirations in life such as a
well established home and family,
stable and lucrative employment or
businesses, creative achievements,
political achievement.
• Is also the time for the preparation of
retirement? Some physical,
physiological functioning begin to
decrease and deteriorate.
The Biological and Physiological
Development of the Learner

10. Old Age

• starts at age 65
• men and women are generally still strong, energetic, and
mentally alert
• period of retirement
• some physical, physiological and mental functioning continue
to decline more rapidly
• deafness, failing eyesight, forgetfulness, baldness, arthritis,
senility occur
• painful adjustments have to made to meet some an avoidable
circumstance such as death of spouse, solitude as children
now have their own family, inadequate financial resources,
inability to perform home chores more efficiently, unpleasant
relationships with kin and neighbors,etc.
Developmentalism
Developmentalism
Also called
Pestalozzianism
Is a system of educational
doctrines and practices
developed by the Swiss
educator, Johann
Heinrich Pestalozzi
(1746-1827) and
followers.
Developmentalism
Pestalozzianism stresses that instruction should proceed
from the familiar to the new, incorporate the performance
of concrete arts and the experience of actual emotional
responses, and be paced to follow the gradual unfolding
of the child’s development. His ideas flow from the same
stream of thought that includes Johann Friedrich Herbart,
Maria Montessori, John Dewey, and more recently Jean
Piaget and advocates of constructivist theories of
curriculum development.
(Encyclopedia Britannica)
Two Basic Facts About Development

1. Development is sequential
development follows strictly a
definite sequence of steps or stages
of progression
►The child who learns to roll over eventually learns to walk

► Learner has to start from Gr. 1, pass through series of

grades before reaching Gr. 6
Two Basic Facts About Development

2. The rate of development is not equal for all

individuals
Some persons develop and learn faster than
others.
Two major factors:

►Heredity – Gives all the potentialities for growth &

development
►Environment – Provides the direction of the growth and
development of an individual.
Individual
Differences
A. Heredity B. Environment
Heredity
7. Ex
e t
1. Ag 2. Sex
subm roversion
-
issiv
enes introvers
s ion,
d omin
a nce-
ic a l c o ndition
3 . Phys
m a k ing ca pacity
8. E ffor t
4. Intelligence (mental ability)

cial talent
5. Aptitude and spe ta bi lity)
y a nds
aturit ency
a l m im in a l t en d
m otion 9. C r
e n t (e
m pe ra m
6. Te
 School

Community
background

Family background

ENVIRONMENT
Thank you!