Me 413 - Heat Transfer - Overview PDF

Aurora State College of Technology
Engineering Department
Brgy. Zabali, Baler, Aurora
OVERVIEW
HEAT TRANSFER
Course Code: ME 413

Course Units: 2 Units ( Lec.- 2 hours, Lab.- 0 hour)
Prerequisite: Thermodynamics, Differential Equations, Fluid Mechanics
ENGR. ALKING B. GOROSPE, PhD

Instructor/Professor
Engineering Department, Aurora State College of Technology
HEAT TRANSFER_Overview
What is Heat Transfer?
 Transport of thermal energy from one region to another.
 Thermal energy in transit due to spatial temperature difference.
 The science that deals with the determination of the rates of such energy
transfers
Temperature difference  needed for heat transfer to occur
Flow of Heat  exchange of internal energy from one region to the other by atomic
or molecular motion or by electromagnetic waves
Thermodynamics
 1st Law : Thermal equilibrium
 2nd Law: Heat flow (From Hot to Cold); Heat flows

in the direction of decreasing temperature.
Comparison
Thermodynamics Heat Transfer
- Deals with system in equilibrium - Rate of change
- Energy required to change the
system
Steady Heat Transfer  temperature is no longer changing with time.
Time Dependent/Un-steady Heat transfer  temperature changes with time.

 how long it takes for the hot coffee

in a thermos to cool to a certain
temperature?
Application Areas of Heat Transfer
Brief History of Heat Transfer
Antoine Lavoisier (1743 – 1794)
 proposed the caloric theory (heat as a fluid like
substance called caloric that has no mass, color,
odor and taste that can be poured from one body
into another). worlofchemicals.com
Benjamin Thompson “Count Rumford” (1753 – 1814)

 paper, it was shown that heat can be generated
continuously through friction.
James P. Joule (1818 – 1889)

 Heat was not a substance
sciencecourse.com
sapaviva.com
Engineering Heat Transfer
Issues answered by heat transfer

 Rating
 Sizing problems
Approach in Heat Transfer study

 Experimental:
 actually studying the physical system thru experiments.
 quite expensive , time consuming, cases impractical
 Analytical
 faster and in expensive
 results is subjected to accuracy of assumptions
Energy Forms
 thermal , mechanical, kinetic, potential, electrical, magnetic, chemical,
and nuclear energy .
Total Energy: sum of all the energy
Microscopic Energy: energy which is related to the molecular structure of a system
 Kinetic and Potential Energy
Internal Energy (U): sum of all microscopic energy
Latent Heat (Latent Energy): internal energy associated with phase transformation of
a system.
Chemical energy (Bond): internal energy associated with the atomic bonds
Nuclear energy: internal energy associated with the bonds within the molecules of
the atom.
Energy Forms
Enthalpy (H): combination of internal energy and work flow.
Specific Heats
𝑷𝒗=𝑹𝑻 𝒐𝒓 𝑷= 𝝆𝑹𝑻
P = the absolute pressure,
v = the specific volume,
T = the absolute temperature,

ρ (rho )= the density,
 Specific heat is defined as the energy required raising the temperature of a unit
mass of a substance by one degree.
𝑪𝒑= 𝑪𝒗+𝑹
Specific Heats (continuation)
 Differential Changes in internal energy, U
𝒅𝒖 = 𝑪𝒗𝒅𝑻
𝒅𝒉 = 𝑪𝒑𝒅𝑻
 Finite changes in internal energy, U and enthalpy, H
𝜟𝒖 = 𝑪𝒗𝜟𝑻 𝜟𝑼= 𝒎𝑪𝒗𝜟𝑻

𝜟𝒉 = 𝑪𝒑𝜟𝑻 𝜟𝑯= 𝒎𝑪𝒑𝜟𝑻
 Change in internal energy of solids and liquids
𝜟𝑼= 𝒎𝑪𝒂𝒗𝒆𝜟𝑻
Energy Unit
 joule (1 kJ = 1, 000 J)
 British Thermal Unit (1 Btu = 1.055056 kJ)
Energy Transfer
Mechanism for Heat Transfer
 Heat (Q)
 driven by the change in temperature
 Work (W)
 other driving force
Heat Transfer Rate
Btu/hr ft 2
Heat Flux
Energy Balance (First Law of Thermodynamics)
“energy can neither be created nor destroyed; it can only change form”
𝑬𝒊𝒏 − 𝑬𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 𝜟𝑬𝒔𝒚𝒔

𝒅𝑬𝒔𝒚𝒔
𝑬𝒊𝒏 − 𝑬𝒐𝒖𝒕 =
𝒅𝒕
Energy is a property: value does not change unless the sate of the system
changes.
steady rate form:

𝑬𝒊𝒏 − 𝑬𝒐𝒖𝒕
In the absence of significant electric, magnetic, motion, gravity, and surface tension
effects.
𝜟𝑬𝒔𝒚𝒔 = 𝜟𝑼𝒔𝒚𝒔
heat transfer analysis:
𝑸𝒊𝒏 − 𝑸𝒐𝒖𝒕 + 𝑬𝒈𝒆𝒏 = 𝜟𝑬𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒍,𝒔𝒚𝒔
Qin – Qout = the heat transfer,

Egen = the heat generation and
ΔEthermal,sys = the change in thermal energy of the system
closed system: consists of a fixed mass.
𝑬𝒊𝒏 − 𝑬𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 𝜟𝑼 = 𝒎𝑪𝒗 𝜟𝑻 (stationary closed system)
𝑸 = 𝒎𝑪𝒗 𝜟𝑻 (stationary closed system, no work)

Energy Balance for Steady-Flow System
Mass flow rate of a fluid at a cross section is equal to the product of the fluid
density, average fluid velocity and the cross-sectional area.
𝒎 = 𝝆𝒗𝑨𝒄 (mass flow rate)
𝒎
𝑽 = 𝒗𝑨𝒄 = (volume flow rate)
𝝆
Under steady conditions, the net rate of energy transfer to a fluid in a control
volume is equal to the rate of increase in the energy of the fluid stream flowing
through the control volume
𝑸 = 𝒎𝜟𝒉 = 𝒎𝑪𝒑 𝜟𝑻 (Steady-flow system)

Energy interactions at the outer wall surface of a
house.
𝑸𝟏 = 𝑸 𝟐 + 𝑸 𝟑
energy balance for the outer surface of the wall
(Surface energy balance)

Three (3) Distinct Mode of Heat Transfer
1. CONDUCTION: Transfer of thermal energy in

solids or fluids at rest.
Kinetic energy exchange between

molecules in contact or, movement of
free electrons (solids).
Conduction through a
solid/stationary fluid
2. CONVECTION: The mode by which thermal

energy is transferred to or from a fluid near a solid
surface.
 Basically conduction with the complexity

of thermal energy transfer by moving
fluid molecules.
Types of Convection:
Convection from a surface
FORCED CONVECTION: Fluid is forced to flow over the to a moving fluid
solid surface by a mechanical device
NATURAL CONVECTION: Fluid motion is caused by buoyancy forces due to

density differences in the fluid
3. RADIATION: Thermal energy is transferred by

electromagnetic waves.
 the energy emitted by matter in the form of

electromagnetic waves (or photons) as a result
of the changes in the electronic configurations of
the atoms or molecules.
It does not require a medium Net radiation heat

exchange
between two surfaces
- Fin-

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Aurora State College of Technology

Course Code: ME 413

ENGR. ALKING B. GOROSPE, PhD

 2nd Law: Heat flow (From Hot to Cold); Heat flows

Steady Heat Transfer  temperature is no longer changing with time.

Time Dependent/Un-steady Heat transfer  temperature changes with time.

 how long it takes for the hot coffee

Benjamin Thompson “Count Rumford” (1753 – 1814)

James P. Joule (1818 – 1889)

Issues answered by heat transfer

Approach in Heat Transfer study

Total Energy: sum of all the energy

Microscopic Energy: energy which is related to the molecular structure of a system

 Kinetic and Potential Energy

Internal Energy (U): sum of all microscopic energy

T = the absolute temperature,

𝜟𝒖 = 𝑪𝒗𝜟𝑻 𝜟𝑼= 𝒎𝑪𝒗𝜟𝑻

 Change in internal energy of solids and liquids

Mechanism for Heat Transfer

Heat Transfer Rate

𝑬𝒊𝒏 − 𝑬𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 𝜟𝑬𝒔𝒚𝒔

steady rate form:

heat transfer analysis:

𝑸𝒊𝒏 − 𝑸𝒐𝒖𝒕 + 𝑬𝒈𝒆𝒏 = 𝜟𝑬𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒍,𝒔𝒚𝒔

Qin – Qout = the heat transfer,

𝑬𝒊𝒏 − 𝑬𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 𝜟𝑼 = 𝒎𝑪𝒗 𝜟𝑻 (stationary closed system)

𝑸 = 𝒎𝑪𝒗 𝜟𝑻 (stationary closed system, no work)

𝒎 = 𝝆𝒗𝑨𝒄 (mass flow rate)

𝑸 = 𝒎𝜟𝒉 = 𝒎𝑪𝒑 𝜟𝑻 (Steady-flow system)

energy balance for the outer surface of the wall

(Surface energy balance)

1. CONDUCTION: Transfer of thermal energy in

Kinetic energy exchange between

2. CONVECTION: The mode by which thermal

 Basically conduction with the complexity

NATURAL CONVECTION: Fluid motion is caused by buoyancy forces due to

3. RADIATION: Thermal energy is transferred by

 the energy emitted by matter in the form of

It does not require a medium Net radiation heat

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