Q1.

Expl
ainOSPFandkeyf
eat
uresofOSPFpr
otocol
.

OSPFi sanint eri

orgatewaypr otocol(I
GP)f orr outingInternetPr ot
ocol (
IP)
packetssolelywi t
hinasi ngleroutingdomai n, suchasanaut onomoussy stem.It
gathersl
inkst ateinfor
mat i
onf r
om av ail
abl erout ersandconst ruct
sat opology
mapoft henet work.Thet opologyi spresent edasar outi
ngt abletotheInternet
Layerwhichr outesdat agramsbasedsol elyont hedest i
nat i
onI Paddressf ound
i
nI Ppackets.OSPFsuppor tsInternetProt ocol Ver si
on4( I
Pv 4)andInternet
ProtocolVersion6( IPv6)net worksandf eaturesv ari
able-l
engt hsubnetmaski ng
(VLSM)andCl asslessInter-Domai nRout ing( CIDR)addr essingmodel s.

OSPFdet ectschangesinthetopology,
suchaslinkfail
ures,andconver
gesona
newl oop-f
reerouti
ngstr
uctur
ewi thi
nseconds.Itcomput estheshor
testpath
tr
eef oreachrouteusi
ngamet hodbasedonDijkstr
a'salgori
thm,ashortestpat
h
fi
rstalgor
ithm.

TheOSPFr outi
ngpolici
esforconstr
uct i
ngar outetablearegov ernedbylink
costfactor
s(exter
nalmetri
cs)associatedwitheachr outi
nginterface.Cost
fact
orsmaybet hedistanceofarouter( r
ound-t
ri
pt i
me) ,dat
athr oughputofa
l
ink,orli
nkavail
abi
li
tyandreli
abi
li
ty,expressedassi mpleunit
lessnumber s.Thi
s
provi
desady namicprocessoftr
affi
cl oadbalancingbetweenr out esofequal
cost.

AnOSPFnet workmaybest r
uctured,orsubdi
vided,
intorout
ingareast
osimplif
y
administr
ati
onandopt imizetraff
icandresourceuti
li
zati
on.Areasarei
denti
fi
ed
by32-bitnumbers,expressedeithersimplyi
ndecimal,oroft
eninoctet
-based
dot
-decimalnotati
on,famili
arfrom IPv4addressnotat
ion.

Byconv enti
on,area0( zero),or0.0.0.
0,r
epresentsthecor eorbackbonear eaof
anOSPFnet work.Thei denti
ficati
onsofotherareasmaybechosenatwi ll;
often,
administr
atorsselecttheI Paddressofamai nrouterinanar eaasar ea
i
dentifi
cati
on.Eachaddi t
ionalareamusthav eadi r
ectorv ir
tual connecti
onto
theOSPFbackbonear ea.Suchconnect i
onsar emai ntai
nedbyan
i
nterconnecti
ngr outer
,knownasar eaborderrout
er( ABR).AnABRmai ntai
ns
separateli
nkstatedatabasesf oreachareaitservesandmai ntainssummar i
zed
rout
esf orallar
easi nt
henet work.

OSPFdoesnotuseaTCP/ I
Pt r
anspor tprot
ocol,suchasUDPorTCP, but
encapsul
atesit
sdat ainIPdatagramswi thprotocolnumber89.Thisi
sin
contr
asttootherrouti
ngprotocols,suchast heRoutingI
nfor
mationProt
ocol
(RI
P)andt heBorderGatewayPr otocol(BGP).OSPFi mpl
ementsitsownerr
or
det
ect
ionandcor
rect
ionf
unct
ions

Thekeyf
eat
uresoft
heOSPFpr
otocol
areasf
oll
ows:

 I
ndependentt
ranspor
t:OSPFworksontopofIPandusesprot
ocolnumber
89.I
tdoesnotrel
yonthefunct
ionsoft
hetranspor
tlay
erpr
otocol
sTCPor
UDP.

 Effi
cientuseofupdat es: WhenanOSPFr outerfirstdiscoversanew
neighbor,itsendsaf ullupdat
ewi thal
l knownl i
nk-stateinformati
on.All
routerswit hinanOSPFar eamusthav ei denticalandsy nchroni
zedlink-
stateinformat i
onintheirOSPFlink-st
atedat abases.WhenanOSPF
networ kisi naconvergedstateandanewl i
nkcomesuporal i
nkbecomes
unav ai
lable,anOSPFr outersendsonlyapar tialupdatet oallit
sneighbors.
Thisupdat ewi ll
thenbef l
oodedt oallOSPFr out erswi t
hinanar ea.

 Metric:OSPFusesamet r
ict
hatisbasedont hecumulati
vecostsofall
outgoingint
erfacesfr
om sourcetodesti
nat
ion.Theint
erfacecostis
i
nverselyproporti
onalt
otheinter
facebandwidthandcanbeal sosetup
expli
citl
y.

 Updatedest inat
ionaddr ess: OSPFusesmul t
icastanduni cast,r
atherthan
broadcast,forsendi ngmessages.TheI Pv4mul ti
castaddr essesusedf or
OSPFar e224. 0.
0. 5tosendi nf
ormationtoallOSPFr outersand224. 0.0.6
tosendi nformationt oDR/ BDRr out
ers.TheIPv 6mul ti
castaddressesar e
FF02::
5f orallOSPFv 3routersandFF02: :
6forallDR/ BDRr outer
s.Ifthe
underl
y i
ngnet wor kdoesnothav ebroadcastcapabi l
it
ies,youmust
establ
ishOSPFnei ghborrelati
onshi
psusi ngauni castaddress.ForIPv 6,
thi
saddr esswi l
lbeal i
nk-l
ocal I
Pv6addr ess.

 VLSM suppor
t:OSPFisaclassl
essrouti
ngprotocol
.Itsuppor
tsvari
abl
e-
l
engthsubnetmaski
ng(VLSM)anddi scont
iguousnetworks.I
tcarr
ies
subnetmaskinf
ormati
onintherout
ingupdates.

 Manual rout
esummar i
zation:
Youcanmanual l
ysummar i
zeOSPF
i
nterarearoutesattheAreaBor derRouter(ABR)
,andyouhavethe
possibil
i
tytosummar i
zeOSPFext ernal
r out
esattheAutonomousSy
stem
Boundar yRouter(ASBR).OSPFdoesnotknowt heconceptof
autosummar izat
ion.

 Aut
hent
icat
ion:
OSPFsuppor
tscl
ear
-t
ext
,MD5,
andSHAaut
hent
icat
ion.
Q2.Expl
aint
hehi
ghl
evel
oper
ati
onofOSPF.

1.OSPFspeaki ngrouter
ssendHell
opacketoutallOSPFenabledint
erface.I
f
tworoutershari
ngacommonpar ameterspeci
fi
edinthei
rrespect
iveHello
packet
,theywillbecomeaneighbor.

2.Adjacencies,
whichmaybet houghtasvi
rt
ualvi
rt
ualpoi
nttopointl
ink,
are
for
medbet weensomenei ghbor.Theest
abli
shmentofadj
acencyis
determinebythetypeofrouterexchangi
ngHell
osandthetypeifnetwork
overwhi chHell
osareexchanged.

3.Eachr
outersendsli
nkst
ateadver
tisement(LSAs)
overal
ladj
acenci
es.The
LSAsdescr
ibeall
ofther
outer
’sli
nks,ori
nterf
aceandstat
eofli
nk.

4.Eachrouterr
ecei
vi
nganLSAf r
om anei
ghborr
ecordtheLSAinitsl
i
nk
stat
edatabaseandsendcopyoft
heLSAtoallofi
tsothernei
ghbor
.

5.Byfl
oodingLSAst
hroughoutanar
ea,
all
rout
erwi
l
lbui
l
dident
ical
li
nkst
ate
dat
abase.

6.Whent hedatabasearecomplete,eachrouterusest
heSPFal gor
it
hm t
o
cal
culatealoopfreegraphdescri
bet heshort
estpat
ht oever
yknown
dest
inati
on,withit
sel
fasroot.ThisgraphistheSPFtree.

7.Eachr
out
erbui
l
dsi
tsr
out
etabl
efr
om i
tsSPFt
ree.
Q3.Whati
sthepur
poseofHel
l
opr
otocol
?Whati
nfor
mat
iondoesHel
l
o
Pr
otocol cont
ain?

Hel
l
oPr
otocol

I
ntheOpenShor testPathFi r
st)communi cat
ionsprot ocol-whichenables
networ krouterstosharei nfor
mat i
onwi theachot her
, aHELLOpacketi sa
specialpacket( message)t hatissentoutper i
odicall
yfrom ar outertoest
abli
sh
andconf irm networkadjacencyr elat
ionshi
ps.Onnet wor kscapabl eof
broadcastormul t
icasttr
ansmi ssion,aHELLOpacketcanbesentf r
om arout
er
si
mul taneouslytoot herrouterstodiscoverneighboringr out
ers.

Ov
erv
iewofOper
ati
on

TheHELLOpr otocolusesadistance-
vectoral
gori
thm,l
iketheRouti
ng
Inf
or mati
onProt ocol
( RI
P)andtheGat eway-t
o-Gat
ewayPr ot
ocol(GGP).Unl
i
ke
RIPandGGP, HELLOdoesnotusehopcountasamet r
ic.I
nstead,i
tatt
emptsto
selectthebestroutebyassessingnetworkdelaysandchoosingthepathwit
h
theshor t
estdelay.

Oneoft
hekeyj
obsofr
out
ersusi
ngHELLOi
stocomput
ethet
imedel
ayt
o
sendandreceivedat
agr
amstoandfrom itsnei
ghbors.Onar egul
arbasis,
rout
ersexchangeHELLOmessagesthatcontai
nclockandtimestamp
i
nformati
on.Bycompari
ngthecl
ockv al
ueandt i
mestampint hemessaget oi
ts
ownclockusingaspeci
alal
gor
it
hm, areceiv
ingdevi
cecancomput ean
esti
matefortheamountoft
imeitt
akest osendadatagram overtheli
nk.

Li
keRI PandGGP, HELLOmessagesal socont ainrouti
nginf
ormati
onint he
form ofasetofdest inati
onst hatthesendingr outeri
sabletoreachanda
met r
icforeach.Howev erinthiscase,t
hemet ri
cisanest i
mateoftheround-tr
ip
delaycostforeachdest i
nati
on.Thi si
nformat i
oni saddedtothecomput ed
round-tr
ipdel
ayt i
mef ortheli
nkov erwhicht hemessagewasr ecei
ved,and
usedt oupdatether eceivi
ngr out
er'sownr outi
ngt able.

TheHel
l
opr
otocol
ser
vessev
eral
pur
poses:

 I
tist
hemeansbywhi
chnei
ghbor
sar
edi
scov
ered.

 I
tadver
ti
sessev
eral
par ameter
sonwhi
cht
wor
out
ersmustagr
eebef
ore
t
heycanbecomeneighbors.

 Hel
l
opacket
sactaskeepal
i
vesbet
weennei
ghbor
s.

 I
tensur
esbi
dir
ect
ional
communi
cat
ionbet
weennei
ghbor
s.

 I
tel
ectsDesi
gnatedRouter
s(DRs)andBackupDesi
gnatedRout
ers(
BDRs)
onBr
oadcastandNonbroadcastMul
ti
access(NBMA)networ
ks.

OSPF-speakingroutersperiodical
lysendaHell
opacketouteachOSPF-
enabl
edi nt
erface.Thisperiodisknownast he 
Hel
loI
nter
val 
andis
confi
guredonaperi nter
facebasis.Ciscousesadef
aultHell
oInt
erv
alof
10secondsf orbroadcastnet worksand30secondsfornon-br
oadcast
.

Ifar
outerhasnotheardaHell
ofrom anei
ghborwi
thi
naper
iodoft
ime
knownastheRouterDeadI
nter
val
,
EachHel
l
opacketcont
ainst
hef
oll
owi
ngi
nfor
mat
ion:

 Rout
erI
Doft
heor
igi
nat
ingr
out
er.

 Ar
eaI
Doft
heor
igi
nat
ingr
out
eri
nter
face.

 Addr
essmaskoft
heor
igi
nat
ingi
nter
face.

 Authent
icat
iont
ypeandaut
hent
icat
ioni
nfor
mat
ionf
ort
heor
igi
nat
ing
i
nterf
ace.

 Hel
l
oInt
erv
aloft
heor
igi
nat
ingi
nter
face.

 Rout
erDeadI
nter
val
oft
heor
igi
nat
ingi
nter
face.

 Rout
erPr
ior
it
y.

 DRandBDR.

 Fi
vef
lagbi
tssi
gni
fyi
ngopt
ional
capabi
l
iti
es.

 Rout
erI
Dsoft
heor
igi
nat
ingr
out
er’
snei
ghbor
s.
Q4.
Whatar
ethedi
ff
erentt
ypesofnet
wor
ksdef
inedbyOSPF?

OSPFnet
wor
kty
pes

Poi
nt-
to-
Poi
nt

Asitsnamedescri
bes,ali
nkbetweenexact
lyt
wopoi nt
s(orr
out er
s).Apacket
sentfr
om oneoft
herouter
swill
alwayshaveexact
lyonereci
pientonthelocal
l
ink.

Br
oadcast

Obv i
ously,poi
nt-
to-
poi
ntl
inksdon'
tscalewell.Amuchmor eeffici
entmannerof
connectingalargenumberofdevi
cesist oi
mplementamul t
iaccesssegment;
thatis,
asegmentwhi chcanbeaccessedbymul ti
pleendpoints.AnEther
net
segmenti sanexampleofsuchanetwor k.

Ethernetnetworkssupportbroadcasts;asingl
epackett r
ansmi t
tedbyadev i
ce
canbemul t
ipli
edbyt hemedium (inthiscaseanEt hernetswitch)sothatever
y
otherendpoi ntrecei
vesacopy .Thisisadvantageousnotonl yinbandwidth
savings,butalsoinfaci
li
tat
ingautomat icnei
ghbordi scover
y.

Int
heexampl epict
uredabove,R1canmul ti
cast(abroadcastintendedonlyfor
cer
tainrecipi
ents)anOSPFhel l
omessaget otheli
nk,knowingthatallot
her
OSPFr outersconnectedtotheli
nkwill
receiveitandreplywiththei
rown
multi
castmessage.Consequent ly
,nei
ghbor scanquicklyident
if
yeachot herand
for
m adjacencieswithoutknowingaddressesbeforehand.
OSPFr out
ersonamul t
iaccesssegmentwi l
lel
ectadesignatedrouter(DR)and
backupdesignatedrout
er( BDR)withwhichall
non-desi
gnatedrouterswi l
lfor
m
anadjacency.Thisi
stoensur ethatthenumberofadjacenci
esmai ntaineddoes
notgrowtool ar
ge;asegmentcont aini
ngtenrout
erswouldr equi
re45
adj
acenciestoform amesh, butonly17whenaDRandBDRar einplace.

Non-
Broadcast

Unfor
tunatel
y,notallmulti
accesstechnol
ogiessuppor
tbroadcast
tr
ansmissi
ons.Framer elayandATM ar eprobabl
ythemostcommonexampl es
ofnon-br
oadcasttransport,
requi
ringindi
vi
dualpermanentvi
rt
ualci
rcui
ts(
PVCs)
tobeconfigur
edbet weenendpoi nts.

Noti
ceinthef r
amer el
aytopologypict
uredabove,R1mustcr aftandtransmitan
i
ndivi
dualpacketf oreverydesti
nati
onhewant storeach.Asidefrom bei
ng
horr
ibl
yinef
ficientwithregardtobandwidth,
thi
slimit
ationrequir
estherouterto
knowtheaddr essesofhi sneighbor
sbeforehecancommuni catetothem.

OSPFcanoper at
einoneoft womodesacr ossanon-br oadcastnetwork:
non-
broadcastmul
ti-
access(
NBMA)orpoi nt
-t
o-mult
ipoi
nt.Eachoft hesetopologi
es
tackl
estheabsenceofbroadcastcapabi
li
tyfr
om adifferentdir
ecti
on.

Non-
BroadcastMul
ti
-Access(
NBMA)

AnNBMAsegmentemul atesthefunct
ionofabroadcastnetwork.Ever
yrouter
onthesegmentmustbeconfigur
edwiththeIPaddressofeachofi t
sneighbor
s.
OSPFhell
opacket
sarethenindiv
idual
l
ytransmit
tedasunicastpacketstoeach
adj
acentnei
ghbor
.

Asinatruebroadcastnet
wor
k,aDRandBDRar
eel
ect
edt
oli
mitt
henumberof
adj
acenciesf
ormed.

Poi
nt-
to-
Mul
ti
poi
nt
Apoint -
to-
multipoi
ntconf igurat
ionapproachesthenon- broadcastli
mitati
oni na
dif
ferentmanner .Ratherthant r
y i
ngtoemul atebroadcastcapabili
ty,
itseekst o
organizethePVCsi ntoacol l
ecti
onofpoi nt
-to-
pointnetworks.Hell
opacket s
mustst i
llberepli
catedandt r
ansmi t
tedindi
v i
dual
lytoeachnei ghbor,butthe
multi
pointapproachof f
erstwodi sti
nctadvantages:noDR/ BDRi sneeded, and
theemul atedpoint-
to-pointli
nkscanoccupyacommonsubnet .

Q5.
Whatar
edi
ff
erentt
ypesofOSPFRout
er?

Rout
ert
ypes

OSPFdef
inest
hef
oll
owi
ngov
erl
appi
ngcat
egor
iesofr
out
ers:

I
nter
nal
rout
er(
IR)

Ani
nter
nalr
out
erhasal
li
tsi
nter
facesbel
ongi
ngt
othesamear
ea.

 Ar
eabor
derr
out
er(
ABR)

Anareabor
derrouterisarouterthatconnectsoneormoreareastothe
mainbackbonenet
wor k.Iti
sconsideredamemberofal l
areasi
tisconnect
ed
to.AnABRkeepsmul t
iplecopiesofthelink-
stat
edatabaseinmemory,onefor
eachareatowhi
chthatr outeri
sconnected.

Backboner
out
er(
BR)

Abackboner
outerhasaninter
facetothebackbonear
ea.Backboner
out
ersmay
beal
soarearout
ers,butdonothavetobe.

Aut
onomoussy
stem boundar
yrout
er(
ASBR)

Anautonomoussy stem boundaryrouteri

sar outert
hati
sconnectedbyusing
morethanoner outi
ngprotocolandthatexchangesr outi
nginformati
onwith
rout
ersautonomoussy stems.ASBRst ypicall
yalsorunanexteri
orrouti
ng
prot
ocol(e.
g.,BGP),orusestati
croutes,orbot h.AnASBRisusedt odist
ri
bute
rout
esreceivedfr
om other,ext
ernalASsthr oughoutit
sownaut onomous
syst
em.

Q5.Expl
aint
heOSPFnei
ghbourst
atemachi
ne.

Rout
err
elat
ionshi
ps

OSPFsuppor
tscomplexnet
workswi
thmult
ipl
erout
ers,
incl
udi
ngbackup
r
outer
s,t
obalancet
raff
icl
oadonmult
ipl
eli
nkstoot
hersubnet
works.
Nei ghbor i
ngrout ersinthesamebr oadcastdomainorateachendofapoi nt -
to-
pointt el
ecommuni cati
onscommuni catewitheachotherviatheOSPFpr otocol.
Rout ersf orm adjacencieswhent heyhav edetect
edeachot her.Thisdetectionis
i
ni t
iatedwhenar outeridenti
fi
esi tselfinaHelloprot
ocolpacket.Upon
acknowl edgment ,
thisestabl
ishesat wo-waystateandisthemostbasi c
relati
onshi p.Ther outersinanEt her netorFrameRelaynetwor kselecta
Desi gnatedRout er(DR)andaBackupDesi gnatedRouter(BDR)whi chactasa
hubt oreducet raffi
cbet weenr outers.OSPFusesbot hunicastandmul t
icast
transmi ssionmodest osend" Hello"packetsandlinkst
ateupdat es.

Adj
acencyst
atemachi
ne

EachOSPFr outerwithinanet workcommuni cat eswithotherneighboring

routersoneachconnect ingint
erfacetoest ablishthestatesofalladjacencies.
Ev erysuchcommuni cat i
onsequencei sasepar econv
at ersat
ionidentif
iedby
thepai rofrouterIDsoft hecommuni cati
ngnei ghbors.RFC2328speci fi
esthe
protocol fori
niti
ati
ngt heseconv ersati
ons( HelloPr ot
ocol)andforest abli
shing
fulladjacencies(DatabaseDescr ipti
onPacket s,LinkStateRequestPacket s).
Dur i
ngi t
scour se,eachr outerconversati
ont ransiti
onsthroughamaxi mum of
eightcondi ti
onsdef i
nedbyast atemachi ne:

1.Down:Thest edownr
at epresent
stheini
ti
alst
ateofaconv
ersati
onwhen
noinf
ormati
onhasbeenexchangedandretai
nedbet
weenrouter
swit
hthe
Hel
loProt
ocol.

2.Attempt:TheAtt
emptst atei
ssimil
art
otheDownstate,
exceptthata
routeri
sintheprocessofconcert
edeff
ort
stoest
abli
shaconv er
sati
on
withanotherr
outer,buti
sonlyusedonNBMAnetworks.

3.I
nit
:TheIni
tst
atei
ndi
catest
hataHELLOpackethasbeenr
eceiv
edfr
om a
nei
ghbor
,butt
herout
erhasnotest
abl
ishedat
wo-wayconver
sati
on.

4.2-Way:The2-Waystat
ei ndi
catestheest abl
i
shmentofabidi
rect
ional
conversat
ionbet
weentwor outers.Thisstat
eimmediat
elypr
ecedesthe
establ
i
shmentofadjacency.Thisist hel
owestst
ateofaroutert
hatmay
beconsideredasaDesignatedRout er.

5.ExSt
art
:TheExSt
artst
atei
sthef
ir
stst
epofadj
acencyoft
wor
out
ers.

6.Exchange:I
ntheExchangestat
e,arouterissendingi
tsl
i
nkstat
edat
abase
i
nformati
ontotheadjacentnei
ghbor.Atthi
sstate,ar
out
eri
scapabl
eto
exchangeall
OSPFroutingprot
ocolpackets.

7.Loadi
ng:
I heLoadi
nt ngst
ate,
arout
err
equest
sthemostr
ecentLi
nk-
stat
e
 adv
ert
isement
s(LSAs)f
rom i
tsnei
ghbordi
scov
eredi
nthepr
evi
ousst
ate.

8.Full
:TheFullst
ateconcl
udestheconversat
ionwhenther
out
ersaref
ull
y
adjacent
,andthestat
eappearsinal
lrouter
-andnet
work-
LSAs.Thel
i
nk
statedat
abasesoftheneighbor
sarefull
ysynchr
oni
ze.

Q6.Expl
ainLSATy
pe1.

OSPFRout
erLSA(
Type1LSA)

Type1LSA( alsocall
edRout erLSA)contai
nsi nf
ormat i
onaboutdirect
ed
connectedli
nksintheareatowhi chtherouterbelong.Theyarefl
oodedt oall
router
sinthatarea.I
ftherouterisanABR( AreaBor derRout
er),i
tgenerates
type1LSAsf orallt
heareast owhichiti
sconnect edandsendt hoseLSAst oall
neighborsi
ncorrespondi
ngar eas.

Aswithall OSPFLSA,OSPFi denti

fi
esaTy pe1LSAusi nga32bi tli
nkstat
e
i
dentif
ier(LSI D)
.Whencreati
ngitsownTy pe1LSA,eachr out
erusesi t
sown
OSPFRI Dv alueastheLSID.Int
ernalrouterseachcreateasingletype1LSAfor
themselves, butABRcreatemulti
pleType1LSAf orthemselves,butABRs
creat
emul tipleType1LSAf orthemselves,oneperar ea.
Forexampl einthepictur eexposedabov eseet hatABRr outerhast hreelinks,
twooft hem connect edi nar ea0andanot heronei narea1.So, itwil
lgener ate
oneLSAf orarea0whi chwi llincludeli
nkstoR1andR2, thi
sLSAwi ll
besentt o
allneighborsinar ea0, i
.e.toR1andR2.Anot herLSAwi l
lbebui l
dforar ea1t hat
wi l
li
ncludel i
nksi narea1whi chi sli
nktoR3, thisLSAwi l
lbesentt oR3
becauseR3i sonl yneighbori nar ea1.Thisprocessal sohappensf rom opposi te
side,R1wi thR2sendt oABRt heirty
pe1LSAswi thal
l di
rectl
yconnect edl i
nksin
area0, R3doest hesamewi thitsli
nkconnectedi narea1.LSAr eceivedbyABR
from R2i salsotransmi ttedtoR1andv i
cev er
sa, R1LSAi salsocar ri
edt oR2.I
thisway ,everyrouterint hear eaknowsaboutal ltheotherroutersinthear ea
andt heirenabledOSPFl inks.

Q7.
Expl
ainLSATy
pe2

OSPFNet
wor
kLSA(
Type2LSA)

OSPFnet workLSAs( ortype2LSA)ar egener atedforNBMA( nonbroadcast

multi
access)andt r
ansitbroadcastnetworkst hatr
esidesinanar ea.Asatransi
t
broadcastnet
wor kcouldserveanEt hernetnetworkwher etwoormor er
outers
areconnectedviaethernetli
nksandshar ethesamebr oadcastdomai nl
ikein
thepict
urebelow.

Inthepi ctureyouseeanOSPFnet work,

wher ethereisabroadcastdomai n,
whichconsi st
sofR2wi t
hR1andABRconnect edthroughaet hernetswitch.
Unlikerout erLSAs,whi charegenerat
edbyev eryrouter
,networkLSAs( t
ype2
LSAs)ar egener atedonl ybyDR( Desi
gnatedRouter)forthemul t
iaccess
networ k.Incurrenttopology,ABRrouter
,isatthesamet imeDesi gnatedRout er
(becauseofhi ghestrouterid–4.4.4.
4)forether
netsegmentbet weenR1- R2-
ABR, so, ABRi sinchargef orgener
ati
ngt y
pe2LSAt orepresentthis
mult i
accessnet worki narea0.Let’
shaveal ookatsomeout putfrom “showip
ospfdat abase“ :
Q7.
Expl
ainLSATy
pe3.

OSPFsummar
yLSA(
Type3LSA)

Type3LSAsar egener atedbyABR.Theyr epresentnetworksf r

om anar eaand
aresentt otherestoft heareasinOSPFdomai n.Type1LSAsdon’ tcrossar ea
boundary ,soAreaBor derRouter(ABR)usestype3LSAt oinform otherareas
aboutnet workslearnedinitsarea.Type3LSAusesnet workaddr essasLi nkI D
androuteri dofadvertisi
ngrouterasADVRout erinOSPF
database. Howev er
,eventhoughABRsnotf l
oodTy pe1andTy pe2LSAsi nto
otherarear out
erstill
needt olear
naboutsubneti notherareas.OSPFadv ertises
theseinterarearouterusingtheTy pe3summar yLSA.ABRsgener ateaTy pe3
LSA.

Bydefaultatype3LSAcontainsinf
ormati
onaboutonl yonenetwor klear
nedi n
thearea,so,ABR(Ar
eaBorderRouter)wi
llgener
at eonetype3LSApernet work
l
earnedv i
at y
pe1LSA.Thiscancauseseriousproblemsincaset hereareal ot
ofnetworkstoadver
ti
se,becausealotofLSAwi l
l begenerat
edbyABRs.Ar ea
borderrouter
scangener
ateTy pe3LSAsthatadv ert
isesummarizednet works
i
nsteadofsi
nglenetworks.Summari
zat
ioni
shighl
yrecommendedi
nlar
ge
OSPFdomai ns,
itcansigni
fi
cant
ly 
i
mprovetheper
formanceoft
henet
work.
consi
derfol
l
owingt opol
ogy:

Herewehav etwoABRs.ABR1wi llgener

atet y
pe3LSAsf ornetwork
192.168.0.
0/24inarea10andsendi tinarea0.Al soi twil
l gener
atet ype3LSA
fornetworks192.168.
1.0/24and192.168.2.0/24i narea0andwi llsendthem in
area10.ABR2wi l
lper
form asi
milaroperati
on, i
.e.itwill
gener at
ety pe3link
stat
eadv ert
isementinarea20fornetwork192. 168. 3.
0/24andsendi tinarea0,
andf ornet
wor ks192.
168.1.
0/24and192. 168.2.0/24i narea0t hatwillsendin
area20.

Q8.Whataredif
fer
entChal
l
engeswhenOSPFusesmul
ti
poi
ntFr
amer
elay
Subi
nter
face?

Di
ff
erentchal
l
engeswhenOSPFusesmul
ti
poi
ntFr
amer
elaysubi
nter
faces
 1.Dother out
ersat
temptt
odiscovernei
ghboursbysendingandrecei
vi
ng
multi
castOSPFHellomessages,ordothenei
ghbourrequi
rest
atic
def
ini
tion?

2.Dot
her
out
erat
temptt
oel
ectaDR\
BDR?

3.Doesapar
ti
almeshexi
tsorf
ull
mesh?

Q9.
Expl
aindi
ff
erentt
ypesofLi
nkSt
ateAdv
ert
isement
s.

Ther
ear
e11t
ypesofLSA:

Ty
p LSAName Descr
ipt
ion
e#

1 Rout
er Aroutersendsthi
stodescr
ibenei
ghbor
sandi
ts
owninterf
aces.

2 Net
wor
k Forbroadcastnetworksonly;
thedesi
gnatedr
outer
fort
hebr oadcastsegmentusesthi
st ol
i
stall
the
rout
ersconnectedtot hesegmentdir
ect
ly.

3 Summar
y Ar
out
ert
ouchi
ngmul
ti
plear
easoft
henet
wor
kuses
 thi
stosummari
zeinf
ormati
onaboutoneoft
hose
areast
oupdat
etheotherar
eas.

4 ASBR- Sentbyabor derrout

ert
hathassentaType5LSAt
o
summary descri
behowt ogettothatbor
derrout
ervi
athe
i
nternalnet
wor k.

5 AS-
ext
ernal Sentbyaborderroutert
odescr i
beexter
nalr
out
es
thr
oughit
sel
f.Canbeusedt oadvert
ise"
thi
sist
he
wayto(al
lorpartof)theInt
ernet.
"

6 Gr
oup Usedi nanowobsol etemult
icastversi
onof
member
shi
p MulticastOpenShortestPat
hFirst(MOSPF).
 Most
routersnolongersupportMOSPF; t
hisLSAmaybe
reassignedinthefut
ure.

7 NSSA OSPFst ubareasar ethosewi t

houtadi rectpat hto
Ext
ernal theoutside;t
heydonotal lowTy pe5LSAsi n,andall
exter
nall
yboundt raff
icisjustroutedoutt hrought he
stubarea’sboundaryrouter.
 A“ notsost ubbyar ea”
(NSSA)hassomel imitedexternalrout
esav ail
able;
theyareadverti
sedwi thi
ntheNSSAusi ngTy pe7
LSAs. TheNSSA’ sboundar yrouterstranslatedTy pe
7LSAsi ntoType5LSAst of l
oodi ntoadjacentar eas.

8 Ext
ernal InOSPFv 2,t
hiswasusedt oconveyBGPl i
nk
Att
ri
butes att
ri
butesintoanOSPFnet work,buti
twasr ar
ely
i
mpl emented. InOSPFv3,
ithasbeenrepurposedto
sendinformationaboutal
loftheIPv6address
i
nformationassociat
edwiththelocall
i
nk.

9 I
ntr
a-Ar
ea- Communi catesprefi
xesforstubareasandfor
Pr
efi
x transitnetworks,i
nOSPFv 3.
 (InOSPFv2,i
twasa
l
ink-local“opaque”fi
eld,
conveyinginf
ormati
on
(
wasLink-
passedonbyOSPFr outersbutnotusedforOSPF
l
ocal
Opaque)
routing.)

Fl
oodedt oarearout
erseveni
ftherouterdoesn’t
underst
andtheinformat
ionwi
thin.
 Usedby
10 Area-
Local
appl
icat
ionstoextendOSPFfuncti
onali
ty,e.
g.forMPLS
Opaque
tr
aff
icengineer
ing.

11 ASOpaque Li
keaType10,i
snotf
loodedi
ntost
ubs,
aswi
th
Type5LSAs.
Q10.
Expl
aindi
ff
erencesbet
weenOSPFv
2andOSPFv
3

Pr
otocol
Feat
ure OSPFv
2 OSPFv
3

Di
stanceVect
or/Li
nk
Li
nkSt
ate Li
nkSt
ate
St
ate

RoutedProt
ocol
I
Pv4 I
Pv6
Support
ed

VLSM Suppor
t Yes Yes

Rout
erI
D 32bi
tBi
nar
yID 32bi
tBi
nar
yID

Met
ri
cVal
ue Cost(
BasedonBandwi
dth)
Cost(
BasedonBandwi
dth)

HowDRandBDRar
e Basedonhighestpr
iori
ty Basedonhighestpr
iori
ty
el
ect
ed val
ueandthenhighestRIDval
ueandthenhighestRID

OSPFmult
icastal
l
224.
0.0.
5 FF02:
:
5
r
outer
sIPaddress

OSPFDRandBDR
224.
0.0.
6 FF02:
:
6
mult
icastI
Paddr
ess

Supportf
ormul t
ipl
e
OSPFinstancesper Notav
ail
abl
e Av
ail
abl
e
i
nterf
ace

 Advert
ises-OSPFv
2adv
ert
isesI
Pv4r
out
es,
wher
easOSPFv
3adv
ert
ises
rout
esf orI
Pv6.

 Sourceaddr ess-OSPFv2messagesar
esourcedfrom theI
Pv4addressof
theexitinter
face.I
nOSPFv3,OSPFmessagesaresourcedusi
ngthelink-
l
ocal addressoftheexi
tint
erf
ace.

 Al
lOSPFr
outermul
ti
castaddr
esses-OSPFv
2uses224.
0.0.
5;wher
eas,
OSPFv
3usesFF02:
:
5.

 DR/BDRmulti
castaddr
ess-OSPFv
2uses224.
0.0.
6;wher
eas,
OSPFv
3
usesFF02:
:
6.

 Advert
isenetwor
ks-OSPFv2adver
ti
sesnet
worksusi
ngthenetwor
kr out
er
confi
gurat
ioncommand;wher
eas,OSPFv3usest
heipv6ospfpr
ocess-i
d
 eaar
ar ea-
idi
nter
faceconf
igur
ati
oncommand.

Q11.
Expl
ainOSPFMessageFor
mat
?

OSPFMessageFormats
OSPFusesfi
vedi
ffer
enttypesofmessagest
ocommunicat
ebothl
ink-st
ateand
gener
ali
nfor
mati
onbetweenrouter
swit
hinanaut
onomoussyst
em orarea.

OSPFCommonHeaderFor
mat

Tabl
e:OSPFCommonHeaderFor
mat

Size
Fi
eldName Descr
ipt
ion
(byt
es)

Ver
sion# 1 Ver
sionNumber
:Sett
o2f
orOSPFv
ersi
on2.
Ty
pe 1

PacketLengt
h:Thelengt
hofthemessage,
inby
tes,
PacketLengt
h2
i
ncludi
ngthe24bytesofthi
sheader
.

RouterI
D:TheIDofther
outerthatgeneratedthi
s
Rout
erI
D 4 message(gener
all
yit
sIPaddressont heinter
faceov
er
whichthemessagewassent).

Ar
eaID:Anident
if
icat
ionoftheOSPFareat
owhi
cht
his
Ar
eaI
D 4
messagebel
ongs,whenareasareused.

Checksum:A16- bi
tchecksum computedi
namanner
si
mi l
artoastandardIPchecksum.Theent
iremessage
Checksum 2
i
sincludedi
nt hecalcul
ati heAut
onexceptt hent
icat
ion
fi
eld.

AuTy
pe 2

Aut
hent
icat
io Authent
icat
ion:A64-
bitf
iel
dusedf
oraut
hent
icat
ionof
8
n themessage,asneeded.
Q12.HowisthebestOSPFr
out
esel
ect
ed?
Howar
emet
ri
candSPF
cal
culat
ed?Expl
ain?

1.Anal
yzet
heLSDBt
ofi
ndal
lpossi
bler
out
est
oreacht
hesubnet.

2.Foreachpossi
bler
out
es,addtheOSPFi
nter
facecostf
oral
l
outgoi
ngint
erf
aceint
hatrout
e.

3.Pi
ckt
her
out
ewi
tht
hel
owestt
otal
cost
.

OSPFRout
eDet
ermi
nat
ionUsi
ngSPFTr
ees

Thekeydat ast r
ucturemai ntai
nedbyeachrouterinanOSPFaut onomous
system (AS)isthelink-st
atedatabase(LSDB).TheLSDBcontainsa
representat
ionofthet opologyofeit
hertheenti
reAS(inbasi
ctopology)ora
singlearea(inhi
erarchicaltopol
ogy).Aswehav eseenear
li
erinthissect
ion,
eachrout
erintheASorareahasthesameLSDB,soi
trepr
esent
saneut
ral
view
oftheconnect
ionsbet
weenrouter
sandnet
works.

Ofcour
se,eachrouterneedst opart
ici
pateinkeepi
ngtheLSDBupt odate,
butit
al
sohasitsown“ sel
fish”concerns.Itneedstobeabletodetermi
newhatroutes
i
tshoul
dusef ordatagramsi trecei
vesfrom it
sconnectednetwor
ks—thi
sis,
af
teral
l
,theenti
repointofar outi
ngprotocol.

TheSPFTr
ee

Tofi
ndthebestroutefr
om anyrouter,
itmustdet
ermi
netheshort
estpath
bet
weenit
selfandeachr out
erornetworki
ntheASorarea.Fort
his,
itneedsnot
aneut
ralv
iewoft heint
ernet
workbutav i
ewofitfr
om i
tsownperspecti
ve.

Ther outercreatest hi
sper spect iv
ebytakingt heinfor
mat i
oni nt heLSDBand
transformingitintoashor testpat hf
ir
sttreeorSPFt r
ee.Thet erm“ tr
ee”refer
s
toadat ast r
ucturewi thar oott hathasbranchescomi ngoutt hatgot oother
nodes, whichint urnhav ebr anches.Thest r
uct ur
easawhol el ooksl i
kean
upside-downt ree.Inthiscase, t heSPFtreeshowst het opologyi nformationof
theASorar eawi thther outerconst r
ucti
ngt het r
eeatt het op.Eachdi r
ectly
-
connect edrouterornet workisonest epdowni nthetree; eachr out erornetwork
connect edtothesef i
rst-l
evelroutersornetwor ksisthenconnect ed,andsoon,
untilt
heent ir
eASorar eahasbeenr epresented.

Again,therouterdoesn'treal
lymaket het ree;i
tisjustanalgori
thmiccalculat
ion
perf
or medbyt hecomput erwit
hinther outer.Oncethisisdone,however,this
l
ogical const
ructcanbeusedt ocalculatet hecostforthatrout
ertoreachany
rout
erornet workint heAS( orarea)
.Insomecases, t
heremaybemor et han
onewayt oreachar outerornetwork,sot het r
eeisconstructedtoshowonl ythe
shortest(l
owest-cost)pathtothenetwor k.

Ofcourse, eachrouteri
sonlyresponsibl
eforsendingadatagr
am onthenext
l
egofi t
sj ourney,andnotforwhathappenst othejour
neyasawhole.Aft
erthe
SPFt r
eeisdone, t
herouterwi
llcreat
ear out
ingtablewit
hanentryf
oreach
network,showi ngthecosttoreachit
,andalsothenexthoproutert
ouseto
reachit
.

TheSPFt reeiscreat
eddynami
cal
lybasedonthecur
rentst
ateoft
heLSDB.I
f
theLSDBev erchanges,
theSPFtr
eeandtherouti
ngi
nformati
onar
e
recal
cul
ated.

Li
nkSt
ateAdv
ert
isement

Thel
i
nk-
stat
eadv
ert
isement(
LSA)i
sabasi
ccommuni
cat
ionmeansoft
he
OSPFrout
ingprot
ocolf
ortheI
nter
netProt
ocol(
IP)
.Itcommunicat
est
he
r
outer
'sl
ocalr
outi
ngtopol
ogytoall
otherl
ocal
rout
ersinthesameOSPFar
ea.

Q13/
Whatar
edesi
gnat
edr
out
erandbackupdesi
gnat
edr
out
er?

DR,
BDR

Basedont henetworkt y
pe,OSPFr outercanelectonerout ertobeaDesi gnated
Rout er(DR)andoner outertobeaBackupDesi gnatedRout er(BDR).For
exampl e,onmul t
iaccessbroadcastnetwor ks(
suchasLANs)r out
er sdefaul
tsto
electaDRandBDR.DRandBDRser veast hecent r
alpointforexchangingOSPF
routi
ngi nfor
mat i
on.Eachnon- DRornon- BDRrouterwil
l exchanger outi
ng
i
nf or
mat iononlywiththeDRandBDR, i
nsteadofexchangi ngupdateswi thever
y
routeront henetworksegment .DRwi l
lthendistr
ibutetopologyinformationto
everyotherrouterinsi
det hesamear ea.Thisgreatl
yreducesOSPFt r
affi
c.

Tosendr out
ingi
nformationtoaDRorBDRt hemulti
castaddressof224.0.
0.6is
used.DRsendsroutingupdatestothemult
icastaddressof224.0.
0.5.I
fDRf ai
l
s,
BDRt akesoveri
tsroleofredi
str
ibut
ingr
outi
nginformation.

Everyrout
eronanetworksegmentest
abli
shaful
lnei
ghborr
elat
ionshipwi
tht
he
DRandBDR.Non- DRandnon-BDRrouter
sest
abli
shatwowaynei ghbor
rel
ati
onshipbet
weenthemselv
es.

NOTE–onpoi
nt-
to-
pointli
nksaDRandBDRar
enotel
ect
edsi
nceonl
ytwo
r
outer
sar
edi
rect
lyconnected.

OnLANs,
DRandBDRhav
etobeel
ect
ed.Twor
ulesar
eusedt
oel
ectaDRand
BDR:

1. 
  
rout
erwitht
hehighestOSPFpri
ori
tywill
becomeaDR.Bydef
ault
,al
lrout
ers
haveaprior
it
yof1
2. 
  
ift
hereisat
ie,
ar out
erwit
hthehighestrout
erI
Dwi
nstheel
ecti
on

Ther
out
erwi
tht
hesecondhi
ghestOSPFpr
ior
it
yorr
out
erI
Dwi
l
lbecomeaBDR.

Tobet
terunder
standt
heconcept
,consi
dert
hef
oll
owi
ngexampl
e.

 
 

Allr
outersdepictedaboveareinthesamear ea(area0).Al
lrout
ersarerunni
ng
OSPF.Rout ersR1andR2hav ebeenel ectedasDRandBDRbecauset heyhave
thehighestandthesecondhighestrouterID.I
f,f
orexample,R3’
sdirect
ly
connectedsubnetf ai
l
s,R3informsR1andR2( t
heDRandBDRf ort
hesegment)
ofthenetwor kchange(st
ep1) .R1theninfor
msal lot
hernon-DRandnon-BDR
router
soft hechangeintopol
ogy( st
ep2) .

Q14.
Expl
aindi
ff
erentTy
pesofOSPFMessageTy
pe?

OSPFMessageTy
pes

UnlikeRIP,OSPFdoesnotsendi t
sinf
ormati
onusi ngt
heUserDatagr
am
Protocol(UDP).I
nstead,OSPFf or
msIPdatagramsdi r
ect
ly,
packagi
ngthem
usingprotocolnumber89f ortheIPProt
ocolfi
eld.OSPFdefi
nesfi
vedif
fer
ent
messaget ypes,forvar
ioustypesofcommunication:

1.Hel
lo:Ast
henamesuggest
s,t
hesemessagesareusedasafor
m of
gr
eeti
ng,t
oal
lowarout
ertodi
scoverot
heradj
acentr
outer
sonit
slocal
 l
inksandnetworks.Themessagesestabl
ishr
elat
ionshipsbetween
neighbor
ingdevices( edadj
cal
l acenci
es)andcommuni catekey
parametersabouthowOSPFistobeusedi nt
heaut onomoussy st
em or
area.

2.DatabaseDescr i
pti
on:Thesemessagescont ai
ndescr i
pti
onsoft he
topologyoftheASorar ea.Thati
s,t
heyconv eythecontentsoftheli
nk-
stat
edat abasefortheautonomoussystem orareafrom onerouterto
another.Communi cati
ngalargeLSDBmayr equireseveralmessagesto
besent ;t
hisisdonebyhav i
ngthesendi
ngdev icedesi edasamast
gnat er
deviceandsendingmessagesi nsequence,withtheslave(r
ecipi
entofthe
LSDBi nfor
mat i
on)respondi
ngwithacknowledgement s.

3.Li
nkStat
eRequest:Thesemessagesareusedbyoneroutertor
equest
updat
edinf
ormati
onaboutaporti
onoftheLSDBfrom anotherr
outer
.The
messagespeci
fi
esexactl
ywhichli
nk(
s)aboutwhi
chtherequesti
ngdevice
wantsmorecur
rentinf
ormat
ion.

4.LinkSt ateUpdate:Thesemessagescont ai
nupdat edinformationabout
thest ateofcert
ainlinksont heLSDB.Theyar esentinr esponsetoaLink
StateRequestmessage, andalsobroadcastormul t
icastbyroutersona
regularbasis.Theircontentsareusedtoupdat etheinformationinthe
LSDBsofr outer
st hatreceiv
ethem.

5.Li
nkStateAcknowledgment
:Thesemessagesprovi
der el
i
abi
li
tyt
othel
i
nk-
st
ateexchangeprocess,
byexpl
ici
tl
yacknowl
edgingr ptofaLi
ecei nkSt
ate
Updat
emessage.

Q15.
Whatar
eComponent
sofOSPFnei
ghbourdat
ast
ruct
ure?

 Nei
ghborI
D–Ther
out
erI
Doft
henei
ghbor
.

 NeighborI
PAddr ess–TheIPaddressoftheneighbor
’si
nterf
aceattached
tothenetwork.WhenOSPFpacketsareunicast
edtotheneighbor
,this
addresswil
lbethedest
inat
ionaddress.

 AreaID–Fortwor
outer
stobecomenei
ghbors,
theAreaI
Dcar
ri
edina
recei
vedHel
l
opacketmustmatcht
heAreaI
Doft her
ecei
vi
ngi
nter
face.
  I
nter
face–Thei
nter
faceat
tachedt
othenet
wor
konwhi
cht
henei
ghbori
s
l
ocated.

 NeighborPrior
it
y–Thiscomponentist
heRouterPri
ori
tyoftheneighbor
.
Theprior
ityisusedi
ntheDR/BDRelect
ionpr
ocess.Theneighborabove
hasapr i
oriyof1
t

 State–Thiscomponenti
sther
out
er’
svi
ewoft
hef
unct
ional
stat
eoft
he
neighbor
.

Q16.Whatar
ethecomponent
sofOSPFi
nter
facedat
ast
ruct
ure?

Thecomponent
soft
hei
nter
facedat
ast
ruct
urear
easf
oll
ows:

 I
PAddressandMask–Thi scomponenti
st heconf
iguredaddr
essand
maskofthei
nter
face.OSPFpacket
sori
ginatedf
rom thi
sint
erf
acewil
l
hav
ethi
ssourceaddress.

 AreaID–Thear eatowhi
chtheint
erf
ace,andthenetworktowhi
chiti
s
att
ached,
belong.OSPFpacket
sori
ginat
edf r
om thi
sint
erfacewi
l
lhave
thi
sAreaID.

 ProcessID–ThisCisco-
specificfeat
ureisnotpar
toftheopenst andar
d.
Ciscorout
ersar
ecapableofr unni
ngmul ti
pleOSPFprocessesanduset he
ProcessIDtodi
sti
nguishthem.ThePr ocessIDhasnosignifi
cance
outsi
detherout
eronwhi chitisconfi
gured

 Networ
kType–Thet y
peofnet
wor ktowhichtheint
erf
aceisconnect
ed:
br
oadcast
,poi
nt-
to-
poi
nt,
NBMA, point
-t
o-mult
ipoi
nt,
orvir
tual
li
nk.

 Cost–Theout
goingcostf
orpacket
str
ansmit
tedfr
om thi
sinterf
ace.Cost
i
stheOSPFmetri
c,expr
essedasanunsi
gned16-bi
tint
egeri
nt herangeof
1to65535.

Inf
TransDelay–Thesecondsbywhi
chLSAsexi
ti
ngt
hei
nter
facewi
l
lhav
e
t
hei
ragesincremented.
St
ate–Thef uncti
onal
stat
eofthei
nter
face

Q17.Whatar
ethest
atesofOSPFenabl
edI
nter
face?Expl
ainOSPFst
ate
machi
ne?

St
andar
dAr
eas
Intheexampleabov e,r
out
er2actsasthear
eabor derr
outer(ABR)bet
weena
standardareaandthebackbone.R3isr
edi
str
ibuti
ngroutesfr
om anexternal
domai n,andi
sther
ef or
edesi
gnatedasanautonomoussy st
em boundaryrout
er
(ASBR) .

Asment i
oned,type1and2LSAsar ebei
ngf l
oodedbetweenr outer
sshar i
nga
commonar ea.Thisappli
estoall ar
eatypes,astheseLSAsar eusedt obuil
dan
area'sshortest
-pat
ht r
ee,andconsequentlyonlyrel
evanttoasi ngl
earea.Type3
and5LSAs, whichdescri
beinternalandexternal
IProutes,respectivel
y,are
fl
oodedt hroughoutthebackboneandal lstandar
dareas.Ext ernalrout
esare
gener at
edbyanASBR, whil
einternalr
outescanbegener atedbyanyOSPF
router.

Notethepecul
iarcaseoft
ype4LSAs.TheseLSAsarei
nject
edi
ntothe
backbonebytheABRofanareawhichcontai
nsanASBR.Thisi
stoensur
eal
l
otherr
outer
sintheOSPFdomaincanreachtheASBR.

Standar
dar easwor kfineandensur eoptimalr
outingsinceal l
routersknow
aboutallroutes.Howev er
,thereareoftensi
tuati
onswhenanar eahasl i
mited
accesstot herestofthenet work,andmaintai
ningafullli
nkst atedatabaseis
unnecessary.Additi
onally
,anar eamaycont ai
nlow-endr outersincapabl
eof
maintai
ningaf ulldat
abasef oralargeOSPFnet work.Suchar eascanbe
confi
guredt oblockcertai
nLSAt ypesandbecomel i
ghtwei ghtstubareas.

St
ubAr
eas
Inthi
snextexampl e,
R2andR3shar eacommonst ubarea.Insteadof
propagati
ngext ernalr
outes(type5LSAs)i ntothear ea,
theABRi njectsat ype3
LSAcont ai
ningadef aultr
outeintot hestubar ea.Thisensurest hatr outer
sin
thestubareawi ll
beabl etoroutetraffi
ctoext ernaldesti
nationswi thouthav i
ng
tomai nt
ainalloftheindiv
idualexternalroutes.Becauseext ernalrout esarenot
recei
vedbyt hestubar ea,ABRsalsodonotf orwardtype4LSAsf rom ot her
areasint
ot hestub.

Foranareat
obecomeastub,
all
rout
ersbel
ongi
ngtoi
tmustbeconfigur
edto
operat
eassuch.St
ubr
out
ersandnon-st
ubr
outer
swil
lnotf
orm adj
acenci
es.

Rout
er(
conf
ig-
rout
er)
#ar
ea10st
ub

Thisideaofsubst
it
uti
ngasingl
edefaul
trout
eformanyspeci
fi
crout
escanbe
appli
edtointer
nalr
outesaswel
l,whi
chisthecaseoft
otal
l
ystubbyar
eas.

Tot
all
ySt
ubbyAr
eas

Likest
ubareas,
total
lystubbyareasdonotrecei
vety
pe4or5LSAsf r
om their
ABRs.However,t
heyalsodonotr ecei
vety
pe3LSAs; al
lrout
ingoutofthearea
reli
esont
hesingledefaultr
outeinj
ect
edbyt heABR.

Astubar
eaisext
endedt
oatotal
lyst
ubbyar
eabyconf
igur
ingal
lofi
tsABRs
wi
ththeno-
summarypar
ameter:

Rout
er(
conf
ig-
rout
er)
#ar
ea10st
ubno-
summar
y
Stubandt ot
allystubbyar eascancertainlybeconvenienttoreducetheresource
uti
li
zati
onofr outersinpor ti
onsofthenet worknotrequiri
ngfullr
outi
ng
knowledge.Howev er,neit
hertypecancont ainanASBR, astype4and5LSAs
arenotpermittedinsidet hearea.Tosolvet hi
sprobl
em, andinwhati sarguably
theworstnami ngdeci sionevermade, Ciscointr
oducedt heconceptofanot -
so-
stubbyarea(NSSA) .

Not
-so-
stubbyAr
eas

AnNSSAmakesuseoft ype7LSAs,
whichareessenti
all
ytype5LSAsin
di
sguise.Thi
sall
owsanASBRtoadver
ti
seexter
nalli
nkstoanABR,which
conv
er t
sthetype7LSAsi
ntot
ype5befor
efloodi
ngthem tother
estofthe
OSPFdomai n.

AnNSSAcanfunct
ionaseit
herastubortot
all
yst
ubbyar
ea.Todesi
gnat
ea
nor
mal(
stub)NSSA,al
lrout
ersi
ntheareamustbesoconfi
gur
ed:

Rout
er(
conf
ig-
rout
er)
#ar
ea10nssa

Type3LSAswi llpassintoandoutoft hearea.Unl

i
keanor mal st
ubar ea,the
ABRwi l
lnoti
njectadef aultrout
eint
oanNSSAunl essexplici
tl
yconfiguredtodo
so.Astraf
fi
ccannotber outedtoexter
naldesti
nat
ionswithoutadefaultroute,
you'
ll
probabl
ywantt oincludeonebyappendi ngdefaul
t-
infor
mation-ori
ginate
(t
hankstoAdam f orpointi
ngt hi
sout).

Rout
er(
conf
ig-
rout
er)
#ar
ea10nssadef
aul
t-
inf
ormat
ion-
ori
ginat
e

ToexpandanNSSAtof
uncti
onasat
otall
ystubbyar
ea,el
iminat
ingty
pe3LSAs,
al
lofi
tsABRsmustbeconf
igur
edwi
ththeno-summaryparameter
:

Rout
er(
conf
ig-
rout
er)
#ar
ea10nssano-
summar
y

TheABRofatotall
ystubbyNSSA(ornot-so-
tot
all
y-st
ubbyar
ea,
ify
oupr
efer
)
i
nject
sadef
aultroutewit
houtanyf
urtherconfi
gurati
on.
Summar
y

 St
andar
dareascancontainLSAsofty
pe1,2,3,
4,and5,andmaycont
ain
anASBR.Thebackboneisconsi
der
edastandar
darea.

 Stubareascancont
aint
ype1,
2,and3LSAs.Adef
aul
trout
eissubst
it
uted
forext
ernalr
out
es.

 Tot
allystubbyareascanonlycont
aint
ype1and2LSAs, andasingl
ety
pe
3LSA.Thet ype3LSAdescr i
besadefaul
trout
e,subst
it
utedf
orall
ext
ernalandinter-
arear
outes.

 Not-
so-st
ubbyar
easimplementstubortotall
yst
ubbyf
uncti
onali
tyyet
cont
ainanASBR.Type7LSAsgener atedbytheASBRareconver
tedto
ty
pe5byABRst obefloodedt
ot herestoftheOSPFdomain

St
andardar
eascancont
ainLSAsoft
ype1,2,3,
4,and5,
andmaycont
ainan
ASBR.Thebackbonei
sconsi
der
edastandar
darea.

Stubareascancont
aint
ype1,
2,and3LSAs.Adef
aul
trout
eissubst
it
utedf
or
ext
ernalr
outes.

Tot
all
yst
ubbyareascanonlycont
aint
ype1and2LSAs, andasingletype3
LSA.Thet
ype3LSAdescribesadefaul
trout
e,subst
it
utedforal
lexternaland
i
nter
-ar
earout
es.

Not-
so-
stubbyareasi
mplementst
ubortotal
l
ystubbyfunct
ional
ityy
etcont
ain
anASBR.Type7LSAsgener at
edbytheASBRareconvert
edt oty
pe5byABRs
tobefl
oodedtotherestoft
heOSPFdomain.
Q18)Compar
epar
ti
ti
onedandi
sol
atedar
eas.

Par
ti
ti
onedar
ea:
Q19)Expl
ainconceptofOSPFv
irt
ual
li
nk?

AllareasinanOSPFaut onomoussy stem mustbephy si

call
yconnectedtothe
backbonear ea.Insomecaseswher ethisphy si
cal connecti
onisnotpossible,
youcanuseav i
rtuall
inkt oconnecttothebackbonet hr
oughanon- backbone
area.Asment ionedabov e,youcanalsousev i
rtual l
i
nkstoconnectt wopartsof
apar ti
ti
onedbackbonet hroughanon- backbonear ea.Theareathroughwhich
youconf i
gurethev ir
tual l
ink,knownasat ransitarea, musthavefullr
outi
ng
i
nformat i
on.Thet ransitareacannotbeast ubar ea.

Usetheareaarea-i
dv i
rt
ual-
lnkr
i out
er -
idcommandtoconfigureav ir
tuall
i
nk,
wherethearea-
idistheareaIDassignedtothet
ransi
tarea( t
hiscanbeei t
hera
val
idIPaddressoradecimal val
ue)
, andwherer
outer
-i
dist herouterID
associ
atedwiththevir
tuall
inknei
ghbor .

Q20)Expl
ain

1)Fr
amer
elaypoi
ntt
opoi
ntsubi
nter
faces:

Framer elaydesignall
owssev eralopti
onforIPaddressi
ngandsubnetting.
One
opti
ont reatseachpairofrouterontheendofeachPVCaspoi nttopoint
topology.wit
honesubnetassi gnedtoeachpai rofrout
er.Anot
heropt
iont r
eats
mor ethant worouterasagr oup,whetherconnectedwit
haf ul
lmeshorpar t
ial
meshofPVC, withsi
nglesubnetassignedtothatgroup.

Manyframerel
aydesignuset hefi
rstopti
on,tr
eati
ngeachpairofrouteronthe
endsofaPVCasasi nglesubnet.I
falltherout
erusepointt
opoi ntsubint
erface
.Thetworout
erdi
scov ereachotherusi
ngmul ti
castOSPFHellos,t
heydonot
el
ectaDR.

2)MPLSVPN:

Mult
ipr
otocolLabelSwi
tchi
ng(MPLS)vi
rt
ualpr
ivat
enetwor k(
VPN)cr
eat
ea
WANser vi
cethathassomesimil
ari
ti
esbutmanydiff
erenceswhencompar
edt
o
Fr
ameRel ay.

Thecust omerrouterconnecttot heservice,

oft
enti
thaser iall
i
nk,butot her
ti
meswi t
hf r
amer el
ayPVCorwi thet hr
net.Theservi
ceitselfi
sal ayer3servi
ce
,forwardingIPpacketthroughthecl oud.
Asar esul
t,nopredefinedPVCsneed
existbetweenthecustomerr outeradditi
onalytheservi
ceusesar outeratedge
ofserviceprovi
desacl oudgener al
lycall
edasPr ovi
deredge( PE)r outerandthe
r
out
erar
eLay
er3

Thatlay
er3awarnessmeanst hatt
hecustomeredge(CE)rout
erfrom anOSPF
nei
ghbourshi
pwitht
hePErouterontheotherendofthei
rlocalaccessli
nk
showninfig.
ThePErout
erexchangethei
rrout
estypi
call
yusingMul t
ipr
otocol
BGP.

3)Met
roEt
hrnet
:

Metr
oEser vi
ceprovi
delayer2connect
ivi
ty,
customerrout
erdonotfrom OSPF
nei
ghbourshi
pwithrouter
sinsi
detheservi
ceprovi
desNetwork.
Inst
ead,the
OSPFneighbour
shipfor
msbet weencustomerrout
er.

Fi
gshowst hefourr
outerwithanytoanyconnectivi
tytypi
calofVPNsservi
ce.
Howev er,
form anOSPFdesi gnperspect
iveeachpairofrout
ercoul
d
communi cateoveradif
ferentVLAN, usi
ngadiff
erentLayer3subnet
.Eachl
ayer
subnetcouldbeindiff
erentarea.
Q20)HowdoesOSPFsummar izeonAr
eabor
derr
out
erandaut
onoumous
sy
stem Boundr
yRout
er?
Expl
ain..

Answerf
rom uni
t1(
Rout
eSummer
izat
ion)

Q21)Expl
aindat
abaseexchanget
akepl
acewi
thandwi
thoutadesi
gnat
ed
r
outer
?

Exchangewi
thoutaDR

EveryOSPFneighbor
shipbegi
nsbyexchangi
ngHel l
osunti
lthenei
ghbourt
o
reachthetwowaystate.I
nthi
sstager
outercheckswhetheral
lpar
ameterwil
l
mat chwit
heachotherbysendi
ngmulti
castHell
omessage.

Whenrouterhasr
eachedthe2waystat
ewit
haneighbourt
hent
herouter
deci
deswhetheri
tshoul
dexchangei
tsLSDBent
ri
es.WhennoDRexi
ststhe
answeri
salwaysYES.

PROCESS

St
ep1:
Discov
ert
heLSAknownt
othenei
ghbourbutunkownt
ome.
Step2:Di
scov
ert
heLSAknownbybot
hrout
er,
butt
her
out
erLSAi
smor
eupt
o
date.

St
ep3:
Askt
henei
ghbourf
oracopyofal
lLSAi
dent
if
iedi
nfi
rstt
wost
ep.

Di
scov
eri
ngaDescr
ipt
ionofnei
ghbor
sLSDB

Thenei
ghboui
ngr
out
erf
oll
owt
hebel
owst
ep
1)DD packeti
ssendt
orespect
ivenei
ghbour

2)Whensendi
ngthefi
rstDDpacketi
ssendt heonewi
thhi
gherRI
D
becomesmast
eri
nmast er
/sol
werelat
ionshi
p

3)Afterel
ect
ingamast
ert
ransi
ti
ont
henei
ghbourt
otheexchange
st
ate

4)Conti
nuemult
icast
ingDDmsgtoeachotherunt
ilbot
hrout
erhave
samesharedvieworLSI
Dknowncoll
ect
ivel
ybybothrout
erint
hat
area.

* Exchangewi
thDR
Thebigdi f
tisover
ri
dingchoi
ceorwhitwhom eachrouterchoosesto
perfor
m dbexchange. nonDRrout
erdonotexchangetheird/bdir
ect
ly
withallnei
ghbousonsubnetInst
eadtheyexchangethei
rdbwi t
hDR.
thenDRexchangeanynewchangeLSAwi threstofOSPFr out
erin
subnet