Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
National Capital Region
DIVISION OF CITY SCHOOLS – MANILA
Manila Education Center Arroceros Forest Park
Antonio J. Villegas St. Ermita, Manila

Disaster Readiness
and Risk Reduction

What’s the
difference?
K
Quarter 1 Week 1 Module 2
Learning Competency:
Differentiate the risk factors underlying
disasters.
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1
HOW TO USE THIS MODULE
Before starting the module, I want you to set aside other tasks that will disturb you while
enjoying the lessons. Read the simple instructions below to successfully enjoy the
objectives of this kit. Have fun!

1. Follow carefully all the contents and instructions indicated in every page of
this module.
2. Write on your notebook the concepts about the lessons. Writing
enhances learning, that is important to develop and keep in mind.
3. Perform all the provided activities in the module.
4. Let your facilitator/guardian assess your answers using the answer key card.
5. Analyze conceptually the posttest and apply what you have learned.
6. Enjoy studying!

PARTS OF THE MODULE

• Expectations - These are what you will be able to know after completing the
lessons in the module
• Pre-test - This will measure your prior knowledge and the
concepts to be mastered throughout the lesson.
• Looking Back to your Lesson - This section will measure what
learnings and skills did you understand from the previous lesson.
• Brief Introduction- This section will give you an overview of the lesson.
• Brief Introduction- This section will give you an overview of the lesson.

• Activities - This is a set of activities you will perform with a partner.

• Remember - This section summarizes the concepts and

applications of the lessons.

• Check your Understanding - It will verify how you learned from the lesson.

• Post-test - This will measure how much you have learned from
the entire module.

2
LESSON 2: RISK FACTORS UNDERLYING DISASTERS

EXPECTATIONS
This module will let you grasp the idea of the difference among risk factors
underlying disasters. Specifically, you will be able to accomplish the following:
a. define risk;
b. identify and describe risk factors underlying disasters; and
c. differentiate risk factors underlying disasters.

Previously, you had defined the meaning of disaster. This lesson will let you
understand factors that contribute to the degree of disasters. But before proceeding, let
us check what you know first before you start learning new by answering the questions
below. God bless!

PRETEST
Directions: Write the letter of the correct answer that best describe the idea.
___1. Which of the following is NOT a risk factor underlying disaster?
A. Vulnerability B. Hazard C. Environment D. Exposure
___2. Which is NOT a risk driver?
A. Poverty and inequality C. Properly planned urban development
B. Environmental degradation D. Weak governance
___3. The variables that amplify the effects of hazards, affecting the degree or scope of
a disaster is called
A. Exposure B. Elements at risk C. Risk drivers D. Vulnerability
___4. Which of the following affects the probability that a risk mitigation option will be
implemented?
A. Political and public support C. Long and short-term benefits
B. Financial cost D. All of the choices
___5. Which of the following typically leads to increased risk for a for a population?
A. Urbanization B. Coastal migration C. Both A and B D. neither A nor B

3
LOOKING BACK TO YOUR LESSON

Trio-clue
Directions: Analyze the figure below. Construct an idea that represents what you understood
based on the figure below

Your idea:
Hydro-
meteorological
____________________________________
Hazard
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
Disaster
____________________________________
____________________________________
Geological
Technological
or Man-made ____________________________________
Hazard Hazard
__________________________________.

BRIEF INTRODUCTION

Experiencing disaster in a community cause by hazards whether natural or man-made

is the last thing we could imagine that would happen. It is necessary that people in community
must be aware on how to be prepared or at least knowledgeable enough about risk factors
underlying disaster. This could probably help them understand how to act on lessening the
impact of disaster.
Disaster is influenced by risk factors. What do you think are these risk factors
underlying the disasters? You would probably think that natural hazards are inevitable, so what
are we supposed to know to address the phenomena with confidence to cope with the disaster
it brings? There are several factors to consider as an influencer of disaster. For instance, a
hazard could only bring more disaster to some pre-existing conditions and some hazards had
no or little effect. For example, look at the two figures. Which do you think is more prone to
disaster?

4
 Figure A Figure B
If there would be
a signal no. 3
typhoon, which
of these two types
of house will
suffer much
disaster? Why?

https://images.summitmedia-digital.com/realliving/images/articles/2017/01/29/7-more-gates-and-fences/7-more-gates-
and fences/ZIP%20GATES%20&%20FENCES/4daniel.gif https://globalwindow.wordpress.com/2009/02/21/nipa-hut/

Are you getting the clue now on what could be the risk factors underlying disasters?
Could you identify some more? The next activities will let you identify and describe other risk
factors underlying disasters. Be ready also to differentiate these factors! Good luck!

ACTIVITY 1: HOUSE OF DISASTER

Directions: Observe the diagram below, write down the effects of hazard, and answer the
questions that follow.

Effect of Hazard to House Type

Hazard House Type D
_____________________
_____________________
I
_____________________
_____________________ S
https://johnryanrecabar.files.wordpress.com/2009/10/bahay-kubo.jpg

_____________________
A
_____________________
_____________________ S
_____________________
https://www.dw.com/en/typhoon-mangkhut-makes-landfall-in-philippines/a-
https://www.pinoyeplans. com/listing/althea-elev at ed-bung alow-hou se-
45492945

T
design/# prettyPhoto

Questions: _____________________ E
_____________________
1. Which do you think is the _____________________
_____________________ R
contributing factor underlying _____________________
https://gmcrealtyph.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/amisa-
residences-condominium-building-hoppler.jpg

disaster? _________________

5
2. Compare the effects of the hazard on the three types of houses.
________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________.

3. Which of the types of houses is the most vulnerable to the given disaster? Which is the
least? Justify your answer.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________.

ACTIVITY 2: UNGUARDED MOMENTS

Directions: Examine the figure below. Based on the given concepts, write a possible weakness
that could make the situation unprotected from hazards. Answer the questions that follow.

PHYSICAL D
(Buildings)
I
SOCIAL
S
(Urban Community)
A
ECONOMIC
(Rural Community) S

ENVIRONMENTAL T
(Rural Community)
E

COPING CAPACITY R

Questions:
1. What does the weakness that you have identified represents?
_________________________________________________.

2. If a society is unguarded and unprepared, what do you think would be the correct term for
them if a hazard would be coming?
________________________________________________.

6
3. Elaborate your answer in number 2.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________.

ACTIVITY 3: DEFENSELESSNESS

Directions: Observe the given pictures, identify the types whether the hazard belongs to
hydrometeorological, geological, or man-made. Describe the possible scenario when hazard
strikes and answer the questions that follow.
Pictures Type of hazard Possible scenario

https://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/photos/780x439/2016/jun-1/jp-feature-
062716-01.jpg

http://disaster-survival-resources.com/image-files/nuclear-radiation-exposure-
warning.jpg

https://www.preventionweb.net/v2/assets/img/risk/slides/exposure.jpg

https://www.psychologicalscience.org/redesign/wp-
content/uploads/2009/11/GettyImages-1204316284-609x419.jpg

https://elizabethtown.wini.com/media/2430/receptacle-
arc.jpg?preset=articleFeature_2x

7
Questions:
1. What causes the possible scenario to happen? Explain your answer.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________.
2. What could possibly be done to prevent the scenario to happen when hazard strikes?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________.

REMEMBER
• Risk – the possibility that something bad or unpleasant (such as an injury or a loss) will
happen (Merriam-Webster).1
• Disaster – a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving
widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts, which
exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources.1
• Hazard – a dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity or condition that may cause
loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and
services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage.1
• Vulnerability – it is the tendency to become incapable of resisting hazard or the inability
to respond after a disaster.2
• Exposure – is the tendency of losing property, people, systems and other elements in the
society due their presence within the hazard zones. 3
𝑬𝒙𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒙 𝑽𝒖𝒍𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 1
• Nature of Risk = 𝑪𝒐𝒑𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑪𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚

8
CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING
Directions: Answer the following exercises.

1. Provide examples of the risk factors underlying disasters using the following figure.

Hazard

Risk Factors underlying

Vulnerable
disasters

Exposure

Critical Thinking
2. Explain the difference of risk factors underlying disasters based on your examples above.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

9
Care and Concern for others:
Answer the following questions.
Would you think
building residential
houses like in the
area near Taal
Volcano
appropriate? Why?
Think of an expose
property of yours as
a family that is risky
towards disaster and
then write down how
you could help
lessening the risk.

POSTTEST
Directions: Write the letter of the correct answer that best describe the idea.
___1. These are variables that either aggravate or mitigate the effects of hazards,
affecting the degree or scope of a disaster.
A. Exposure C. Disaster
B. Vulnerability D. Risk Factors
___2. Which is NOT a risk factor underlying disaster?
A. Hazard B. Vulnerability C. widespread human loss D. Exposure
___3. All of the following could be expose to hazard, except?
A. Earthquake B. tall buildings C. agriculture D. Population
___4. Which of the following is vulnerable factor of risk?
A. Typhoons B. Coping capacity C. population D. pandemic
___5. Which of the following is a contributing factor to disaster?
A. Exposure C. Vulnerability E. none of the above
B. Hazard D. All of the above

10
References:
1. Commission on Higher Education. Teaching Guide for Disaster Readiness and Risk
Reduction. 2016;(June).

2. Blanc G Le. What does vulnerability mean? Raisons Polit. 2019;76(4):27-42.

doi:10.3917/rai.076.0027

3. Fire and Emergency Management planning. Hazard, Exposure, Vulnerability, and Resilience.
file:///Users/joefreyrchan/Desktop/DRRR MODULE/4.3 Hazard, Exposure, Vulnerability and
Resilience.webarchive.

Acknowledgements

Writer: JOEFREY R. CHAN – MTII

Editor / Reviewer: REBECCA M. ROXAS, EPS-Science
Management Team: MALCOLM S. GARMA, Regional Director
GENIA V. SANTOS, CLMD Chief
DENNIS M. MENDOZA, Regional EPS in Charge
of LRMS and Regional ADM Coordinator
MARIA MAGDALENA M. LIM, CESO V, Schools
Division Superintendent
AIDA H. RONDILLA, CID Chief
LUCKY S. CARPIO, Division EPS in Charge of
LRMS and Division ADM Coordinator

11
ANSWER SHEETS
Name: Score:

Grade and Strand: Teacher: Date:

Parent’s/Guardian’s Signature over printed name

PRETEST POSTTEST
1. ___ 1. ____
2. ___ 2. ____
3. ___ 3. ____
4. ___ 4. ____
5. ___ 5. ____

TRIO – CLUE
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________.

ACTIVITY 1 – HOUSE OF DISASTER

Effect of Hazard to House Type
Hazard House Type D
_____________________
_____________________
I
_____________________
_____________________ S
https://johnryanrecabar.files.wordpress.com/2009/10/bahay-kubo.jpg

_____________________
A
_____________________
_____________________ S
_____________________
https://www.dw.com/en/typhoon-mangkhut-makes-landfall-in-philippines/a-
https://www.pinoyeplans. com/listing/althea-elev at ed-bung alow-hou se-
45492945

T
design/# prettyPhoto

_____________________ E
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________ R
https://gmcrealtyph.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/amisa-
_____________________
residences-condominium-building-hoppler.jpg

Question
1. ________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________.
3. ___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________.

12
ACITVITY 2 - UNGUARDED MOMENTS
PHYSICAL D
(Buildings)
I
SOCIAL
S
(Urban Community)

A
ECONOMIC
(Rural Community) S

ENVIRONMENTAL T
(Rural Community)
E
COPING CAPACITY R

Questions:
1. ________________________
2. ________________________
3. _______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________.

ACTIVITY 3 – DEFENSELESSNESS
Pictures Type of hazard Possible scenario

https://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/photos/780x439/2016/jun-1/jp-
feature-062716-01.jpg

http://disaster-survival-resources.com/image-files/nuclear-radiation-exposure-
warning.jpg

https://www.preventionweb.net/v2/assets/img/risk/slides/exposure.jpg

https://www.psychologicalscience.org/redesign/wp-
content/uploads/2009/11/GettyImages-1204316284-609x419.jpg

https://elizabethtown.wini.com/media/2430/receptacle-
arc.jpg?preset=articleFeature_2x

13
Questions:
1. ______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________.
2. ______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________.

CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING

1.

Hazard

Risk Factors underlying

Vulnerable
disasters

Exposure

2. Critical Thinking
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Care and Concern for Others

Would you think building
residential houses like in
the area near Taal Volcano
appropriate? Why?
Think of an expose property
of yours as a family that is
risky towards disaster and
then write down how you
could help lessening the
risk.

14
ANSWER KEY
PRETEST POSTTEST
1. C 1. D
2. C 2. C
3. C 3. A
4. D 4. B
5. C 5. D

TRIO – CLUE
Disaster is brought by types of hazards such as geological, hydrometeorological, and man-
made

House 1 : The house will be destroyed

House 2 : The house might get a little damage
House 3 : The building will have little or no damage

Questions
1. The type of disaster
2. The effects of the hazard varies. It depends on the material or building
3. The nipa hut is the most vulnerable and the least vulnerable is the condominium.
The nipa is the most vulnerable because it is made of light materials.

PHYSICAL •substandard materials

(Buildings)
SOCIAL •unpreparedness
(Urban Community) •overpopulation

ECONOMIC •low income or no budget

(Rural Community)
ENVIRONMENTAL •crops and agriculture are exposed to hazard
(Rural Community)
•may be slow due to mental capacity
COPING CAPACITY

Questions:
1. Risk
2. The society is at risk.
3. The society is at risk to experience disaster due to weaknesses they possess and the
lack of capacity to deal with the effects of hazard.

15
 Pictures Type of hazard Possible scenario
Geological Earthquake, lava flow, pyroclastic flow,
lahar

https://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/photos/780x439/2016/jun-1/jp-feature-
062716-01.jpg

Man-made Exposure to radiation or chemicals

http://disaster-survival-resources.com/image-files/nuclear-radiation-exposure-
warning.jpg

Hydro- Tsunami, storm surge

meteorological /
geological

https://www.preventionweb.net/v2/assets/img/risk/slides/exposure.jpg

Biological Diseases, epidemic, pandemic

https://www.psychologicalscience.org/redesign/wp-
content/uploads/2009/11/GettyImages-1204316284-609x419.jpg

Man-made Fire

https://elizabethtown.wini.com/media/2430/receptacle-
arc.jpg?preset=articleFeature_2x

Questions:
1. The possible scenario is cause by natural or man-made hazard. The picture shows risk
factors that will trigger disaster when hazard strikes.
2. Have a concrete plan on housing locations, extreme caution and strict provision of permit to
factories plants, sustainable urban planning, extreme containment of infectious diseases,
correct fixture of electrical wiring, etc.

16
CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING
TYPHOON

EARTHQUAKE

Hazard FOREST FIRES

VOLCANIC ERUPTION

NUCLEAR RADIATION

PHYSICAL

SOCIAL

Risk Factors underlying

Vulnerable ECONOMIC
disasters

ENVIRONMENTAL

COPING CAPACITY

DANGER ZONES

RADIATION

Exposure COASTAL AREAS

INFECTIOUS DISEASES

MAN-MADE HAZARDS

CRITICAL THINKING
(Teacher’s call)

CARE AND CONCERN FOR OTHERS

No. Anytime the volcano will erupt, and disaster may come to the community. It must be
Would you think building explained that people should build residences beyond the danger zones
residential houses like in
the area near Taal Volcano
appropriate? Why?

Think of an expose (Teacher’s call)

property of yours as a
family that is risky towards
disaster and then write
down how you could help
lessening the risk.

17