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Note that if we have this form, we cannot tell whether the limit exists or not. Thus, we need
further investigation to determine if the limit exists. Consider the example below.
t
t lim t lim
Note that we can get rid of the indeterminate form in the first limit by cancelling out
common factors as seen below:
t t t
lim lim lim t t
However, to some limits, such as the second one in this example, where we cannot get rid
of the indeterminate form using algebraic simplification, we can use the following rule.
Theorem 1. L’hopital’s Rule for 0/0 Indeterminate Forms (Version 1)
Let f and g be functions which are differentiable on an open interval I. expect possibly at the
number . Suppose that for all in I, ̵t . If has the indeterminate form at ,
then and
t ̵t
lim lim
t ̵t
provided that the limit on the right exists (or is infinite).
Note:
Example 2. Note that the limits in Example 1 have 0/0 indeterminate form. Thus, we can
evaluate these limits using L’hopital’s rule.
t
t lim
Solution.
豈豈⿏ ̵ 댳豈 䀀 ⿏̵
t⿏
Form
t t t
lim lim lim lim
t
t lim
Solution.
豈豈⿏ ̵ 댳豈 䀀 ⿏̵
t⿏
Form
t
lim lim lim lim
t
ln sin
ܕ ܉ ܠ t Evaluate lim t
Solution.
Step 1. First determine if L’hopital’s rule is applicable.
lim
t cos
lim sin
t t
cos
lim sin
t
Form
lim cot cot
cot
lim Note
t lim t
Apply L̵ hopital̵ s
Rule
t cot
lim
t
t
csc
lim
t
csc
Theorem 2. L’hopital’s Rule for 0/0 Indeterminate Forms (Version 2)
Let and be functions which are differentiable for all t h, where h is a positive constant,
and suppose that for all t h, t . If lim t and lim t , then
t ̵t
lim lim
t ̵t
provided that the limit on the right exists (or is infinite)t
Note: The theorem above is valid if “ ” is replaced by “ ”.
sin
t lim
tan
Solution.
Step 1. First determine if L’hopital’s rule is applicable.
cos
lim
cos
ln t
t lim
Solution.
Step 1. First determine if L’hopital’s rule is applicable.
lim ln t ln t ln and lim
ln ln
lim lim
lim
lim
lim
Solution.
Step 1. First determine if L’hopital’s rule is applicable.
cos
lim ln and lim cot lim
sin
through values
ln ln
lim lim lim
cot csc
cot
Form
sin
lim
豈豈⿏ ̵ 댳豈 䀀 ⿏̵
t⿏
sin
lim
sin sin
lim
t lim
Solution.
Step 1. Determine if L’hopital’s rule is applicable.
Thus, we have a indeterminate form. Recall that we can only use the
L’hopital’s rule if we have a or indeterminate form. To evaluate limits
having a indeterminate form, one can try to rewrite the product t t
into the following quotients:
t t
or t
t t
Form
Form
sin sin
lim sin csc lim lim
sin
csc
豈豈⿏ ̵ 댳豈 䀀 ⿏̵
t⿏
sin
lim
sin
lim
cos
lim
cos
Evaluate lim t
sec
- Form Form
Apply L̵ Hopital̵ s
Rule
sec
lim
sec
sec tan
lim
sec sec using the Product Rule
sec tan
lim
sec tan sec t
sec tan
lim
sec tan
Form
Note that
tan lim tan
lim
tan
lim tan
Apply L̵ Hopital̵ s
Rule
tan
lim
tan
sec
lim
tan tan
using the Product Rule
sec
lim
sec tan
sec
lim
sec tan
ln ln lim t
Since natural logarithmic functions are continuous, we can use the following theorem.
lim t t t .
lim ln t
Thus, we have ln lim ln t and so, lim t .
Solution. Note that lim t sin is a indeterminate form. Let lim t sin .
Then
lim ln t sin
Form
ln t sin
lim
Apply L̵ Hopital̵ s
Rule
ln t sin
lim
t
t sin
lim sin
cos
lim sin
cos
lim sin
lim cot
Form
lim
tan
Apply L̵ Hopital̵ s
Rule
t
lim
t tan
lim
sec
Thus, . Therefore,
lim t sin .
Evaluate lim t
Solution. Note that lim . Thus, lim is of the form t . Now, we let
lim ln ln lim
lim ln
Form
lim ln
Form
ln
lim
Apply L̵ Hopital̵ s
Rule
ln
lim
lim
lim
Thus, . Therefore,
lim .
cot
Evaluate lim t
cos
lim cot lim
sin
though values
cot
Thus, lim is a indeterminate form. Now,
cot cot
lim ln ln lim
cot
lim ln
Form
lim cot ln
Form
ln
lim
tan
Apply L̵ Hopital̵ s
Rule
ln
lim
tan
lim
sec
lim
t sec
cot
Thus, . That is, lim .
References:
Barnett R., Ziegler M., Byleen K. (2011). Calculus for Business, Economics, Life
Sciences, and Social Sciences (12 ed). Prentice Hall.