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0 Introduction
The main idea of smart statistic is to enable students to collect and process data
in a systematic way and display the information meaningfully. From the task given, we
can see the ability of the students to interpret and make inferences from the visual
representation prepared and how they would be able or not to resource evidence to
substantiate inferences.
using suitable visual representations. It is also to find the ability to organize information
clearly and neatly by using the suitable representations and provide a reason for each
choice.
Then, to enable them to relate the information with very clear report based solely
on the visual representation. The report must covers all aspect of the data displayed on
the visual representation. They also could appropriate prediction based clearly on
collected data.
Statisticians improve the quality of data with the design of experiments and survey
sampling. Other than that, statistics provides tools for prediction and forecasting using
descriptive statistics. This is useful in research, when communicating the results of our
obesity survey.
Obesity means having too much body fat. It is different from being overweight,
which means weighing too much. The weight may come from muscle, bone, fat or body
water. Both terms mean that a person’s weight is greater than what’s considered
Obesity occurs over time when you eat more calories than you use. The balance
between calories-in and calories-out differs for each person. Factors that might tip the
balance include your genetic makeup, overeating, eating high-fat foods and not being
physically active.
Being obese increases your risk of diabetes, heart disease, stroke, arthritis and
some cancers. If you are obese, losing even 5 to 10 percent of your weight can delay or
The terms “overweight” and “obesity” refer to a person’s overall body weight and
where the extra weight comes from. Overweight is having extra body weight from
muscle, bone, fat and/or water. Obesity is having a high amount of extra body. The
most useful measure of overweight and obesity is the body mass index (BMI). BMI is
based on height and weight and is used for adults, children, and teens.
Being overweight or obese puts you at risk for many diseases and conditions.
The more body fat that you carry around and the more you weigh, the more likely you
are to develop heart diseases, high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, gallstones,
family history and genetics, metabolism (the way your body changes food and oxygen
Certain things, like family history, can’t be changed. However, other things-like a
person’s lifestyle habits-can be changed. You can help prevent or treat overweight and
obesity if you:
Weight loss medicines and surgery also are options for some people who need
In this task, we conduct a survey that we find it more suitable for our tasks than
using other ways such as research or observation. This has been the standard method
We did the task on Wednesday, 25th August 2010 which is a weekday and not a
public or school holiday. We did the survey between 2.30 p.m to 3.30 p.m of that day.
We did it on that time because it was the time after the lunch hour, and all the students
will be in the class due to their lecture time. So it makes the survey much easier as we
can complete the survey items at this time and ready for the calculation.
(RBT_1) and (TESL_1). We only choose 10 female students from each of the class to
full fill minimum sample size of 50 respondents. For this survey, we have been using the
table chart to tabulate the collected data and also to count PPISMP female students
visual representation.
2.1 Tabulation of data
We tabulate the data using height and weight of the students. So that its easier to
all the data was organized in a frequency distribution table for the weights obtained
histogram, frequency polygon, ogive and pictogram. The visual illustrations are shown
below.
This bar chart is drawn using the frequency distribution table (table 1)
The bar chart is chosen because a bar graph displays discrete data in separate
columns. A double bar graph can be used to compare two data sets. Categories are
considered unordered and can be rearranged alphabetically, by size, etc. Bar graphs
The advantages of bar chart are it’s visually strong. The bar chart shows each
visual form. So, we already can see that this chart can easily clarify trends better than
do tables.
Besides that, bar chart can estimate key values at a glance. It also manages the
permit with a visual check of the accuracy and reasonableness of calculations. So, that
it will be more easily understood due to widespread use in business and the media.
Moreover, bar chart shows beautiful visual representation and neatly constructed
diagrams or charts are more attractive than simple figures. We can create it with
different colors or sizes of bar. So, the result is when the comparison is made totally
become easier between two or three data sets and it will save time of the user to make
quick comparison of large data. Bar graphs also shows a record in column form so over
Although, bar charts have strengths but they also have some weaknesses. First
of all, when the graph categories can be reordered to emphasize certain effects. The
bar graph use only with discrete data. It is also can be easily manipulated to yield false
patterns. Lastly, the bar chart requires additional written or verbal explanation and also
But for the some reason, we manage to choose this bar graph to represent our
collected data because it is very suitable for our task as it is a quantitative data.
To draw a frequency polygon, we have to use midpoint of the x-value (class interval).
= 31+35
2
33
36 – 40 38
FIGURE 1
ungrouped (raw) interval data. A frequency polygon can be made from a line graph by
shading in the area beneath the graph. They represent the frequency of each class of
data points as a line connecting the midpoints of the bars of a histogram. The two end
frequency polygon shows approximately the smooth curve that would describe a
frequency distribution if the class intervals were made as small as possible and the
number of observations was very large. Frequency polygon can describe the behavior
polygon. In this chart, the frequency of each class is indicated by points or dots drawn
at the midpoints of each class interval. Those points are then connected by straight
lines. The frequency polygon shown in Figure 1 uses points rather than the bars which
To use bar charts or histograms depends on the data. For example, we may have
For instance, gender (male or female), types of automobile owned (motorcycle, car,
bicycle, van, and lorry), and religious affiliations (Chinese, Hindu, Malays, and others)
are all qualitative data. On the other hand, quantitative data can be measured in
Typically, qualitative data are better displayed in bar charts, quantitative data in
interval) with the frequency. We can calculate upper boundary using this method :
Example :-
31 – 35 35+36
= 35.5
36 – 40 40+41
= 40.5
41 - 45 = 45.5
Therefore,
The Histogram was first implemented by Kaoru Isikawa, one of Japans’ most
renowned experts on quality improvement. Isikawa spent his life in trying to improve
quality in Japan. His major contributions to quality improvement are known as the basic
seven tools of quality. Included in his basic seven tools of quality is the Histogram.
together and put into different classes. A histogram is a diagram which represents the
class interval and frequency in the form of a rectangle. There will be as many adjoining
rectangles as there are class intervals. This grouping allows us to see how frequently
data in each class occur in the data set. Higher bars represent more data values in a
class and the lower bars represent fewer data values in a class.
distribution by dividing the tally in each group by the total number of data points to give
the relative frequency. The shape of the distribution conveys important information such
as the probability distribution of the data. In cases in which the distribution is known, a
histogram that does not fit the distribution may provide clues about a process and
measurement problem.
simple chart form, to tell relative frequency of occurrence, to easily see the distribution
of the data, to see if there is variation in the data, and to make future predictions based
on the data. The class intervals are made continuous and then the histogram is
constructed. The horizontal scale and vertical scale need not be the same.
3.4 Ogive to represent the data
Ogive can be sketched using the cumulative frequency and upper boundary. We can
Therefore,
frequency
Interval Frequency boundary
31 – 35 0 0 35.5
36 – 40 5 5 40.5
41 – 45 15 20 45.5
46 – 50 9 29 50.5
51 – 55 9 38 55.5
56 – 60 7 45 60.5
61 – 65 5 50 65.5
66 – 70 0 0 70.5
An ogive is a curved shape, figure or feature. In statistics, an ogive is a graph
showing the curve of a cumulative distribution function. Data may be expressed using a
single line. An ogive (a cumulative line graph) is the best used when you want to display
the total at any given time. The relative slopes from point to point will indicate greater or
lesser increases. For example, a steeper slope means a greater increase than a more
gradual slope.
However, an ogive is not the ideal graphic for showing comparisons between
categories because it simply combines the values in each category and thus indicates
on what information is important for your purposes, such as percentages (parts of the
Pictograph can be drawn using any picture but must represent the number of the
frequency.
41 – 45 15
46 – 50 9
51 – 55 9
56 – 60 7
61 – 65 5
66 – 70 0
Represent 2 pupils
Represent 1 pupil
using picture symbols or icons to represent data sets. A pictograph uses an icon to
represent a quantity of data values in order to decrease the size of the graph. A key
must be used to explain the icon. This type of chart used to represent comparative
sizes, scales or areas. As with every chart, the pictograph needs a title to describe what
is being presented and how the data are classified as well as the time period and the
There are many advantages and disadvantages of the pictograph. The advantage
is that from pictograph we can easily read it. Another advantage is pictograph is visually
appealing. Pictograph also may help to handle large data sets easily using keyed icons.
The disadvantages are, pictograph is hard to quantify partial icons, and the icons must
be of consistent size. Moreover, it is best for only 2-6 categories. Pictograph is also very
simplistic.
Mean, mode and median are three measures of central tendency which indicates the
data seems to cluster. However, the values of these measures may differ greatly. Thus,
use statistics such as the mean, median and mode to obtain information about
Mode is only used to represent a set of data containing a large number of values which
take only some specific values and many repeated values. The mode of a set of data
values is the value(s) that occurs most often. Mode is confusing when the data has
more than one mode. There are two methods to find the mode of the 50 female
trainees.
Method 1 :
Therefore,
The value lies between upper boundaries of 40.5. The upper boundary refers to the
4.2 MEAN
Mean is considered suitable measure of central tendency for representing a set of data
whose values are quite evenly distributed, meaning there is no extreme value in the set
of data. The mean (or average) of a set of data values is the sum of all of the data
values divided by the number of data values. The mean of a set of data and the mean
Solution :-
Cumulative
Weight (kg) Midpoint, x Frequency, f fx
frequency
31 - 35 33 0 0 0
36 - 40 38 5 5 190
41 - 45 43 15 20 645
46 - 50 48 9 29 432
51 - 55 53 9 38 477
56 - 60 58 7 45 406
61 - 65 63 5 50 315
66 - 70 68 0 50 0
Σf = 50 Σfx = 2465
Mean, x = ΣfxΣf
= 246550
= 49.3
4.3 MEDIAN
Median is used when there are extreme values because median eliminates the effects
of extreme values in a set of data. The median of a set of data values is the middle
value of the data set when it has been arranged in ascending order. That is, from the
= 50
= 25th observation
Median class = 46 - 50
= 45.5 + 502-2029 5
= 45.5 + 0.8621
= 46.36
Standard deviation is a measure of the dispersion of a set of data from its mean. The
more spread apart the data, the higher the deviation. Standard deviation is
calculated as the square root of variance. There are three different methods to calculate
Method 1 : by calculator
x x Σfx Σfx² σ
50 49.3 2465 124365 7.54
Method 2 : by formula
Weight Midpoint, Frequency,
(kg)
x F x² fx fx²
31 - 35 33 0 1089 0 0
36 - 40 38 5 1444 190 7220
41 - 45 43 15 1849 645 27735
46 - 50 48 9 2304 432 20736
51 - 55 53 9 2809 477 25281
56 - 60 58 7 3364 406 23548
61 - 65 63 5 3969 315 19845
Σf = 50 Σfx = 2465 Σfx² = 124365
Mean, x = ΣfxΣf
= 246550
= 49.3
= 12436550 - (49.3)²
= 56.81
= 7.54 kg
The body mass index (BMI) gives an indication of the physical state of a person as
being underweight, normal, overweight or obese. BMI can be calculated by using the
following formula:
The table below shows the BMI and the corresponding physical state of a person:
BMI CATEGORY
Below 18.5 Underweight
18.5 – 24.9 Normal
25 – 29.9 Overweight
30 and above Obese
Using this as a formula, we calculate the BMI of the respondents according to their
height and weight. Then, we categorize their category with the calculation of the BMI,
The following is the frequency distribution of the BMI category among PPISMP female
Category Frequency
Underweight 22
Normal 27
Overweight 1
Obese 0
5.2 CALCULATION OF PERCENTAGE OF STUDENTS
Underweight :
x 100%
22
50
= 44%
Normal :
x 100 %
27
50
= 54 %
Overweight :
x 100 %
1
50
= 2%
Obese :
x 100 %
0
50
= 0%
The following is the graph bar of the condition of BMI of 50 IPG KTI Trainees:
Based on the bar chart in Diagram 1, the total number of female students
who are underweight is 22 (44%). 54% of the female trainees are in normal
condition. This is the highest frequency of the data, which are 27 female trainees.
However, there is no one in obese state. Another two female trainees are in
From this bar chart, we able to find the second highest frequency is underweight
The circle is the natural design element that best represents the whole so it
shouldn't be surprising that a pie chart is a good way to illustrate the proportion of a part
in relation to that whole. No disputing those relative quantities can be more easily
compared with length than with angles. However, many people would be able to figure
Pie charts are also immune to the distortion caused by a change in scale. With
bar charts it's easy to lie (or to put it differently - emphasize the variability in the data
understand I'm really suggesting that the important information is evident without the
use of higher-order symbolic processing or a lot of experience in the domain. For any
mind, educated or not, if something can be interpreted at the visual level without
requiring logic or memory then it can be understood intuitively, automatically, and very
quickly.
Another advantage of the pie chart form is that there is an obvious point of
symmetry - the central point of the circle. This makes it possible to effectively use a pie
chart as a locator when overlay on some other graphic form - a map for example. You
can also vary the radii within a set of pie charts to illustrate absolute magnitude
differences. The use of a pie chart as a locator on a map can be combined with varying
statisticians recommend to avoid its use altogether, pointing out in particular that it is
difficult to compare different sections of a given pie chart, or to compare data across
different pie charts. One reason for this is that it is more difficult for comparisons to be
made between the sizes of items in a chart when area is used instead of length.
Other weakness of pie charts, for illustrating the relative proportions between
similar-sized slices can be an advantage when you are really trying to communicate
something much simpler. It's often better to hide irrelevant information in order to more
clearly communicate a key idea. However, if the goal is to compare a given category (a
slice of the pie) with the total (the whole pie) in a single chart and the multiple is close to
25% or 50%, then a pie chart works better than a bar graph. Pie charts have
weaknesses but they also have much strength. Put them back in your bag of tools and
We have drawn many methods of data representation. They are bar chart,
histogram, frequency polygon, pie chart, pictograph, and ogive. Choosing the most
suitable method of data representation is important so that the data can be easily
interpreted and attractively represented. Let us examine some of the advantages and
7.0 Conclusion
science of collecting and arranging besides concerned with theories and techniques
that have been developed to manipulate data and we agree to this statement.
It’s a pleasant surprise to know that most of the PPISMP female students in
IPG Kampus Temenggong Ibrahim are in normal condition which is 54% of them. While
44% of the 50 them are underweight. And it is only 2% of them are overweight, and 0%
This is quite encouraging and everyone should be proud that PPISMP female
students in IPG KTI are concerned and take a good care on their body condition. On the
whole, it is encouraging to see teacher trainee students aware about their body
condition.
Through doing this project we have learnt that obesity has became a major
health problem among us. We also know that most of the students in our research area
which is IPG KTI, Johor Bahru are normal. Therefore, this is a good condition because
obesity can lead to various health problems such as diabetes, heart diseases and
stroke.
environment, family history and genetics, metabolism [the way your body changes food
Certain things, like family history, cannot be changed. However, other things
like a person’s lifestyle habits can be changed. We can help prevent or treat overweight
Weight loss medicines and surgery also are options for some people who
obesity. This would increase the number of teacher trainee students who know all the
effect of obesity. This also will alert them about the problems faced obese. Thus, they
would start practicing a healthy lifestyle and also encourage other in our family and also
8.0 Reflection
grab this opportunity to show my gratitude to God who had been giving blessings until I
could complete the task and also to give me such a wonderful chance to improve my
for our coursework. She always listens to our problems patiently and gave us the good
explanation even when called. She really makes us work with this task smoothly without
task.
When I first get this assignment, I felt this task a bit tough because we have to do
the survey in our own. We are divided into several groups in the class to present our
task. We have to conduct a survey and process it in a mini project. As everyone knows,
group is tougher compared to individual work. However, I did not felt hard to work with
group members because I have been worked with them before this. My last experience
This assignment had taught me many new things and knowledge to be adopted in
my life. I got chance to learn more about statistics even tough I already studied in
secondary school. For example, types of statistical graphs, the differences between the
statistical graphs, the way to choose the graph to represent our data, and also variety
ways to find the measure of central tendency. Moreover, not forget the survey that did
by us. This is my first experience in doing the survey. I find this experience quite
vocabulary. When going through the dictionary, I came across new words also. Apart
presence of ICT is a must in our life. Therefore, we required to use ICT in this
coursework to complete our graphs. I faced problem because I have not been using
Microsoft excel to draw the graph. However, I gained so much knowledge by the ICT
As a future teacher, this assignment made accurate and deep picture of statistics
which may help in our future teaching in school. Hence, I wish this kind of project will be
continued so that greater achievements and talents can be polished in each person and
could help to learn new things. After finish this assignment, my impossible mission had
“NOTHING IS IMPOSSIBLE”
Thank you.
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I’m ASHVINI A/P VELAYUDHAM, would like to take this great opportunity to
share my experience doing this Basic Mathematics assignment. I felt very glad and
happy because we could finish this coursework on time. In the beginning of completing
this assignment, we went to the library and got relevant information about given task,
that is mainly about statistics, which this provides us the opportunity to develop our
Firstly, we were divided into several groups to present our tasks. I worked
together with Nanthini, Vinoodini and Sangary. We were required to conduct a survey
on realistic problem among IPGKTI students and present the data collected. Our
lecturer’s guideline was very helpful to commence on this assignment. After being
briefed by our lecturer, we had a clear vision of how we were going do this assignment.
We faced many problems when we conduct this assignment. Such as finding out the
survey, time management and the list goes on. Although we could manage all those
presenting the data. Moreover, I learned how to tabulate the data in a precise and
accurate manner. Apart from that, I also learned to use the Excel to produced bar
chart, histogram, and pie chart, graph and so on. Moreover I also improved my skills on
using computer to do statistic. Besides that, while doing this work, I got to know about
student body mass index. In addition, I also learned about the procedure and format to
carry out a survey and to do the questionnaire. All in all, I gained a great deal of
children about presenting the data in table, draw histogram or graph using computers in
order, they able to do statistic using computer since child. Moreover I could explain
them how to get the others responses on an issue in correct manner by conduct a
survey. Learning math sure makes us smart and adept at solving tricky situations. Not
only does math provide a strong basis for resolving everyday issues, it undoubtedly
Written by,
English / Tamil would like to tell my activities and experiences that my group members
and I did based on this basic mathematics assignment. As a trainee teacher at IPG KTI,
I was given a project to conduct a project involve data collection and write a report.
First of all, I was given a simple briefing by my lecturer. The explanation included
with the instructions that must be followed by every trainee teachers who are doing this
assignment. When I received the task I feel confused but our lecturer Madam Repiah
binti Singah give us full support and help us to finish this assignment.
From the given task, I have learned to understand well about statistics. I also
learned how to collect the data and relate it to the chart and graph. Other than that, I
learned to identify two suitable methods to visualize the data. This task makes me
understand and identify the strengths and weaknesses of each visual presentation.
I am as a fast learner in ICT, I am able visualize the graphs easily. I’m very
interested to apply the survey results in graphical and charts forms. From the survey,
Although, I can do graphs and charts very well, still I was having still I have some
difficulties in doing Ogive. I learnt to do by asking my friends who knows. After this, I
In future, I will teach juniors, cousins and siblings to visualize graphs and charts
and present studies. I also teach students using suitable graph methods and will co-
actually. We learned how be co-operative in our group. And the co-operation also can
give a nice relationship between our group members. Besides that, this assignment
presentation of data.
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learned from this assignment is really useful and also valuable for me in the future
First and foremost, I would like to take this wonderful opportunity to wish a lot of
thanks from my bottom of heart to my lecturer. I find this assignment challenging for me
but I tried and put my full effort to complete it. I have learnt many things directly and
indirectly throughout this mathematics coursework. I gained much extra knowledge and
it was a great fun of doing such a coursework as it involves something regarding our
I have learnt a lot of things. Besides that, I gained some knowledge on how to do
a survey and collect data easily. During this task I have catch-up some skills which is
plot graph using Excel. I have realized that time management is really important in
doing group work and moreover as a future teacher I must have this kind of attitudes to
cooperation among group members are most important and we have done it very well in
a group of 4 members.
From this assignment I have discovered my own strengths which is I’m a fast
learner. Before conduct this survey I’m not very good in plotting graph using Excel. After
my friend teaches me once I can plot graph by my own in a creative way. I find myself
using computer. In the part of doing this assignment plotting graph in GSP is difficult for
me. I can improve myself in ICT field by build a small group discussion or taking some
From this, I have learned to organize information clearly by using the suitable
representation. Next, I organized the data using table and make a visual representation.
Then, I also summarized a report. I learnt the characteristics of the graph and the
“Best cooperation is the key to success”. Co- operative is learned in this group
work. And the co-operation also can give a nice relationship between our group
members. Besides that, this assignment teaches us the skills of collection, analysis,
my colleagues. I can teach students on how to choose a suitable graph to represent the
data. Last but not least, I would like to show my gratitude to everyone who supports me
economically. I would like to thank my friends who really shares information with us
without showing any depression. I had put my full effort and cooperate with each other
You’re faithfully,
Nanthini A/P Kanapathy
9.0 References
BOOK REFERENCES
LIM SWEE HOCK, KOO SENG HER, CHONG GEOK CHUAN, SAMADI BIN HASHIM
LIM SWEE HOCK, KOO SENG HER, DR. PUMADEVI.S (2006), MATHEMATICS
EDUCATION
WEB REFERENCES
Unknown. http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/eda/section3/scatterp.htm.
Unknown. http://www.health.state.pa.us/hpa/stats/techassist/piechart.htm.
http://math.youngzones.org/
30.08.2010 room.
➢ We did the graph in Microsoft excel.
to
➢ Combine our works, edited and rechecked
02.09.2010
to avoid the mistakes.
a survey about obesity awareness among PPISMP female students in IPG KAMPUS
TEMENGGONG IBRAHIM
1. OBJECTIVES:
4. We sincerely hope that you will answer all the items in the given sections.
5. All your responses will be kept confidential. Thank you for your cooperation.
1. Race : Malay ( )
Chinese ( )
Indian ( )
Others ( )
2. Option : 3 PPISMP ( )
3 PPISMP ( )
3 PPISMP ( )
1 PPISMP ( )
1 PPISMP ( )
1. Height : cm
2. Weight : kg