TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

COLLEGE OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY

ELECTRONICS DEPARTMENT

ACTIVITY NO. 1
AC MOTORS

ALEGRE, JOHN ROLAND

BAUTISTA, TRISTAN JEFF
IBARRA, JERICHO
LEAL, PRINCE JOSHUA
PABLO, KENT CEDRICK
SUPERAL, JHED ZACHARY

BET-EsET 3C

MR. RONALD QUITAIN

PROFESSOR

OCTOBER 23, 2020

 I. OBJECTIVES

A) To understand the characteristics of an AC motor.

B) Present a Ladder diagram for AC motor circuit application.
C) Explain the operation of the circuit.
D) Create a conclusion based on the output of experiment.

II. INTRODUCTORY INFORMATION

A motor which is operated by an alternating current AC is called an AC motor. AC motor consists of many
parts and the basic parts of AC motor are stator and rotor. Stator consists of coils and are supplied by Alternating
current to produce a rotating magnetic field. These coils are wrapped to the magnetic poles of the motor which
are present on the cover of the AC motor. The rotor is attached to the shaft to produce second rotating magnetic
field.
The rotor magnetic field may be produced by permanent magnets, reluctance saliency, or DC or AC
electrical windings.
AC motors are distinguished from many other types of electrical motor - and from the somewhat more
familiar DC (direct current) motors in particular - by several important criteria. The most fundamental of these is
the fact that an AC motor relies specifically on alternating the flow of current around its circuit to produce efficient
mechanical energy.
AC motors are also distinct from DC motors in that most AC motors do not include brushes. This means
there’s often a greatly reduced need for maintenance and parts replacement on an AC motor, and most users
generally expect them to have a longer average life expectancy as a result. Also unlike DC motors, the output
speed for many types of AC motor is typically dictated by a frequency drive control

How do AC motors work?

As noted above, the key characteristic that really marks AC motors out as distinct from many other motor
types - most notably DC motors - is the fact that they specifically run on alternating current. There are other
differences too, but this one is key in gaining a basic understanding of exactly how AC motors work.
An alternating current or charge - generally abbreviated to AC, hence AC motor - is one whose flow
direction around a circuit is reversed at regular intervals. (This trait of switching current direction also means that
the voltage on an AC circuit changes periodically.) By contrast, a DC or direct current only flows one way around
a circuit, and thus voltage on a DC circuit remains relatively constant.
AC currents, and by extension AC motors, rely on a device called an alternator to produce this alternating
charge direction. An alternator is a specialised type of electrical generator, in which an electromagnetic field
(EMF) is typically created when electricity is passed through a spinning shaft (the rotor), which itself turns around
or within a set of static wire coils (the stator). The resulting EMF switches direction, or polarity, as the rotor turns
in relation to the stator.
 Because an EMF created by a charged rotor turning on fixed axis will switch polarity at set points relative
to the stator, the periodic reversal of current direction in an AC motor happens at regular and predictable
intervals. In practice, the alternator and current on the AC circuit behave a bit like a piston or paddle moving
water around a ducting system - as the piston moves in and out at a constant speed, it in turn pushes then pulls
the water back and forth through the conduit.
In a typical DC motor, the brushes are what conduct electricity directly from the mains supply to the
armature (the power-producing component), which is why a DC motor is sometimes known as a conduction
motor.
Conversely, certain brushless AC motors are often given as examples of an induction motor, as the
process of generating an alternating charge from an EMF via a rotor and stator is known as (electro)magnetic
induction.

III. CONTENT

A. DESIGN

The 2 basic parts of an AC motors are;

Rotor: The rotor is the rotating electrical component. It also consists of a group of electro-magnets
arranged around a cylinder, with the poles facing toward the stator poles.
Stator: The term, "stator" is derived from the word stationary. The stator then is the stationary part of
the AC motor.
 B. OPERATION
The two basic parts of an AC motor are the stator (the stationary outer drum) and the rotor; the rotating
inner portion of the motor which is attached to (and drives) the motor shaft. Both the stator and the rotor
produce rotating magnetic fields. In the windings of the stator, this rotating field is provided inherently
by the sinusoidal nature of alternating current. In the rotor, the magnetic field is created by permanent
magnets, reluctance saliency, or by additional electrical windings.

In a three phase motor, the current in the stator (the stationary coils in the motor) sets up a rotating
magnetic field. The magnetic field rotates due to the 120° phase offset in each phase of the power
supply. This rotating magnetic field induces a current in the bars of the rotor. The current in the rotor
sets up its own magnetic field. The interaction between the stator and rotor magnetic fields causes the
rotor to rotate.

Single phase motors work on the same principle as 3 phase motors except they are only run off one
phase. A single phase sets up an oscillating magnetic field that goes back and forth rather than a
rotating magnetic field. Because of this a true single phase motor has zero starting torque. However,
once the rotor begins to rotate it will continue to rotate as a result of the oscillating magnetic field in the
stator.
How does an AC motor work

1. Two pairs of electromagnet coils, shown here in red and blue, are energized in turn by an AC
supply. The two red coils are wired in series and energized together and the two blue coils are
wired the same way. Since it's AC, the current in each coil doesn't switch on and off abruptly,
but rises and falls smoothly in the shape of a sine wave: when the red coils are at their most
active, the blue coils are completely inactive, and vice-versa. In other words, their currents are
out of step (90° out of phase).
2. As the coils are energized, the magnetic field they produce between them induces an electric
current in the rotor. This current produces its own magnetic field that tries to oppose the thing
that caused it (the magnetic field from the outer coils). The interaction between the two fields
causes the rotor to turn.
3. As the magnetic field alternates between the red and blue coils, it effectively rotates around the
motor. The rotating magnetic field makes the rotor spin in the same direction and (in theory) at
almost the same speed.
 C. TYPES
Two Types of Induction Motors
Single phase induction motor

The single-phase induction motor is not self-starting. When the motor is connected to a single-
phase power supply, the main winding carries an alternating current. It is logical that the least
expensive, most reduced upkeep sort engine ought to be utilized most regularly. These are of different
types based on their way of starting since these are of not self starting. Those are split phase, shaded
pole and capacitor motors. Again capacitor motors are capacitor start, capacitor run and permanent
capacitor motors.
These types of motors the start winding can have a series capacitor and/or a centrifugal switch.
When the supply voltage is applied, current in the main winding lags the supply voltage because of the
main winding impedance. And current in the start winding leads/lags the supply voltage depending on
the starting mechanism impedance. The angel between the two windings is sufficient phase difference
to provide a rotating magnitude field to produce a starting torque. The point when the motor reaches
70% to 80% of synchronous speed, a centrifugal switch on the motor shaft opens and disconnects the
starting winding.
Applications of Single Phase Induction Motor
These are used in low power applications and widely used in domestic applications as well as
industrial. And some of those are mentioned below
 Pumps
 Compressors
 Small fans
 Mixers
 Toys
 High speed vacuum cleaners
 Electric shavers
 Drilling machines
Three-Phase Induction Motor
These motors are self-starting and use no capacitor, start winding, centrifugal switch or other
starting device. Three-phase AC induction motors are widely used in industrial and commercial
applications. These are of two types, squirrel cage and slip ring motors. Squirrel cage motors are widely
used due to their rugged construction and simple design. Slip ring motors require external resistors to
have high starting torque.
Induction motors are used in industry and domestic appliances because these are rugged in
construction requiring hardly any maintenance, that they are comparatively cheap, and require supply
only to the stator.
Applications of Three Phase Induction Motor
 Lifts
 Cranes
 Hoists
 Large capacity exhaust fans
 Driving lathe machines
 Crushers
 Oil extracting mills
 Textile and etc.

Difference Between Single Phase and Three Phase Induction Motor are as follows:
As the name itself shows, the Single Phase induction motor uses single phase supply, for its
operation and 3 Phase induction motor uses three phase supply.
The Starting Torque of Single Phase induction motor is low, whereas the starting torque of Three
Phase Induction motor is high.
Single Phase motors are easy to repair and maintain, but the maintenance of three phase motors
difficult.
Single Phase motors are simple in construction, reliable and economical as compared to three
phase induction motors.
The efficiency of single phase motor is low, whereas the efficiency of three phase induction motors
is high.
The power factor of Single Phase Induction motor is low as compared to that of three-phase
induction motor.
Single Phase motors are mostly used in domestic appliances such as mixer grinder, fans,
compressors, etc. Three phase induction motors are mostly used in the industries.
 D. USES AND APPLICATION
INDUCTION MOTOR
Slip - This kind of rotor is the basic hardware for induction regulators.
Polyphase cage rotor - Most common AC motors use the squirrel-cage rotor, which will be found in
virtually all domestic and light industrial alternating current motors. Virtually every washing machine,
dishwasher, standalone fan, record player, etc. uses some variant of a squirrel-cage motor.
Polyphase wound rotor - This type of motor is becoming more common in traction applications such as
locomotives, where it is known as the asynchronous traction motor

SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Shaded-pole motor - A common single-phase motor is the shaded-pole motor and is used in devices
requiring low starting torque, such as electric fans, small pumps, or small household appliances.
Split-phase motor - Another common single-phase AC motor is the split-phase induction motor,[18]
commonly used in major appliances such as air conditioners and clothes dryers.
Permanent-split capacitor (or PSC) motor - Also known as a capacitor-run motor, they are most
frequently used in variable torque applications (like blowers, fans, and pumps) and other cases where
variable speeds are desired.

SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
Polyphase synchronous motor - Synchronous motors are occasionally used as traction motors; the
TGV may be the best-known example of such use. Huge numbers of three phase synchronous motors
are now fitted to electric cars. They have a neodymium or other rare-earth permanent magnet.
Hysteresis synchronous motor - Applications included tape recorder capstan drives (the motor shaft
could be the capstan), and, before the advent of crystal control, motion picture cameras and recorders.
Universal motor - Universal motors are widely used in small home appliances and hand power tools.
Sliding rotor motor - Motors of this type can be found on overhead cranes and hoists
 PERMANENT-CAPACITOR MOTOR CIRCUIT

Permanent-capacitor motors are considered to be the most reliable of the single-phase motors, mostly
because no starting switch is needed. The run and auxiliary windings are identical in this type of motor,
allowing for the motor to be reversed by switching the capacitor from one winding to the other, as
illustrated in Figure 5-49. Single-phase motors run in the direction in which they are started, so
whichever winding has the capacitor connected to it will control the direction. Permanent split-capacitor
motors have a wide variety of application.

L1 L2
L1 L2
START_FORWARD
INTERLOCKING
1 2 3F 4
STOP R OLC

START_REVERSE INTERLOCKING
R
F

R
 E. WYE DELTA STARTING

Working Principle of Star(Wye)-Delta Starter

To limit the starting current surge, large induction motors are started at reduced voltage and then have
full supply voltage reconnected when they run up to near rotated speed.
This is the reduced voltage starting method. Voltage reduction during star-delta starting is achieved by
physically reconfiguring the motor windings as illustrated in the figure below. During starting the motor
windings are connected in star configuration and this reduces the voltage across each winding 3. This
also reduces the torque by a factor of three.

After a period of time the winding are reconfigured as delta and the motor runs normally. Star/Delta
starters are probably the most common reduced voltage starters. They are used in an attempt to reduce
the start current applied to the motor during start as a means of reducing the disturbances and
interference on the electrical supply. The Star/Delta starter is manufactured from three contactors, a
timer and a thermal overload. The contactors are smaller than the single contactor used in a Direct on
Line starter as they are controlling winding currents only. The currents through the winding are 1/root
3 (58%) of the current in the line.
There are two contactors that are close during run, often referred to as the main contractor and the
delta contactor. These are AC3 rated at 58% of the current rating of the motor. The third contactor is
the star contactor and that only carries star current while the motor is connected in star.
The current in star is one third of the current in delta, so this contactor can be AC3 rated at one third
(33%) of the motor rating.

Star-Delta starter consists following units:

 Contactors (Main, star and delta contactors) 3 No’s (For Open State Starter) or 4 No’s (Close
Transient Starter).
 Time relay (pull-in delayed) 1 No.
 Three-pole thermal overcurrent release 1 No.
 Fuse elements or automatic cut-outs for the main circuit 3 Nos.
 Fuse element or automatic cut-out for the control circuit 1No.
Power Circuit of Star Delta Starter
The main circuit breaker serves as the main power supply switch that supplies electricity to the power
circuit.

The main contactor connects the reference source voltage R, Y, B to the primary terminal of the
motor U1, V1, W1.

In operation, the Main Contactor (KM3) and the Star Contactor (KM1) are closed initially, and then after
a period of time, the star contactor is opened, and then the delta contactor (KM2) is closed. The control
of the contactors is by the timer (K1T) built into the starter. The Star and Delta are electrically interlocked
and preferably mechanically interlocked as well.
The star contactor serves to initially short the secondary terminal of the motor U2, V2, W2 for the start
sequence during the initial run of the motor from standstill. This provides one third of DOL current to
the motor, thus reducing the high inrush current inherent with large capacity motors at startup.
Controlling the interchanging star connection and delta connection of an AC induction motor is achieved
by means of a star delta or wye delta control circuit. The control circuit consists of push button switches,
auxiliary contacts and a timer.

Control Circuit of Star-Delta Starter (Open Transition)

WYE TO DELTA STARTER CIRCUIT

L1 L2

MAIN CONTACTOR
1 2 3 KM3 4 5
STOP START OLC

TIMER COIL
KM3 TC

W YE
DELTA KM1
TC KM2

W YE DELTA
KM2
TC KM1

The START push button starts the circuit by initially energizing the Main Contactor Coil (KM3), The
Timer Coil (TC) and the WYE coil (KM1). The KM3 contact will energize from NO to NC which is being
used as a latch for the circuit. The WYE contact below is energized from NO to NC and this is mainly
an Interlocking for DELTA Coil (KM2),preventing current from flowing to DELTA Coil In this first few
seconds, the Timer contact in series with WYE Coil is NC and the Timer Contact in series with DELTA
Coil is NO.
After 5 seconds, the Timer Contact in series with WYE Coil is now NO and the Timer Contact in series
with DELTA Coil is NC. The WYE contact became NC which then let the current flow to DELTA Coil.
The DELTA contact prevents current flow in WYE Coil.

REFERENCES

 https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/alternating-current/chpt-13/introduction-ac-motors/
 https://circuitglobe.com/ac-motor.html

 https://freelyelectrons.blogspot.com/2018/02/introduction-of-ac-motors-
its.html#:~:text=A%20motor%20which%20is%20operated,produce%20a%20rotating%20magnetic%20field
.
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qbNpONXRvj8
 https://ph.rs-online.com/web/generalDisplay.html?id=ideas-and-advice/ac-motors-guide
 PETRUZELLA%20Elec%20Motors%20and%20Controls.pdf
 https://electrical-engineering-portal.com/star-delta-motor-starter
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_motor#Induction_motor