SOLUTION MANUAL

CHAPTER
Static Magnetic
5 Fields

5.1 Wavelength for the wave at f = 1 × 106 Hz is:

c
λ = = 3 × 106 = 300 m
8

f 1 × 10
2π 2π π
k ≡ wave number = = =
λ 300 150
The general expression for an electric field E = Exax propagating along az, similar to equation
(5 – 20), is
+
E(z, t) = ℜ𝔢[E0 e j(ωt–kt + ϕ)]
+
= axE0 cos (ωt – kz + ϕ) V/m
where ϕ is the phase angle. Therefore,

E(z, t) = ax10 cos (2π × 106t – kz + ϕ) V/m

E(z, t) is maximum when the argument of the above cosine function equals to zero or multiples
of 2π. Then, at t = 0 and z = 50 m,
2π
2π × 106t – kz + ϕ = 0 or 2π × 106(0) –
300  
(50) + ϕ = 0

ϕ=π
3
Hence,
2π π

(a) E(z, t) = ax10 cos 2π × 106t –
300
z + V/m
3 
+
(b) H(z, t) = ℜ𝔢 [H0 e j(ωt–kz + ϕ)]
2π
 
π
10 cos 2π × 106t – z+
E(z,t) 300 3 V/m
= ay = ay
η μ
√ϵ
μ 2π
= ay 10√ϵ 
cos 2π × 106t – z + π V/m 
300 3
(c) At t = 0
2π π 2π π
E(z, 0) = ax 10 cos –  z +
300  3
= ax 10 cos300
z–
3
V/m  
π π
H(z, 0) = ay10√ μ
cos z –
3 
V/m 
 Solution Manual
2

Electric field

Direction of
Magnetic field propagation

5.2 Since the medium is lossless, we can use those equations that are defined for a perfect dielectric.
For lossless dielectric, μr = 1.
In general, as defined in equation (5–18), jk = α + jβ
Since the medium is lossless, α = 0  k = β

(a) From equation (5–19), we have

ω
k = ω √ ϵ μ = √ ϵrμr
c
The phase velocity is then

ω
vp = m/s
β
ω c
= =
k √ ϵr
(b) As shown in part (a),
ω 2π × 109 2π √ ϵr
β = ω √ ϵ μ = √ ϵrμr = ϵ =
8 √ r
c 3 × 10 3
(c) Using equation (5–24), we have
μμ 120π
η = ∙E∙ = μ = 0 r = μ0 1 =
√ √ √ √ Ω
∙H∙ ϵ ϵ ϵ
0 r ϵ0
ϵr √ ϵr
or
In a perfect dielectric, the E and H field amplitudes are given by

Ex = E0 cos (ωt – βz)

E
Hy = 0 cos (ωt – βz)
η
When η is real. The power density amplitude, as defined in equation (5 – 54), is therefore

E02
Sz = cos2 (ωt – βz)
η
E02 ϵ

η
= 20  E0 = r
6 π √
Note: To solve for the exact value, ϵr will have to be given.
 Static Magnetic Fields
3

5.3 From equation (5–19), we have

ω
k = ω √ ϵ μ = √ ϵrμr
c
Given: ω = 2π × 10 rad/s, then
9

ω 2π × 109 4π 40π
k = ω √ ϵ μ = √ ϵrμr = √4 × 1 = × 10 = rad/m
c 3 × 108 3 3
∙E∙
(a) Using equation (5–27) and the relationship η = , we have
∙H∙
+ E+
H+(z, t) = ayH0 cos (ωt – kz) = ay 0 cos (ωt – kz) A/m
η
= ay10 cos 2π109t – 40π z + ψ
 
3
Where ψ is the phase shift.

For H to have a maximum value, the cosine function has to be zero, that is,
40π 40π
cos 2π109t –  3
z + ψ = 0 or 
2π109t –
3
z+ψ=0
⇒ψ=0
Therefore
40π

H(z, t) = ay10 cos 2π109t –
3 
z

∙E∙ μμ √
√
= μ = 0 r= 40π × 10–7 = 60π Ω
η=
∙H∙ √
ϵ √
ϵ0 ϵr 1 × 10–9 × 4
36π
E(z, t) = ηH (z, t)
= 60π ax 10 cos 2π109t – 40π z  
3
40 π
= ax 600π cos 2π109t –
3
z 
Substituting the values of (a) into the above equation, we then have

H(z, t) = ay 10 cos 2π109t – 40π z  

60π 3
(c) To have a maximum, we equate the argument of the cosine function to 2nπ.
At t = 10–9 s, then
40π
2π109t – z = ±2nπ
3
(note: negative sign means that the wave is propagating in –az-direction.)

⇒ zmax = 3 {2π109(10–8)= ±2nπ}

40π
3 3n
= ±
2 20 
m for (n = 0,1,2, ..., ...; zmax > 0)

2π
Noting that λ = , we have
k
λ = 2π = 2π = 3 m
k 40π 20
3
 Solution Manual
4

We can then write

⇒ zmax = 3 ± nλ m for (n = 0,1,2, ..., ...; zmax > 0)

 
2
5.4 ω = 108 rad/s,

f = ω = 10 = 1.59 × 107 Hz
8
Then
2π 2π
σ 4
= = 62.8 >> 1
ωϵ 1
108
36π × 10–9 72 
Hence, we can use the formulas for good conductors.

(a) Using equation (5–48) we have

α = β =  √ πfμσ
α = β =  √ π × 1.59 × 107(4π × 10–7)4 =  √ 251.148 = 15.85 Np/m
Equation (5–49) states that

α
ηc = μ ≅ jωr = (1 + j) πfμ = (1 + j) σ
√ √ √
ϵc σ σ
α
ηc = (1 + j) σ = (1 + j) 15.85 = 3.9625 (1 + j) = 5.6e j 4
π

4
(b) Given that
E(z, t) = ax100e–αz sin(108t – βz) V/m
π
= ax100e–αz cos ωt – βz –
2  
100 π
H(z, t) = ay
ηc
e–αz cos ωt – βz –
2  
= ay 100π e–αz cos ωt – βz – π  
5.6e j 4 2
π π
= ay17.86e j 4 –αz cos ωt – βz –
2  
In phasor notation,
π π 3π
H(z) = ay17.86e –j 4 –αze –jβze –j 2 = ay17.86e –αze –j(βz+  4 )

The instantaneous expression for H is then

H(z, t) = ℜ𝔢 [H(z)ejωt]
3π
= ℜ𝔢 [ay17.86e –αze j(ωz–βz– 4 )]
3π

= ay17.86e –αz cos ωt – βz –
4 
3π

= ay17.86e –15.85z cos 108t – 15.85z –
4 
5.5 Given:
f = 1 GHz  = 2πf = 2π × 109 rad/s
εr = 4.0
ε″
tan δc = = 10–2
ε′
 Static Magnetic Fields
5

ε″ = 10–2  = ε″ << a′
Since
ε′
Hence we can use the formulas for low-loss dielectries.

(a) Using equation (5–44) we have

μ
α ≅ ωϵ″ Np/m √
2 ϵ′
μ ω ϵ″
= ωϵ″ = √ √ μϵ′  
2 ϵ′ 2 ϵ′
ω ϵ″ ω ϵ″ ω ϵ″
=
2 ϵ′
√ μϵ′ = 
2 ϵ′
√ μϵ′ =  
2 ϵ′
√ μ0ε0εr  
ω ϵ″ 2π × 109 2π × 10–1
=
2c ϵ′
√ ϵr = 
2 × 3 × 10 9
(10–2) √ 4 =
3
= 0.21 Np/m

1
e–αz =  z = 1 In 2 = 3.3 m
2 0.21
(b) Using equation (5–46), the intrinsic impedance is
μ 1 μ
ηc = √ ≅ 1 + j  ϵ″
√  
ϵ′ ϵ ′ 2ϵ′
1–j ϵ″
√
ϵ′
μ 1 H0
= √  1 + j  ϵ″ = 
ϵ 1 + j  ϵ″ √  
ϵ′ 2ϵ′ √ r ϵ 0 2ϵ′

√
4π × 10–7
= 1 (1 + j 1 (10–2))= 1 (120π)(1 + j0.005)
√4 1 × 10–9 2 2
36π
= (60π)(1 + j0.005) = (188.52 + j0.9426) ≅ 188.52 ∠ 0.27°

Using equation (5–45),

1 ϵ″ 2
β ≅ ω√ μϵ′ = 1 +
8 ϵ′ 
rad/m  
1
= ω√ μ0ε0εr 1 + (10–2)2
8  
1 1
= 2π × 109 × √ 4 = 1 + (10–2)2 = 4π × 10 × {1 + 1.35 × 10–5}
 
c 8 3
= 13.33π = 41.894 rad/m

The phase velocity is then

ω 2π × 109
vp = = = 1.5 × 108 m/s
β 13.33π
The group velocity is then

1
vg =
m/s (Taken from David K. Cheng, Electromagnetics)
dβ
dω
1 1
= =
d ω 1 ϵ″ 2 1 ϵ″ 2
dω
√ μϵ′ 1 + 8 ϵ′  √ μϵ′ 1 +    
8 ϵ′    
1.5 × 10 8
= = 75 × 106 m/s
(√ 4 {1 + 1.23 10–5})
 Solution Manual
6

5.6 (a) Using equation (5–50), the skin depth is

1 1
δ= = (m)  α = 1 = 1 = 5 × 103
α √ πfμσ δ 2 × 10–4
 σ= 1 2= 1 = 1 = 6.331 × 103 S/m
πfμδ π × 1 × 109 × 4π × 10–7 × (2 × 10–4)2 16π2 × 10–6
(b) 20log e–αz = –30
3 = 1.5 = 1.5
 z= = 6.91 × 10–4 m
2αlog e αlog e 5 × 10 × log 2.71828
3

5.7 Given

E(z, t) = ax3 e–jβz + ay4 e–jβz ejϕ V/m

(a) H(z, t) = 1 {–ax3 + ay4}e–jβz

η
(b) The average power density, W/m2.
From equation (5–59),

〈S〉 = 1 Re (E × H*) W/m2

2
|3|2 |4|2
= 1 Re +  
2 η* η*
= 12.5 Re 1  
η*
5.8 (a) The reflection coefficient, Γ.
The reflection coefficient Γ, as defined in equation (5–75) is given as
–
E η –η
Γ = +x1 = 2 1 = |Γ|e jϕ Dimensionless
E x1 η2+η1
In general, the intrinsic impedence of a medium is defined as
μ
η= √
ϵ
In medium 1 (air),
μ
√
η1 = 0 = 120π ≅ 377 𝛀
ϵ0
In medium 2 (soil),
μ μ
η2 = 2 = 0 1 ≅ 120π = 60π 𝛀
√ √ √
ϵ2 ϵ0 ϵr2 √4
Then,
–
E η2–η1 60π – 120π
Γ = x1 + = = = –0.3
Ex1 η2+η1 60π + 120π
Hence,

|Γ| = 0.3 and ϕ = π.

(b) The standing wave ratio S, as defined in equation (5–87) is given as

|E | 1 + |Γ|
S = T max = Dimensionless
|ET|min 1 – |Γ|
1 + |Γ| 1+0.3 1.3
= = = = 1.86
1 – |Γ| 1–0.3 0.7
 Static Magnetic Fields
7

(c) The locations of the maximum amplitude of E(z, t) in air.

Since Γ = –0.3 < 0 or (η2<η1), we can then apply equation (5 – 86);

(2n+1)λ1
zmax = (2n+1)π = –  (n = 0,1,2, ...)
2β1 4
Given λ1 = 0.6 μm, then

zmax = (2n+1)0.6 = –0.15(2n + 1)μ (n = 0,1,2, ...)

4
5.9 Given
E(z, t) = ay100 cos(ωt – 4x – 3z) V/m

In phasor form, E(z, t) becomes

E(z, t) = ay100 e–j(4x – 3z) = ay100 e–j(ki)∙R V/m

Where R is the axis along which the wave is travelling.

(a) The plane of incidence is defined as the plane containing both the normal to the boundary
and the direction of propagation of the incident wave.

In our problem, the normal to the boundary or interface (z = 0 plane) is az. The plane
containing both ki and az is the xz-plane, where y = constant. Since E is normal to this plane,
we then have perpendicular polarization.

Using equation (5 – 99) and applying onto the above equation gives.

k1⋅ R = k1(sin θi ax + cos θi az)⋅R = k1R = 4x + 3z

Hence, k1 sin θi = 4 and k1 cos θi = 3
4
 θi = tan–1 = 53.13° & k1 = 5
3
 k = ki = k1(sin θi ax + cos θi az) = 5(sin θi ax + cos θi az)
= 5(0.8ax + 0.6az)
= 4ax + 3az
(b) As done in part (a), the angle of incidence is
4
θi = tan–1 = 53.13°
3
(c) The total electric field in air is, using (5 – 115) & (5 – 116) gives
+ –
ET = Eis + Ers = ayE 10 e–jk1(x sin θi + z cos θi) + ayE10 e–jk1(x sin θr – z cos θr)
= ayE10+ e–jk1(x sin θi + z cos θi) + ayΓE10+ e–jk1(x sin θr – z cos θr)

Whereas the reflection coefficient is defined as

η cos θi – η1cos θt
Γ = 2
η2cos θi – η1cos θt
η ε
η2cos θi – η1 cos θt cos θi – √ ε2 sin2 θt
= η
2
= 1
ε2
η2cos θi – η1 cos θt
2
cos θi + √ ε1 sin θt
2

In this case, ε1 = ε0, and ε2 = ε0εr2 = 4ε0, 

 Solution Manual
8

ε
cos θi – √ ε21 sin2 θt
Γ =
ε
cos θi + √ ε21 sin2 θt
cos 53.13° – √ 4 sin 253.13°
=
cos 53.13° + √ 4 sin 253.13°
1.23
= 0.6 – 1.83 = – 
0.6 + 1.83 2.43
= –0.506

Snell’s Law of reflection states that θi = θp,

+
 EΓ = ayE+10 e–jk1(x sin θi + z cos θi) + ay Γ E 10 e–jk1(x sin θr – z cos θr)

= ay100e–j(4x + 3z) – ay50.6 e–j(4x + 3z)

The instantaneous electric field is then

Einstantaneous = Re{Etsejωt}
= ay[100 cos (ωt – 4x – 3z) – ay50.6 cos (ωt – 4x + 3z)]
(d) The total electric field in the dry soil, using equation (5 – 117) is

Ets = ayE20e–jk2(x sin θt + z cos θt)

Whereas the transmission coefficient is defined as in equation (5 – 76) such that

3 η2cos θi
τ = 1 + Γ = = 1 = 0.506 = 0.404
η2cos θi + η1cos θt
 Ets = ay τ E10e–jk2(x sin θt + z cos θt)

= ay49.4e–jk2(x sin θt + z cos θt)

The wavelength in medium 1 (air) is

k 5
λ1 = 1 = m
2π 2π
λ 2.5
 λ1 = 1 = m
ε
√ r2 2π
Then
2π 2π2
k2 = = = 15.8
λ2 2.5
Snell’s Law of refraction states that
sin θt k1 ω √ μ1ε1 η1
= = =
sin θt k2 ω √ μ2ε2 η2
k
 sin θt = sin θi 1
k2
k 2.5
 
 θt = sin–1 sin θi 1 = sin–1 sin 53.13° 5 × 2
k2 4π   
2.5
 
= sin–1 0.8 5 × 2 = sin–1{0.2532} = 14.7°
4π 
Then,

 Ets = ay49.4e–jk2(x sin θt + z cos θt)

= ay49.4e–j15.8(x sin 14.7° + z cos 14.7°)
= ay49.4e–j(4x + 15.28z)
 Static Magnetic Fields
9

The instantaneous electric field is then

Einstantaneous = Re{Etse jωt}

= ay{49.4 cos (ωt – 4x – 15.28z)}
(e) The total magnetic field in the dry soil, using equation (5 – 120) is
E20
Hts = (–axcos θt + az sin θt)e–jk2(x sin θt + z cos θt)
η2
μ μ0 η

ε2√
η2 = 2 = √
= 0
ε0 εr2 2
Hts = 2 × 49.4 (–ax0.97 + az0.2538)e–j(4x + 15.28z)

η0
= (–9.58ax + 25.07az)e–j(4x + 15.28z)

5.10 Figure 5.15 is reproduced below for easy reference

Medium 1 Medium 2 Medium 3

η 1= η 0 η2 η3

Incident
Waves

η
in

z = –l z=0 +z

The condition of no reflection at z = –𝓵 requires

Γ(z = –𝓵) = 0, or Z2(z = –𝓵)= η1

Using equation (5 – 137), we have, at z = –𝓵

η1 = η2 η2cos β2𝓵 – jη2sin β2 𝓵

 
Or η2cos β2𝓵 – jη3sin β2𝓵
η1(η2cos β2𝓵 – jη2sin β2 𝓵) = η2(η2cosβ2𝓵 – jη3sinβ2𝓵)
Equating the real and imaginary parts separately, we have

η1cos β2𝓵 = η2cos β2 𝓵 (1)

and
η1η2sin β2𝓵 = η2sin β2 𝓵 (2)
The condition of no reflection at z = –𝓵 would be satisfied if in equation (1)

η1 = η3 (3)
or
cos β2𝓵 = 0 (4)
 Solution Manual
10

If cos β2𝓵 = 0, that implies

π
β2𝓵 = (2n + 1) (5)
2
λ2
or 𝓵 = (2n + 1) , n = 0,1,2, … (6)
4
If equation (3) or equation (6) holds, and sin β2𝓵 ≠ 0, that implies equation can be satisfied if

η2 = √ η2η3 (7)
Under the above circumstances, we will have 2 conditions:

(1) When η1 = η3, we need

λ
𝓵 = (2n) 2 , n = 0,1,2, … (8)
2
(2) When η1 ≠ η3, we need
η2 = √ η1η3
λ3
and 𝓵 = (2n + 1) , n = 0, 1, 2, … (9)
4
Note: Under condition (2), medium 2 will act like a quarter-wave transformer.