Experiment 4 Plate and Frame Filtration

Chemical Engineering Department
School Year 2019 - 2020
Experiment No. 4
Plate and Frame Filtration
Group Number: 07
Unit Operations 1 Lab / Section: 51145
14:00 – 17:00 Friday / Unit Operations Lab
Name Student Number Signature
1. Garcia, Dale Tristan O. 201512190

2. Isidro, Maridil Joy B. 201510311
3. Peralta, Janine Abiegale Q. 201511022
4. Sumagui, Ma. Francesca S. 201510437
Engr. Sherrie Mae M. Vinluan

Instructor
ABSTRACT:
Filtration is a unit operation that involves in the process of separation of a liquid-solid

system in which the solids are not soluble in the liquid. Plate and frame filter press, one of the
most used filtration setup, is composed of plates and frames arranged alternately with filter
clothes placed over each plate to cover the plate surface on both sides.
The objective of this experiment is identify the basic parts and functions of a plate and
frame filter press, to gain experience in the operation and maintenance of a plate and frame filter
press, to determine the optimum filtration time and optimum cake thickness, to develop the
ability to diagnose possible defects in a filter press design, to determine the washing
characteristics of particular cakes and the capacity of the laboratory filter press, to be able to
design a large scale plate and frame filter press based on the data obtained in the laboratory, and
finally, to estimate the operations cost of separating the solids from the liquid using a filter press.
10% weight slurry of kaolin clay and water was prepared by dissolving 3kg of kaolin clay
in 30 liters of water. This slurry was placed into the feed tank in which it was pumped to the
filter press.
The amount of filtrate collected increased up to the maximum volume of filtrate which
was 1.03 L collected for the 61-80 second-time range. After which, the volume of filtrate started
to decrease until no more filtrate can be collected. For the filtration pressure, the pressure
remained unchanged and constant at 0.0 psig.
The maximum amount of cake thickness obtained was at about 3.6 mm at plate number
one while the least amount of cake formed was at plate number 11 with a thickness of 0.1 mm.
Since the slurry first moved through the first plate of the plate and frame filter press in which the
amount of cake that can be hindered at that point will be the maximum as compared to the
following plates, plate number one produced the thickest cake. Similarly, plate number 10 is the
last one for the slurry to move past to before leaving the filter press thus producing the least
amount of thickness of cake.
The highest moisture content was gathered on the first plate since most of the cake were
also in that location to impede the flow and thus contribute the greatest to resisting the
separation. Consequently, as the plate number progressed, the number of moisture that was left
on each plate decreased since flow was impeded much less as the slurry moved on forward with
the filtration.
In conclusion, the filtration volume, filtration pressure, and filtration rate all showed a
direct relationship with the filtration time up to a certain time interval reaching its maximum
before it will reverse in relationship and become inversely until the filtration operation stops. The
optimum pressure was constant at 0.0 psig for this system. The average thickness is at 1.27 mm
while the moisture content would be 32.27% in average.
INTRODUCTION:
Filtration is a widely used unit operation in Chemical Engineering Process which utilizes
the separation of liquid and solid in which the solids are not soluble in the liquid but are carried
along in it. According to Coulson, it is used to separate solids from a suspension in liquid by
means of porous medium or screen which retains the solids and allows the liquid to pass. It is
widely applicable in various industries such as wastewater treatment, paper and pulp industry,
food and beverages industry, pharmaceutical industry, and chemical industry.
Plate and frame filter press is one of the most used filtering machines around due to its
simplicity in usage and the efficiency it produced. It consists of plates and frames arranged
alternately with a filter clothes placed over each plate to cover the plate surface on both sides.
The plate is a solid piece having a ribbed surface and the frame is hollow which provides space
for the filter cake. Also, plate and frames filter press consist of wash plates that are paced
between the two end plates and the frame plates. Wash plates have a filter medium on both faces
and have a particular port arrangement in order to enable slurry washing procedures. The number
of frame plates and wash plates can be altered so that the separation area and solid capacity of
the filter meets a range of demand. The advantages of using this kind of filter press compared to
others such as low first cost, very low maintenance, provides large filtering area, high operating
pressure are easily obtained, possible to alter capacity, and it is flexible.
Generally, it is carried out in a batch manner. Feed slurry is pumped into the frame plates
and filtered solids are collected there. The solids collected are called filter cake while the liquid
that passes through the filter cloth is called the filtrate. As time passes, particles deposited will
slowly build up over time and this would lead to the formation of filter cake. As a thicker filter
cake is formed, flow resistance increases which causes pressure to increase and greatly affects
the rate of filtration. An increased in pressure maximize the rate of filtration and produce a final
solid with low water content.
Figure 1. Plate and Frame Filtration
I. OBJECTIVES
 To be able to identify the basic parts and functions of a plate and frame filter press.
 To gain experience in the operation and maintenance of a plate and frame filter press.
 To determine the optimum filtration time and optimum cake thickness.
 To determine the optimum filtration pressure as a function of particle size.
 To develop the ability to diagnose possible defects in a filter press design.
 To determine the washing characteristics of particular cakes.
 To determine the capacity of the laboratory filter press.
 To be able to design a large scale plate and frame filter press based on the data
obtained in the laboratory.
 To estimate the operations cost of separating the solids from the liquid using a filter
press.
II. MATERIAL/EQUIPMENT NEEDED
A. Equipment
1.) 1 Unit Laboratory Plate and Frame Filter Press
B. Glasswares
1.) 1 pc. Graduated Cylinder, 1000 mL capacity
2.) 2 pc. Beaker, 1000 mL capacity
3.) 1 pc. Stirring Rod, glass
4.) 1 pc. Timer
5.) 1 pc. Screen, mesh 60

C. Filtering Material
1.) 3kg Kaolin clay suspended in 30L of water
III. EQUIPMENT SET UP
Figure 1. Filtration Press Set-Up
IV. THEORY
Filtration in a nutshell is facing a screen in the flow through which they cannot pass
imposes virtually total restraint on the particles above a given size. The fluid in this case is
subject to a force that moves it past the retained particles. Particles which will not pass through
the apertures are retained and build up into what is called a filter cake.
Analysis of filtration is also the same as studying the flow of system. The fluid passes
through the filter medium, which offers resistance to its passage, under the influence of a force
which is the pressure differential across the filter. Thus, we can write the equation:
Resistance arises from the filter medium, and to this is added the resistance of the filter
cake as it accumulates. The filter-cake resistance is obtained by multiplying the specific
resistance of the filter cake that is its resistance per unit thickness, by the thickness of the cake.
The resistances of the filter material and pre-coat are combined into a single resistance called the
filter resistance. It is convenient to express the filter resistance in terms of a fictitious thickness
of filter cake. This thickness is multiplied by the specific resistance of the filter cake to give the
filter resistance. Thus the overall equation giving the volumetric rate of flow dV/dt is:
As the total resistance is proportional to the viscosity of the fluid, we can write:
Where: R is the resistance to flow through the filter

m is the viscosity of the fluid
r is the specific resistance of the filter cake
Lc is the thickness of the filter cake
L is the fictitious equivalent thickness of the filter cloth and pre-coat
A is the filter area
DP is the pressure drop across the filter
If the rate of flow of the liquid and its solid content are known and assuming that all
solids are retained on the filter, the thickness of the filter cake can be expressed by:
Where: w is the fractional solid content per unit volume of liquid

V is the volume of fluid that has passed through the filter
A is the area of filter surface on which the cake forms
The resistance can then be written:
and the equation for flow through the filter, under the driving force of the pressure drop is then:
This equation may be regarded as the fundamental equation for filtration. It expresses the
rate of filtration in terms of quantities that can be measured, found from tables, or in some cases
estimated. It can be used to predict the performance of large-scale filters on the basis of
laboratory or pilot scale tests.
Figure 2. Constant Rate and Constant Pressure Filtration
Constant-rate Filtration
In the early stages of a filtration cycle, it frequently happens that the filter resistance is
large relative to the resistance of the filter cake because the cake is thin. Under these
circumstances, the resistance offered to the flow is virtually constant and so filtration proceeds at
a more or less constant rate. From the derived equation earlier, it can then be integrated to give
the quantity of liquid passed through the filter in a given time:
Constant-pressure Filtration
Once the initial cake has been built up, and this is true of the greater part of many
practical filtration operations, flow occurs under a constant-pressure differential. Under these
conditions, the term DP in the first derived equation is constant and so
and integration from V = 0 at t = 0, to V = V at t = t
This equation is useful because it covers a situation that is frequently found in a practical
filtration plant. It can be used to predict the performance of filtration plant on the basis of
experimental results.
V. PROCEDURE
Preparation of Raw Materials
Prepare a 10% wt slurry of kaolin and water. Stir well to dissolve disperse particles and to
homogenize the slurry.
Preparation of the Filter Press
Put the slurry in the feed tank and stir it to homogenize and to avoid settling the particles. Pump
the kaolin slurry into the filter press and record the feed inlet pressure. Collect the filtrate for a
specific time ranges and determine the volume.
After the filtration, dismantle the plate and measure the thickness of the cake formed.
Wash off the particles with water. After the parts have dried, assemble the parts back into the
equipment.
Stir
VI. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table 1. Filtration Volume for the Time Range
Filtration Time 0-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80 81-90 91-
(s) 100
Filtration 0.375 0.94 1.10 1.03 0.875 0.350 0.190 0.112 0.034 0
Volume (L)
DISCUSSION:
From the data above it can be inferred that as the experiment progressed on, the amount
of filtrate collected increased up to a certain point, starting at a value of 0.375 L, until the
maximum volume of filtrate was collected, particularly, the 1.03 L which was collected
somewhere around during the 61 – 80 seconds of the trial. Afterwards, the volume of filtrate
started to decrease, particularly during the 81 – 100 second interval when the volume of filtrate
collected transitioned from a maximum value of 1.03 L to 0.875 L, until the experiment was
finished with no more filtrate to be collected. This can be explained by the fact that as the slurry
makes it way through the plate and frame filter press for the first time, the amount of cake that is
formed is only a an iota of the amount that was initially poured to the mixture, which would
explain the small amount of filtrate volume at the beginning, but as time passed on, more of the
cake is formed until one can obtain the maximum amount of filtrate that is available for
collection. However, as the slurry moved its way through the plate and frame filter press, the
amount of cake that has formed for each plate increased to a certain amount that contributed to
the increasing resistance of flow inside the equipment. This explains why the amount of filtrate
volume decreased as the experiment move forward simply because none of them can penetrate
any longer the cake that was formed for each plate until such time that there will be no longer
anymore filtrate volume to be collected.
Figure 3. Filtration Volume vs Filtration Time Plot

DISCUSSION:
Figure 3 represents the graphical form of the data shown in Table 1. It depicts the
relationship between the filtration volume and the time for the filtration. During the first 30
seconds of the experiment, the amount of filtrate volume that was collected started at 0.375 L
until it gradually increased to 0.94 L a few moments after the first volume was measured and
collected. It continued for such time until another batch of the filtrate volume was collected that
was tantamount to 1.1 L. The same amount continued on until it finally reached a decrease in the
filtrate volume which began with a 0.875 L filtrate sample and continued to decrease to 0.35 L,
0.19 L, and 0.112 L, until there is no more filtrate to be collected from the equipment. The graph
projects that the filtration volume is directly proportional to the amount of time the filtration is
commence but only up to a particular time where the equipment will be able to give its
maximum amount. Afterwards, the efficiency of the equipment to actually filtrate will decrease
due to the build-up of cake within each plate that would impart a resistance to flow and will
decrease the amount of filtrate that can be collected for each sample. The graph above depicts
certain time intervals that have the same amount of volume collected due to the fact that some of
the filtrate was having difficulties to move on to the next plate and out because the resistance that
was built by the cake also impeded the flow of the slurry, these intervals are the result of cake
build up and its gradual increase for each flow of the slurry. The graph suggests a direct
relationship between the filtrate volume and filtration time before the maximum point is reached
and an inverse relationship between the two as time progresses after the maximum point.
Table 2. Filtration Rate for the Time Range
Filtration 0-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80 81-90 91-
Time (s) 100
Filtration 0.0187 0.047 0.055 0.0515 0.04375 0.0175 0.0095 0.0056 0.017 0
Rate (L/s) 5
DISCUSSION:
The filtration rate and filtration time comparison was also commenced for this
experiment. As the experiment moved on forward, the rate of filtration increased for a time
interval of 80 seconds. At that point the rate was approaching its maximum allowable amount for
the plate and frame filter press which was ranging between 0.055 and 0.0515 L/s. It showed that
as the experiment started, the filtration was able to commence suitably due to the fact that there
wasn’t enough cake in each plate to hinder the flow of the slurry. However, as the cake build up
increased, the resistance to flow also increase thus filtration became even more evident to be
difficult to commence with which is projected by the sudden decrease of the filtration rate after
the said 80 second time interval.
Figure 4. Filtration Rate vs Filtration Time Plot
DISCUSSION:
Figure 4 is the graphical representation of the filtration rate vs. the filtration time. The
graph shows that the filtration rate was continually increasing during the first quarter of the
experiment since the amount of resistance to flow was only gradual and even miniscule.
However, as time passes on, the amount of cake that was being displaced in each plate, caused a
sudden decrease in flow rate which is the result of the resistance build up. As a result, the
filtration rate continually decreased until no more can penetrate through the said cake and
filtration can no longer be commenced. Filtration rate is directly proportional to the filtration
time however once it exceeds a certain time interval determined by the maximum amount of
cake or filtrate it can handle, the relationship becomes inversely to one another until it finally
ceases to perform its operation.
Table 3. Cake Thickness in each Plate

Plate Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Cake Thickness (mm) 3.6 2.55 2.1 1.25 1.1 0.9 0.6 0.25 0.25 0.1
DISCUSSION:
According to the data measurements during the experiment, the maximum amount of
cake thickness gained was at about 3.6 mm at plate number one while the least amount of cake
formed was at plate number 10 with a thickness of 0.1 mm. This can be explained by the fact that
the slurry will first move through the first plate of the plate and frame filter press thus the amount
of cake that can be hindered at that point will be more in comparison to the sizes that may build
up in subsequent plates. The amount of cake that would stop at the first plate would most likely
be the particles that were relatively large in size which would also explain the difference in its
thickness to the other plates. The plate number 10 is the last one for the slurry to move past to
before leaving the filter press thus the remaining particle sizes left were already miniscule in size
and is susceptible to escape which also explains why the thickness was evidently low at this
plate. The cake thickness, as the data shows, is inversely proportional to the plate in question.
Meaning, the earlier the plate that had to handle the slurry, the more amount of cake it would
have to stop and collect on its surface.
Figure 5. Cake Thickness vs Plate Number Plot

The figure shows that as the plate number is increased, the amount of cake that will build up in
each of the said plates will also decrease. It simply shows that most of the cake will be collected
on the first plate the slurry had to pass while the least amount of cake thickness will occur in the
last plate since only an iota of amount will be left depending on the previous amount of plates
that were before it and have collected the larger sized particles. It shows that cake thickness is
only dependent on the plate number sequence it had to move through and the amount of plates it
must pass through in a given plate and frame filter press. Filtration rate, filtration pressure, and
filtration volume, are a different set of variables on their own.
Table 4. Wet Cake Weight in each Plate
Plate Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Wet Cake Weight (g) 145.4 137.6 130.1 122.4 118.4 111.3 93.4 81.4 78.5 64.5
DISCUSSION:
Wet cake weight was also tabulated depending on the said plate number. Due to the amount
of slurry that had to be handled by the first plate, it shows that it garnered the maximum amount
of filtrate and cake for the experiment. Taking into account, that the measurements were
commenced after the filtration, majority of the filtrate during the last run would more likely stay
on the first plate considering that it has the maximum amount of cake thickness. The resistance
created by the cake build up decreased the amount of pressure driving force and the flow which
would the n result for most of the moisture to leave with the cake thickness on the first plate, the
other filtrate to be were able to penetrate it, only to be hindered at the next plate due to the cake
build up. The wet cake weight takes into account not just the cake but also the amount of liquid
that could have been the filtrate if it were able to commence any further.
Figure 6. Wet Cake Weight vs Plate Number Plot
DISCUSSION:
Figure 6 depicts the graph between the wet cake weight and the plate number. It showed
that as the slurry moved forward on each plate, the amount of cake thickness and moisture
gradually decreased, since each amount would more likely be collected on the previous plates
rather than in the subsequent ones. The amount of cake build up would somewhat act also as a
sponge for some of the filtrate to be since a portion of it would not be able to penetrate its
thickness due to the sudden decrease in flow, increase in resistance, and increase in necessary
location displacement for it to move forward to the next plate. The graph thus show an inverse
relationship to the wet cake weight to the number of plates it has to pass through and the
sequence of each plate.
Table 5. Dry Cake Weight in each Plate
Plate Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Dry Cake 89.5 88.7 84.5 80.6 79.3 75.4 63.9 56.2 54.2 45.3
Weight (g)
DISCUSSION:
Once the moisture was removed from each cake thickness, the weight of each cake was
also measured. Through calculations, it also revealed that the highest amount of cake weight also
occurred in the first plate since it also has the maximum amount of thickness collected in each
plate. The moisture content contributed a certain amount of the mass but once dried it showed
indisputable proof that the thickness was not created due to sudden increase in liquid content but
rather it is because of the cake thickness which was situated in each plate that had collected the
liquid in the first place. It showed that the least amount of cake weight collected and measured
was at the last plate which was equivalent to 45.3 g.
Figure 7. Dry Cake Weight vs Plate Number Plot

DISCUSSION
Figure 7 depicts that as the number of plates increased, the amount of dry cake weight also
decreased. This can be explained by the fact that most of the larger particles would first be
collected on the first plate while the more miniscule ones, which are susceptible to further
penetration, would either escape or be captured at the subsequent and last plate.
Table 6. Moisture Content of Cake in each Plate
Plate Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Moisture 38.45 35.54 35.05 34.15 33.01 32.26 31.58 30.958 30.9553 29.87
Content (%)
DISCUSSION:
Similar to previous data, the table above portrays that majority of the moisture content
was collected on the first plate since most of the cake were also in that location to impede the
flow and contribute the greatest when it comes to resisting the separation. Only a few deviations
can be observed since the thickness of each cake for each of the plates was also deviating in a
few amounts. It also shows that as the plate number increased, the number of moisture that was
left on each plate also decreased, since flow was also impeded much less as the slurry moved on
forward with the filtration.
Figure 8. Moisture Content vs Plate Number Plot

DISCUSSION:
Figure 8 shows the inverse relationship of the moisture content to the plate number that
has been prepared in the plate and frame filter press. This is to be expected, since the amount of
wet cake weight was also shown to be greatest at the first place while it decreased in magnitude
as it approached the last plate. This was also observed in the dry cake weight to plate number
relationship. This shows that most of the filtrate to be would most likely be impeded in the first
plate immediately as it enters during the commencement of a filtration operation.
Table 7. Cake Data

Average Cake Thickness 1.27
Average Moisture Content (%) 32.27%
DISCUSSION:
The table above shows the average property of the entire cake and moisture content
collected during the filtration process. Upon calculation, it revealed that most of the thickness in
the plate and frame filter press would be approaching an amount of 1.27 mm while the moisture
content would only be up to 32.27%
VII. CONCLUSION
The Plate and Frame filter press is an equipment that has shown in potential in
separating a solid particle from a liquid substance. It could project the idea of collecting either
the two but sufficient separation can only be meticulously done if the correct parameters were set
since each time of operation would project a different result. Filtration volume, filtration
pressure, and filtration rate all showed a direct relationship with the filtration time but only up to
a certain time interval, particularly between 0 to 80 seconds, after which it would reach its
maximum point, and the aforementioned variables would then have a sudden reverse in
relationship and become inversely until the filtration operation ceases. This sudden change can
be explained by the build-up of the cake in each plate particularly the largest was on the first
plate while the lowest amount was in the last plate. Due to the increase in cake thickness, the
resistance to flow also increased, thus decreasing the filtration rate and pressure which made it
harder for filtration to be continued. As a result majority of the liquid was not separated and
remained as a moisture for the cake. The number of plate utilized displayed an inverse
relationship between the cake thickness, its weight, both dry and wet, and the subsequent
moisture content.
For this particular plate and frame filter press, it was determined that the optimum
pressure for operation will remain 0.0 psig while the filtration time is most likely between 0 to 80
seconds depending on the particle in question to be separated with the liquid. The thickness that
can be handled by each plate would revolve around 1.27 mm while the moisture content would
be 32.27% in average parameters. Due to the size of the unit, the small amounts it can handle can
be easily explained. One should also take into account that the said plate and frame filter press
also has gone through considerable wearing damages after usage year by year thus decreasing its
efficiency even more. A flaw in its system may be connected to two parts, particularly the pipe
that connects the source to the inlet of the first plate. A considerable leakage was observed which
would explain why the amounts collected were often low of what was observed in previous data
gatherings. Also, the plates themselves have gone through considerable breaks in it, which was a
probable pathway for the filtrate to escape the press and was not fully separated during the
operation. The capacity of the same filter press would normally be around 0.375 to 1.03 L when
it comes to filtrate volume measurements while it would be between 145.4 to 122.4 g in terms of
the cake collected.
VIII. RECOMMENDATION
In order to further improve the results of the experiment, we recommend that other
students should also commence filtration by utilizing other substance than kaolin clay as their
particle and those mandated by the laboratory manual, such as the CaO clay so as to see the
relationship of the particle characteristics to the efficiency of the plate and frame filter press in
separating the solid particles from its liquid counterpart. We also suggest of creating variations in
the plate arrangements in order to see if there would be any considerable changes to its function
and efficiency. Lastly, we also recommend that the amount of slurry be placed in the filtration
unit would be increased up to an amount that will maximize the results beyond those used for
this experiment in order to reach the brim of the units capacity and capability.
REFERENCES:
Books:
Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering, W.L. McCabe, J.C. Smith, P. Harriot, 7th ed.,
McGraw-Hill Inc.
Coulson, J.M. & Richardson J.F., Chemical Engineering Particulate Technology and
Separation Processes, Vol 2, p 372, 2002
The University of Nottingham, Malaysia Campus, Sana Pena Gujrat Technological
University, Patel A.M.
Appendices
Appendix A. Experimental Data
Kaolin and Water
Kaolin: 3kg
Water: 30L
%Weight: 10%
Feed Rate: 248 mL/s
Time Range Filtration Pressure Filtration Volume Filtration Rate

(seconds) (psig) (Liters) (Liters/second)
0-10 0.0 0.375 0.01875
11-20 0.0 0.94 0.047
21-30 0.0 1.10 0.055
31-40 0.0 1.030 0.0515
41-50 0.0 0.875 0.04375
51-60 0.0 0.35 0.0175
61-70 0.0 0.190 0.0095
71-80 0.0 0.112 0.0056

81-90 0.0 0.034 0.0017
91-100 0.0 0 0
Cake Data:
Plate Number Cake Thickness Wet Cake Dry Cake Moisture Content
(mm) Mass (g) Mass (g) (%)
1 3.6 145.4 89.5 38.44566713
2 2.55 137.6 88.7 35.5377907
3 2.1 130.1 84.5 35.04996157
4 1.25 122.4 80.6 34.1503268
5 1.1 118.4 79.3 33.02364865
6 0.9 111.3 75.4 32.25516622
7 0.6 93.4 63.9 31.58458244
8 0.25 81.4 56.2 30.95823096
9 0.25 78.5 54.2 30.95541401
10 0.1 64.5 45.3 29.76744186
Average Cake Thickness: 1.27 mm
Average Cake Moisture: 33.17282303%
Appendix B. Sample Computations
A. Filtration Rate
Time: 20 seconds
Volume of filtrate obtained: 0.375L
Filtration Rate = Volume in L of filtrate / Time

Filtration Rate = 0.375 L / 20 seconds
Filtration Rate = 0.01875 L/sec.
B. Moisture Content (%)

For Plate Number 1:
Wet Cake mass: 145.4 g
Dry Cake mass: 89.5 g
% Moisture Content = (Wet cake mass – Dry cake mass) / wet cake mass x 100%
% Moisture Content = (145.4 g – 89.5 g) / 145.4 g x 100 %
% Moisture Content = 38.45%
C. Average Cake Thickness
Average Cake Thickness = Sum of cake thickness from plate number 1 to plate
number 10 / 10
Average Cake Thickness = (3.6 + 2.55 + 2.1 + 1.25 + 1.1 + 0.9 + 0.6 + 0.25 +
0.25 + 0.1) mm / 10
Average Cake Thickness = 1.27 mm
D. Average Cake Moisture
Average Cake Moisture = Sum of cake moisture from plate number 1 to plate
number 10 / 10
Average Cake Thickness = (38.44566713 + 35.5377907 + 35.04996157 +

34.1503268 + 33.02364865 + 32.25516622 + 31.58458244 + 30.95823096 +
30.95541401 + 29.76744186) % / 10
Average Cake Thickness = 33.17282303%

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Kaolin Clay Slurry Preparation
Filtrate (left) Filter cake (middle &right)

Experiment 4 Plate and Frame Filtration

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Chemical Engineering Department

School Year 2019 - 2020

Plate and Frame Filtration

Unit Operations 1 Lab / Section: 51145

14:00 – 17:00 Friday / Unit Operations Lab

Name Student Number Signature

1. Garcia, Dale Tristan O. 201512190

Engr. Sherrie Mae M. Vinluan

Filtration is a unit operation that involves in the process of separation of a liquid-solid

Figure 1. Plate and Frame Filtration

 To determine the optimum filtration time and optimum cake thickness.

 To determine the optimum filtration pressure as a function of particle size.

 To develop the ability to diagnose possible defects in a filter press design.

 To determine the washing characteristics of particular cakes.

 To determine the capacity of the laboratory filter press.

II. MATERIAL/EQUIPMENT NEEDED

1.) 1 Unit Laboratory Plate and Frame Filter Press

1.) 1 pc. Graduated Cylinder, 1000 mL capacity

2.) 2 pc. Beaker, 1000 mL capacity

3.) 1 pc. Stirring Rod, glass

4.) 1 pc. Timer

5.) 1 pc. Screen, mesh 60

1.) 3kg Kaolin clay suspended in 30L of water

III. EQUIPMENT SET UP

Figure 1. Filtration Press Set-Up

Where: R is the resistance to flow through the filter

Where: w is the fractional solid content per unit volume of liquid

The resistance can then be written:

Figure 2. Constant Rate and Constant Pressure Filtration

and integration from V = 0 at t = 0, to V = V at t = t

Preparation of Raw Materials

Preparation of the Filter Press

Table 1. Filtration Volume for the Time Range

Figure 3. Filtration Volume vs Filtration Time Plot

Table 2. Filtration Rate for the Time Range

Figure 4. Filtration Rate vs Filtration Time Plot

Table 3. Cake Thickness in each Plate

Figure 5. Cake Thickness vs Plate Number Plot

Table 4. Wet Cake Weight in each Plate

Figure 6. Wet Cake Weight vs Plate Number Plot

Table 5. Dry Cake Weight in each Plate

Figure 7. Dry Cake Weight vs Plate Number Plot

Table 6. Moisture Content of Cake in each Plate

Figure 8. Moisture Content vs Plate Number Plot

Table 7. Cake Data

Average Moisture Content (%) 32.27%

Appendix A. Experimental Data

Kaolin and Water

Feed Rate: 248 mL/s

Time Range Filtration Pressure Filtration Volume Filtration Rate

0-10 0.0 0.375 0.01875

11-20 0.0 0.94 0.047

21-30 0.0 1.10 0.055

31-40 0.0 1.030 0.0515

41-50 0.0 0.875 0.04375

51-60 0.0 0.35 0.0175

61-70 0.0 0.190 0.0095

71-80 0.0 0.112 0.0056

81-90 0.0 0.034 0.0017

1 3.6 145.4 89.5 38.44566713

2 2.55 137.6 88.7 35.5377907

3 2.1 130.1 84.5 35.04996157

4 1.25 122.4 80.6 34.1503268