University of Zambia - Academic Year 2019/2020

MAT5352: TOPICS IN ANALYSIS

EXERCISE SHEET

SECTION I: PLANE AND SPACE CURVES

Q1. Find a parametric representation for each of the curves given by the
following Cartesian equations:
x2 y 2
1.1 + 2 , a, b ∈ R∗ = R − {0}.
a2 b
x2 y 2
1.2 − 2 , x > 0, a ∈ R+ − {0}.
a2 b
1.3 y = tanh x + esin x , |x| ≤ 1.
Q2. What is the curve (image, range, trace) that is describe by each of the
following mappings?

2.1 γ1 : [0, ∞) −→ R2 ; t 7→ γ1 (t) = (t cos t, t sin t)

2.2 γ2 : [0, 100] −→ R2 ; t 7→ γ2 (t) = (t cos t, t sin t)
2.3 γ3 : [0, ∞) −→ R2 ; t 7→ γ3 (t) = (cos(3t2 + 1), sin(3t2 + 1))
pt
2.4 γ4 : [0, 6π] −→ R3 ; t 7→ γ4 (t) = (cos t, sin t, 2π ), p ∈ R∗+

Q3. Which of the following curves are regular representations of a plane

or space curve? Moreover, which of them describe belong to the same
oriented curve?
3.1 γ1 : [0, 8] −→ R2 ; t 7→ γ1 (t) = (t, t)
√ √
3.2 γ2 : [ 3π
4
, π] −→ R 2
; t →
7 γ 2 (t) = (8 2 sin t, 8 2 sin t)
3.3 γ3 : [0, 2] −→ R2 ; t 7→ γ3 (t) = (t3 , t3 )
3.4 γ4 : [0, 1] −→ R2 ; t 7→ γ4 (t) = (8(1 − t2 ), 8(1 − t2 ))
3.5 γ5 : [0, 1] −→ R3 ; t 7→ γ5 (t) = (t, 2t2 , 3t3 )
3.6 γ6 : [0, 21 ] −→ R3 ; t 7→ γ6 (t) = (4t2 , 32t4 , 96t5 )
Q4. Give the parametric representation of the curve that is the intersection
of the sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = R2 of radius R with the cylinder x2 + y 2 =
Rx of radius R2 .
Q5. Give the parametric representation of the curve that is given as inter-
section of the two cylinders with orthogonal axes, x2 + z 2 = R12 , and
y 2 + z 2 = R22 , of radii R1 ≥ R2 .
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Q6. Find the arclength of the curve (C) given by the parametrisation

γ(t) = (a(t − sin t), a(1 − cos t)), 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π, a > 0.

Q7. The curve C is given as the intersection of surfaces

x2 y 2 z
− 2 = 1, x = a cosh .
a2 b a
Find the arclength on C from the point (0, 0, 0) to the point (x, y, z).

Q8. Given a curve γ(t) = (t sin t, t2 cos t, t3 ).

8.1 Show that the point corresponding to the parameter t = 0 is a

singular point.
8.2 Determine a vecteur fixing the direction of the tangent line to C
at the point in 8.1.

Q9. Let C be the curve given by γ : t ∈ [a, b] −→ γ(t) ∈ R3 .

dγ
9.1 Calculate the derivative of γ(t) ∧ dt
(t);
d2 γ
9.2 Deduce that if at each point the vectors 2 and γ(t) are parallel,
dt
then C lies in a plan passing through 0.
dγ
9.3 Now, assume that γ ∧ (t) = ã = constant. Show that if the
dt
tangent line at C is parallel to the vector ã, then C is a straight
line.

Q10. Let f : [a, b] −→ R, t 7→ f (t) be a function satisfying the conditions

f (0) = f 0 (0) = 1 f 00 (0) = f 00 (0) = 0.

Write the equation of the osculating plane at the point γ(0), of the
curve C given by γ(t) = (f (t), tf (t), t2 f (t)).

Q11. Verify the following formula for the curvature and the torsion of a
space curve: ...
[γ̇, γ̈, γ ] = κ2 τ,
all being function of the natural parameter s.

Q12. Let C be a space curve given by the parametric representation γ(t) =

(a cos t, a sin t, f (t)). Determine the function f : R −→ R for which C
is a plane curve.
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Q13. Determine the function ϕ = ϕ(u) such that the curve C given by the
parametric equations below be of constant curvature:
Z t
x = ϕ(u) sin u du
Z0 t
y = ϕ(u) cos u du
0
z = ∈t0 ϕ(u) tan u du

z
Q14. Let C be a curve given by the equations y 2 = 8ax, x = ae a .

14.1 Write down the arclength parameter s in terms of x and z.

14.2 Show that C is a helix.
√
Q15. Let C be given by γ(t) = (2t3 − 8t, 2(t2 − 5), 2t).

15.1 Determine the point M with parameter t such that the vector
OM be a normal line to the curve C.
15.2 Write down the equations of the normal plans to C through the
origin O.

SECTION II: SURFACES

Q16. Give a parametric representation for each of the surfaces described by

the following equations:

16.1 x + y + z = 0
16.2 x + y + z = 0, x2 + y 2 ≤ 1
16.3 x2 + y 2 = 1, |z| ≤ 1
16.4 x = y 2 + z 2 , 0 ≤ y ≤ z ≤ 1.

17. What is the image (range, trace in R3 ) for the following mappings?

Q17.1) f1 : [0, 2π]×[− π2 , π2 ] −→ R3 ; (u, v) 7→ (cos u cos v, sin u cos v, sin v)

(17.2) f2 : [0, 2π] × [0, 2π] −→ R3 ; (u, v) 7→ (cos u cos v, sin u sin v, 0)
(17.3) f3 : [0, 1] × [0, 1] −→ R3 ; (u, v, u + v)
(17.4) [0, 1] × R −→ R3 ; (u cos v, u sin v, pv), p ∈ R∗+ .
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Q18. Find the normal line to the surfaces given by the following parametri-
sations at the indicated point P : (P0 = (0, 0), P1 = ( 12 , 12 )):

(18.1) f1 : [0, 1] × [0, 1] −→ R3 ; (u, v) 7→ (u + v, u + 2v, u + 3v), P = P0

(18.2) f2 : [− π2 , π2 ] × [−1, 1] −→ R3 ; (u, v) 7→ (u sin v, v sin v, sin2 v),
P = P0
(18.3) f3 : [0, 1] × [0, 2π] −→ R3 ; (u cos v, u sin v, u(sin v + cos v)), P =
P0
(18.4) f4 : [0, 1] × [0, 1] −→ R3 ; (u, v) 7→ (u + v, uv, u2 + v 2 ), P = P1
(You will notice that it is not a regular point).

Q19. We consider les closed intervals of R below (not reduced to a point),

I1 ,I2 et I3 , and the mappings of class C 1 :

19.1 σ1 : I1 × I3 −→ R3
19.2 σ2 : I2 × I3 −→ R3
19.3 φ : I1 −→ I2 , where φ0 (u) > 0, and such that φ is a bijection.
Show that if σ2 (φ(u), v) = σ1 (u, v) for every (u, v) ∈ I1 × I3 , then
σ1 and σ2 describe the same oriented (geometric) surface.

Q20. Which of the mappings below describe the same surface? The same
oriented surface?

20.1 [0, 1] × [0, 1] −→ R3 ; (u, v) 7→ (2u + 3v, 4u2 , 3v)

20.2 [0, 2] × [0, 3] −→ R3 ; (u, v) 7→ (u + v, u2 , v)
20.3 [0, 1] × [0, 1] −→ R3 ; (u, v) 7→ (3 + 2u − 3v, 4u2 , 3 − 3v)
20.4 [− 21 , 1] × [0, 9] −→ R3 ; (u, v) 7→ (9u, 81u2 , v)
20.5 [−1, 0] × [0, π2 ] −→ R3 ; (u, v) 7→ (9e4 , 8e2u , 9 sin v)

Q21. Let a cone be described by the parametric equations

r(u, v) = (v cos u, v sin u, v), 0 ≤ u ≤ π.

21.1 Find the arclength of the curve (C) lying on the cone, and given
by

u=u √
v = eu (cot β)/ 2, β a constant.
21.2 Show that the curve (C) meets the curve u = constant along a
constant angle.
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Q22. Let S be the surface whose parametric representation is given by

r(u, v) = (u cos v, u sin v, av), a = constant.
Show that the family of orthogonal curves to the curves described by
u cos v = constant is the family (u2 + v 2 ) sin2 v = constant.
Q23. Let (S) be a surface with metric ds2 = v 2 du2 + u2 dv 2 .
23.1 Find the equation of the family of curves orthogonal to the curves
uv = constant
23.2 Find the metric which expressed in terms of the new parameters
for the two families.
Q24. Let (S) be a surface given by parametric equations r = r(u, v). Given
the equation

P du2 + 2Qdudv + Rdv 2 = 0, (∗),

where P , Q, and R are continuous functions of variables u and v which

are not simultaneously zero.
24.1 Show that if Q2 − P R > 0, then the equation (*) has for solution
two families of curves.
24.2 If (l, m) and (l0 , m0 ) are the coefficients of direction the tangent
l l0
lines to the two families of curves and and 0 are the roots
m m
of the equation
!2 !
du du
P + 2Q + R = 0.
dv dv

ll0 mm0 lm0 + ml0

24.3 Then, deduce that = = .
R P −2Q
24.4 Show that the two families orthogonal if and only if

e =< r1 , r1 >, f =< r1 , r2 >, g =< r2 , r2 >

24.5 Show that if P = R = 0 the equation (*) determines the two

families of curves parametrized as u = constant, v = constant.
Q25. Find the geodesics on the surface (S) whose metric is given by

ds2 = e2v (du2 + U dv 2 ),

where U = U (u).
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Q26. Let the helicoidal surface be given by the parametrization

r(u, v) = (u cos v, u sin v, φ(u) + cv), u ≥ 0.
Show that the orthogonal trajectories to the family u = constant are
geodesic curves.
Q26. A surface (S) has metric given by ds2 = edu2 + 2f dudv + gdv 2 . Show
that the family of curves φ(u, v) = constant is orthogonal to the family
of curves ψ(u, v) = constant if
gφψ1 = f (φ1 ψ2 + φ2 ψ1 ) + eφ2 ψ2 = 0.

Q27. Determine φ(v) for the surface (S) defined by

r(u, v) = (u cos v, u sin v, φ(v))
to be locally isometric to a surface of revolution.
Q28. A surface of revolution is defined by
π u
r(u, v) = (cos u cos v, cos u sin v, − sin u + ln tan( + )),
4 2
with 0 < u < π2 , 0 < v < 2π.
28.1 Show that the metric is tan2 udu2 + cos2 udv 2 .
(28.2) Show that a subset of R2 defined by 0 < u < π2 , 0 < v < π
is isometric to the region π3 < u0 < π2 , 0 < v 0 < 2π, with u0 =
arccos( 12 cos u), v 0 = 2v.
Q29. Let r(u, v) = ((a + b cos u) cos v, (a + b cos u), b cos v), with (a > b) be
the parametrization of the torus. Determine the differential equations
which define the necessary and sufficiant condition for a curve on the
surface of the torus to be a geodesic.
Q30. Show that the family of curves u+v = cte are geodesics on the surface
(S) of metric (1 + u2 )du2 − 2uvdudv + (1 + v 2 )dv 2 .
Q31. If two families of geodesic curves on the surface (S) of equation r =
r(u, v) intersect along a constant angle, show that the surface (S) has
Gaussian curvature equal to zero.
Q32. Consider the surface with parametric representation
r(u, v) = ((b + a cos u), (b + a cos u) sin v, a sin u),
avec b > a > 0, (u, v) ∈]0, 2π[×]0, 2π[.
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(32.1) Calculate k(u, v)

(32.2) Verify that it has zer total curvature.

Q33. On a surface (S) of metric ds2 = e2 du2 + g 2 dv 2 , with e = e(u, v),

g = g(u, v).

(33.1) Show that the geodesic curvature of a curve (C) which intersects
the curve v = cte along an angle θ is
dθ 1
κg = + (g1 sin θ − e2 cos θ)
ds eg

(33.2) Show that if (C) is the boundary of a simply connected region

of (S) then Z Z
κg ds = 2π − kds,
(C) R

with k = k(u, v) is independent of the curve (C).

(33.3) Give the expression of C in terms of e and g and their partial
derivatives.