Bomb in Bali

The bomb, in the resort of Kuta, destroyed the Sari Club and a crowded nightspot.
Many people have fallen victims to this blast. Many of them were foreign tourists,
especially from Australia. They were burner beyond recognition. Some tourist who were
at the scene of the blast said there were two explosions around the nightclub. One
bomb had exploded outside Paddy’s Bar before a Bar bomb hit the Sari Club which was
located some meters away.

Hundred were injured in the explosion and about 220 Australians remain unaccounted
for. The U.K. Foreign Secretary, Jack Straw, said that 33 Britons were among those
killed in the Bali attack. The Australian Primer Minister, John Howard, called its
borders, saying it had been a problem for a long time.

Lists of missing people have been posted in Bali and official said that it could take days
to identity all the victims, some of whom were trapped in the Sari Club by a wall of
flames. A notice board at the hospital in Bali includes a section called “Unknown
Identity” and detailed list on victims such as : “Young girl in intensive care, 11-14
years old, face burned, income, Causation,” or “Girl in intensive care, about 5 years old,
130 cm, fair skin, Caucasian with reddish brown hair. She has a purplish belly button
ring.”

Many embassies, including the British and the American, are advising their people to
cancel spending their planned holidays in Indonesia, and all U.S. citizens in the country
have been told to leave including diplomats and non-essential government staff.
 Sumpah pemuda

The idea of organizing the Second Youth Congress Student Association Students from
Indonesia (PPPI), a student-member youth organizations from all over Indonesia. On the
initiative of GN, the congress was organized in three different buildings and is divided in three
meetings. Resulting in the Youth Pledge.

First meeting, Katholieke Jongenlingen Building Bond

The first meeting, Saturday, October 27, 1928, at the Katholieke Jongenlingen Building Bond
(GOC), Bull Field. In his speech, Soegondo hope the conference will strengthen the spirit of
unity in the hearts of the youth. The event continued with a description of the meaning and
Jamin Moehammad union relationships with youth. According to him, there are five factors that
can strengthen the unity of Indonesia that is history, languages, customary law, education, and
willingness.

Second Meeting, Building Oost-Java Bioscoop

The second meeting, Sunday, October 28, 1928, in Building Oost-Java Bioscoop, discuss
education issues. The second speaker, and Sarmidi Poernomowoelan Mangoensarkoro, agrees
that children should be educated nationality, must also be a balance between education at
school and at home. Children also should be educated in a democratic manner.

Third Meeting, Building Indonesisch Huis Kramat

At the next session, Soenario explains the importance of nationalism and democracy in addition
to scouting movement. While Ramelan argues, scouting movement can not be separated from
the national movement. Scouting movement since the early to educate children and self-
discipline, the things that are needed in the struggle.

Before the congress closes played the song "Indonesia" by Wage Rudolf Supratman. The song
was greeted with a very festive by congress participants. Congress closed with a statement
announcing the results of the congress. By the youth in attendance, the formula is pronounced
as Faithful Oath, reads:
 English Civil War

The English Civil Wars (1642-1651) stemmed from conflict between Charles I and Parliament
over an Irish insurrection. The first war was settled with Oliver Cromwell’s victory for
Parliamentary forces at the 1645 Battle of Naseby. The second phase ended with Charles’
defeat at the Battle of Preston and his subsequent execution in 1649. Charles’ son, Charles,
then formed an army of English and Scottish Royalists, which prompted Cromwell to invade
Scotland in 1650. The following year, Cromwell shattered the remaining Royalist forces and
ended the “wars of the three kingdoms,” though Charles II eventually ascended to the throne in
1660.

The civil wars of seventeenth-century England also involved the two other kingdoms ruled by
the Stuart dynasty, Scotland and Ireland. The invasion of England by a Scottish army seeking
religious concessions in 1639 and again in 1640 precipitated political deadlock in London, which
paved the way for a rebellion by Catholic Ireland (October 1641). The struggle between King
Charles I and his Westminster Parliament over who should control the army needed to crush the
Irish insurrection in turn provoked the outbreak of civil war in England (August 1642). Initially
northern and western England, together with much of Ireland, stood for the king, while the
southeast (including London), the Royal Navy, and Scotland fought for Parliament. However, at
Marston Moor (July 2, 1644) Charles lost control of the north; and the following year, at Naseby
(June 14, 1645) the Parliamentary forces led by Oliver Cromwell routed his main field army.

Having pacified all England, Parliament turned to the conquest of Ireland and Scotland. Since
1642 the Catholic Confederation of Kilkenny had controlled Irish affairs and periodically aided
Charles. However, any chance of rekindling the Royalist cause in Ireland ended in September
1649, when Oliver Cromwell massacred the combined force of Irish Confederates and Royalists
at Drogheda and, the following month, captured the Confederate fleet in Wexford.

The Cromwellian reconquest of Ireland dragged on until the fall of Galway in April 1652 because
of the outbreak of the third English Civil War. Early in 1650, Charles II, son and heir of the
executed Charles I, cobbled together an army of English and Scottish Royalists, which
prompted Cromwell to invade Scotland; at the Battle of Dunbar (September 3, 1650) he won
control of most of Scotland. The following year at Worcester (September 3, 1651) Cromwell
shattered the remaining Royalist forces and ended the “wars of the three kingdoms.”

The English conflict left some 34,000 Parliamentarians and 50,000 Royalists dead, while at
least 100,000 men and women died from war-related diseases, bringing the total death toll
caused by the three civil wars in England to almost 200,000. More died in Scotland, and far
more in Ireland. Moreover, the trial and execution of an anointed sovereign and the presence of
a standing army throughout the 1650s, combined with the proliferation of radical religious sects,
shook the very foundations of British society and ultimately facilitated the restoration of Charles
II in 1660. This was the last civil war fought on English, though not for Irish and Scottish land.