mikrobiologiis Sesavali da mikrobiologiis ganviTarebis istoria

Cveni planeta, iseve, rogorc mTeli samyaro, Sedgeba cocxali da aracocxali bunebisagan, romlebic
erTmaneTTan urTierTqmedebaSia da urTierTobis mravalgvari formebi gaaaCnia. cocxali buneba qmnis
biosferos da moicavs mcenareul da cxovelur samyaros, adamianis CaTvliT da maTi cxovelqmedebis
produqtebs.

biologia, aris mecniereba, romelic Seiswavlis cocxal organizmebs da maT bunebas. cocxali
organizmebi mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdenen:

 atmosferos airovan Semadgenlobaze: Jangbadis, azotis, naxSirorJangis koncentraciaze,

 bunebrivi wylebis Semadgenlobaze,
 zogierTi sasargeblo wiaRiseulis (naxSiris, navTobis) formirebaze

 awarmoeben organuli da araorganuli nivTierebebis wrebrunvas,

 asruleben sanitarul funqciebs,

 gavlenas axdenen klimatur pirobebze da sxva ekologiur parametrebze, romlebSic arsebobs da

cocxlobs yvelaferi cocxali da maT Soris adamianic.

dedamiwaze arsebuli yvela cocxali organizmi SeiZleba pirobiTad daiyos or did jgufad: makro da
mikrosamyarod. makrosamyaros ganekuTvneba yvela is cocxali arseba romlis danaxvac SesaZlebelia
SeuiaraRebeli TvaliT (adamiani, cxovelebi, mwerebi, mcenareebi), xolo mikrosamyaros ki is cocxali
arsebebi, romelTa danaxvac SeuZlebelia sxvadasxva optikuri xelsawyos gareSe, maT kidev uwodeben
protistebs.

mikrosamyaro Zalze mravalferovani da mravalricxovania da moicavs rogorc mcenareuli, ise

cxoveluri warmoSobis warmomadgenlebs. Mmikroorganizmebi arian sicocxlis organizaciis uZvelesi
formebi. isini warmoiSvnen dedamiwaze cxovelebisa da mcenareebis gaCenamde gacilebiT ufro adre,
daaxloebiT 3-4 miliardi wlis win. dResdReobiT mikroorganizmebi arian yvelaze mravalricxovani da
mravalferovani jgufi cocxali organizmebisa, romliTac dasaxlebulia dedamiwa. maT yvelas aerTianeben
mikrobebis terminis qveS, romelic SemoiRo frangma mecnierma sedilom me19e saukunis bolos.

M mikrobebi moicaven birTvis mqone erT da mravalujrediani organizmebs – eukariotebs (carion

berZnulad niSnavs birTvs), anu umaRles protistebs, romelTac ganekuTvnebian: sokoebi, umartivesebi da
zogierTi baqteria, da prokariotebs, anu “birTvamdel” mikroorganizmebs, romelTac ara aqvT birTvi –
eseni arian umetesoba baqteriebisa, virusebi –nukleinis mJavis, cilebis, fermentebis Semcveli rTuli
nawilakebi da infeqciuri cilovani nawilakebi anu prionebi.

ase rom, molekulur-biologiuri organizacis mixedviT mikrobTa sxvadasxva jgufebi mniSvnelovnad

gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan: zogierTi maTgani wamoadgens mxolod rTul molekulas, mag: prionebi,
an rTul nawilakebs, mag: virusebi, sxvebi ki warmoadgenen srulyofil, biologiuri sistemebis mqone
organizmebs, romlebsac SeuZliaT avtonomiuri arseboba da cxovelqmedeba, rogorc baqteriebs, sokoebs da
umartivesebs.

M mikrobebi Zalze farTod arian gavrcelebuli, isini arseboben yvelgan: niadagSi, haerSi, wyalSi,
atmosferoSi, kosmosSi, adamianis, cxovelTa da mcenareTa organizmebSi. maTi saxeobrivi Semadgenloba
Zalian mravalferovania, magaliTad mxolod baqteriebis 100 000 ze meti saxeobaa cnobili, sokoebis ki 250
000mde. adamianis organizmSi “cxovrobs” 1013-14 baqteria, amavdoulad asobiT da aTasobiT soko, virusi da
umartivesi. es niSnavs, rom adamianis yovel erT ujredze modis ramdenime mikrobi. mikrobebi, romlebic
saxloben adamianis organizmSi qmnian mis mikroekologias, romelic uzrunvelyofs rogorc adamianis
organizmis normalur cxovelqmedebas, ise did rols asrulebs paTologiur procesebSi. garemoSi – wyalSi,
haerSi, niadagSi, sacxovrebel garemoSi, sakveb produqtebSi arsebuli mikrobebic TavisTavad did gavlenas
axdenen biologiur, bunebriv da sanitarul pirobebze im arealSi, romelSic cocxlobs adamiani.

mikrobebsa da sxva cocxal da aracocxal bunebas Soris arsebobs kavSiri – biocenozi. adamiansa da
mikrobebs Soris Camoyalibebuli biocenozi SeiZleba sxvadasxva saxis iyos.

adamianis da mikrobis urTierToba SeiZleba daiyos:

 neitralizmad – rodesac arcerTi mxare erTmaneTis cxovelqmedebaze ar axdens gavlenas
da
 simbiozad – rodesac mikro da makro organizms Soris yalibdeba garkveuli urTierTobebi da
isini raRac xasiaTs iZenen
1. Tu es urTierTobebi “mSvidobiania” da orive mxare erTmaneTisagan sargebels
naxulobs, saubroben mutualizmze da mutualistur simbiozze,
2. Tu urTierTobebi momgebiania mxolod erTi “partniorisaTvis” saubroben
komensalizmze
3. xolo, Tu erTis arseboba azaralebs da vnebs meores, es aris parazitizmi anu
antagonisturi simbiozi.
am urTierTobebidan gamomdinareobs mikrobebis dayofa paTogenur da arapaTogenur
mikroorganizmebad (berZnuli sityvidan patos daavadeba).
paTogenuria is mikrobi, romelsac SeuZlia adamianSi (an cxovelSi) daavadebis gamowveva, xolo
arapaTogenuria is – romelic ar iwvevs daavadebas. arsebobs kidev pirobiT paTogenuri mikrobebi,
romlebic normaSi ar iwveven aranair daavadebas da mxolod garkveul pirobebSi “gardaiqmnebian”
paTogenurebad.

mikrobebis arseboba dedamiwaze maTi Seswavlis “mizezi” gaxda. biologia Seiswavlis cocxal
organizmebs (laTinuri sityvidan bios – sicocxle), xolo mikrobebs, maT morfologias, fiziologias, genetikas,
sistematikas, ekologias da urTierTobas sicocxlis sxva formebTan ki Seiswavlis biologiis erT –erTi dargi
mikrobiologia (berZnuli sityvidan micros – mcire).

mikrobTa samyaros mravalferovnebam ganapiroba mikrobiologiis dargis diferenciacia sxvadasxva

mimarTulebebad. dResdReobiT asxvaveben:

zogad mikrobiologias – romelic Seiswavlis mikrobTa struqturas, fiziologias, bioqimias, genetikas,

evoluciasa da ekologias

da kerZo mikrobiologias romelic moicavs:

 samedicino mikrobiologias, sadac erTiandeba klinikuri baqteriologia, virusologia, mikologia,

protozoologia, sanitaruli mikrobiologia

 veterinarul mikrobiologias

 sawarmoo anu teqnikur mikrobiologias

 soflis meurneobis mikrobiologias

 kosmosur mikrobiologias

mikrobiologiis, rogorc dargis ganviTareba ramdenime istoriul periods moicavs. Eesenia:

1. evrestiuli (evristika – niSnavs mixvedras) periodi – iwyeba hipokrates (IV - III sauk. Zv. w)
mosazrebebiT imis Sesaxeb, rom adamianidan adamianze gadamcemi daavadebebi gamowveulia
uxilavi, aracocxali nivTierebebiT, romelTac hipokratem uwoda “miazma”. X saukuneSi tajikma
filosofosma abu ali ibn sinam, laTinurad avicenam Tavis naSromebSi anatomiis, fiziologiisa da
biologiis mTel rig sakiTxebTan erTad wamoayena hipoTeza zogierTi daavadebis TvaliT uxilavi
gamomwvevi agentebis Sesaxeb. renesansis epoqaSi 1374w veneciaSi gamoica brZaneba Sav Wirze
saeWvo pirTa 40 dRiT izolaciis Sesaxeb (quaranta giorni), saidanac warmoiSva termini karantini, anu
arsebobda eWvi daavadebaTa raRac agentiT gadacemis Sesaxeb. XV – XVI ss italielma eqimma
 jeralimo frakastorom Camoayaliba azri, rom daavadebebs iwveven cocxali “kontagiebi”, romlebic
gadaecemian haeriT anda moxmarebis sagnebiT da rom es arsebebi cocxloben igive saarsebo garemoSi,
romelSic adamianebi da rom daavadebebTan sabrZolvelad aucilebelia daavadebuli adamianis izolacia
da a. S. am mosazrebebis gamo frakastoro iTvleba epidemiologiis fuZemdeblad. man pirvelma aRwera:
naturaluri yvavili, cofi, wiTela, keTri da ivarauda am daavadebebis gavrcelebaSi cocxali agentebis
monawileoba, romlebsac aqvT gamravlebis unari.

2. morfologiuri, igive sawyisi periodi XVII – XVIII ss

germanelma mecnierma da swavlulma iezuitma aTanase kirxerma (1602 – 1680 w) mZlavri lupis
saSualebiT, romelic mxolod 32 jerad gadidebas iZleoda, dampal xorcSi, rZeSi, ZmarSi da a. S. dainaxa
umciresi “Wiebi” (rogorc man uwoda) da ivarauda am “Wiebis” roli zogierT daavadebaSi, magram
kirxeris lupaSi danaxul “Wiebs” aRiareba ar mohyolia. mikrobebis “oficialuri” aRmomCeni gaxda
anton van levenhuki (1632 – 1723), holandieli vaWari, romelmac minebis damuSavebiT Seqmna
linzebis sistema, primitiuli mikroskopi, romelic iZleoda 150-300 jerad gadidebas. levenhukma wvimis
wyalSi, kbilebis nadebSi, dampal xorcSi aRmoaCina cocxali umciresi “mxecebi” – animalikutesi,
rogorc man uwoda. amiT dadasturda mikrobebis arseboba, magram maTi monawileoba daavadebebSi
jer damtkicebuli ar iyo. kacobriobas uWirda adamianebisa da cxovelebis samyaros garda kidev mesame
samyaros arsebobis aRiareba. adamianis paTologiur procesebSi mikrobTa rolis dasadastureblad daiwyo
cxovelebze cdebis Catareba, mogvianebiT frangma medikosma henlem Camoayaliba idea infeqciebsa
da maT gamomwvevebs Soris kavSiris Sesaxeb. henlem pirvelma daadgina, rom infeqciis
gamomwvevs aqvs unari gamravldes qsovilebSi, gavrceldes da gamoiwvios daavadebis konkretuli,
tipiuri mimdinareoba. Mme XIX –e saukunis bolos rusi mecnieris, botanikosi ivanovskis mier
aRmoCenili iqna virusebi – daavadebis gamomwvevi umciresi agentebi, romlebic gadiodnen baqteriul
filtrebSi.

3. fiziologiuri, igive pasteris da imunologiuri periodi. Mme XIXe saukunis Sua periodidan intensiurad
daiwyo baqteriebis fiziologiis Seswavla.

adamiani uxsovari droidan spirtuli duRilis Sedegad, romelsac awarmoeben baqteriebi, iRebda yurZnis
Rvinos, magram TviTon procesis buneba misTvis ucnobi rCeboda. safrangeTsa da sxva saxelmwifoebSi
ganviTarebuli Rvinis warmoeba rigi bioteqnologiuri sakiTxebis gadawyvetas moiTxovda. medicinis
sferoSic momwifda uamravi kiTxva gadamdeb infeqciebis bunebasTan, Wrilobebis daCirqebis
mizezebTan dakavSirebiT. am sakiTxebis umravlesoba gadaWra frangma mecnierma, qimikosma lui
pasterma (1822 – 1895w). pasterma eqsperimentulad dasabuTa, rom spirtuli duRili gamowveulia
gansazRvruli saxeobis mikroorganizmebiT, Rvinis daZmareba ki gamowveulia sxva saxis baqteriebis mier
warmoebuli ZmarmJava duRiliT. pasterma agreTve dauSva, rom adamianis daavadebebi warmoadgendnen
duRilis msgavss process, gamowveuls sxvadasxva mikroorganizmebiT, romlebic operaciebis Semdeg
Cirqovani garTulebebis mizezi xdebodnen. pasteri amtkicebda, rom mSobiareTa cxeleba, furunkulozi,
osteomieliti, jilexi da sxva daavadebebi mikroorganizmebiT iyo gamowveuli.

pasteris aRmoCenebma safuZveli Cauyara mTel rig mecnierebebs: imunologias, mikrobiologias,

bioteqnologias, stereoqimias.

man pirvelma aRmoaCina;

1. duRili da aRwera misi buneba – pasterma daamtkica rZemJava, spirtuli, ZmarmJava duRilis
mikrobuli buneba da am procesebSi mikrobuli fermentebis monawileoba

2. anaerobiozi – pateris mier damtkicebuli iqna is faqti, rom zogierTi baqteria ara Tu ver uZlebs
Jangbadian garemos, aramed izdeba da mravldeba mxolod uJangbado areSi,

3. sterilizaciis principebi – Rvinis daavadebebTan brZolisaTvis pasterma gamoiyena misi gaTboba 50-
600C mde, imisaTvis rom moespo bqteriebi, romelic mis daZmarebas iwveven, am meTodiT ki man
safuZveli Cauyara sterilizaciis princips, romelic dRemde pasterizaciis saxeliT aris cnobili,

4. pasterma uaryo mis dros gavrcelebuli TviTCasaxvis Teoria – pasteris dros iTvleboda, rom yvela
cocxali arseba TviTwarmoiSveboda: mag, taraknebi – WuWyidan, bayayebi – Slamidan, aseve
Tvlidnen, rom mikrobebic TviTwarmoiSvebodnen. magram pasterma daamtkica, rom Tu sterilur
bulionis zedapirs Sexeba ar eqneboda haerTan, igi ar dabinZurdeboda baqteriebiT, ese igi,
baqteriebis TviTwarmoqmna ar xdeboda,

5. pasterma SeimuSava vaqcinaciis principebi da vaqcinebis miRebis meTodebi

pasteris mier pirvelad iqna SemuSavebuli vaqcina qaTmis qoleris gamomwvevis mimarT. Tumca 1797
w. pasteris cdebamde gacilebiT adre, ingliseli eqimis eduard jeneris mier miRebuli iqna vaqcina infeqciuri
daavadebis - yvavilis gamomwvevis mimarT. jenerma Zroxis yvavilis gamomwvevi Seuyvana adamians,
riTac man gamoiwvia msubuqi imunizacia da adamiani SemdgomSi yvaviliT aRar daavadda. am vaqcinam
namdvili aRiareba pasteris cdebis Semdeg moipova. pastermaAaCvena, rom sxvadasxva gziT dasustebuli
(dasxivebiT, temperaturuli zemoqmedebiT da sxv.) infeqciuri agentis, mag; qaTmis qoleris an cofis
gamomwvevis Seyvana adamianSi iwvevda SemdgomSi am organizmis mdgradobas amave daavadebis
mimarT, man SeZlo vaqcinaciis principis dasabuTeba.

yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo pasteris mier cofis vaqcinis Seqmna. man cofiT daavadebuli ZaRlebis da
bocvrebis Tavis tvinidan miiRo cofis cocxali gamomwvevi, araswori kultivirebiT daasusta igi da
gamoiyena rogorc vaqcina. aRsaniSnavia, rom pirveli qveyana, sadac moxda cofis vaqcinis warmoeba iyo
ruseTi. rusma mecnierma i. meCnikovma da n. gamaleiam odesaSi Camoayalibes sadguri, romelac uwodes
pasteris saxeli da sadac xdeboda cofis vaqcinis warmoeba.

ingliselma eqimma iozef listerma erT_erTma pirvelma daafasa pasteris aRmoCenebis mniSvneloba da
gamoiyena igi qirurgiuli operaciebis dros. swored man danerga klinikur praqtikaSi aseptikis meTodi, rac
mdgomareobs yvela qirurgiuli instrumentisa da saoperacio ubnis profilaqtikur damuSavebaSi sadenzifeqcio
xsnarebis saSualebiT. am gziT man SeZlo operaciebis Semdgomi sikvdilianobis mkveTri Semcireba.

pasteris paralelurad germaniaSi moRvaweobda robert koxi (1843 – 1910), mecnieri, romelmac udidesi
roli Seasrula mikrobiologiuri kvlevis meTodebis Seqmnasa da daxvewaSi. man Semoitana baqteriuli
kulturis, sufTa kulturis cneba, man pirvelma aRmoaCina tuberkulozis gamomwvevi (e.w. koxis Cxiri) da
qoleris vibrioni. man miiRo tuberkulozis sawinaaRmdego pirveli preparati tuberkulini da Camoayaliba
infeqciuri sneulebebis damadasturebeli myari kriteriumebi, romlebic cnobili iyo rogorc gentle (germaneli
mecnieri) – koxis triada. infeqciur sneulebebSi mikroorganizmebis monawileobis faqtebs asaxavda:

1. ama Tu im mikrobis aRmoCena daavadebul pirSi da misi ar arseboba janmrTel pirSi,

2. mikrobis gamoyofa da misi sufTa kulturis miReba da

3. am sufTa kulturis mier eqsperimentul cxovelSi Seyvanis Semdeg daavadebis igive suraTis miReba,
rac avadmyof adamians axasiaTebda.

dResdReobiT am Teoriam bevri ”cvlileba” ganicada, magram im droisaTvis es udidesi kvleva iyo. r. koxs
1905 w mieniWa nobelis premia medicinaSi.

daaxloebiT XX saukunis 20 ian wlebSi iqna aRmoCenili baqteriebis unari warmoqmnan toqsinebi
da pirvelad gamoiyo difteriuli egzotoqsini. antitoqsiuri Sratebis da vaqcinebis Seqmnam safuZveli Cauyara
axal mecnierebas – imunologias, romlis erT –erTi fuZemdebeli iyo i. meCnikovi (1845 – 1917) –
fagocitaruli anu ujreduli Teoriis damaarsebeli. 1915 w. rusma mecnierma m. raiskma pirvelma aRmoaCina
imunulogiuri mexsierebis movlena. imunologiisa da qimioTerapiis ganviTarebaSi aseve udidesi roli
Seasrula paul erlixma, romelmac pirvelma ivarauda imunur pasuxSi antisxeulebis monawileoba da saerTod
maTi arseboba. 1900 wels r. koxma aRmoaCina imunuri sistemis reagirebis axali forma, romelsac uwoda
dayovnebuli tipis hipermgrZnobeloba. erlixs, rogorc humoruli imunitetis Teoriis da meCnikovs, rogorc
fagocitaruli Teoriis fuZemdeblebs 1908 w mieniWad nobelis premia, imunologiis dargSi.

4. XIX saukunis bolos da XX saukunis dasawyisSi aRmoCenili iqna virusebi - infeqciis gamomwvevi
umciresi agentebi, romlebic gadiodnen baqteriul filtrebSi, vinaidan isini bevrad ufro patara zomis
 iyvnen vidre baqteriuli filtris forebi. maT filtrirebadi agentebi Searqves. eleqtronuli mikroskopis
aRmoCenamde virusebis kvleva aqtiurad ver mimdinareobda. SemdgomSi am aRmoCenebs mihyva
riketsiebis, qlamidiebis, umartivesebis, mikoplazmebis da sxv baqteriebis aRmoCena. Seiqmna
anatoqsinebi – difteriis, tetanusis. SemuSavda sadiagnostiko serologiuri meTodebi. 30-ian wlebSi
Seiqmna malariis sawinaaRmdego wamali. meore msoflio omis periodSi, 1940 w ingliseli mecnierebis
e. Ceinisa da g. floris mier miRebul iqna jer kidev 1928 w aseve ingliseli mecnieris flemingis mier
aRmoCenili soko Penicillium mier sinTezirebuli nivTiereba, romelsac penicilini ewoda. penicilinis
miRebam safuZveli Cauyara antibiotikebis eras. 1943w daiwyo penicilinis seriuli warmoeba,
SeerTebul StatebSi, ruseTSi mas awarmoebda z. ermolieva. xolo 1944 w amerikelma mecnierma e.
vaksmanma aqtinomicetebidan gamoiyo streptomicini. daiwyo antibiotikebis qimiuri gziT miReba da
maTTvis sul ufro qmediTi radikalebis mierTeba.

5. XX saukunis meore naxevarSi samecniero-teqnikurma revoluciam da kvlevis axali xelsawyoebis

Seqmnam ganapiroba mikrobiologiis, imunologiisa da virusologiis Zalze swrafi ganviTareba. Tavis
mxriv genetikis ganviTarebam safuZveli Cauyara kvlevebis molekulur-genetikur midgomas.
araqromosomuli elementebis – plazmidebis, transpozonebis da IS Tanmimdevrobebis aRmoCenam
SesaZlebeli gaxada qimioTerapiul preparatebis daxvewa da maT mimarT am faqtorebis mier
ganpirobebuli rezistentobis moxsna, an Semcireba. 60 -70 w Camoyalibda genuri inJineria, romelmac
biologiurad aqtiuri nivTierebebis (hormonebis, fermentebis, interferonebis, antibiotikebis, vaqcinebis)
warmoebaSi axali meTodebi Semoitana. aRmoCenili iqna Sidsisa da T leikozebis gamomwvevi
virusebi. dainerga mkurnalobis axali meTodebi da Seiqmna axali qimiopreparatebi.

mikrobiologia dResdReobiT biologiis erT-erTi ZiriTadi disciplinaa. mikroorganizmebis

Taviseburebebis codnis gareSe gaugebari iqneboda dedamiwaze mimdinare procesebi. mikrobiologiis
codnis gareSe wamoudgenelia iseTi dargebis ganviTareba rogoricaa: bioqimia, molekuluri biologia,
genetika, genuri inJineria, biofizika, ekologia, imunologia, bioteqnologia, sasoflo sameurneo dargebi.
mikrobebi arian uamravi bioaqtiuri nivTierebebis producentebi: fermentebis, antibiotikebis,
aminomJavebis, vitaminebis, sakvebi cilebis. maTi miReba da gamoyeneba SeuZlebelia bazisuri
mikrobiologiis codnis gareSe. mikrobebi warmoadgenen genuri inJineriisaTvis sakvlev masalas.
mikroorganizmebi monawileoben niadagis fenebis da sasargeblo wiaRiseulis CamoyalibebaSi.
Sesabamisad, mikrobiologiis codna aucilebelia yvela biologisaTvis, bioteqnologiur dargebSi, sasoflo
sameurneo dargebSi, aseve, geologiur disciplinebSi momuSave pirTaTvis - praqtikulad yvela sicocxlis
Semswavleli mecnierebisaTvis.
 mikrobiologia da imunologia aseve, exeba da kveTs yvela samedicino disciplinas: qirurgias,
Terapias, onkologias, nevrologias, urologias, ofTalmologias, pediatrias, stomatologias, infeqciur
sneulebebs, farmacevtul disciplinebs. amitom, nebismieri eqimisaTvis mikrobiologiis codna aucilebelia.
infeqciuri daavadebebi miuxedavad civilizaciis ganviTarebisa, gavrcelebis mixedviT pirvel adgilze gadis,
xSirad qirurgiul Carevas an medikamentur Terapias mivyavarT normaluri mikrofloris darRvevamde da
eqims unda SeeZlos aseTi situaciis analizireba da swori mkurnalobis SerCeva, planetis mosaxleoba
cxovrobs garkveul ekologiur garemoSi, romelic ganpirobebulia klimaturi, socialuri da sxva movlenebiT da
am yvelafers gavlena aqvs mikrofloraze, rogorc garemoSi arsebul mikrofloraze, aseve adamianis
autoflorazec. Sesabamisad, eqimi unda erkveodes elementarul ekologiur da sanitarul mikrobiologiaSi da
aseve, eqimebis gankargulebaSia imunobiologiuri da antimikrobuli preparatebis uzarmazari arsenali da
maTi gamoyeneba unda icodes nebismierma eqimma, xolo maTi gamoyenebis codna SeuZlebelia
mikrobiologiuri codnis gareSe.

mikroekologia

biosferos formireba daaxloebiT 3 mlr wlis win moxda, roca erTaderTi binadarni dedamiwaze
prokariotuli baqteriebi iyvnen. mikrorganizmebi ukve arsebobdnen dedamiwaze, rodesac planetis zedapiri
iZenda Tavis Tanamedrove saxes, isini ukve arsebobdnen maSin, rodesac erTiandebodnen kontinentebi,
Cndeboda ramdenime aTasi metris sisqis naleqebi, yalibdeboda madnebi, qvanaxSiris, navTobisa da
bunebrivi gazis sabadoebi. dedamiwa Tavisi organuli evoluciis mTeli periodis 80% dasaxlebuli iyo
mikroorganizmebiT.

sxvadasxva saxeobis mcenareebiT, cxovelebiT, sokoebiT, wyalmcenareebiT dasaxlebul

dedamiwaze, ganviTarebis Tanamedrove epoqaSi, biosferos cxovelqmedebaSi dominirebuli roli
mikroorganizmebs miuZRviT.

mikroorganizmebi monawileoben iseTi ZiriTadi elementebis wrebrunvaSi, rogoricaa azoti, fosfori,

naxSirbadi, Jangbadi, gogirdi. Tu mwvane mcenareebi asinTezireben organul nivTierebebs mzis energiisa
da naxSirbadis gamoyenebiT da amitom iwodebian producentebad, cxovelebi ki moixmaren am
pirveladi biomasis umetes nawils da amitom iwodebian konsumentebad (anu momxmareblebad),
mikroorganizmebi warmoadgenen destruqtorebs – isini Slian mcenareul da cxovelur masas da organul
nivTierebebs gardaqmnian araorganulad, anu awarmoeben mineralizacias. es umniSvnelovanesi procesia
dedamiwisaTvis.

mikroorganizmebs cxovelebisa da mcenareebisagan gansxvavebiT SeuZliaT yvela organuli

nivTierebis, maT Soris cxovelebisa da mcenareebis mier sinTezirebulis, transformacia. garda amisa, isini
damoukideblad axdenen biomasis sinTezs da mis daSlas sawyis elementebamde. ase, magaliTad
azotmafiqsirebeli baqteriebi haeris molekuluri azotidan asinTezireben cilebs, amonifikatorebi axdenen
cilebis transformacias amiaksa da mis marilebSi, xolo denitrifikatorebi aRadgenen maT molekulur
azotamde. mikrobebis nawili dioqsididan, naxSirbadidan, karbonatidan da sxva mineraluri
nivTierebebidan asinTezireben naxSirwylebs, sxvebi duRilis dros xelaxla gardaqmnian maT
dioqsinaxSirbadad da karbonatebad. gogirdis transformaciac aseve mimdinareobs – mikroorganizmebi
gogirds Jangaven gogirdmJavamde, xolo Semdeg gogirdamde aRadgenen fosforiT, wyalbadiT an sxva
elementebiT.

aseTi bioqimiuri cikli aRmocenda sicocxlis adreul etapebze da is amJamadac ucvleli formiT
mimdinareobs iq, sadac biomasis ZiriTadi producentebi – mcenareebi da maTi ZiriTadi mineralizatorebi,
anu destruqtorebi - mikroorganizmebi arian.

Tanamedrove biosferos arsebobaSi mikroorganizmebis mTavar rolze miuTiTebs planetis bunebriv

substratebSi prokariotuli baqteriebis biomasis jamuri raodenoba, romelic 74,46 X 10 9 udris, maSin,
rodesac mcenareebisaTvis is Seadgens 55 X 109, cxovelebisaTvis ki 1,5 X 103. amasTanave, baqteriebis
biomasis metabolituri aqtivoba cxovelebis da mcenareebis aqtiurobas aTjer da asjer aRemateba.

rogorc avRniSned, mikrobebis gavrcelebis areali Zalian farToa, isini arian yvelgan: Cvens
sakvebSi, romelsac mivirTmevT, wyalSi, romelsac vsvamT, haerSi, romliTac vsunTqavT, miwaze da
niadagSi, romelzedac davdivarT. Cveni garemomcveli sagnebi, tansacmeli, Cveni sxeulis zedapiri savsea
mikrobebiT. biosferoSi ar aris iseTi garemo sadac mikroorganizmebi ar arian warmodgenilni.
mikroorganizmebis aqtiur cxovelqmedebas, bunebaSi nivTierebebis wrebrunvaSi maT uzarmazar rols
udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba mTeli biosferos dinamiuri wonasworobis SenarCunebaSi, risma
darRvevamac SeiZleba katastrofuli Sedegebi moitanos.

mikro da makroorganizmebs Soris urTierTobas Seiswavlis mikrobiologiis erT-erTi dargi ekologiuri

mikrobiologia anu mikroekologia.

ekologiuri mikrobiologiaSi gamoyenebulia zogadi ekologiis cnebebi, iseTebi, rogoricaa:

biotopi – biosferos teritoriulad SemosazRvruli monakveTi, cxovrebis SedarebiT erTgvarovani pirobebiT,

populacia – erTi saxeobis individTa (Cvens SemTxvevaSi mikroorganizmTa) erToblioba, romlebic erTi
biotopis farglebSi cxovroben,

mikrobiocenozi – gansazRvrul biotopSi mobinadre mikroorganizmTa populaciis erToblioba,

ekosistema – ekologiis ZiriTadi erTeuli, sistema, Sedgenili biotopisa da biocenozisagan,

biosfero – planetis cocxli garsi, yvela ekosistemebis jami.

1925w rusi mecnieris vinogradskis mier warmodgenili hipoTezis Tanaxmad ekosistemaSi

Semxvedri mikroorganizmebi SeiZleba daiyos or kategoriad: avtoxtonur da aloxtonur. avtoxtonuri
mikroorganizmebi arian mocemuli ekosistemis tipiuri warmomadgenlebi, (mag niadagis an nawlavis) da
arseboben iq mudmivad. isini aucileblad moipoveba mocemul ekositemaSi miuxedavad imisa moxvdeba
Tu ara iq damatebiTi sakvebi nivTierebebi. aloxtonuri, anu igive zimogenuri mikroorganizmebi ki
konkretul ekosistemaSi Cndeba mxolod garkveuli sakvebi nivTierebebis SemTxveviTi matebis pirobebSi,
anda am nivTierebebis ganzrax damatebis Sedegad (mag. sakultivaciod).

sacxovrebeli garemos mixedviT arCeven Semdeg mikrobiocenozebs: niadagis, wylis, sakvebi

produqtebis, adamianis da sxv garemoebs.

niadagis mikroflora

niadagi mikroorganizmebis binadrobisTvis mniSvnelovan garemos warmoadgens. niadagis

mikrofloris Semadgenloba moicavs baqteriebis aseul da aTaseulobiT saxeobebs, sokoebis, umartivesebisa
da virusebis sxvadasxva kombinaciebs. niadagis zedapiruli fena SedarebiT Raribia mikrobebiT, radganac
masze moqmedebs mzis pirdapiri sxivebi, gamoSroba. mikrobebis mTavari masa binadrobs 10-15 sm
simaRleze. niadagi mudmivad binZurdeba sxvadasxva warmoSobis nagviT, adamianisa da cxovelebis
gamonayofebiT, mkvdari cxovelebiT da mcenareebiT, romlebic TavisTavadac warmoadgenen
mikroorganizmebis rezervuars. niadagis mikroorganizmebi nivTierebaTa da energiis transformaciis yvela
procesSi monawileoben da axdenen biomasis sinTezs, energiis akumulacias, azotis biologiur fiqsacias,
duRils, lpobas (amonifikacias), nitrifikacias, denitrifikacias, gogirdis, fosforisa da sxva elementebis
transformacias.

wylis mikroflora

wyali, iseve, rogorc niadagi, mravali mikroorganizmisaTvis warmoadgens bunebriv garemos.

wyalSi binadroben: Cxirebi, kokebi, vibrionebi, spirilebi, spiroqetebi, sxvadasva fotomasinTezirebeli
baqteriebi, sokoebi, umartivesebi da virusebi. wyalSi arsebuli mikroorganizmebis raodenoba umTavresad
ganisazRvreba masSi mineraluri da organuli nivTierebebis SemcvelobiT. wylis 1 ml-Si mikrobebis
raodenoba SeiZleba aRematebodes ramdenime milions. gruntis wylebi gacilebiT sufTaa, radganac wylebi
ganicdian Tavisebur filtracias, ris Sedegadac mikrobebis absoluturi umravlesobas akavebs gamfiltravi Sre.

wyalsatevebis mikroflora iyofa sakuTrivad (avtoqtonuri) da Setanilad, romelic moxvda niadagidan,

haeridan, cocxali organizmebidan. Ria wyalsatevebSi mikroorganizmTa raodenoba Zalze meryeobs da
damokidebulia klimatur pirobebze, wlis droze, da rac mTavaria mdinareebis, tbebis da zRvebis
Camdinare da sakanalizacio wylebiT, agreTve agrosawarmoo da sxva sawarmoo narCenebiT
dabinZurebis xarisxze. mdinareebsa, tbebSi da zRvebSi qalaqebidan da sxva dasaxlebuli adgilebidan
Caedineba mikrobebis da organuli nivTierebebis uzarmazari raodenobis Semcveli Camdinare wylebis
iseTi odenoba, rom xSirad wyali TviTgawmendas ver aswrebs.

wyals didi roli eniWeba infeqciuri daavadebebis, gansakuTrebiT ki nawlavuri infeqciebis

epidemiologiaSi (muclis tifi, salmonela, dizenteria, qolera da sxv). am daavadebebis gamomwvevebi
gamoiyofian avadmyofebisa da matareblebis ganavalTan erTad da Camdinare wylebTan erTad xvdebian
Ria wyalsatevebSi, saidanac arcTu iSviaTad Cndebian sasmel wyalSic. miuxedavad imisa, rom
paTogenuri baqteriebi cudad arian Seguebulni wyalSi arsebobasTan, sadac maTze uaryofiT gavlenas
axdens mzis radiacia, konkurentuli mikroflora da sxv, bevr maTgans mainc SeuZlia aseT garemoSi
didxans arseboba. xolo zafxulSi ki, rodesac wyalSi imatebs organuli nivTierebebi, zogierT maTgani
gamravlebac ki axerxebs (mag. qoleris vibrioni). wylis gamokvlevis mikrobiologiuri meTodebi
mdgomareobs 1 ml wyalSi mikroorganizmebis raodenobis gansazRvraSi. wyali sasmelad vargisia, Tu
mikroorganizmebis ricxvi ar aRemateba 100-s 1 ml-Si.

haeris mikroflora

haeri mikroorganizmebis gamravlebisaTvis xelsayreli garemo ar aris, radgan masSi arasakmarisia

teni da sakvebi nivTiereba, xolo mzis radiacia da gamoSroba mikrobebze momakvdineblad moqmedebs.

atmosferuli haeris mikrofloris saxeobrivi da ricxobrivi Semadgenloba mcirericxovani, variabeluri

da dinamiuria. is damokidebulia mzis radiaciis, qarebis, meteonaleqebis, niadagis safaris, mosaxleobis
simWidrovis intensivobaze da sxv,. haeri gansakuTrebiT dabinZurebulia mikroorganizmebiT dedamiwis
zedapirTan, xolo maRla da maRla igi sul ufro sufTa xdeba. sacxovrebeli nagebobebis haeri, ZiriTadad,
adamianis sasunTqi gzebis da kanis mikrofloras Seicavs. daceminebisas, xvelebisas da saubrisas haerSi
xvdeba mikroorganizmebis Semcveli siTxis uamravi wveTi. es wveTebi SeiZleba saaTobiT iyos Sewonili
haerSi, anu isini qmnian aerozolebs. aseT wveTebSi mikroorganizmebi ufro didxans Zleben sinotivis
gamo. saubrisas da sunTqvisas isini xvdebian adamianebis cxvir xaxaSi da Tu wveTebi Seicaven
paTogenur mikrobebs, anu Tu aerozoli ekuTvnoda daavadebul adamians, an daavadebis matarebels, isini
gamoiwveven dasnebovnebas. swored aseTi haer-wveTovani gziT xdeba mravali mwvave respiratoruli
daavadebiT dasenianeba. haer-wveTovani gziT vreldeba uamravi daavadeba: difteria, yivanaxvela,
wiTela, wiTura, gripi da sxv. daxuruli nagebobebis sanitarul mikrobiologiur mdgomareobas afaseben 1 m
3
haerSi aRmoCenili individebis (mikroorganizmebis) raodenobiT.

sakvebi produqtebis mikroflora

 bevri sakvebi produqti (rZe da rZis nawarmi, xorci da xorcis nawarmi, kvercxi, kenkra, xili,
bostneuli, soko da sxv.) mikroorganizmebis gamravlebisaTvis xelsayrel garemos warmoadgenen. kvebis
produqtebis mrewvelobaSi gamoyofen mikrobTa iseT saxeobebs, romlebic SeaqvT rZe-mJava
produqtebis, puris nawarmis, sasmeli wylis teqnologiebSi. isini ar arian paTogenurni adamianisaTvis.
paTogenuri mikroorganizmebi produqtebSi SeiZleba maTi damzadebis, miwodebis, gadamuSavebis an
Senaxvis dros moxvdes. am mikrobebis wyaro aris nedleuli, an gadamuSavebis procesSi monawile
adamianebi an mRrRnelebi, romlebsac SesaZloa kontaqti hqondeT sakvebTan. sakvebi produqtebiT
(alimentaruli gziT) xdeba nawlavuri infeqciebis, kvebiTi intoqsikaciebis da sokovani infeqciebis
gavrceleba.

sxva garemos mikroflora

miwis, haeris, wylisa da sakvebi produqtebis garda mikroorganizmebi adamianis garemomcvel

sxvadasxva sagnebze vlindebian:

 sayofacxovrebo - nagebobaTa zedapiri, aveji, WurWeli, TeTreuli, tansacmeli, fexsacmeli, wignebi,

saTamaSoebi da mravali sxv.
 sawarmoo – sawarmos nedleulze, aRWurvilobaze, produqciaze, instrumentebze, da sxv.
 samedicino – samedicino aRWurviloba, instrumentebi, tansacmeli, wamlebi, mosavleli saSualebebi
da a. S.
CamoTvlil obieqtebSi arian xolme rogorc pirobiT paTogenuri, ise paTogenuri mikroorganizmebi.
es baqteriebi garemoSi “inaxebian” sakmarisi droiT imisaTvis rom infeqciis axal maspinZels gadaecnen.
mikrobul kontaminaciaze sanitaruli kontroli tardeba sabavSvo da samedicino dawesebulebebSi.

garemos dacvis mikrobiologiuri aspeqtebi

garemos dacvis problema biosferoSi ekologiuri wonasworobis SenarCunebaSi mdgomareobs. am

problemis mikrobiologiuri aspeqtebi biosferos arsebobaSi mikroorganizmTa im mniSvnelovani roliT
ganisazRvreba, romelic zemoT avRniSneT. garemos dacvis mikrobiologiuri aspeqtebi ramdenime
“mimarTulebas” moicavs:

1. im jgufis mikroorganizmebis dacva, romlebic nivTierebaTa wrebrunvaSi monawileoben.

samrewvelo da avtomobilebis gamonayofebis uaryofiTi moqmedeba biomasis sinTezis procesis da
transformaciis SenelebaSi an srul SewyvetaSi gamoixateba.
2. biodegradaciis gamomwvev mikroorganizmebTan diferencirebuli midgoma: im mikroorganizmebis
dacva, romlebis klasikur destruqtorebad gvevlinebian, magram amavdroulad, saxalxo meurneobisaTvis
zianis momtani mikroorganizmebis mospoba,
3. paTogenuri da pirobiT paTogenuri mikroorganizmebiT kontaminaciisagan biosferos dacva.

mikroorganizmTa klasifikacia

mikroorganizmTa samyaro Zalian mravalferovania. am samyaros warmomadgenlebs aerTianebT

mxolod maTi Zalze mcire zomebi, sxvagvarad ki isini Zalian gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan mravali
niSan-TvisebebiT: genomebis organizaciiT, TavianTi fiziologiiT, struqturiT. mTeli rigi mkvlevarebis
mier SemoTavazebuli iqna mikroorganizmebis klasifikaciisa da sistematizaciis sxvadasxva sqemebi,
romelTa mizani iyo garkveul morfologiur da fiziologiur niSan-Tvisebebze dayrdnobiT maTi dayofa -
ganawileba konkretul jgufebad. mikrobebis sistematizacia xdeba maTi msgavsebis, gasxvavebebisa da
erTmaneTTan urTierTobebis safuZvelze. unda aRiniSnos, rom miuxedavad mravali SemoTavazebuli
klasifikaciisa, arc erTi maTgani ar akmayofilebs Tanamedrove moTxovnebs.

mikroorganizmTa sistematika moicavs maT: klasifikacias, taqsonomias da identifikacias.

mikroorganizmTa taqsonomias safuZvelad (berZ. taxis – ganlageba, rigi) udevs maTi

morfologiuri, fiziologiuri, bioqimiuri da molekulur-biologiuri Tvisebebi. arCeven:

 numerul taqsonomias, romelic aRiarebs yvela fenotipuri niSan-Tvisebebis erTianobas,

 qemotaqsonomias, romlisaTvisac iyeneben fiziko-qimiur da bioqimiur meTodebs: Txevadi gazis
qromatografias, eleqtroforezs da a.S,
 genotaqsonomias - efuZneba genetikur niSan-Tvisebebs, romelTa dadgena xdeba transformaciis,
koniugaciis, transduqciis Sedegad, aseve fagebis, plazmidebis da transpozonebis analizis saSualebiT,
 serotaqsonomias, romelic emyareba baqteriul ujredSi arsebuli Sesabamisi antigenebis gansazRvras
sadiagnostiko Sratebis meSveobiT.
identifikaciisa da tipirebisaTvis gamoiyeneba mikroorganizmTa fenotipuri, genotipuri da
filogenezuri maxasiaTeblebi.

 fenotipuri – gramis wesiT SeRebva, morfologiuri da kulturaluri Tvisebebi, bioqimiuri reaqciebi,

antigenuri Tvisebebi, ujreduli kedlis Semadgenloba da sxv,
 genotipuri – G+C Semcveloba, dnm-is hibridizacia, plazmiduri analizi da sxv,
 filogenezuri – r –rnm-is Tanmimdevruli analizi da sekvenireba dasxv.,
 zogad-biologiuri cnebebis Sesabamisad, saxeobas mikrobiologiaSi sazRvraven, rogorc organizaciis
erTiani tipis mqone individebis evoluciurad Camoyalibebul erTobliobas, romlebsac aqvT erTi genotipi,
rac standartul pirobebSi vlindeba msgavsi fenotipuri niSan-Tvisebebis (morfologiuri, fiziologiuri,
bioqimiuri da sxv) saxiT. amave dros, mikroorganizmebis cvalebadobis safuZvelSi arsebuli genetikuri
meqanizmebi uzrunvelyofen zemoTCamoTvlili niSan-Tvisebebis mxolod SedarebiT stabilurobas, rac erTi
da igive saxeobis farglebSi SesaZlebelia mniSvnelovnad varirebdes. aqedan gamomdinareobs cnebebi im
mikroogranizmebis variantebze (varebze), romlebic standartuli saxeobebisagan gansxvavdebian calkeuli
niSan-TvisebebiT. ase, magaliTad ganasxvaveben serovarebs, morfovarebs, biovarebs, fermentovarebs,
fagovarebs, rezistentvarebs, ekovarebs, paTovarebs, romlebic erTmaneTisagan Sesabamisad
gansxvavdebian serovarebi - serologiuri, morfovarebi - morfologiuri, biovarebi - biologiuri,
fermentovarebi - fermentaciuli niSan-TvisebebiT, mgrZnobelobiT antibiotikebisa da fagebisadmi.

genetikuri naTesaobiT dakavSirebuli mikroorganizmebis saxeobebi gaerTianebuli arian gvarebSi,

gvarebi ojaxebSi, ojaxebi rigebSi, rigebi klasebSi. am organizmebis umaRlesi taqsonomiuri kategoriebia
samefoebi da zesamefoebi.

mikrobilogiaSi, agreTve, farTod gamoiyeneba rigi specialuri terminebi da cnebebi, romelTa codnac
aucilebelia sagnis specifikidan gamomdinare, esenia:

sufTa kultura – izolirebuli koloniidan gazrdili erTi da igive saxeobis mikrobuli individebi,
romlebic kultivirdebian myar sakveb niadagze. Cveulebriv, laboratoriebSi gamoyofili baqteriuli kulturis
kuTvnilebas ama Tu im saxeobisadmi anu kulturis identifikacias, axdenen fenotipuri niSan-Tvisebebis
safuZvelze, rogorebicaa: morfologiuri, tinqtoruli (saRebavebisadmi midrekileba), kulturaluri, bioqimiuri,
antigenuri da sxv.

Stami – es aris kultura gamoyofili gansazRvruli wyarodan, (adamianis, cxovelis organizmidan,

garemodan). is ufro viwro cnebaa, vidre saxeoba. Cveulebriv, Stams aRniSnaven raime nomriT, an
asaxeleben gamoyofis wyaros, mag. wylis, nawlavis, anda asaxeleben adgils, saidanac is iqna gamoyofili,
mag. hongkongis an singapuris gripis virusi.

kloni – am terminiT aRniSnaven mikroorganizmebis kulturas gamoyofils erTi mikrobuli ujredidan.

biologiuri samecniero sistematikis fuZemdebelma Svedma bunebismetyvelma karl linem (1707-

1778) gamoiyena binaluri (binominaluri) nomenklatura, romlis mexedviTac bioorganizmis saklasifikacio
saxeli mogvewodeba ori sityviT, romlidanac pirveli aRniSnavs gvars, meore ki saxeobas, asevea
mikrobiologiaSic, mag. Staphylococcus aureus. Staphylococcus – gvaria, aureus – saxeoba.
 mikroorganizmebi warmodgenilni arian an proujreduli formiT (mag prionebi an virusebi), an
ujreduli formebiT (baqteriebi, sokoebi, umartivesebi). mikroorganizmTa klasifikaciis erT-erTi yvelaze
srulyofili varianti mowodebuli iqna berjis mier. ujreduli formebis Tanamedrove klasifikaciaSi arCeven
sam domens:

 Bacteria – prokariotebi, “namdvili” baqteriebi anu eubaqteriebi

 Archaea – prokariotebi, arqebaqteriebi, romlebic gansxvavdebian “namdvili” baqteriebisagan
ujreduli kedlis agebulebiT – ar Seicaven peptidoglikans da aseve aqvT gasakuTrebuli tipis ribosomebi da r
– rnm-ebi. TavsarTi “arqe” maT daerTod, imitom rom eseni arian sicocxlis erT erTi yvelaze uZvelesi
formebi. maT Soris ar arian infeqciebis gamomwvevebi
 Eukarya” – eukariotebi, romlebsac aqvT birTvi, birTvaki, citoplazmaSi warmodgenilia organelebi:
mitoqondriebi, goljis kompleqsi da sxv. es domeni moicavs sokoebs, umartivesebs, mcenareTa da
cxovelTa samefoebs.
xolo virusebs da prionebs gamoyofen calke, proujredul formebad.

prokariotebi - Bacteria da arqebaqteriebi, es arian iseTi ujreduli formebi, romlebsac ara aqvT birTvi
ujredSi, amitomac maT ewodebad probirTvuli mikroorganizmebi anu prokariotebi, xolo eukariotebs ki
ukve aqvT ujredSi membraniT gamoyofili birTvi.

nebismieri cocxali organizmis elementarul fizikur erTeuls warmoadgens ujredi. ujredi aris umciresi
sicocxlisunariani “warmonaqmni”. qimiuri Semadgenlobis mixedviT yvela cocxali arseba Zalian msgavsia
erTmaneTis. nebismieri tipis ujredis komponentebi arian: dezoqsiribonukleinis mJava (dnm), ribonukleinis
mJava (rnm), cilebi, lipidebi, fosfolipidebi. magram sxvadasxva tipis da warmoSobis ujredis Seswavlam
cxadyo, rom baqteriul, mcenareul da cxovelur ujreds Soris aris garkveuli sxvaobebi. mcenareuli da
cxoveluri ujredebi miekuTvnebian eukariotebs, xolo umetesoba mikroorganizmebisa, sokoebisa da
umartivesebis garda, arian prokariotebi. swored ujredis agebulebiT gansxvavdebian pro da eukariotebi
erTmaneTisagan.

eukariotebs gaaCniaT birTvi, sadac Tavmoyrilia eukariotuli ujredis ZiriTadi genomi. genomi
warmodgenilia qromosomebis nakrebiT, romlebic mitozuri gziT ormagdeba da gadaecema Svileul
ujredebs. eukariotuli ujredi kompartmentizirebulia, igi Seicavs organelebs – mitoqondriebs, did ribosomebs
(80S), lizosomebs, qloroplastebs, goljis kompleqss da sxv..

prokariotebs – ara aqvT membraniT gamoyofili namdvili birTvi. dnm Tavisuflad aris “Sewonili”
citoplazmaSi. maT ar gaaCniaT ujreduli centri. prokariotuli ujredi organelebs ar Seicavs,
kompartmentizirebuli ar aris da ribosomebi ufro mcire zomis aqvs (70S)., vidre eukariotebs. prokariotebs ar
axasiaTebT mitozi, isini mravldebian Cveulebrivi binaruli gayofiT da arseboben haploidur
mdgomareobaSi.

pro da eukariotuli ujredebis metabolizmis tipebic gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan da aseve, Tu

umetes eukariotebs aucileblad sWirdebad Jangbadi TavianTi cxovelqmedebisaTvis, prokariotebis bevri
jgufi uproblemod arsebobs uJangbado areSic.

pro da eukariotuli ujredis mokle daxasiaTeba

daxasiaTeba prokariotuli ujredi eukariotuli ujredi

birTvi _ +

mitozuri gayofa _ +

dnm + histonebi _ +

qromosomebis raodenoba 1 1>

organelebi _ +

ribosomebis zoma 70S 80S

protociti

prokariotuli ujredi Zalian patara zomisaa, umetesad daaxloebiT 1 mkm sisqisa da 5 mkm siganis.
Uujredis kompartmentizacia Zalze sustad aris gamoxatuli. protocitis plazmatur membranasTan asocirebulia
sunTqvisa da fotosinTezis procesebi, romlebic ujreds energiiT uzrunvelyofen. Pprotocitis genetikuri
informacia warmodgenilia dmn_is erTi jaWviT, romlis gaormageba _ replikacia, win uswrebs baqteriuli
ujredis gayofis process. Sesabamisad, baqteriul ujredSi diploiduri faza Zalze xanmoklea da prokariotebi
ZiriTadad warmoadgenen haploidur organizmebs. rogorc avRniSneT, baqteriebi mravldebian binaruli
gayofiT. jer ormagdeba dmn, Tanac replikacia ormxrivia _ anu orive bolodan erTdroulad mimdinareobs,
Semdeg ujredi iRebs wagrZelebul formas, warmoiqmneba Sida tixari da xdeba Svileuli ujredebis
gamocalkeveba. protocitSi ar gvxvdeba organelebi, mitoqondriebi, qloroplastebi.
baqteriebis qimiuri Semadgenloba mravalferovania: 70_85%s Seadgens wyali, Sesabamisad
mSrali biomasa 15_30% ia, romelic moicavs polimerebs (cilebs, ujredis kedlis komponentebs, rnm_s,
dnm_s, lipidebs). Tu ujredi Seicavs bevr marag nivTierebas, rogoricaa lipidebi, polisaqaridebi,
polifosfatebi, maSin misi mSrali masis wili metia.

baqteriuli ujredis ultrastruqtura

 baqteriuli ujredis organizacia saSualebas aZlevs mas gauwios koordinacia cxovelqmedebis yvela
process, gansazRvrul vadaSi gaaormagos Tavisi biomasa da gamravldes binaruli dayofiT. baqteriuli ujredis
SemadgenlobaSi SeiZleba gamoiyos sxvadasxva struqturebi. baqteriul ujreds gars artyia garsi, romelic
Sedgeba plazmaturi membranisa da ujreduli kedlisagan. garsis SigniT moTavsebuli citoplazma,
CanarTebiT da nukleoidiT. baqteriul ujredSi aris “damatebiTi” stuqturebi: mikrokafsula, lorwo, Soltebi,
pili.
PP Ubaqteriuli ujreduli kedeli mkvrivi, rigiduli da elastiuria. is icavs baqteriebs garemo
zemoqmedebisagan da aZlevs damaxasiaTebel formas (koki, spiroqeta). misi saSualebiT xorcieldeba
garedan sakvebi nivTierebebis transporti da metabolitebis gamoyofa. is monawileobs ujredis dayofaSi. mis
zedapirze ganlagebulia baqteriofagebis da sxvadasxvagvari qim. nivTierebebis receptorebi. baqteriuli
kedlis sayrden ConCxs warmoadgens peptidoglikani mureini. es aris heteropolimeri, romelic Seicavs N
acetilglukozamins da N acetilmuramis mJavas da romlis jaWvebic, dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan peptiduri
xidakebiT, qmnian gigantur molekulas _ mureinis “topraks”. swored mas aqvs ujreduli kedlis sayrdeni
karkasis funqcia. ujreduli kedlis Semadgenloba da struqtura apirobebs baqteriebis tinktoriul Tvisebas –
“miiRos” garkveuli tipis saRebavebi.
1884 wels germaneli mecnieris gramis mier SemoTavazebulma SeRebvis wesma baqteriebi or did
jgufad dahyo: baqteriebi, romlebic gramis wesiT iRebebian, anu gram + baqteriebi da baqteriebi,
romlebic gramis wesiT ar iRebebian, anu, gram _ baqteriebi. grami baqteriebs Rebavda kristaluri
(gencianis) iisfriT, Semdeg amuSavebda maT iodiT, romelTanac kompleqsSi iisferi warmoqmnida wyalsa,
spirtsa da acetonSi uxsnad komleqss. spirtiT damuSavebis Semdeg SesaZlebeli xdeboda baqteriebis
diferencireba _ gram + baqteriebi iRebeboda iasamnisfer/lurj ferad, xolo gram _ uferuldeboda da maT
damatebiT Rebavdnen fuqsiniT. sabolood, gram + baqteriebi mikroskopSi lurjad gamoiyureboda, xolo
gram _ mowiTalo/vardisfrad.
A SeRebvis am wesma cxadyo, rom baqteriebis ujreduli kedlis Semadgenloba gansxvavebuli SeiZleba
iyos sxvadasxva baqteriebSi.
AaRmoCnda, rom im baqteriebis ujreduli kedelSi, romlebic arian gram + peptidoglikanebis da
kerZod mureinis mJavis Semcveloba maRalia: 30_70%, polisaqaridebisa da cilebisa ki dabali, maT ujredul
kedels gaaCnia erTgvarovani struqtura da peptidoglikanebis 5-6 Sre. garda amisa, isini Seicaven Teixois
mJavebs. es mJavebi xSirad warmoadgenen gram + baqteriebis zedapirul antigens. rogorc Cans, swored es
Taviseburebebi apirobebs am baqteriebis SeRebvas gramis wesiT.
xolo im baqteriebis ujredul kedelSi, ki, romlebic arian gram _, mureinis mJavis Semcveloba
dabalia, sul 10%ia, samagierod maRalia liporoteinebis, lipopolisaqaridebis da sxva lipidebis Semcveloba,
Teixois mJavebi ki saerTod ar aris ujredis kedlis SemadgenlobaSi. Ggram _ baqteriebis ujreduli kedlis
agebulebaSi kidev erTi gasxvavebaa gram + sagan: Mgram – baqteriebis ujreduli kedlis mureinis topraks
garedan akravs ujreduli kedlis “gare” Sre anu gareTa membrana _ Semdgari cilebis, fosfolipidebis da
lipopolisaqaridebisagan (lps). igi orSriania da misi Sida Sre warmodgenilia fosfolipidebiT, xolo gare Sre ki
polisaqaridebiT, romlebic warmoadgenen gram _ baqteriebis Zlier endotoqsinebs. garda amisa, maT didi
mniSvneloba eniWebad diagnostikaSi da infeqciur imunologiaSi. lps Sedgebian sami fragmentisagan,
esenia:
 A lipidi – konservatiuli struqtura, romliTac lps “damagrebulebi” arian gareTa membranaSi
da romelic ganapirobebs maT toqsiurobas. antibiotikebis moqmedebiT, rodesac membrana
iSleba, SeiZleba gaTavisufldes didi raodenobiT A lipidi, ramac avadmyofSi gamoiwvios
endotoqsiuri Soki.
 gulguli, igive “birTvi”, dakavSirebuli A lipidTan, romlidanac “gamodis”
 O specifiuri jaWvi – baqteriis serologiuri Tvisebebis ganmapirobebeli.
gareTa membrana asrulebs ara mxolod meqanikur funqciebs, masSi CaSenebulia hidrofiluri forebi _
porinebi, romlebic gamtar arxebs warmoadgnen da uzrunvelyofen garemodan ujredul kedelSi qimiuri
nivTierebebis difuzias. xolo sivrceSi, romelic warmoiqmneba “gare” Sresa da citolazmur membranas Soris
da ewodebaPperiplazmaturi sivrce, Tavmoyrilia sxvadasxva tipis fermentebi: proteazebi, nukleazebi da
sxv,…rac am baqteriebis mdgradobas zrdis zogierTi antibiotikebis (mag,  laqtamebis, penicilinebis)
mimarT.
garkveuli garemo faqtoris zemoqmedebis Sedegad, mag antibiotikebis moqmedebis, zogierTi
baqteriis ujreduli kedeli SeiZleba “daiSalos”. Sesabamisad SeiZleba miviRoT protoplastebi –ujreduli kedlis
armqone baqteriebi, an sferoplastebi – nawilobriv SenarCunebuli ujreduli kedlis mqone baqteriebi. gram
(+) baqteriebis pepdidoglikanis damSleli fermentebiT (mag. lizocimiT) damuSavebisas wamoiqmneba
protoplastebi, anu struqturebi, romlebsac ara aqvT ujreduli kedeli, magram gaaCniaT citoplazmuri
membrana da ujreduli SigTavsi. gram (_) baqteriebis damuSaveba lizocimiT ki Slis mxolod ujredis kedlis
peptidoglikanis Sres, magram gare membrana, anda misi nawili mainc, SenarCunebulia. aseTma
struqturebma miiRes sferoplastebis saxelwodeba. sfero da protolastebs gaaCniaT sferuli formebi da
Sesabamis osmosur pirobebSi inarCuneben TavianT sicocxlisunarianobas. protoplastebis sferuli formis
SesanarCuneblad aucilebelia izotonuri garemo, xolo sferoplastebi TavianT formas inarCuneben araizotonur
garemoSic ki. radganac aRniSnuli movlena pirvelad aRwerili iqna j. listeris saxelobis institutSi, aseT
baqteriebs L formebi ewodad, xolo process ki L transformacia. aseTi transformacia SesaZloa iyos
spontanuri an inducirebuli. arseboben stabiluri da arastabiluri L formebi – pirvelebs reversia, anu
pirvandeli mdgomareobisaken dabruneba ar SeuZliaT, meoreebi ki reversireben pirvelad formaSi,
mainducirebeli faqtoris moxsnis SemTxvevaSi. aseTi gziT saxecvlil paTogenur baqteriebs SeuZliaT
mudmivi infeqciis gamowveva da rogorc wesi mdgradni arian antibiotikebis zemoqmedebis mimarT,
imitom, rom umetesoba antibiotikebis moqmedeba mimarTulia swored baqteriuli ujredis kedlis daSlaze.
vinaidan sfero da protoplastebs ukve dakarguli aqvT ujreduli kedeli, isini umetesoba antibiotikebs ver
“aRiqvamen”. paTogenuri baqteriebis L transformacia gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, vinaidan am
SemTxvevaSi daavadebis mwvave formebi xSirad qronikulSi gadadis.
L transformacias adgili aqvs rogorc in vivo, aseve in vitro. igi ganxiluli unda iqnas rogorc baqteriebis
cvalebadobis movlena gamowveuli araxelsayrel pirobebTan SeguebiT. aseTi transformaciis gamomwvevi
SeiZleba gaxdes rogorc antibiotiki, aseve fermentebi, antimikrobuli antisxeulebi, zogierTi aminomJavis
(mag. glicinis da fenilalaninis) maRali koncentracia sasicocxlo areSi.
plazmaturi membrana sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis komponentia. is mdebareobs uSualod ujredis
kedlis qveS da SemosazRvravs protoplasts. citoplazmur membranaze baqteriis mSrali wonis 10% modis.
igi Seicavs 25-40% mde fosfolipidebs, 20–75% mde cilas da 5-6% naxSirwylebs. fosfolipidebi ormag Sres
qmnian, maTi molekulebi asimetriulia – molekulebis eleqtruli muxtis matarebeli Tavebi hidrofiluria,
“kudebi” ki hidrofobuli, romlebic mimarTulia Sida mxares, xolo hidrofiluri “Tavebi” gareTa mxares.
lipidebis ormag SreSi CaSenebulia integraluri cilebi, romelTaganac zogierTi ukavSirdeba lipiduri Sris
orive zedapirs, zogierTi mxolod Sida an mxolod gare nawils.
membrana Zalze rbili, plastiuri, TiTqmis Txevadi warmonaqmnia, romelic did rols TamaSobs
nivTierebaTa cvlaSi, qmnis osmosur bariers da axasiaTebs arCeviTi ganvladoba – rig nivTierebebs
“atarebs” zogierTs ki ara. plazmaturi membranis cilebs yofen: struqturul da funqciur cilebad. es
ukanasknelni moicaven fermentebs, romlebic monawileoben membranis zedapirze sinTezur reaqciebSi,
Jangva- aRdgeniT reaqciebSi.
plazmaturi membrana pasuxismgebelia agreTve nivTierebis pasiur, aqtiur da fosfolirilebul transportze.
pasiuria transporti (difuzia), rodesac nivTierebis mimocvla baqteriul ujredsa da garemos Soris
xdeba ormxrivad, am nivTierebis koncentraciis sxvaobis mixedviT, maRali koncentraciidan dablisaken. f
fosfolirilebulia procesi, romelic ama Tu im nivTierebis gadatanisaTvis moiTxovs naxSirwlebis
utilizacias – anu energias.
aqtiuria, aseve energodamokidebuli procesi, romelic cvlis STanTqmadi nivTierebis koncentracias
da qmnis eleqtroqimiur gradients.
bevr baqteriaSi citoplazmaturi membranis “zrda” uswrebs ujredis zrdas da am SemTxvevaSi
plazmaturi membrana warmoqmnis rTul invaginaciebs (CaRrmavebebi) – e.w. mezosomebs. es
ukanasknelni garkveul rols asruleben baqteriis dayofis an misi sporad gardaqmnis SemTxvevaSi.
amgvarad, baqteriuli ujredis citoplazmaturi membrana:
 iRebs garemodan ujredSi Semosul mTel qimiur informacias,
 warmoadgens ZiriTad osmosur bariers, risi meSveobiTac ujredSi narCundeba garkveuli osmosuri
wneva,
  ujredis kedelTan erTad monawileobs baqteriuli ujredis zrdasa da dayofaSi,
 monawileobs plazmidebisa da qromosomebis replikacasa da segregaciaSi,
 Seicavs fermentebis mniSvnelovan raodenobas, maT Soris eleqtronebis gadatanis sistemas,
 citoplazmatur membranasTan dakavSirebulia Solti,
 monawileobs sakvebi nivTierebebis da cxovelqmedebis produqtebis, maT Soris fermentebisa da
egzotoqsienebis transportSi ujredidan garemoSi,
 mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs ribosomebis kompartmentizaciasa da stabilizaciaSi,
 monawileobs ujredis kedlis komponentebis sinTezSi,
 warmoqmnis mezosomebs.
baqteriuli ujredis citoplazma moicavs ujredis ZiriTad sivrces da warmoadgens rTul koloidur
sistemas, Sedgenils 75% wylis, da 25 % mSrali masisagan, romelsac Tavis mxriv Seadgens xsnadi cilebi,
ribonukleinis mJavebi, CanarTebi da ribosomebi. masSi ar aris endoplazmaturi retikulumis struqturebi da
eukariotebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sxva citoplazmuri organoebi. ribosomebis sedimentaciis koeficienti 70
S-ia, gansxvavebiT eukariotuli ujredis 80 S. amitomac, antibiotikebi, romlebic ukavSirdebian baqteriul
ribosomebs Trgunaven mxolod baqteriuli cilis sinTezs da ara eukariotuli ujredis cilis sinTezs.
citoplazmaSia lokalizebuli “birTvuli” nawilaki – nukleoidi, romelic ar aris gamoyofili citoplazmidan
membraniT. xSirad baqteriuli ujredis citoplazmaSi warmodgenilia araqromosomuli dnm-ebi, mag.
plazmida an plazmidebi. citoplazmaSi xSiria aseve, rigi CanarTebis arsebobac: glikogenis, polisaqaridebis,
polifosfatebis (mag volutinis), romlebis qmnian energetikul da sakveb marags ujredisTvis.
nukleoidi –birTvis eqvivalentia baqteriebSi, Tumca misgan gansxvavdeba Tavisi stuqturiT da
qimiuri SemadgenlobiT. igi moTavsebulia baqteriuli ujredis centrSi da warmoadgens orjaWvian wriul
dnm-s. baqteriebSi ar arsebobs birTvi, birTvis garsi da miTumetes birTvaki. is ar Seicavs qromosomebs, ar
iyofa mitoziT. normaSi, baqteriul ujredSi dmn-is erTi jaWvia, romelsac aRniSnaven rogorc qromosomas.
anu baqteriuli ujredi haploiduria. ujredis gayofis win dnm-i ormagdeba da mxolod maSin SeiZleba ujredi
cota xniT aRmoCndes diploidur mdgomareobaSi. Tu moxda raime darRveva dayofis dros, SeiZleba
ujredSi “darCes” 2 an 4 qromosoma. nukleoidis garda baqteriul ujredSi SesaZlebelia Segvxvdes cirkularuli,
araqromosomuli dmn-is molekulebi – plazmidebic, maTSic aris kodirebuli garkveuli genetikuri
informacia.

gansxvaveba gram + da gram _ baqteriebs Soris

komponenti Ggram + baqteria Ggram _ baqteria
Ppeptidoglikani Msqeli, mravalSriani Txeli, erTSriani
Teixois mJava + _
Llipopolisaqaridebi
(endotoqsinebi) _ +
Lliporoteinebi da fosfolipidebi
_ +
“gare” membrana _ +

B bevri baqteriis ujredul kedelze Srevdeba met_naklebad sqeli nivTiereba wylis maRali SemcvelobiT
_ kafsula an lorwo. aseTi “safarebi” baqteriisaTvis mniSvnelovania Tavdacvis mizniT (mag.
fagocitozisagan TavdasaRwevad). kafsulas damcvelobiTi funqciis garda aqvs agreTve sxva rolic – is
warmoadgens umniSvnelovanes adgeziur faqtors – anu xels uwyobs baqteriuli ujredebis “Sewebebas” im
ujredebTan, romelTa zedapirzec aris baqteriuli ujredis Sesabamisi receptorebi, es Zalze mniSvnelovania
infeqciuri procesis gamowvevisaTvis. kafsula icavs ujreds gamoSrobisagan, wylis garda Seicavs
aminoSaqrebs, ramnozas, galaqtonis mJavas da sxva ekzopolisaqaridebs. es nivTierebebi aseve
warmoqmnian saTadarigo marags sakvebis saxiT. kafsulis zedapiruli molekulebi gansazRvraven baqteriis
antigenurobas. xSirad daavadebis sawinaaRmdego vaqcinebs amzadeben swored kafsulebis
polisaqaridebidan, vinaidan maT SeuZliaT maneitralebeli antisxeulebis sinTezis induqcia mag.
meningokokuri an pnevmokokuri daavadebebis dros. kafsula hirdofiluria, magram is myarad aris
dakavSirebuli ujredis kedelTan, Tu kavSiri aramyaria, laparakoben lorwoze. lorwo wyalSi xsnadia, Tumca
Seicavs TiTqmis igive nivTierebebs, rasac kafsula. kafsulis sisqe daaxloebiT 0,2 mkm. zogierTi baqteria ki
warmoqmnis ufro Txel kafsulas, romlebsac mikrokafsulebs uwodeben.
baqteriebis moZraobis unari umetes SemTxvevaSi (miqso, cianobaqteriebisa da zogierTi sxva
jgufebis garda) ganpirobebulia Soltis arsebobiT baqteriis zedapirze. xSirad Soltis sirgZe metia vidre
baqteriuli ujredis zoma. baqteriebis Soltebi Sedgebian cila flagelinisagan, romelic amavdoulad
warmoadgens H antigens.Ncilis suberTeulebi daxveulni arian spiraliseburad. imas, Tu ramdeni Solti aqvs
baqterias da rogor arian isini ganlagebuli baqteriis zedapirze taqsonomiuri mniSvneloba aqvs.
Soltebi rogorc wesi, ganlagebulebi arian an polarulad, an lateralurad. Tu Solti erTia da igi polarulad
aris ganlagebuli, laparakoben monopolarul/monotriqalur ganlagebaze. Tu polarulad ganlagebulia
ramdenime Solti, laparakia monopolarul/politriqalur anu lofotriqalur ganlagebaze, xolo Tu ramdenime
Solti ganlagebulia baqteriis orive “boloSi”, es _ bipolarul/politriqaluri anu amfitriqaluri ganlagebaa.
Pperitriqaluria Soltebis gverdebze an baqteriis mTel zedapirze ganlageba.
Solti, romelic TavisTavad warmoadgens spiralurad daxveul Txel “Zafs”, aniWebs baqterias
moZraobis unars Txevad areSi. brunviT moZraobaSi Solti moyavs “motors” – anu bazalur sxeulaks,
romelic moTavsebulia Soltis baqteriasTan mierTebis adgilas da energias iRebs citoplazmatur membranaze
protonuli potencialebis gansxvavebebidan. Solti bazalur sxeulaks ukavSirdeba specialuri “kauWis”
meSveobiT. gram + baqteriebSi Solts ufro sqeli zedapiri aqvT. Solts aqvs binaruli “gadamrTveli”, rac
saSualebas aZlevs baqterias Secvalos moZraobis mimarTuleba.
 Soltis saSualebiT baqterias SeuZlia sakmaod maRali siCqaris ganviTareba, mag: Bacillus
megaterium _ isaTvis es daaxloebiT 1,6 mm/wT, xolo Vibrio cholerae _ sTvis 12 mm/wT. baqteriebSi
mizanmimarTuli moZraobis unari genetikurad ganpirobebulia da amaze genomis 2-3% (daaxloebiT 30-50
geni) “muSaobs”.
Soltebs SeuZliaT gare stimulis sapasuxod moZraobis mimarTulebis Secvla. Mgaregani stimuliT
ganpirobebul mimarTul miZraobas ewodeba taqsisi. arCeven qemo, aero, foto da magnitotaqsisebs.
Q qemotaqsisze laparakoben im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gare faqtori, “gamRizianebeli” qimiuri bunebisaa.
Aaerotaqsisi axasiaTebT aerobul mikroorganizmebs, romlebic moZraoben Jangbadis “mimarTulebiT”.
Ffototroful baqteriebs axasiaTebT sinaTlisken moZraoba, maT energiis misaRebad sWirdebad sinaTle es
aris fototaqsisi. zogierT baqterias SeuZlia magnitur areSi orientireba. isini Seicaven bevr rkinas, rkinis
feromagnituri Jangis (magnetitis) saxiT, romlebic maTavsebuli aqvT granula _ magnitosomebSi, Soltis
baqteriasTan mierTebis adgilTan axlos da Sesabamisad, am baqteriebs axasiaTebT magnitotaqsisi.
ZiriTadad aseTi baqteriebi anaerobebi arian.
B baqteriuli zedapiri dafarulia Txeli “ZafebiT”, ramdenime aseuli “ZafiT”, romlebsac fimbriebi anu
Ppili ewodebaT da Sedgebian cila pilinisagan. umetesad isini warmodgenilia gram _ baqteriebis zedapirze,
Tumca gram + baqteriebSic xSirad gvxvdebian. SoltebTan SedarebiT isini ufro mokle da Txeli arian.
pilebis ramdenime saxeoba arsebobs TavianTi funqciebidan gamomdinare:
 erTni garkveul rols asruleben baqteriis mierTebisas adamianis ujredis specifiur receptorTan
da ese igi warmoadgenen paTogenurobis faqtors,
 sxva konkretuli pilebi asruleben “sqesobriv” funqcias, maT fertilobis faqtori anu F faqtori
ewodebad, romlebic ganapirobeben koniugaciis dros “mamrobiTi” sqesis baqteriis
mierTebas “mdedrobiT” baqteriasTan da monawileoben memkvidruli masalis gadatanaSi.
 arseboben aseve pilebi, romlebic monawileoben kvebaSi, wylisa da marilebis cvlaSi da sxv.
rodesac baqterias areSi sakvebi aRar yofnis, anda areSi didi raodenobiT grovdeba metabolizmis
produqtebi _ toqsinebi, anu rodesac baqterias araxelsayreli pirobebi eqmneba sicocxlisaTvis, igi iwyebs
sporebis warmoqmnas. sporebi Zalze mdgradni arian Termo, radio da qimiuri zemoqmedebis mimarT.
“sporul” mdgomareobaSi baqteriebs didi xnis manZilze SeuZliaT anabiozSi yofna da mxolod maSin
“iRviZeben”, rodesac areSi maTTvis kvlav xelsayreli pirobebi Seiqmneba.
BzrdisaTvis araxelsayrel pirobebis SemTxvevaSi baqteria aseve iwyebs maragi nivTierebebis
dagrovebas, iseTebis rogoricaa: polisaqaridebi, cximebi, polifosfatebi, gogirdi. ZiriTadad maragi
nivTierebebi imyofeba ujredSi osmosurad inertul mdgomareobaSi, anu isini wyalSi uxsnadebi arian,
magram baqteriisaTvis kritikul pirobebSi isini gadadian aqtiur formebSi, erTvebian metabolizmSi da
uzrunvelyofen ujreds energiiT.
 baqteriis mier konkretuli araxelsayreli kondiciisagan Tavdacvis kidev erT meqanizms
ganekuTvneba pigmentebis sinTezis unari. pigmentebi warmoadgenen ultraiisferi gamosxivebisagan
Tavdacvis saSualebas. pigmentebs Soris gvxvdeba sxvadasxva klasis warmomadgenlebi: karotinoidebi,
fenazinis saRebavebi, pirolebi, azaqinonebi, antocianebi da sxv.

imisaTvis, rom mikrobebis klasifikaciaze srulyofili warmodgena Segveqmnas, unda vicnobdeT

maT fiziologias - kvebis, zrdis, genetikis, metabolizmis Taviseburebebs.

mikrobTa fiziologia
baqteriebis kveba

baqteriebis umetesoba cxovrobs iseT garemoSi, romelic naklebad uzrunvelyofs maT wyliT,
marilebiT da organuli nivTierebebiT. yvelaferi es ganapirobebs sxvadasxva nivTierebebis cvlis mudmivi
da mkacri regulirebis aucileblobas, rasac adgili aqvs ujredsa da garemos Soris da kontrolirdeba ujreduli
membranis saSualebiT. baqteriebis ujreduli membrana SeRwevadia mravali nivTierebebisaTvis, magram
membranis struqturas gaaCnia SerCeviTi da amasTan erTad, araTanabari SeRwevadobis Tviseba, rac
gansazRvravs baqteriebis kvebis meqanizmis Taviseburebas.
sakvebi SeiZleba vuwodoT nebismieri tipis nivTierebas, romelic organizmSi moxvedrisas xdeba
misTvis energiis wyaro an plastiuri masala molekulebis sinTezisaTvis. cxovelebis umetesoba (da zogierTi
mikrobi) STanTqavs da inelebs sakvebis myar nawilakebs, kvebis aseT tips uwodeben – holozoidurs,
umetesoba mikrobebisa da mcenareebi ki iRebs sakvebs wyalSi xsnili martivi molekulebis saxiT – kvebis
am tips ki uwodeben holofiturs.
cilebi, cximebi, naxSirwylebi, nukleinis mJavebi – anu yvelaferi is rac “moipoveba” baqteriul
ujredSi warmoadgens rTul polimerul molekulebs, romlebic sinTezirdeba monomerebisagan
polikondensaciis reaqciebiT, romlebsac esaWiroebad garkveuli raodenobis energiis moxmareba. amitom
TavianTi biomasis Sesavsebad mikrobebs sWirdebad ara marto plastiuri masala molekulebis asaSeneblad,
aramed energiis wyaroc.
energia arsebobs mikrobul ujredSi atf-is maragis saxiT. imis da mixedviT energiis wyarod
gamoiyeneba sinaTle, Tu Jangva aRdgeniTi reaqciebi arCeven:
 fototrofebs – baqteriebs, romlebic energiis wyarod iyeneben sinaTles da arian
mafotosinTezirebeli baqteriebi.
 qemotrofebs – baqteriebi, romlebic energias iReben Jangva_aRdgeniTi reaqciebis Sedegad
 baqteriuli ujredi iRebs da “inelebs” naxSirwylebs, aminomJavebs, cximovan mJavebs, mineralur
marilebs, vitaminebs da sxv.. amis garda, isini im nivTierebebsac “moixmaren”, romlebic gamousadegaria
cxoveluri ujredebisaTvis, mag: karbonilis mJavas, sapons, parafins dasxv.
mikroelementebis is klasikuri nakrebi, romlebic universaluria yvela cocxali organizmisaTvis,
aucilebelia mikrobebisaTvisac – C, H, O, N, S, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Na, P – maT kidev uwodeben
organogenebs. Mmagram, amaT garda mikrobebs aseve sWirdebaT iseTi mikroelementebi, rogoricaa: Mn,
Mo, Zn, Cu, Co, Ni, Va, B, Cl, Se, Si, Wo da sxv. TavianTi metabolizmisaTvis saWiro kofermentebis
sinTezisaTvis.
TavianT moTxovnilebas wyalbadsa da JangbadSi baqteriebi advilad ikmayofileben wylis
saSualebiT. ufro rTulad aris saqme azotisa da naxSirbadis SemTxvevaSi. naxSirbadis sxvadasxva
wyaroebis SeTvisebis unaris mixedviT yvela mikroorganizmi iyofa or did jgufad: avto da hetrotrofebad,
Tumca arCeven kidev sxva mcire jgufebsac:
 avtotrofebad iTvlebian is baqteriebi, romlebic naxSirbadis wyarod iyeneben CO2 an
karbonatebs da ar saWiroeben rTul organul naerTebs. maT TviTon SeuZliad nebismieri
saWiro naerTebis sinTezi martivi nivTierebebidan.
 heterotrofebi – naxSirbadis wyarod iyeneben rTul naxSirbadSemcvel naerTebs- heqsozebs,
mravalatomian spirtebs, aminomJavebs. heterotrofebs yofen kidev saprofitebad da
parazitebad. saprofitebi mza organul nivTierebebs iReben mkvdari mcenareebisa da
cxovelebis narCenebisgan, parazitebi ki ikvebebian cocxali mcenareebisa da cxovelebis
xarjze.
arCeven kidev:
 hipotrofebs – romlebic Tavis cxovelqmedebas uzrunvelyofen patronis ujreduli struqturebis
an metabolizmis reorganizebiT.
 auqsotrofebs – arian baqteriebi, romlebic mutaciebis an sxva mizezebis gamo “zedmetad”
momTxovni xdebian garemo arisadmi da saWiroeben iseTi elementebis damatebas areSi,
rac normaSi baqteriebs ar esaWiroebad.
 prototrofebs –romlebic asinTezireben yvela maTTvis saWiro organul SenaerTs glukozisa
da amoniumis marilebisagan.
azotis SeTvisebis mixedviT arseboben:
 aminoavtotrofebi – romlebic TavianT moTxovnilebas azotSi ikmayofileben atmosferuli da
mineraluri azotis meSveobiT
 aminoheterotrofebi – romelTa kvebisaTvisac aucilebelia mza organuli azoturi SenaerTebi:
aminomJavebi, fuZeebi, vitaminebi da sxv.
wyalbadTan damokidebulebis mixedviT arCeven:
 im baqteriebs, romlebic wyalbadis donorebad iyeneben organul naerTebs da iwodebian
organotrofebad, da maT, romlebic iyeneben araorganul naerTebs – litotrofebad.

JangbadTan damokidebulebis mixedviT baqtereriebs yofen 5 ZiriTad jgufad:

 obligatur aerobebad – eseni arian baqteriebi, romlebic TavianTi zrdisa da ganviTarebisaTvis
aucileblad saWiroeben Jangbads,
 obligatur anaerobebad – maT SeuZliad zrda mxolod uJangbado pirobebSi,
 fakultatur anaerobebad - romelTac zrda-ganviTareba SeuZliaT rogorc Jangbadis arsebobis, aseve
Jangbadis ar arsebobis SemTxvevaSi
 aerotolerantul baqteriebad – romlebsac SeuZliaT zrda Jangbadis pirobebSi, magram ver iyeneben
Jangbads TavianTi “cxovelqmedebisaTvis”.
 mikroaerofilebad –romlebic ukeTesad izrdebian Jangbadis maRali koncentraciebis mqone
garemoSi.

Jangbadis mimarT tolerantoba ganisazRvreba baqteriebis anaerobuli sunTqvis Sedegad

warmoqmnili toqsiuri Jagbaduri produqtebis (mag superoqsidebis radikalebis da H2O2) fermentuli gziT
neitralizaciis unariT. am procesebs axorcieleben fermentebi: superoqsid dismutaza, katalaza da
peroqsidaza. pirveli fermenti axorcielebs superoqsidis konvertirebas wyalbadis zeJangad:
2 O 2 + 2 H + ―› H 2 O2 + O 2
da gvxvdeba aerobul da aerotolerantul baqteriebSi, xolo katalaza ki wyalbadis zeJangs gardaqmnis:
2 H 2 O2 ―› 2 H 2 O + O 2 wylad da Jangbadad
katalaza gvxvdeba yvela aerobul, magram ar gvxvdeba aerotolerantul baqteriebSi, xolo obligatur
anaerobebs ki ar aqvT arcerTi fermenti. peroqsidaza axdens organuli naerTebis Jangvis katalizs.

baqteriebis zrda

termin “zrda”- Si igulisxmeba cocxali nivTierebis Seuqcevadi zrda, umetesad ganpirebebuli

ujredebis gayofiT. Tu mravalujredian organizmebSi es ZiriTadad gamoixateba sxeulis masis da zomis
zrdiT, erTujredian organizmebSi izrdeba ujredebis raodenoba. Tumca baqteriebSic unda ganvasxvaoT
ujredebis raodenobis zrda da ujreduli masis zrda.
baqteriuli ujredis zrdaSi igulisxmeba swored yvela ujreduli komponentis da struqturis
koordinirebuli mateba, rac saboloo jamSi iwvevs ujredis masis zrdas. ujredis zrda usasrulo ar aris da ujredis
mier kritikuli zomebis miRwevis Semdeg ujredi iyofa. umetesoba gram _ baqteriebSi es procesi
mimdinareobs ganivi Wimis meSveobiT, gram + ki ujredSida tixris sinTeziT, romelic rogorc wesi
“izrdeba” ujredis kedlidan centrisaken, magram mag, Mycobacterium is warmomadgenlebSi tixari
warmoiqmneba ujredis centrSi da “izrdeba” kedlebisaken, Semdgom ixliCeba or Sred da yofs ujreds or
“nawilad”. zrdis procesi gansxvavdeba sxvadasxva formis baqteriebs Soris:
Cxirebis SemTxvevaSi zrda mimdinareobs sigrZeSi ujredis kedlis gagrZelebis gamo, amitom
xvedriTi zedapiri (Sefardeba zedapirsa da moculobas Soris) CxirebSi ucvleli rCeba. kedlis gagrZeleba mis
sxvadasxva SreebSi sxvadasxva struqturuli suberTeulebis CarTvis xarjze xdeba. streptokokebSi axali
struqturuli suberTeulebis CarTva xdeba ujredis kedlis “ekvatoris” ubanSi. kokebis zrda ki mimdinareobs
yvela mimarTulebiT, maTi xvedriTi zedapiri ujredis zrdasTan erTad permanentulad mcirdeba, ris gamoc
zrdis tempi TandaTanobiT klebulobs.
faqtorebs, romlebsac garkveuli gavlena aqvT baqteriebis zrdaze in vitro ganekuTvneba: aeracia
(JangbadTan baqteriebis damokidebulebis mixedviT), temperatura, dro, ganaTeba da sakvebi areebi.
aeraciis pirobebi baqteriebis tipzea (aerobebi, anaerobebi, fakultaturi anaerobebi) damokidebuli.
zrdisaTvis optimaluri temperaturis mixedviT ki arCeven:
 fsiqrofilur (anu kriofilur) baqteriebs – romlebic kargad izrdebian 0 - 100C
 mezofilebs – maTTvis idealuria 20 – 400C
 Termofilebs – 40 -600C, zogierTi Termofiluri baqteriis optimaluri temperatura 650C –ze metia.
drois faqtori damokidebulia mikrobTa saxeobaze, mag yivanaxvelas gamomwvevis
kultivirebisaTvis saWiroa 5 dRe, xolo tuberkulozis gamomwvevisaTvis ki es dro Seadgens 3-4 kviras.
magram umetesoba baqteriebis kultivirebisaTvis sakmarisia 18-48 saaTamde.
fototrofuli baqteriebis zrdisaTvis aucilebelia sinaTle. xSirad mikrobebi sinaTlis intensivobis
mixedviT warmoqmnian pignetebs, rac gamoiyeneba SemdgomSi maTi identifikaciisaTvis. pigemntebi
gansxvavdebian ara mxolod feriT, aramed xsnadobiT, qimiuri SemadgenlobiT. cximSi xsnad wiTel,
narinjisfer da yviTeli feris karotinoidul pignetebs warmoqmnian sarcinebi, tuberkulozis mikobaqteriebi,
zogierTi aqtinomicetebi. wyalSi da Zlier mJavebSic ki uxsnad Sav da yavisfer pigmentebs – melaninebs,
warmoqmnian baqteroidebi, piocianins asinTezireben lurj-mwvane baqteriebi, da sxv.
sakvebi kulturaluri areebi baqteriebisaTvis sxvadasxvagvaria. sakvebi niadagi unda akmayofilebdes
Semdeg moTxovnebs:
1. unda Seicavdes wyals, radganac baqteriebis cxovelqmedebis yvela procesi mimdinareobs wyalSi,
2. sakvebi niadagi unda iyos steriluri,
3. niadags unda gaaCndes garkveuli osmosuri wneva,
4. gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos sakultivacio mikrobis zrdisaTvis aucilebeli pH maCvenebeli,
5. baqteriebisaTvis aucilebelia naxSirbadis, azotis, gogirdis, fosforis wyaroebi, amitom sakvebi areebi
unda Seicavdnen naxSirwylebs, aminomJavebs, lipidebs, organul mJavebs.
qimiuri Sedgenilobis mixedviT sakvebi areebi SeiZleba iyos:
  sinTezuri – are, romelic Seicavs mxolod aucilebel nivTierebebs: glukozas, fosfatebs, qloridebs,
sulfatebs
 kompleqsuri – are, romelic aucilebelis garda Seicavs damatebiT nivTierebebs, specifiur
eqstraqtebs da sxv.
arsebobs agreTve dasakonservebeli niadagebi, romlebic mimarTulia saprofitebis zrda-ganviTarebis
SezRudvaze da sadiferencio-sadiagnostiko areebi, romlebic gaTvaliswinebulia baqteriebis calkeuli tipebis,
saxeobisa an jgufebis Seswavlisa da identifikaciisaTvis. aseTi niadagebi xSirad Seicaven ferad indikators.
konsistenciis mixedviT SeiZleba iyos:
 Txevadi areebi – bulionebi
 myari areebi – polisaqarid agaris an Jelatinis 20% SemcvelobiT
 naxevrad Txevadi areebi – agaris 0,6% iani SemcvelobiT.
garkveuli baqteriebis izolaciisa da Sefasebisas sakvebi aris Semadgenloba SeiZleba icvlebodes. ase
mag, eleqtiuri (anu seleqtiuri) areebi specialurad iqmneba konkretuli mikroorganizmebis zrdis
moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT da rasakvirvelia, Sesabamisad am konkretuli mikrobis intensiur zrdas
iwvevs, rac nakleb Sanss utovebs sxva mikrobebs zrda – gamravlebisaTvis.
baqteriebis koloniebis tipebSi arCeven or ZiriTad tips: S (ing. smooth) gluv da R (ing. rough)
xorklian koloniebs.
baqteriebis zrdis Sefaseba yvelaze iolad xdeba Txevad areebSi, sadac iyeneben ujredul homogenur
suspenziebs. ujredebis raodenobriv matebas aRricxaven 1 ml –Si baqteriebis koncentraciis (1 ml –Si
ujredebis raodenobis) gansazRvriT. ujreduli masis matebas ki moculobis erTeulze masis matebis
gansazRvriT.
baqteriebi mravldebian binaruli gayofiT, romlis Sedegadac warmoiqmneba ori Svileuli identuri
erTeuli. Sesabamisad, maTi ricxvi imatebs geometriuli progresiiT: 20 ―› 21 ―› 22 ―› 23 ―› ... 2n
baqteriebis Setanis Semdeg sakveb areSi iwyeba maTi zrda da dayofa manamde, sadamdec erT-erTi
(an ramdenime erTdroulad) sakvebi nivTierebis raodenoba areSi ar dava minimumamde. Tu ar davamatebT
sakvebs da ar movaSorebT metabolizmis produqtebs, miviRebT baqteriebis periodul (an statikur) kulturas.
perioduli kultura SeiZleba SevadaroT mravalujrediani organizms, zrdis genetikurad gansazRvruli droiT.
baqteriebis zrda kulturaSi SeiZleba daiyos 4 fazad.
1. lag faza – sakveb areSi Seyvanis Semdeg, baqteriebi gadian adaptacias sakvebi aris pirobebTan da
mravldebian Zalian nela. lag faza grZeldeba daaxloebiT 4-5 saaTi.
2. logariTmuli (eqspotencialuri) zrdis faza – xasiaTdeba ujredebis dayofis maqsimaluri siCqariT.
xSirad generaciis dro konkretuli saxeobis baqteriebisaTvis mudmivia. eqspotencialuri faza
grZeldeba daaxloebiT 5 -12 saaTi. ujredebis gaormagebis dros uwodeben generaciis dros
 3. baqteriebis zrdis intensivobasTan erTad mcirdeba areSi sakvebi nivTierebebis raodenoba da
akumulirdeba baqteriebis metabolizmis toqsiuri produqtebi, rac, rasakvirvelia anelebs baqteriebis
gamravlebas. am Senelebul fazas ewodeba stacionaruli. sporawarmomqmneli baqteriebi am dros
xSirad gadadian sporulaciis (sporebis warmoqmnis) fazaSi. raRac garkveul momentSi sporul
mdgomareobaSi myof, aqtiuri da ukve “daRupuli” baqteriebis odenoba areSi Tanabrdeba, rasac
ewodeba maqsimaluri stacionaruli faza.
4. Tu ar moxda baqteriebis gadaTesva (gadatana) axal areze, maTi kultura sabolood daiRupeba
metabolizmis toqsiuri produqtebis dagrovebisa da sakvebi aris arasakmarisobis gamo,
sporawarmomqmneli baqteriebi gadavlen sporul mdgomareobaSi da baqteriebis ricxvi Zalze
Semcirdeba, am fazas ewodeba – “daRupvis” an sikvdilis faza.
baqteriuli populaciis mudmivad logariTmul fazaSi “gaCereba” SesaZlebelia, Tuki sakveb
produqtebs areSi “dozirebulad” mivawodebT, aseT kulturas uwodeben uwyvet kulturas.
im baqteriebs, romlebic naxSirbadis or sxvadasxva wyaros iyeneben, axasiaTebT orfaziani zrda.: jer
aqvT sawyisi piki, romlis drosac mimdinareobs erTi saxis naxSirbadis utilizacia, ris Semdegac cota xniT
dgeba stacionaruli faza da Semdgom iwyeba meore saxiT warmodgenili naxSirbadis utilizacia, anu meore
eqspotencialuri faza.
zogierT baqteriebs, umetesad parazitebs zrdisTvis sWirdebad specifiuri nivTierebebi, romelTac
uwodeben zrdis faqtorebs, umetesad esenia: purinebi, lipidebi, rkina –porfirinebi, vitaminebi da
pirimidinebi.
zrdis faqtorebi iyofa:
1. faqtorebad, romlebic aucilebelia baqteriebis zrdisTvis
2. faqtorebad, romelTa damateba areSi ar aris aucilebeli da maTi ar arseboba areSi ar iwveves
baqteriebis zrdis SeCerebas
3. “gamSveb” faqtorebad – romelTa arseboba areSi aucilebelia kulturis zrdis dasawyebad.
mikrobuli ujredis gamravlebaSi yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovani procesebi mimdinareobs nukleoidSi –
birTvis magier areSi, sadac dmn-is erT molekulaSi Tavmoyrilia mTeli informacia baqteriul ujredze.
yvelaferi iwyeba dnm-is replikaciiT, romelic mimdinareobs naxevrad konservatiuli meTodiT. replikacia
iwyeba dnm-is erT wertilSi da mimdinareobs ori diametralurad sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT. dnm-is
Svileuli jaWvebis sinTezi mimdinareobs safexurebrivad 1-2 aTasi nukleotidis toli mokle fragmentebiT,
romlec erTmaneTs ukavSirdebian specialuri fermentiT – ligaziT. paralelurad xdeba ujredSida tixaris an
ganivi Wimis warmoqmna. dnm-is replikaciis periodSi ujredi ganuwyvetliv izrdeba peptidoklikanebTan
erTad sinTezirdebian citoplazmuri membranis, ribosomebis da citoplazmis SemadgenlobaSi Semavali
biopolimerebi. sabolood tixari an Wimi yofs baqteriul ujreds or tol nawilad da Svileuli ujredebi Sordeba
erTmaneTs. baqteriuli ujredis gayofis procesi imyofeba mkacri genetikuri kontrolis qveS, ris darRvevasac
aucileblad moyveba gayofis meqanizmis darRvevac. baqteriebSi mitozis aparatis funqcias asrulebs
citoplazmuri membrana, romelic qromosomebs, organelebs, plazmidebs Tanabrad anawilebs Svileul
ujredebSi.

sporulacia
sporawarmoqmnis procesi, rogorc aRvniSneT iwyeba maSin, rodesac baqteriisaTvis iqmneba
araxalsayreli pirobebi. sporebi warmoadgenen Tavisebur “mosvenebul” mdgomareobaSi myof ujredebs.
maT gaaCniaT uaRresad dabali metabolituri aqtivoba, amave dros ki gamoirCevian maRali mdgradobiT
gamoSrobisadmi, maRali temperaturisadmi da sxvadasxva qimiuri nivTierebebisadmi. sporebis maRal
rezistentobas aRniSnuli faqtorebisadmi ukavSireben sporebis garsSi diplikonis mJavis kalciumis marilis
did raodenobas. sporebi Zlieri sinaTlis gardamtexebia, amitom isini kargad Canan SeuRebav
preparatebSi. sporebi baqteriebSi xels uwyoben saxeobis gadarCenas da ar warmoadgenen
gamravlebis saSualebebs, rogorc, mag sokoebSi. sporebi ujredSi SeiZleba ganlagdnen centralurad,
subterminalurad (centridan wanacvlebuli) an terminalurad (ujredis erT-erT boloSi). isini umetesad mrgvali
formisaa, Tumca arseboben ovaluri an elipsuri formis sporebic. zog baqteriaSi sporis diametri ufro didia
vidre TviT ujredis, amitom ujredi TiTistarisebul formas iZens, mag rogorc klostridiebSi. sporis protoplasti
Seicavs citoplazmur membranas, citoplazmas, qromosomas, cilis masinTezirebeli sistemis da anaerobuli
energiis warmomqmnel yvela komponents. sporis aRmoceneba xdeba 4-5 saaTis ganmavlobaSi, xolo misi
formireba grZeldeba 18-20 saaTi.
baqteriebis mier formiT, zomiT da ujredSi lokalizaciis mixedviT gansxvavebuli sporebis
warmoqmnis unari taqsonomiur niSan_Tvisebas warmoadgens da gamoiyeneba aRniSnuli baqteriis
diferencirebisa da identifikaciisaTvis.
sporebis warmoqmnis procesi iwyeba baqteriuli ujredis SigniT sporogenuli zonis formirebiT, romelic
warmoadgens citoplazmis erT romelime gamkvrivebul ubans masSi lokalizebuli nukleoidiT. amis
Semdgom citoplazmisagn sporogenuli zonis izolirebis gziT, rac xorcieldeba citoplazmuri membranis
ujredSi Sezrdis gamo, warmoiqmneba prospora. citoplazmuri membranis gareTa da Sida Sreebs Soris
warmoiqmneba sporis garsis yvelaze sqeli Sre – korteqsi. korteqsi mgrZnobiarea ferment lizocimis mimarT
da am fermentis moqmedebiT iSleba. zogierTi baqteriebis sporebs aqvT damatebiTi damcavi Sre –
ekzosporiumi. sporis membranis gareTa zedapiri ifareba mkvrivi garsiT, romlis SemadgenlobaSic Sedis
baqteriuli vegetatiuri ujredisaTvis aradamaxasiaTebeli cilebi, lipidebi, da sxva SenaerTebi. swored aq aris
lokalizebuli diplikonis mJavac, romelic aniWebs sporas gansakuTrebiT mdgradobas. sporebis aseT maRal
mdgradobas qimiuri da fizikuri faqtorebis mimarT didi epidemiologiuri mniSvneloba gaaCnia, vinaidan
spora xels uwyobs infeqciis wyaros SenarCunebas. sporis warmoqmnis procesis dasrulebisaTvis ujredis
vegetatiuri nawili kvdeba, spora gamoTavisufldeba da xangrZlivi droiT inarCunebs garemoSi
sicocxlisunarianobas, sanam ar dadgeba misi aRmocenebisaTvis xelsayreli pirobebi. baqteriebis sporebis
sicocxlisunarianoba varirebs sxvadasva saxeobebisaTvis – 3 - 50 wlidan 200 – 300 wlamde (Bacillus –is
SemTxvevaSi).
sporawarmomqmnel baqteriebs gaaCniaT meqanizmebi, romelTa saSualebiTac isini amoicnoben
garkveuli saxis cvlilebebs garemoSi mag energiis wyaros, zogierTi aminomJavis, da sxv. naklebobas da
amis sapasuxod iwyeben sporebis formirebas, anu sporulaciis process.
sporulaciis kidev erT-erTi Tavisebureba mdgomareobs sporulaciis garkveul etapze baqteriuli ujredis
mier mjavebSi xsnadi mcire zomis cilebis sinTezSi. sporebSi isini ukavSirdebian dnm-s riTac
uzrunvelyofen sporis mdgradobas ultraiisferi gamosxivebis mimarT. sporis aRmocenebis periodSi es cilebi
hidrolizdeba da uzrunvelyofs ujreds misTvis saWiro aminomJavebiT.
sporis aRmoceneba xdeba mis mier garkveuli qimiuri signalis miRebis Semdeg. es procesi moicavs 3
stadias;
 aqtivacias – xorcieldeba sxvadasxva faqtorebis saSualebebiT, mag temperaturis an pH
mkveTri cvlilebis, meqanikuri dazianebis da a. S. sapasuxod,
 sawyis stadias – rodesac garegani efeqtorebis gavleniT xdeba ferment autolizinebis
gaaqtiveba da korteqsis Sris daSla, ris Sedegadac sporaSi Sedis wyali, spora
Tavisufldeba kalciumis diplikonisagan, xolo hidrolizuri fermentebis zemoqmedebiT
iSleba misi sxva komponentebic,
 zrdis stadiisagan – xdeba metabolituri procesebis gaaqtiureba da ramodenime saaTSi
sporidan gamoikvirteba axali vegetatiuri ujredi, romelic sakvebi nivTierebebis arsebobis
SemTxvevaSi garemo areSi swrafad aaqtivebs yvela process, aormagebs Tavis biomasas
da maleve iyofa or Svileul ujredad, romlebic Tavis mxriv SemdgomSi aqtiurad
mravldebian.

baqteriebis zrda-ganviTarebis SezRudva

garemos fizikur, qimiur da biologiur faqtorebs sxvadasxvanairi gavlena aqvT mikroorganizmebze:

baqtericiduli anu mikrobociduli – romelic iwvevs baqteriis “sikvdils”, baqteriostatikuri – romelic
iwvevs baqteriebis zrdisa da gamravlebis SeCerebas da mutagenuri romelic iwvevs baqteriebis
memkvidruli niSan_Tvisebebis cvlilebas.
rogorc avRniSneT, baqteriebis zrdaze moqmedebs aeracia, temperatura, sinaTle, tenianoba an
gamoSroba da sxv. faqtorebi, romlebic SeiZleba iyvnen rogorc zrdis mastimulirebeli, aseve zrdis
malimitirebelic.
 paTogenuri baqteriebis zrdis daTrgunva an maTi ganadgureba xorcieldeba sxvadasxva qimiuri an
fizikuri faqtorebis saSualebiT. isini an moqmedeben araarCeviTad (mag, Senobebis, sayofacxovrebo
nivTebis an samedicino instrumentebis gawmenda-gauvnebelyofis SemTxvevaSi), an arCeviTad
(antimikrobuli moqmedeba – gamoixateba ZiriTadad qimioTerapiaSi).
araarCeviTi moqmedebebidan gamoyofen dezinfeqcias da sterilizacias.

dezinfeqcia (franguli Tavsar. des aRniSnavs infeqciuri sawyisis moSorebas) - gulisxmobs

mikrobebiT dabinZurebuli sagnis damuSavebas paTogenuri baqteriebis ricxvis Semcirebis mizniT,

sterilizacia (laTinuri sityvidan sterilis – unayofo) ki axdens mikrobebis sruli eliminirebas an maT
srul inaqtivacias.

mikrobebis gauvnebelyofis meTodebs Soris asxvaveben:

fizikur meTodebs

1. Termuli damuSaveba:
pasterizacia –Ggacxeleba an 15 wT 70- 720C, an 30wT 600C. am dros iRupeba 40-70% baqteriebisa

sterilizacia mSrali orTqliT – tardeba saSrob karadebSi, sadac t aRwevs 1600C. am dros iRupeba ar
mxolod baqteriebis vegetatiuri formebi, aramed sporebic.

sterilizacia sveli orTqliT - 1210C da 1,2 -1,5 atm wneva anadgurebs Termostabilur sporebsac ki 15 wT -
Si.

tindalizacia – jeradi sterilizacia (yoveldRiuri) dabal temperaturaze.

2. dasxiveba
ultraiisferi sxivebiT – misi mikrobociduli moqmedeba emyareba wyalbaduri bmebis gawyvetas da dnm
–is molekulebSi Timidinis dimerebis warmoqmnas, rac iwvevs arasicocxlisunariani mutantebis
warmoSobas.

Ύ da rentgenis sxivebis – dasxiveba iwvevs Tavisufali radikalebis warmoqmnas, rac Tavis mxriv
Semdgom iwvevs nukleinis mJavebisa da cilebis denaturacias da bunebrivia baqteriuli ujredis
daRupvas.

mikrotalRuri gamosxiveba - misi masterilizebeli efeqti miiRweva temperaturis swrafi matebis xarjze.

ultrabgera – iwvevs mikrobuli organoidebis depolarizacias da maTi Semadgeneli milekulebis

denaturacias.
madenzificirebeli agentebis ZiriTadi tipebi

tipi gansazRvreba

hermicidi mikroorganizmebis vegetatiuri formebis (magram ara sporebis)

gamanadgurebeli fizikuri an qimiuri agenti

sporocidi baqteriebisa da sokoebis sporebis gamanadgurebeli qimiuri

agenti

fungicidi sokoebis gamanadgurebeli qimiuri agenti

virulicidi virusebis gamanadgurebeli qimiuri agenti

baqtericidi baqteriebis gamanadgurebeli qimiuri agenti

baqteriostatiki baqteriebis zrdis damTrgunveli qimiuri agenti

sanatori detergenti, romelic inarCunebs baqteriebis raodenobas gakveul

doneze

3. filtracia
arsebobs bunebrivi (mag: kaolini, infuzoruli miwa) da xelovnuri filtrebi (sxvadasxva diametris mqone
membranuli filtrebi), romlebic efeqturad axdenen baqteriebis eliminacias siTxeebidan da airebidan.

qimiur meTodebs

antiseptikebis da dezinfeqtantebis gamoyeneba

maT miekuTvnebad sxvadasxva spirtebi, halogenebi da halogenSemcveli preparatebi (iodi, iodinoli,

iodonati, povidon – iodi, qlori, qloramini), aldehidebi (formaldehidi, lizoformini), mJavebi (boris mJava,
ZmarmJava, acetilsalicilis mJava, amiakis xsnari), mZime metalebi (spilenZis sulfati, vercxlis nitrati, cinkis
Jangi), fenolebi (karbolis mJava, trikrezoli, rezorcini), kaTionuri detergentebi, airebi (eTilenis oqsidi,
formaldehidis airi), saRebavebi (briliantis mwvane, meTilis lurji), damJangavebi (H2O2, hidroperiti,
kaliumis permanganati).

yvela qimiuri agenti sxvadasxvagvarad moqmedebs baqteriebze da maT zrdas sxvadasxvanairad

aferxebs. zogi iwveves denaturacias, zogi plazmaturi membranis ganvladobas cvlis (mag kaTionuri
detergentebi), zogic lipidebs “gamorecxavs” ujreduli kedlidan (mag spirtebi).

baqteriis sicocxlisunarianobaze arCeviTad momqmed nivTierebebs miekuTvneba bunebrivi

antibiotikebi da qimiopreparatebi
 bunebrivi antibiotikebi iwarmoeba sxvadasxva mikroorganizmebis mier da mimarTulia sxva
organizmebis cxovelqmedebis SezRudvaze an maT ganadgurebaze. antibiotikebis warmoqmnis fenomeni
upirveles yovlisa ganpirobebulia mikroorganizmTa Soris antagonisturi urTierTqmedebiT. antibiotikebis
producentebi arian: baqteriebi, sokoebi, aqtinomicetebi, umaRlesi wyalmcenareebi. samedicino
TvalsazrisiT yvelaze gavrcelebadi antibiotikebi baqteriebis, sokoebisa da aqtinomicetebis nawarmoebi
produqtebia.

bunebrivi antibiotikebis samizne rogorc wesi aris mxolod vegetatiuri ujredi da ara spora. arsebobs
farTo da viwro speqtris preparatebi – pirveli moqmedebs rogorc gram (+), aseve gram (_) baqteriebze,
meore, rogorc wesi mxolod gram (+).

bunebrivi antibiotikebis aRmoCenis Semdeg adamianis mier Seqmnili iqna

sinTezuri qimioTerapiuli saSualebebi:

pirvel sinTezur antibiotikebs miekuTvnebian dariSxanis warmoebulebi – salvarsani da

neosalvarsani, Semdgom samedicino praqtikaSi dainerga

 sulfanilamiduri preparatebi
 izonikotinis mJavis analogebi
 qinolebi
 Tiosemikarbazonis warmoebulebi
antibiotikebs, warmoSobis, qimiuri struqturis, aqtivobis speqtris, moqmedebis meqanizmis,
medikamentozuri mdgradobis ganviTarebis principiT yofen sxvadasxva klasebad. amJamad arsebuli Zalze
mravalferovani antibiotikebis speqtrs mikrobul ujredze moqmedebis meqanizmis mixedviT yofen:

 baqteriuli ujreduli kedlis komponentebis sinTezis inhibitorebad, romelSic Sedis: penicilinebis

didi jgufi, cefalosporinebi (4-ve Taoba), sxva β laqtamebi da sxv.
 baqteriuli ujredis citoplazmaturi membranis funqciis damrRvevebad, maT ganekuTvnebad:
polimiqsinebi, polienuri antibiotikebi, gramicidinebi
 cilis sinTezis inhibitorebad, romelTac ekuTvnis: aminoglikozidebi, tetraciklinebi, levomicetini,
makrolidebi da sxv.
 nukleinis mJavebis transkripciisa da sinTezis inhibitorebad: qinolebi, nitroimidazolis
warmoebulebi, rifamicini
 nukleotidebis sinTezis inhibitorebad, rogoricaa sulfanilamidebi, diaminopirimidinebi
zrdis damTrgunavi an misi SemzRudavi faqtorebisagan baqteria icavs Tavs, sxvadasxva saSualebebiT:
sporis warmoqmniT, pigmentebis sinTeziT da a. S.
 antibiotikebisa da qimiopreparatebis moqmedebis mimarTac baqterias SeiZleba ganuviTardes an/da
qondes mdgradoba – iyos rezistentuli ama Tu im preparatis mimarT. rezistentoba moicavs iseTi
fermentebis sinTezis unars baqteriis mier, romlebis iwvevs preparatis inaqtivacias, an im baqteriuli
struqturebis modifikacias, romlebTanac preparati Sedis urTierTqmedebaSi. amas yvelafers apirobebs
rogorc Sinagani, anu bunebrivi, aseve garedan SeZenili faqtorebi.

arsebobs rezistentoba anu mdgradoba, romelic aragenetikuria baqteriisaTvis da gulisxmobs

baqteriis metabolizmis cvlilebas da preparatTan mourTierTe ligandebis ricxvisa da raodenobriv cvlilebas,
da arsebobs genetikuri rezistentoba, romelic kodirdeba baqteriis qromosomul aparatSi an xorcieldeba da
gadaecema plazmidebiT.

aragenetikuri rezistentoba - rogorc avRniSneT, gulisxmobs:

1. ujreduli ligandebis, romlebic konkretulad urTierTqmedeben qimiopreparatebTan, saerTo ricxvis

Semcirebas – mag, penicilinebis moqmedeba zogierT gram (+) baqteriebze iwvevs ugarso, (L formebis)
populaciebis warmoqmnas da Sesabamisad amiT rezistentuls xdis maT antibiotikebisadmi.

2. baqteriuli ujredis metabolisturi aqtivobis daqveiTebas – umetesoba baqteriebisa mgrZnobiare arian

antibiotikebisadmi mxolod aqtiur reproduqciul fazaSi. Sesabamisad, Tu baqteria didxans iqneba latentur
stadiaSi, mas gadarCenis meti Sansi eqneba. amitom, rigi baqteriuli procesebisa mimarTulia metabolisturi
aqtivobis Semcirebaze, rac uzrunvelyofs baqteriis ufro nel ganviTarebas da Sesabamisad latenturi stadiis
gagrZelebas.

genetikuri rezistentoba – SesaZlebelia kodirebuli iyos qromosomul aparatSi an ganpirobebuli iqnas

plazmidebis moqmedebiT.

rezistentobis mizezi SeiZleba gaxdes cila porinebis struqturis cvlilebebi, romlis saSualebiTac
antibiotikebi aRweven ujredSi, konkretuli cilebis mutaciebi, romlebic warmoadgenen antibiotikisaTvis
ligands, an im baqteriuli fermentebis struqturuli cvlilebebi, romlebic monawileoben antibiotikis
”gadamuSavebaSi”.

xSir SemTxvevebSi rezistentobis mizezi xdebian plazmidebi – araqromosomuli dnm elementebi,

romlebsac damoukidebeli replikaciis unari gaaCniaT da akodireben sxvadasxva saxis mdgradobas
qimiofaqtorebis mimarT. plazmidebi SeiZleba Seicavdnen erT an met gens, romelic akodirebs
qimiopreparatebis inaqtivacias, anda modifikacias, aseve mis swraf eliminacias ujredidan, (mag
laqtamazebs). SesaZlebelia baqteria erTdroulad iyos mdgradi ramdenime tipis antibiotikis mimarT – amas
ew. mravaljeradi rezistentoba. periodulad gvxvdeba epidemiuri rezistentobis movlena, rodesac mdgradoba
iRebs genetikur xasiaTs da gadaecema Svileul Taobebs.

Tu qromosomulad rezistentuli Stamebis (mutaciebiT ganpirobebuli da a.S.) bunebrivi gadarCeva

moxdeba Semdgomi dominirebiT (anu konkretulad aseTi Stamebis gaZlerebuli zrdiT), amas ew. Stamebis
bunebrivi seleqcia.

ZiriTad meqanizmebs, romlebic apirobeben rezistentobas qimiopreparatebis mimarT

ganekuTvnebian:

1. qimiopreparatebis fermentuli inaqtivacia –

rig baqteriebs gaaCniaT qimiopreparatebis gauvnebelyofis meqanizmebi. ZiriTadad esenia fermentebi,
romlebic moqmedeben antibiotikebze:

 β laqtamazebi – romelTa moqmedeba gamoixateba Sesabamisad β laqtamebis winaaRmdeg da

kodirdeba gram (+) baqteriebis SemTxvevaSi inducibeluri genebiT – anu genebiT, romelTa sinTezis
intensivoba izrdeba areSi antibiotikis arsebobisas, xolo gram (-) baqteriebis SemTxvevaSi sinTezi atarebs
permanentul xasiaTs.
 acetiltransferazebi, fosforilazebi da nukleotidazebi – axdenen aminoglikozidebis modifikacias ise,
rom isini veRar ukavSirdebian ribosomebs.
2. ujreduli kedlis ganvladobis Secvla -

 porinebi – maTi struqturis cvlileba hidrofiluri antibiotikebis umetesobas ganuvlads xdis ujreduli
kedlisaTvis
 lipopolisaqaridebi – Trgunaven hidrofobuli antibiotikebis ganvladobas ujredul kedelSi
 eleqtronuli transportis cvlileba – mag. aminoglikozidebis SeRweva ujredSi pirdapir damokidebulia
Jangbadis atomTan eleqtronis gadatanaze, ase, rom Tu es ar moxda da eleqtronuli transporti Seicvala,
aminoglikozidebi ujredSi ver SeaRweven.
3. sxva faqtorebi – mag, zogierT baqterias SeuZlia antibiotikebis baqteriociduli aqtivoba gadaiyvanos
baqteriostatikurSi. aseT efeqts mag Streptococcus pneumoniae aRwevs ujreuli kedlis ganvladobis SecvliT
da zogierTi autoliTiuri preparatis gamoyenebiT.

baqteriuli metabolizmi

baqteriuli ujredi rogorc zrdis periodSi, iseve vegetatiur mdgomareobaSi saWiroebs energiis mudmiv
modinebas. cocxali ujredi warmoadgens maRalorganizebul materias, energia ki saWiroa ara mxolod aseTi
organizaciis SeqmnisaTvis, aramed misi SenarCunebisaTvisac. am energias organizmi iRebs nivTierebaTa
cvlis procesSi, anu metabolizmSi, romelic mimdinareobs ujredis SigniT.

imisaTvis, rom sakvebi nivTiereba “CaerTos” ujredul metabolizmSi igi unda moxvdes baqteriul
ujredSi, anu man unda “gaiaros” citoplazmaturi membrana. baqteriul ujredSi nivTierebaTa gadatanis
(transportis) ori gza arsebobs: pasiuri da aqtiuri.

pasiuris dros nivTiereba ujredSi xvdeba mxolod koncentraciis gradientis mixedviT – maRali
koncentraciidan dabalisaken, sanam nivTierebis koncentracia membranis orive mxares ar gaTanabrdeba.
Tu, konkretuli nivTierebis koncentracia gaTanabrdeba ujredis membranis orive mxares pasiuri difuziis
procesi Sewydeba. pasiuri difuziisaTvis ar aris damaxasiaTebeli substratis specifiuroba da igi ar moiTxovs
energiis xarjvas.
asxvaveben pasiuri transportis or formas: Cveulebriv difuzias da gamartivebul difuzias.
Cveulebrivi difuzia araspecifiuria da damokidebulia gadasatani molekulebis zomasa da maT lipofilobaze.
gamartivebuli difuzia xorcieldeba gadamtani cila permeazas saSualebiT da ufro swrafia vidre
Cveulebrivi difuzia. permeazebi ikavSireben substrats membranis gareTa zedapirze da membranis gavliT
gadaaqvT igi Sida zedapirze, sadac disocirdebian, gamoaTavisufleben dakavSirebul nawilaks da Semdgom
imeoreben amave cikls Tavidan.

aqtiuri transportis dros nivTiereba ujredSi aRwevs koncentraciis gradientis sawinaaRmdegod. am

SemTxvevaSic moqmedeben SemboWveli cila gadamtanebi, romlebic moqmedeben permeazebTan
kompleqsSi. am procesis ganxorcielebisaTvis ixarjeba garkveuli energia. xSirad gadatanis periodSi
nivTiereba qimiurad modificirdeba – mag. Saqrebi ukavSirdebian fosforilirebul cila gadamtans, romelsac
citoplazmis gavliT gadaaqvT Saqrebi da aTavisuflebs maT citoplazmaSi fosfolirilebuli formiT.

ujredSi garedan moxvedrili sakvebi nivTierebebi, ganicdian rig fermentul gardaqmnebs, romelTa
Sedegadac baqteria iRebs rogorc ujreduli komponentebis saSen masalas, aseve energias ujreduli
procesebisaTvis. biosinTezuri da energetikuli procesebi ujredSi mimdinareobs erTdroulad da
dakavSirebulebi arian erTmaneTTan Sualeduri produqtebiT, romlebsac uwodeben amfibolitebs.

ujredSi nivTierebaTa gardaqmna, anu metabolizmi SeiZleba pirobiTad davyoT sam etapad, esenia:

 katabolizmi – sakvebi nivTierebebis, romlebic qimiurad warmoadgenen rTul nivTierebebs, daSla

mcire fragmentebad. am procesis dros Tavisufldeba energia,
 amfibolizmi – Sualeduri cvla, anu daSlili produqtebis fragmentebis gardaqmna organul mJavebad
da fosforul eTerebad, martiv saSen “blokebad”, risganac SemdgomSi sinTezirdeba polimeruli
makromolekulebi
  anabolizmi – anu metabolizmis sinTezuri “nawili” – rodesac sinTezirdeba rogorc ujredis saSeni
masalebi, aseve makromolekulebi: nukleinis mJavebi, cilebi, ujreduli kedlis komponentebi.
dedamiwaze mcxovrebi yvela cocxali organizmi bioqimiurad ZiriTadad erTmaneTis msgavsia.
TiTqmis erTnairia maTi ZiriTadi metabolizuri gzebic, baqteriebis ramdenime jgufis garda, romelTac es
gzebi modificirebuli aqvT.

fermentebi da kofermentebi

nebismieri tipis gardaqmnas ujredSi axorcieleben fermentebi. yoveli erTi metabolitis gardaqmnas
meored axorcielebs konkretuli fermenti – anu cila, romelsac gaaCnia katalizuri aqtivoba. nebismieri
mikroorganizmis fermentuli Semadgenloba ganisazRvreba misi genomiT da aris stabiluri niSan-Tviseba,
rac gamoiyeneba baqteriebis identifikaciisaTvis. amasTanave, zogierTi paTogenuri mikroorganizmis
fermenti amavdroulad warmoadgens paTogenurobis faqtors (mag. hialuronidaza, neiraminidaza).

fermentuli reaqcia iwyeba garkveuli metabolitis (substratis) mierTebiT konkretul fermentul

cilasTan. fermentis mier substratis “gamocnoba” mimdinareobs maTi dakavSirebis procesSi, da es procesi
xdeba fermentis garkveul ubanSi e.w. katalizur centrSi, romelic iseTive SesabamisobaSia konkretul
substratTan, rogorc gasaRebi klitesTan. metabolitis qimiuri gardaqmnebi mimdinareobs ufro swrafad, vidre
sxva nebismieri arafermentuli reaqcia. fermentebis Zalze mniSvnelovani Tvisebaa, maT mierve Tavisi
katalizuri aqtivobis regulacia. es xorcieldeba sxva, meore centris saSulebiT, romelsac ewodeba –
regulatoruli centri da romelic ierTebs reaqciis jaWvis saboloo produqts. anu, fermentis katalizuri centri
uerTdeba substrats da iwyebs gardaqmnis reaqcias, xolo regulatoruli centri ierTebs am gardaqmnebis
saboloo produqts, riTic ablokirebs fermentis katalizur aqtivobas. saboloo produqtebi moqmedeben am
SemTxvevaSi rogorc uaryofiTi efeqtorebi.

baqteriebi zrdis ganmavlobaSi iyeneben sxvadasxva substratebis did raodenobas. es niSnavs, rom
isini asinTezireben fermentebis imden nairsaxeobas, romelic sWirdeba am substratebis gardaqmnas. ese igi
maT aqvT Sesabamisi struqturuli genebi. Tu sakvebi are Seicavs mxolod erT substrats, maSin ujredebSi
warmoiqmneba mxolod am substratis gardasaqmnelad saWiro fermenti da amas ewodeba fermentis
induqcia. Tu areSi erTdroulad ramdenime sxvadasxva substratia, rogorc wesi baqteria “arCevs” im
substrats, romelic uzrunvelyofs mis ufro swraf zrdas. arCeviTad xdeba im fermentis sinTezis induqcia,
romelic saWiroa am substratis utilizirebisaTvis, xolo sxva substratisaTvis saWiro fermentebis sinTezi ki
iTrguneba, amas ew. katabolituri represia.

amgvarad, asxvaveben fermentebis 3 ZiriTad jgufs:

 1. konstituciurs – romelTa sinTezi ganuwyvetliv mimdinareobs ujredSi, maT ganekuTvneba
glikolizis fermentebi,
2. inducibelurs, romelTa sinTezis inducureba xdeba Sesabamisi substratiT da maTi
koncentracia mkveTrad matulobs Sesabamisi substratis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, da
3. represibelurs, romelTa sinTezi iTrguneba am fementebiT katalizebuli reaqciis produqtis
dagrovebis SemTxvevaSi.
baqteriuli fermentebi aris 6 jgufis, esenia:

oqsireduqtazebi, transferazebi, hidrolazebi, ligazebi, liazebi, izomerazebi.

baqteriuli ujredis mier sinTezirebuli fermentebi, SesaZloa lokalizdnen ujredis SigniT da maSin maT
ewodebad endofermentebi, an SesaZloa gamoiyon garemo areSi, am SemTxvevaSi maT uwodeben
ekzofermentebs.

ekzofermentebi uzrunvelyogen baqteriul ujredisaTvis naxSirwylebisa da energiis miwodebas.

umetesoba hidrolazebisa mag, warmoadgenen ekzofermentebs, romlebic areSi gamoTavisuflebis Semdeg
peptidebis msxvil molekulebs, polisaqaridebs an lipidebs Slian monomerebad da dimerebad, romelTac
ukve SeuZliaT baqteriul ujredSi SeRweva.

ekzofermentebi – aseve paTogenuri faqtorebia, romlebic arRveven qsovilebisa da ujredebis

homeostazs, rac iwvevs maT dazianebas. ekzofermentebis sinTezis unari ganapirobebs baqteriebis
invaziurobas, maT mier lorwovanis, SemaerTebeli qsovilis da sxva organuli barierebis gadalaxvis unars.
maT miekuTvnebian iseTi fermentebi rogoricaa hialuronidaza – ujredSorisi nivTierebis damSleli,
neiranimidaza- lorwos Bbarieris gadamlaxveli, antibiotikebis damSleli fermentebi, kolagenaza da sxv.

bevri fermenti moTavsebulia baqteriis periplazmatur areSi da monawileobs nivTierebaTa

transportSi. baqteriis fermentuli speqtri warmoadgens mis taqsonomiur niSan-Tvisebas damaxasiaTebels
garkveuli ojaxisaTvis, gvarisaTvis an/da saxeobisaTvis.

substratis dakavSirebaSi da SemdgomSi misi calkeuli fragmentebis (mag: wyalbadis, meTiluri

jgufebis) gadatanaSi fermentuli cilebis garda monawileoben kofermentebi da prosTetiuli jgufebi.
nivTierebebs, romlebic fermentul cilaze ierTeben substratis fragments, Semdeg moswydebian mas da
gadaqvT es fragmenti sxva fermentul cilaze, ewodebaT kofermentebi. xolo dabalmolekuluri naerTebs,
romlebic fermentul cilasTan mWidrod arian dakavSirebuli da substratis fragments gadascemen fermentidan
mouwyvetavad, ewodebaT prosTetiuli jgufebi.
 kofermentebis sinTezis unari ar Seswevs bevr organizms da isini mas iReben sakvebTan erTad
vitaminebis saxiT, mag; kofermenti A (pantoTenis mJava), kofermenti B12 (kobalamini).

baqteriuli ujredis ZiriTadi organuli komponentebi sinTezirdeba polimerizaciis reaqciebiT “saSeni

masalebidan”, anu aminomJavebidan, fosfatebidan, purinuli da pirimidinuli fuZeebidan, organuli
mJavebidan. saSen masalebis mimwodeblebi arian energetikuli metabolizmis Sualeduri produqtebi.

aminomJavebis biosinTezi

baqteriebis umetesobas SeuZlia cilebis Semadgeneli 20-ve aminomJavis sinTezi, amavdroulad maT
SeuZliaT miiRon aminomJavebi fermentebis mier daSlili cilovani molekulebidanac, amas ew.
transaminireba. cilebs baqteriul ujredSi aqvT rogorc fermentuli funqcia, aseve warmoadgenen
citoplazmaturi membranis, ujreduli kedlis, kapsulebis da sporebis Semadgenel nawilebs.

aminomJavebis sinTezisaTvis saWiro nivTierebebs: ketoglutarats da fumarats “iZleva”

trikarbonmJavebis cikli da xolo erT-erTi ZiriTadi masala aris piruvati, anu piroyurZnis mJava, romelic
miiReba glikolizis dros. aminomJavebis molekulebis sinTezis dros azotis molekula erTveba bolo etapebze,
misi transformacia araorganuli formidan organulSi xdeba amoniumis ionebis daxmarebiT. nitratebi,
nitritebi da molekuluri azoti gardaiqmneba amiakad da amis Semdeg erTveba organul naerTebSi.

nukleotidebis sinTezi

purinuli da pirimidinuli nukleotidebi - es is saSeni “blokebia”, romlebisganac sinTezirdeba

nukleinis mJavebi. purinebisa da pirimidinebis sinTezi baqteriebSi iseve xdeba, rogorc nebismier cocxal
organizmSi. nukleotidebi garda nukleinis mJavebisa Sedian bevri kofermentis SemadgenlobaSic da
axorcieleben aminomJavebis, Saqrebisa da lipidebis aqtivacias da gadatanas polimerizaciis reaqciebSi.
maTi sinTezisaTvis amosavali wertili aris ribozofosfati. pirimidinebis naxSirwylovani ConCxi Sedgeba
aspartatidan, romelic warmoiqmneba trikarbonmJavebis ciklis dros. azotis atomebi da purinebis
aminojgufebi warmosdgebian aspartatisa da glutaminisagan.

cximebis biosinTezi

cximebi da saerTod lipidebi warmoadgenen rogorc plazmaturi mebranis mniSvnelovan

komponentebs, aseve marag nivTierebebs. mikroorganizmebis lipidebi warmodgenilia cximovani
mJavebiT, fosfolipidebiT, cviliT, terpenebiT, kerotinoidebiT. baqteriul cximebSi Warboben grZeljaWviani
ujeri da najeri cximovani mJavebi. cximovani mJavebis sinTezi xdeba acetaturi jgufebidan da maTi
sinTezisaTvis ZiriTad Sualedur produqts warmoadgens acetilkoenzim A. mravali mikroorganizmi
asinTezirebs ujer cximovan mJavebs ormagi kavSirebiT, romlebic warmoiqmneba Sesabamisi najeri
mJavebisagan.

naxSirwylebis biosinTezi

naxSirwylebi baqteriul ujredSi warmodgenilia mono, di da polisaqaridebis, aseve kompleqsuri

naerTebis saxiT. glukozis sinTezi aseve xdeba piruvatidan.

avtotrofebi glukozas asinTezireben naxSirorJangidan. heterotrofebi glukozas asinTezireben

naxSirbadis Semcveli SenaerTebidan. orive SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba ZiriTadad glikolizis reaqciebi.
polisaqaridebi Sedian kapsulebis, saxameblis, da glikogenis SemadgenlobaSi da warmoadgenen damatebiT
sakveb masalas baqteriuli ujredisaTvis.

ionuri cvla

baqteriebis zrdisa da gamravlebisaTvis aucilebelia mineraluri SenaerTebi – NH4+, KK+ , Mg2+ isa da
sxvaTa ionebi. amoniumis ionebi zogierTi baqteriis mier gamoiyeneba aminomJavebis sinTezisaTvis,
kaliumis ionebi – satransporto rnm-is SekavSirebisaTvis ribosomebTan. kaliumis ionebis mniSvnelovani
ujredSida koncentraciis gamo, baqteriebSi SenarCunebulia maRali osmosuri wneva. rkinis, magniumis
ionebi kofaqtoris rols asruleben mTel rig fermentul procesebSi. isini Sedian citoqromebis da sxva
hemoproteidebis SemadgenlobaSi.

imis da mixedviT, Tu saidan iRebs baqteria energies, asxvaveben metabolizmis sxvadasxva gzebs,
esenia: JangviTi metabolizmi, anu sunTqva, fermentuli metabolizmi, anu duRili da metabolizmis
Sereuli tipi.

metabolizmis tipi gansazRvravs ara marto qimiur reaqciebs, romelTa Sedegadac warmoiqmneba
energia anu atf, aramed igi gansazRvravs am reaqciaTa saboloo produqtebs, romlebic gamoiyeneba
baqteriebis identifikaciisa da maTi kultivirebisaTvis.

naxSirwylebisa da energiis wyarod glukozis an sxva heqsozebis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi

glukozis Jangvisa da daSlis sawyisi etapebi erTnairia rogorc JangviTi, aseve fermentuli
metabolizmisaTvisac.

JangviTi metabolizmi (ujreduli sunTqva)

aerobul baqteriebs SeuZliaT sunTqva da aqvT JangviTi metabolizmi.

sunTqva, es iseTi procesia baqteriebSi, rodesac ujredis cxovelqmedebisaTvis saWiro energiis miReba
xdeba Jangva aRdgeniTi reaqciebiT.
 organotroful baqteriebSi eleqtronebis donorebi xdebian organuli nivTierebebi, litotroful baqteriebSi
ki araorganuli nivTierebebi, Tumca eleqtronebis aqceptorebi orive SemTxvevaSi mxolod araorganuli
naerTebia.

aerobul baqteriebs aqvT sunTqviTi jaWvi da fermenti atf – sintaza. es orive prokariotebSi
Tavmoyrilia plazmatur membranaSi. substrati umetesad aris naxSirwylebi, romlebidanac metabolizmis
pirvel etapze miiReba piruvati, anu piroyurZnis mJava. naxSirwylebi, sadac Cs 6 atomia, jer ixliCeba 3
atomian naerTebad. aseTia piruvati, romelic baqteriuli sinTezisa da daSlis mravali reaqciis mTavari
Sualeduri produqtia. Semdeg xdeba misi daJangva. substratidan wamosuli wyalbadis molekulebi an
eleqtronebi xvdebian ra sunTqviT jaWvSi gadaitanebian Jangbadze da xdeba wyalbadis “dawva”. am dros
Tavisufldeba energia da mas eZleva biologiurad misaRebi forma – atf –is saxiT, misi umniSvnelo nawili ki
ifanteba siTbos saxiT. e.i. sunTqva – es aris Jangva-aRdgeniTi reaqcia atf-is warmoqmniT. aerobuli
sunTqvis dros piruvati gardaiqmneba CO2 ad ferment acetilkoenzim A saSualebiT.

sunTqvis meqanizmi Semdegnairia:

substratidan miRebuli protonebi da eleqtronebi gadaitaneba plazmatur membranaze da misi

saSualebiT transportirdeba ise, rom membranis gare da Sida mxares Soris iqmneba eleqtroqimiuri
gradienti, Signidan (-), xolo garedan ki (+) potencialiT. es gansxvaveba iqmneba imitom, rom sunTqviTi
jaWvis komponentebi garkveulad arian ganawilebuli membranaSi. zogierT maTgans gadaaqvs wyalbadi,
zogierTs ki eleqtroni. gadamtanebis ganlageba iseTia, rom eleqtronebis transportis dros JangbadTan,
protonebi (H+) ukavSirdebian membranis Sida mxars, xolo gamoTavisufldebian gareTa mxares.
gadamtanebis am sistemas, romelic amoZravebs damuxtul nawilakebs, uwodes sunTqviTi, an eleqtronul-
satransporto jaWvi.

es eleqtroqimiuri gradienti – anu muxtis araTanabari ganawileba aris atf-is regeneraciis wyaro.
membrana Seicavs ferment atf-sintazas, romelic asinTezirebs atf-s. es fermenti “gamodis” membranis Sida
mxridan. sinTezis procesSi protonebi gadadian ukan membranis garedan SigniT. atf-is sinTezis am gzas
muxtis transportis energiis gamoyenebiT uwodeben JangviT fosfolirilebas.

sunTqvis sruli cikli iZleva aft-is 38 molekulas 1 molekula glukozaze.

sunTqviTi jaWvis komponentebi “CaZirulebi” arian bilipidur SreSi - esenia: fermentebi, kofermentebi,
dehidrogenazebi da prosTetuli jgufebi. ZiriTadi maTganebia: flavoproteinebi, citoqromebi, gogird/rkina
cilebi, qinonebi.
  flavoproteinebi – arian fermentebi, prosTetuli jgufi, romlebsac gadaaqvT wyalbadi, Seicaven
flavinmononukleotidebs an flavinadenindinukleotidebs.
 gogird/rkina cilebi – esenia Jangva-aRdgeniTi sistemebi, romlebsac gadaaqvT eleqtronebi.
Seicaven rkinis atomebs, dakavSirebuls disulfidur gogirdTan.
 qinonebi – kofermentebia, maT SeuZliaT gadaitanon rogorc wyalbadi, aseve eleqtronebi. gram (_)
baqteriebSi warmodgeilia ubiqinoni, gram (+) naftoqinoni.
 citoqromebi – Jangva-aRdgeniTi rkina Semcveli sistemebi, romlebis iReben qinonebisagan
mxolod eleqtronebs. citoqromebi aqvT yvela organizms, romelic axorcielebs sunTqvas.
umetesoba aerobuli organizmebisa sunTqvis dros Slis (Jangavs) organul sakveb nivTierebebs
naxSirorJangamde da wylamde. vinaidan CO2 –is molekulaSi naxSirbadi srulad aris daJanguli (anu meti
Jangbadis molekulis mierTeba aRar SeuZlia) laparakoben srul daJangvaze da asxvaveben sunTqvis am
tips arasruli Jangvisagan, romlis drosac metabolizis produqtebis saxiT gamoiyofa nawilobriv daJanguli
organuli naerTebi. aseTi arasruli Jangvis saboloo produqtebia: Zmris, fumaris, limonis, rZis, glukonis
mjavebi. maTi warmoqmna SeuZliaT rogorc baqteriebs, iseve sokoebs.

baqteriebs energiis wyarod naxSirwylebis garda SeuZliaT gamoiyenon cilebi da aminomJavebi. jer
xdeba cilebis gaxleCva martiv peptidebad, Semdeg es peptidebi gadaitaneba ujredSi da ukve ujredis SigniT
iSleba aminomJavebamde. aminomJavebi ki erTveba konstruqciul metabolizmSi.

biosinTezis gzebi

baqteriebi biosinTezisaTvis iyeneben: glikolizs (aseve pentozofosfatur gzas da etner – durovis

gzas), piruvatis daJangvas da trikarbonmJavebis cikls.

rodesac ixilaven sakveb nivTierebebs – ujreduli metabolizmis substratebis saxiT, upirveles yovlisa
igulisxmeba glukoza da sxva naxSirwylebi. makromolekulebi, rogorc wesi, jer ujredis mier gamoyofili
ekzofermentebiT ixliCebian ujredis gareT monomerebad da dimerebad da mxolod aseTi saxiT
“STainTqmebian” ujredis mier. anu metabolizmis pirveli etapi moicavs heqsozebis gardaqmnas C3
naerTebad, es xdeba an fruqtozodifosfaturi gziT (glikolizi), an etner – durovis gziT
(ketodezoqsifosfoglukonaturi gza) an pentozofosfaturi gziT, samive gzisaTvis Sualedur produqts
warmoadgens piroyurZnis mJava, anu piruvati, romelic TavisTavad sxvadasxva sinTezur procesSi
wamyvan rols TamaSobs.

glikolizi dominirebs umetesoba aerobul da anaerobul baqteriebSi. igi glukozis utilizacias

gulisxmobs ferment fosfofruqtokinazas saSualebiT. piruvatis garda am procesis dros warmoiqmneba atf.
 etner – durovis gza metabolizmis SedarebiT iSviaTi tipia, romelic gvxvdeba heterotrofebSi.
umaRles organizmebs es gza ara aqvT. am gzis drosac warmoiqmneba atf da NAD
(nikotinamiddenindinukleotidi) aRdgenili forma NADH2.

pentozofosfaturi Sunti (gza) identuria umaRlesi organizmebis metabolizmis amave gzisa. piruvatis
garda es gzac iZleva NADH2. TviT piruvatis warmoqmnis procesi moicavs reaqciebis serias, romelic
saerToa rogorc baqteriuli duRilisaTvis, aseve aerobuli sunTqvisaTvis.

metabolizmis meore etapze xdeba piruvatis daJangva, rasac centraluri roli eniWeba Sualedur
metabolizmSi, sanam warmoiqmneba acetil koenzim A. reaqciis katalizatoria fermenti piruvat
dehidrogenaza, romlic gaaCnia yvela aerobul mikroorganizms. fakultatur anaerobebSi piruvatidan acetil
koenzim A-s warmoqmnas axorcielebs fermenti piruvat formitliaza, xolo anaerobebSi oqsidekarboqsilaza.

piruvatis dekarboqsilirebiT (daJangviT) C3 dan xdeba C2 naerTebis miReba. metabolizmis mesame

etapze irTveba trikarbonmJavebis cikli (igive limonmJava cikli) da C iJangeba, igi uerTdeba aqceptorul
molekulas da warmoiqmneba C02, wyalbadis molekulebis gamoTavisuflebiT. trikarbonmJavebis ciklis
Sedegad ara mxolod xdeba organuli naerTebis saboloo daJangva, aramed xdeba iseTi winamorbedi
molekulebis sinTezi, rogoricaa oqsaloacetati, suqcinati, romlebic warmoadgenen acetil koenzim As
aqceptorebs da ujredis struqturuli erTeulebis saSen masalas.

rogorc ukve avRniSneT, energia aucilebelia ujreduli arsebobisaTvis. atf-is sami SesaZlo
regeneraciis gzidan (sunTqva, duRili da fotosinTezi), duRili yvelaze martiv gzas warmoadgens.

duRili, anu fermentacia - es aris iseTi metabolituri procesi, romlis drosac regenerirdeba atf,
warmoiqmneba sxvadasxva tipis damaxasiaTebeli produqtebi da am procesSi ar monawileobs molekuluri
Jangbadi, xolo organuli substratis daSlis produqtebi gvevlinebian wyalbadis rogorc donorebad aseve
aqceptorebad. atf-is miReba xdeba adf-idan JangviTi reaqciebis xarjze, rogoricaa adf-is fosforilireba.
daJanguli naxSirbadisagan ujredi Tavisufldeba misi areSi gamoyofiT.

imis da mixedviT Tu romeli produqtis miRebaa damaxasiaTebeli konkretuli duRilis procesisaTvis,

arCeven: spirtuls, rZemJava, propionmJava, WianWvelamJava, cximmJava da ZmarmJava duRilebs.
duRilis “mawarmoebeli” umetesoba baqteriebisa aris obligaturi anaerobebi, zogierTi maTgani SeiZleba
iyos fakultaturi anaerobebic, romelsac SeuZlia Jangbadis pirobebSi arseboba, magram Tu Jangbadi areSi
gaCndeba, duRilis procesi daiTrguneba da is gardaiqmneba sunTqvis procesad.
 umetesoba bunebrivi naerTebisa, romlebic Sedgebian naxSirbadis, wyalbadis, Jangbadisa da
azotisagan eqvemdebarebian duRils anaerobul pirobebSi. polisaqaridebi, heqsozebi, pentozebi
mravalatomiani spirtebi, organuli mJavebi, aminomJavebi, purinebi, pirimidinebi – yvela es naerTebi
ganicdian fermentacias, anu eqvemdebarebian duRils. magram arseboben naerTebi, romlebsac “ara aqvT
duRilis unari” – esenia: steroidebi, aromatuli naxSirwylebi, cximmJavebi, karotinoidebi da sxv. aerobul
pirobebSi es nivTierebebi iSleba da iJangeba, magram anaerobul pirobebSi isini Zalze stabilurebi arian.

spirtuli duRili

eTilis spirti, anu eTanoli – mikrobebis mier Saqrebis duRilis erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli
produqtia. mcenareebic da zogierTi sokoc ki “agrovebs” eTanols. eTanolis ZiriTadi producentebi arian
safuara sokoebi Saccharomyces, Tumca spirtuli duRilis warmoeba SeuZliaT agreTve baqteriebsac:
Sarcinia, Enterobacteriaceae, Clostridium da sxv. maT SeuZliaT spirtis warmoqmna ara mxolod
glukozidan, aramed piruvatidanac.

safuarebi sunTqaven, magram uJangbadobis pirobebSi isini ar wyveten cxovelqmedebas da energias

iReben duRiliT. safuarebisaTvis duRilis gza glikolizia, baqteriebisaTvis – glikolizi an 2keto, 3 dezoqsiribo,
6 fosfoglukonaturi gza (anu etner-durovis gza). Nnebismier SemTxvevaSi spirtuli duRilisaTvis universalur
formulas warmoadgens:

C6H12O6 (glukoza) ―› 2CO2 + 2C2H5OH (spirti, eTanoli)

safuara sokoebi mravalgvarad gamoiyeneba warmoebaSi: ludis, Rvinis, puris.

propionmJava duRili

propionmJava baqteriebi “cxovroben” Cliqosani pirutyvis nawlavebSi (Zroxebis, cxvrebis), iq isini

monawileoben cximovani mJavebis warmoqmnaSi – upirvelis yovlisa propionisa da ZmarmJavis.
samrewvelo miznebSi isini ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba Sveicaruli yvelis warmoebaSi. propionmJava
baqteriebis sxvadasxva saxeoba arsebobs, magram yvelani ganekuTvnebian ojaxs Propionibacterium.
adamianis Tmis Zirebis folikulebis anTebis - aknes (acne) gamomwvevic swored propionmJava
baqteriebia. imis gamo, rom propionbaqteriebs SeuZliaT awarmoon duRilis procesi, isini ar izrdebian
atmosferuli Jangbadis pirobebSi, xolo energiis anu atf regenerirebas axdenen duRiliT, maT akuTvnebdnen
anaerobul organizmebs. mogvianebiT aRmoCnda, rom maT gaaCniaT citoqromi. citoqromis arseboba
miuTiTebs organizmis kavSirze JangbadTan. aRmoCnda, rom raRac garkveuli mcire koncentraciiT
Jangbadis arseboba aaqtivebs am baqteriebis zrdas, xels uwyobs metabolizms, magram Jangbadis
koncentraciis odnavi matebac ki iwvevs maTi zrdis da cxovelqmedebis daTrgunvas, ase, rom sabolood,
propionmJava baqteriebi miakuTvnes mikroaerofilebs. anaerobul pirobebSi es baqteriebi glukozas,
saqarozas, laqtozas, laqtatis da sxv. duRils iwveven da da warmoqmnian propionis mJavas. duRili
mimdinareobs glikolizis gziT.

propionmJava duRilis ZiriTadi formula aseTia:

3CH3-CHOH-COOH ―› 2CH3-CH2-COOH + CH3-COOH + CO2 +H2O.

rZemJava duRili

rZemJava duRils awarmoeben rZemJava baqteriebi, romelTac aerTianeben ojax Lactobacillaceae.

es baqteriebi arian gram (+), sxvadasxva formis (kokebi, Cxirebi), anaerobuli, magram aerotoletantuli
(SeuZliaT zrda areSi Jangbadis arsebobisas), uZravi. sporebs ar warmoqmnian. zrdisTvis sWirdebaT rigi
vitaminebi, aminomJavebi, aseve purinebi da pirimidinebi. rZemJava duRili aseve SeuZliaT streptokokebs,
betabaqteriebs, bifidobaqteriebs.

duRilisaTvis rZemJava baqteriebi iyeneben rZis Saqars - laqtozas. laqtoza ar moipoveba mcenareul
samyaroSi, is mxolod cxovelebs, kerZod ZuZumwovrebs aqvs. gamoiyofa da STainTqmeba rZesTan
erTad.

laqtoza disaqaridia da sanam igi daiSleba heqsozebis romelime gziT, igi ixliCeba glukozad da
galaqtozad. glukozidan ki heqsozebis daSla rZemJava baqteriebis mier xdeba glikoliziT. imis da mixedviT
duRilis Semdeg miiReba mxolod rZemJava Tu raime sxva produqtebic rZis mJavis garda, arCeven
homofermentul duRils:

C6H12O6 ―› 2CH3-CHOH-COOH, romelsac awarmoeben streptokokebi da laqtobaqteriebi,

da heterofermentul duRils:

C6H12O6 ―› CH3-CHOH-COOH + CH3-CH2OH +CO2 romlis mwarmoebeli arian betabaqteriebi da

bifidobaqteriebi.

rZis mJava da Sesabamisad rZemJava duRili, gamoiyeneba silosis, sasoflio sameurneo produqtebis
warmoebaSi da kvebis mrewvelobaSi (mawvnis, iogurtebis, yvelis, da sxv.).

WianWvelmJava duRili

baqteriebs, romlebic duRilis dros warmoqmnian WianWvelmJavas da sxva mJavebs erTdroulad,

aerTianeben Enterobacteriaceae ojaxSi. maTi duRilebis ZiriTad produqts wamoadgens WianWvelmJava,
Tumca amavdroulad warmoiqmnebian qarvis, rZis, Zmris mJavebi da aseve laqtati, eTanoli, suqcinati,
acetoni. amitom, duRilis am tips kidev uwodeben Sereul duRils.

Enterobacteriaceae umetesoba gram (_), Soltiani, moZravi Cxirebia, romlebic saxldebian kuW-
nawlavis traqtSi, ar warmoqmnian sporebs da arian fakulataturi anaerobebi, Tumca aqvT citoqromi da
SeuZliaT energia miiRon rogorc sunTqviT, ise duRiliT.

am jgufs ekuTvnian: Escherichia, Proteus, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Salmonella, Vibrio, Yersinia.

ukanaskneli ori ar arian Enterobacteriaceae warmomadgenlebi, magram maTi msgavsni arian
metabolizmis tipiT. heqsozebis daSla aqac mimdinareobs glikolizis gziT. umetesoba Enterobacteriaceae-sa
WianWvelmJavas Slis wyalbadad da naxSirbadad:

HCOOH ―› H2 + CO2

cximmJava duRili

cxomovani mJava, cximmJava anu butirati warmoadgens sporawarmomqmneli, anaerobi

baqteriebis –klostridiebis mier naxSirwylebis duRilis Sedegs.

rigi Clostridium miekuTvneba ojax Bacilleceae s, am rigis warmomadgenlebi arian Soltiani,

moZravi, mezofiluri, gram (+) organizmebi, warmoqmnian Termostabilur sporebs.

Clostridium-is warmomadgenlebi arian Zalze toqsiurebi. yvelaze popularuli infeqciuri agentebia

tetanusis, airovani gangrenis da botulizmis gamomwvevebi.

klostridiebs SeuZliaT sxvadasxva saxis substratis gamoyeneba duRilisaTvis: polisaqaridebis

(saxamebeli, glikogeni, celuloza, laqtati), nukleinis mJavebis, cilebis, aminomJavebis, purinebis da
pirimidinebis.

duRilis dros sxvadasxva SefardebiT warmoiqmneba cximmJavebi, ZmarmJava, rZis mJava,

spirtebi, acetoni da airovani produqtebi, naxSirorJangi da wyalbadi.

butirati warmoiqmneba glukozidan naxSirorJangsa da wyalbadTan erTad:

glukoza ―› butirati + 2 CO2 + 2H2

klostridiumebis msgavsi metabolizmis tipiT gamoirCevian zogierTi aseve anaerobuli, magram gram
(_) baqteriebi, romlebic Slian glukozas, saxamebels da sxva naxSirwylebs ZmarmJavis warmoqmniT. mag,
Rumiinococcus –ebi. maT atf-is warmoqmnaSi axasiaTebT Zalian maRali gamosavali, mag: 1 moli
glukozidan 4 moli atfis miReba.
glukoza ―› piruvati + atf + H2 ―› - CO2 ―› acetati (ZmarmJava) + atf + H2

sunTqviTi fosforilirebis dros, warmoiqmneba gacilebiT meti atf, vidre duRilis dros, anu
Jangbadis monawileoba uzrunvelyofs energiis ufro maRal dones. Sesabamisad bioqimiuri evoluciis
dros warmoiqmna da Semdeg SenarCunda metabolizmis iseTi tipi, romelSic monawileobs
“dakavSirebuli” Jangbadi, anu Jangbadi, romelic romelime naerTis saxiTaa warmodgenili (mag.
CO2, HCO, SO3) da aseT mdgomareobaSi ikavSirebs eleqtronebs. aseT SenaerTebze eleqtronis
gadatana baqterias saSualebas aZlevs substrati daJangos molekuluri Jangbadis gamoyenebis gareSe
da amis gamo miiRos ufro meti energia naklebi danaxarjiT da meti energia, vidre es SesaZlebelia
duRiliT.

rogorc avRniSneT eleqtronis gadamtan baqteriebs aqvT eleqtronis satransporto sistema da

citoqromi. energiis miRebis aseTi tipi, romelic dakavSirebulia eleqtronis gadatanasTan da Jangbadis
matareblebTan, Zalian gavs sunTqvas, magram vinaidan am procesSi ar monawileobs molekuluri Jangbadi,
xolo baqteriebi, romlebic amas axorcieleben arian anaerobebi, am tipis process ewoda anaerobuli sunTqva.
arCeven nitratul, sulfatur, karbonatul sunTqvebs.

denitrifikacia – nitratuli sunTqva

mikroorganizmebi iyeneben nitrats ori mizniT:

1. axorcieleben nitratul sunTqvas (denitrifikacia) – anu xdeba energiis miReba, romlis drosac nitrati
anaerobul pirobebSi xdeba wyalbadis aqceptori,
2. nitratidan mikroorganizmebi iReben molekulur azots ujreduli azotSemcveli produqtebis
sinTezisaTvis.
denitrifikacia xdeba Semdegnairad: fakultatur anaerobul mikroorganizmebs SeuZliaT nitratidan
aRadginon azoti da am procesSi nitrati xdeba wyalbadis aqceptori:

10H + 2H+ + 2NO3- ―› N2 +6 H2O

fermentebi, romlebic monawileoben am procesSi (nitratreduqtaza da nitrit reduqtaza) aqtivirdebian

mxolod anaerobul pirobebSi.

denitrifikacia erTaderi biologiuri procesia risi meSveobiTac “dakavSirebuli” azoti (anu qimiur
naerTSi myofi) gardaiqmneba Tavisufal N2 . globaluri TvalTaxedviT es procesi erT-erTi gadamwyvetia
dedamiwaze sicocxlis arsebobisaTvis. normalurad aerirebad niadagSi da wyalsatevebSi nitrati
warmoadgens mineralizaciis saboloo produqts, da rom ara denitrifikacia, Tavisi wyalSi iolad xsnadobisa da
niadagTan susti dakavSirebis gamo nitrati iolad gamoirexceboda niadagidan da dagrovdeboda zRvis
wyalSi, molekuluri azotis raodenoba atmosferoSi Seikveceboda, Sedegad mcenareTa zrdisa da biomasis
dagrovebis procesi xmeleTze Semcirdeboda da sabolood Sewydeboda.

nitratuli sunTqva aseve moicavs nitratidan nitritis aRdgenas, NO2 ―› NO3 gardaqmnas. ai es
procesi ki yovelTvis dadebiTi SeiZleba ar iyos. nitrat Semcveli sasmeli wylidan da bostneulidan nitratidan
nitritis baqteriuli aRdgenis da misi SemdgomSi sisxlSi moxvedris Sedegad SeiZleba warmoiqmnas
meThemoglobini, romelSic Jangbadi Seuqcevadad dakavSirebulia hemoglobinTan. ris gamoc eriTrocitebs
dkarguli aqvT Jangbadis gadatanis unari, rasac miyavs organizmi cianozamde. aseTi daavadeba gvxvdeba
mxolod 6 Tvemde bavSvebSi. maT rogorc sCans nitratwarmomqmneli baqteriebi ar eSlebad kuWSi da
xvdebian ra nawlavebSi isini aRadgenen nitrats, izrdebian da agroveben Semdgom nitrits. mozrdilebSi es
baqteriebi iRupebian kuWis wvenis zemoqmedebiT.

nitrifikacia

azotSemcveli organuli naerTebis aerobuli da anaerobuli daSlisas SesaZlebelia moxdes azotis

gamoyofa amiakis formiT. baqteriebis ojax Nitrobacteraceaes warmomadgenlebs SeuZliaT ganaxorcielon
nitrifikacia – amiaki aRadginon nitratis doneze, anu moaxdinon denitrifikaciis Sebrunebuli procesi:
baqteriebi, romlebic Jangaven amiaks, qmnian substrats im baqteriebisaTvis, romlebic axdenen Semdgom
denitrifikacias. es aris erT erTi nivTierebis – azotis, baqteriuli wrebrunvis erTi magaliTi.

NH3 ―› NH2OH ―› NOH ―› NO2- ―› NO3-

gogirdwyalbadis warmoqmna, sulfatis aRdgena

sulfatis aRdgena, gulisxmobs wyalbadis gadatanas substratidan gogirdze, anu gogirdi xdeba
wyalbadis aqceptori, amavdroulad xdeba sulfatis sulfitamde aRdgena. rasakvirvelia, am procesSic
monawileobs citoqromi, anu esec Jangdadamokidebuli procesia da amitom, am processac uwodeben
sulfatur sunTqvas, ris ZiriTad produqtaTac gvevlineba gogirdwyalbadi:

8H + SO4 2- ―› H2S + 2H2O + 2OH –

TiTqmis yvela baqterias, sokoebs da mwvane mcenareebs SeuZliaT gogirdis wyarod sulfatis
gamoyeneba. saidanac Semdeg isini iReben sulfids, aucilebels gogirdSemcveli aminomJavebis
sinTezisaTvis.

energia, romelic miiReba sulfatreducirebadi baqteriebis mier JangviTi fosforilirebis dros,

SesaZlebels xdis organuli naerTebis asimilacias. igive baqteriebs anaerobul pirobebSi SeuZliaT duRilis
ganxorcieleba organuli mJavebis, spirtebis gamoyenebiT.
 Desulfuromonas rigis baqteriebs SeuZliaT molekuluri gogirdis Tanaobis pirobebSi arseboba, mas
iyeneben kidevac wyalbadis aqceptorad da warmoqmnian gogirdwyalbads. am process SeiZleba vuwodoT
gogirduli sunTqva.

iseve, rogorc denitrifikaciis SemTxvevaSi, arsebobs Sebrunebuli procesi bunebrivi balansis

SesanarCuneblad nivTierebaTa wrebrunvaSi, aseTive balansi arsebobs sulfat/gogirdis SemTxvevaSic.

Thiobaciluss is rigis baqteriebs SeuZliaT gogirdi da misi sxvadasxva SenaerTebi gadaaqcion

sulfatad:

S2- + 2 O2 ―› SO4 2 -

S2O32 - + H2O +2O2 ―› 2SO42 - + 2H+

yvela umaRlesi heterotrofuli organizmebisaTvis aucilebelia is biomasa, romelic iqmneba

fotosinTeziT. swored fotosinTezis alternativas zRvis siRrmeebSi warmoadgens gogirdis Jangva da
gogirdwyalbadis arseboba. iq, sadac Suqi ver aRwevs, aris ekosistema, sadac biomasa iqmneba ara
fotosinTeziT, aramed qemolitoavtotrofiiT, romelSic monawileobs gogirdi da misi momxmarebeli
baqteriebi.

meTanis warmoqmna da karbonuli sunTqva

meTani warmoiqmneba organuli naerTebis daSlis Sedegad, misi maragi sakmaod didia,
atmosferoSi mineralizaciis Sedegad CO2 saxiT mowodebuli naxSirbadis 1-1,5% meTania, romelic
Semdgom gardaiqmneba naxSirorJangad. meTanwarmomqmneli baqteriebi didi raodenobiT arian Sinauri
pirutyvis kuW-nawlavSi. meTanwarmomqmnel baqteriebs ganekuTvnebian Cxiris formis
Methanobacterium, kokiseburi Methanococcus, spiraliseburi Methanospirilum. es baqteriebi
gasxvavdebian metabolizmis tipiT, maT ara aqvT tipiuri peptidoglikanuri Sreebi, aqvT mxolod cilovani
Sre, ujreduli kedeli agebulia polisaqaridebisagan. meTanwarmomqmneli baqteriebi mkacri anaerobebi
arian. molekuluri Jangbadis arsebobis pirobebSi isini iRupebian, arian anaerobuli avtotrofuli baqteriebi,
romlebic Jangaven wyalbads. isini aaqtiureben wyalbads da Jangaven mas CO2 aRdgeniT. CO2 am procesSi
gamodis wyalbadis aqceptorad:

4H2 + CO2 ―› CH4 + 2H2O

meTanis warmoqmnis am process uwodeben karbonatul sunTqvas.

warmoebaSi es procesi gamoiyeneba saTbobis warmoebisaTvis.

 manaTobeli baqteriebi da bioluminescencia

zogierT baqterias da sokos gaaCniaT luminescenturi (manaTobeli) Tvisebebi. manaTobeli

baqteriebi umetesad zRvis mikroorganizmebi arian da miekuTvnebian marilis maRal koncentraciebSi
binadar halofilur saxeobebs. es baqteriebi Tavisi TvisebebiT Zalian gvanan Enterobacteriaceae s. saqonlis
da Tevzis xorcze isini dabal tempetaruraze warmoqmnian manaTobel koloniebs. rogorc wesi ar iwveven
lpobas, metic, es procesi (naTeba) amtkicebs am produqtebSi lpobis procesis ararsebobas, vinaidan naTeba
wydeba lpobis gamomwvevi mikroorganizmebis ganviTarebasTan erTad. yvela manaTobeli baqteria
gram(_) fakultaturi moZravi, Soltiani aerobia. maT miakuTvneben rig Photobacterium an Beneca.
anaerobul pirobebSi es baqteriebi axorcieleben WianWvelamJava an Sereuli tipis duRils da
WianWvelamJavas garda warmoqmnian Zmris, rZis, qarvis mJavebs, spirts, naxSirorJangs da acetoins.

TviT naTebas ixilaven rogorc aerobuli Jangvis process, rogorc sunTqvis gansxvavebuli gzas, romlis
drosac warmoiqmneba atf da Sualeduri luminescenturi produqti, romelic iwvevs naTebas.

mikroorganizmebis mier nivTierebaTa transformacia

mJavebis warmoqmnis, duRilis procesis warmoebis da sxva maRalspecifiuri katalizuri aqtivobis

unaris, kerZod ki: Jangvis, hidrirebis, hidrolizis, eTerifikaciis, meTilirebis, kondensaciis, dekarboqsilirebis,
aminirebis, dehidrataciis, dezaminirebis gamo mikrobebi farTod iqnen gamoyenebuli sxvadasxva tipis
sawarmoo procesebSi: Rvinis, ludis, puris da comis produqtebis, rZis produqtebis, sasuqi masalebis,
kombinirebuli sakvebis da soflis meurneobis sxva saxis warmoebaSi da rasakvirvelia farmakologiaSi.

gansakuTrebiT didi wvlili miuZRviT mikrobebs steroidebis sinTezSi – kortizonis (mag:

hidrokortizonis) warmoebis procesi qimiurad moicavs 30 mde etaps, soko Rhizopus da Streptomyces
baqteriebis gamoyenebiT procesi dadis 13 safexuramde.

baqteriebisa da sokoebis mier sinTezirdeba sxvadasxva tipis nivTierebebi, romlebsac mcenareuli

warmoSobis msgavss nivTierebebis analogiis safuZvelze uwodeben meorad metabolitebs. maT
ganekuTvnebian: antibiotikebi, vitaminebi, mikotoqsinebi, ekzopolisaqaridebi. es nivTierebebi asruleben
wamlebis, mastimulirebeli preparatebis, sakvebis danamatebis da sxv. funqciebs.

antibiotikebi

soko Penicillium notatum is mier baqteriebis zrdis Semaferxebeli faqtoris sinTezis unarma da
ingliseli mecnieris flemingis mier am faqtis aRmoCenam dasabami misca antibiotikebis eras medicinaSi. is
faqti rom garkveuli tipis mirobebi aferxebdnen sxva mikrobebis zrdas cnobili iyo gacilebiT adre,vidre
aRmoCenili iqna antibiotikebi. am mikrobuli antagonizmis movlena gasagebi iyo, Tumca buneba
movlenisa, gaugebari. 1929w Sotlandieli mecnieris a. flemingis mier aRmoCenil da gamoyofili iqna soko
Penicillium notatum idan qimiuri nivTiereba, romelic aCerebda stafilokokebis zrdas. nivTierebas daerqva
penicilini, magram misi stabiluri saxiT miReba da gasufTaveba moxda mxolod 1940 w. inglisSi x. florisa
da e. Ceinis mier. maleve daiwyo penicilinis warmoeba da farmakologiuri saxiT gayidva. 1945 w.
flemingma, Ceinma da florma miiRes nobelis premia penicilinis aRmoCenisa da misi warmoebisaTvis.
TviT termini “antibiotiki” SemoTavazebuli iqna germaneli mecnieris z. vaqsmanis mier 1942w, romelmac
am terminiT aRniSna mikroorganizmebis mier producirebuli bunebrivi nivTierebebi, romelTac mcire
koncententraciebiTac ki SeeZlod mikrobebis zrdis daTrgunva (baqteriostatikuri moqmedeba) an
mikrobebis daRupvis gamowveva (baqteriociduli moqmedeba).

antibiotikebs awarmoeben ZiriTadad soko aspergilus-is da aqtinomicetebis rigis warmomadgenlebi

da aseve zogierTi baqteria.

umniSvnelovanes antibiotikTa siaSi pirveli adgili uWiravs penicilins. misi mawarmoebelia swored
soko Penicillium notatum i. is efeqturia umetesad gram (+) baqteriebis winaaRmdeg. dResdReobiT cnobili
antibiotikebidan yvelaze naklebad toqsiuria, Tumca mis mimarT SesaZlebelia alergiuli reaqciebis
ganviTareba da mis maRal dozebs SeuZliaT centraluri nervuli sistemas dazianeba. klinikaSi gamoiyeneba
strepto, meningo, pnevmo, gonokokebis, aqtinomicetebis, klostridiebis, spiroqetebis winaaRmdeg.
penicilinis aRmoCenis da misi qimiuri formulis gaSifvris Semdeg, sxvadasxva radikalebis damatebiT
misgan nawarmoebi iqna uamravi sxva antibiotiki, romelic dRes erTiandeba β laqtamebis klasis
saxelwodebiT da moicavs: yvela tipis penicilins, amoqsacilins, oqsacilins da sxv.

cefalosporinebi – soko Cephalosporium produqti. masac aqvs β laqtamebis msgavsi agebuleba,

dResdReobiT bunebrivi antibiotikis garda qimiurad sinTezirebulia sxvadasxva tipis (Taobis)
cefalosporinebi, romlebic aqtiurebi arian rogorc gram(+), aseve gram (_) baqteriebis winaaRmdeg.
naturalur cefalosporins gaaCnia dabali antibaqteriuli aqtivoba, magram sxvadasxva radikalebis mierTebis
Semdeg natiuri cefalosporinebi iZenen Zlier antibaqteriul Tvisebebs.

aminoglikozidebi anu streptomicinebi – mwarmoebelia baqteria Streptomyces (Strp) griseus ,

toqsiurobis gamo dResdReobiT gamoiyeneba mxolos veterinariaSi da mcenareTa daavadebebTan
sabrZolvelad.

qloromicetini – igive qloramfenikoli, igive levomicetini, mwarmoebeli Strp. venezuelae .

moqmedebs gram (_) baqteriebze da gamoirCeva didi stabilurobiT.

tetraciklinebi da aqtinomicinebi – aseve streptomicetebis warmoebuli, baqteriostatikuri

moqmedebis, gamoirCevian moqmedebis farTo speqtriT da dabali toqsiurobiT.
 makrolidebi – streptomicinebis warmoebuli Zalian farTo da Zlieri antibiotikebis jgufi
(klindamicini, eriTromicini, azitromicini da sxv). aqtiurebi arian gram (_) da gram (+) baqteriebis
winaaRmdeg.

aRsaniSnavia agreTve polipeptiduri antibiotikebi (gramicidini, polimiqsini, bacitracini),

romlebsac aseve awarmoeben baqteriebi.

mikotoqsinebi

mikotoqsinebs uwodeben sokovan meorad metabolitebs, farTo gagebiT isinic ganekuTvneba

sokovani bunebis antibiotikebs, magram Eeseni toqsiuria adamianebisa da cxovelebisaTvis da ara TviT
sokoebisaTvis. mikotoqsinebidan aRsaniSnavia aflatoqsinebi, romlebsac gaaCniaT kancerogenuli
Tvisebebi.

vitaminebi

mikroorganizmTa mier iwarmoeba aseve rigi vitaminebi, romlebic cxovelur organizms aucileblad
sWirdeba zrda-ganviTarebisaTvis, magram TviTon maTi sinTezi ar SeuZlia, esenia: riboflavini da vitamini
B 12 . maTi producentebi arian klostridiumebi, streptomicetebi, soko Candida.

mniSvnelovani arian aseve alkaloidebi, romlebsac iyeneben Sakikis, sisxlZarRvovani daavadebebis

samkurnalod da aseve isini cnobilebi arian rogorc halucinogenebi. maTi mwarmoebelia mikrobi Claviceps.

ekzopolisaqaridebi

mikroorganizmTa saSualebiT SesaZlebelia miRebul iqnas sxvadasxva tipis polisaqaridebi,

fermentebi, Sxamebi. siTxeebis siblantis mosamateblad gamoiyeneba mikrobuli ekzopolisaqaridebi –
kremebis, pudingebis, nayinis, kosmetikur da tipografiul warmoebaSi. TandaTanobiT mcenareuli
warmoSobis fermentuli preparatebic Secvala mikrobulma preparatebma, mag: ferment pepsin, papain da
tripsinTan erTad, an maT nacvlad, exla gamoiyeneba baqteriebisa da sokoebis mier gamoyofili proteazebi
da sxva fermentebi.

baqteriuli toqsinebi

baqteriuli toqsinebi iyofa egzo da endotoqsinebad. egzotoqsinebi cilovani produqtebia, xSirad isini
paTogenobis ZiriTadi faqtorebia da swored isini apirobeben infeqciuri procesis warmarTvas. maTi maRali
toqsiuroba ganpirobebulia maTi struqturuli msgavsebiT organizmis hormonebisa da fermentebis
suberTeulebTan. maT amis gamo stereoqimiurad SeuZliaT daablokiron bunebrivi analogebis moqmedeba.
endotoqsinebi warmoadgenen lipidebs an polisaqaridebs da iTvlebian gram (_) baqteriebis ujreduli kedlis
komponentebad. maTi umetesoba gamoTavisufldeba ujredis daRupvis Semdeg. maTi biologiuri aqtivoba
hgavs anTebis mediatorebis moqmedebas – umetesad mimdinareobs Zlieri cxelebiT. Tu toqsini moxvda
sisxlSi, viTardeba endotoqsiuri Soki da avadmyofi umetesad iRupeba.

bioteqnologiis mikrobiologiuri aspeqtebi

bioteqnologia aris mecniereba, romelic cocxali organizmebis, ZiriTadad mcenareebis, cxovelebis

da mikroorganizmebis ujredebis cxovelqmedebis Seswavlis safuZvelze iyenebs am biologiur procesebs da
aseve TviT biologiur obieqtebsac adamianisaTvis saWiro sxvadasxva tipis produqtebis warmoebisaTvis.
TviT sityva bioteqnologia warmoiqmna berZnuli bios – sicocxle, tecen – xelovneba, logos – mecniereba.

bioteqnologia moicavs mikrobiologias, bioqimias, molekulur biologias da sxv. mecnierebebs.

bioteqnologiis istoriuli ganviTareba moicavs ramdenime etaps:

1. empiriuls, roca mikrobiologiuri teqnologiebi viTardeboda ise, rom isini adamianis mier
gacnobierebuli arc ki iyo, igive Rvinis warmoeba da puris cxoba, teqnologiebi, romlebi Cv.
welTaRricxvamde gacilebiT adre arsebobda, magram aravin icoda maTi buneba,
2. fundamenturi biologiuri mecnierebebis Camoyalibeba XV – XVIII saukeneebSi,
3. mikrobiologiur warmoebaSi samecniero monacemebis danergvis pirveli mcdelobebi, XIX
saukunis meore naxevari da XX saukunis 20-30-iani wlebi, pasteris, koxis da sxvaTa epoqa,
4. Tanamedrove bioteqnologiis safuZvlebis Seqmna XX saukunis I naxevarSi – cilebis struqturis
gaSifrva, virusebis gamoyeneba ujreduli organizmebis genetikis SeswavlaSi,
5. uaxlesi bioteqnologiis ganviTareba rac dakavSirebulia genuri da ujreduli inJineriebis,
imunobioteqnologiis danergvasTan.
bioteqnologiis gamoyenebis speqtri sakmaod farToa. igi moicavs msubuq mrewvelobas, soflis
meurneobas, medicinas, eqsperimentul biologias da sxva. magaliTad, sxvadasxva produqtebis misaRebad
gamoyenebulia bioteqnologiis, gansakuTrebiTGki sawarmo mikrobiologiis meTodebi. es ukanaskneli
gulisxmobs mikroorganizmebis gamoyenebas Zvirfasi produqtebis da wamlebis misaRebad. mikrobuli
sinTezis umniSvnelovanesi produqtebia farmacevtuli da sakvebi miznebiT gamoyenebuli specialuri
nivTierebebi (antibiotikebi, fermentebi, fermentebis intihibitorebi, vitaminebi, kvebiTi warmoebisTvis
gamoyenebuli danamatebi da sxva). metabolizmis plastikuroba, mikrobebis maRali adaptaciuri unari,
kultivirebis simartive da sxva Tvisebebi, mikrobul bioteqnologias erT-erT perspeqtiul mimarTulebad
aqcevs.

mikrobuli sinTezis yvelaze ufro cnobil sawarmoo produqtebs miekuTvnebian: acetoni, spirtebi
(eTanoli, buTanoli, izopropanoli,, glicerini), organuli mJavebi (limonis, Zmris, propionis, da sxv.),
aromatizatorebi da sunis gamaZlierebeli nivTierebebi. mcenareuli warmoSobis aromatuli nivTierebebi
SeiZleba iwarmoos mcenareebis genebis eqspresiiT mikroorganizmebis ujredebSi.

dedamiwaze baqteriebis 100 000 mde da 250 000ze meti sokoebis saxeobebia, amaT garda virusebi,
umartivesebi, magram bioteqnologiur praqtikaSi gamoiyeneba mikroorganizmTa mxolod 100 mde
saxeoba.

safuara sokoebi gamoiyeneba purisa da ludis warmoebaSi, laqtobaqteriebi - rZis produqtebis,

bacilusis rigis baqteriebi - fermentebis, klostridiumebi – acetonis, spirtebis, vitaminebis, rigi sokoebisa da
aqtinomicetebi – antibiotikebis warmoebebSi. streptokokebis warmomadgenlebi arian mTeli rigi
fermentebis inhibitorebis producentebi, aseve imunomamodulirebeli nivTierebebis masinTezireblebi (mag.
bestatinis) da maTi nawarmoebi produqtebi, mag: amilazas inhibitori, kaptoprili, gamoiyeneba medicinaSi
sxvadasxva saxis daavadebebis samkurnalod: diabetis, hipertoniis da sxv.

garda mikrobebis mier nawarmoebi produqtebisa da mikrobebis fermentuli unarebis gamoyenebisa,

mikroorganizmebi aseve Zalian mniSvnelovani arian vaqcinebis teqnologiebSi. cnobilia, rom vaqcinebis
warmoebis tradiciuli meTodebi dafuZnebulia atenuirebuli (dasustebuli) an daxocili paTogenebis
gamoyenebaze. amJamad, mraval axal vaqcinas, romelTac iyeneben mag, gripis, hepatitebis
profilaqtikisaTvis, iReben genuri inJineriis meTodebis saSualebiT. kerZod, virussawinaaRmdego
vaqcinebs iReben mikrobul ujredSi maRali imunogenurobis mqone cilebis genebis CarTviT. kultivirebisas
aseTi ujredebi asinTezireben virusuli cilebis did raodenobas, rac SemdgomSi CairTveba vaqcinuri
preparatebis SemadgenlobaSi.

bolo wlebSi medicinis, soflis meurneobis, kvebis mrewvelobis mravali problemis gadawyveta
SesaZlebeli gaxda modificirebuli genomis mqone organizmebis gamoyenebiTac.

XX saukunis 80-iani wlebidan Camoyalibda axali bioteqnologiuri dargi – genuri inJineria, romlis
arsic mdgomareobs mocemuli sakvlevi masalis genuri aparatis SecvlaSi. bioteqnologiis am dargSic
mikroorganizmebma didi roli Seasrules, vinaidan modificirebuli geni rogorc minimumi, unda eqpresirdes
ujredebis romelime xazSi, rom SesaZlebeli gaxdes misi Semdgomi Seswavla. modificirebuli an
sinTezirebuli genis veqtoris rols, rogorc wesi asrulebs, plazmida, virusi an fagi.

genuri inJineriis meTodebiT gaxda SesaZlebeli adamianisaTvis aucilebeli sxvadasxva nivTierebebis

(hormonebis, antibiotikebis) miReba. genuri inJineriis Sedegad gaxda SesaZlebeli insulinis, somatotropinis,
penicilinis rigis antibiotikebis, cila interferonis xelovnurad miReba da maTi farmakologiaSi gamoyeneba.

genuri inJineriis meTodebi bioteqnoligiuri dargis erT-erT yvelaze perspeqtiul mimarTulebad

iTvleba dResdReobiT.
 yvela is “agenti”, romlebic iwveven adamianis infeqciur daavadebebs miekuTvneba organizmebis 5
ZiriTad jgufs, esenia: prionebi, virusebi, baqteriebi, sokoebi da umartivesebi da helminTebi, romelTac
xSirad aerTianeben erTi saxelwodebis – parazitebis jgufad.

prionebi (proteinaceous infectious particle) – infeqciuri agentebis SedarebiT axali klasi.

cilismagvari infeqciuri nawilakebi, romlebsac ara aqvT nukleinis mJava, amitom mdgradebi arian
nukleazebis, mgrZnobiareebi ki – proteazebis mimarT. iWveven letalur nevrologiuri eTiologiis
daavadebebs: arian skrepis, kurus, Zroxis cofis da sxva daavadebebis gamomwvevebi.
virusebi - umciresi araujreduli nawilakebi, romlebsac aqvT genomi, magram ara aqvT
damoukideblad gamravlebis unari, maTi reproduqcia SasaZlebelia mxolod cocxali ujredis SigniT. virusebi
Seicaven mxolod erTi tipis nukleinis mJavas – an dnms an rnms. arasdros orives!

baqteriebi – virusebze ufro did zomis, SedarebiT rTuli genomuri organizaciis, mcire, primitiuli
ubirTvo ujredebi, romlebic Seicaven rogorc dnms aseve rnms, ribosomebs da xandaxan martiv
organelebs. mravldebian binaruli gayofiT.

sokoebi – rTuli ujreduli organizaciis, birTviani mikrobebi, romlebic ukve ekuTvnian eukariotebs,
Seicaven organelebs, axasiaTebT sqesobrivic da usqeso gamravlebac. aqvT damaxasiaTebeli zrda da rTuli
metabolizmi.

parazitebi

 umartivesebi – mikroskopuli erTujrediani damoukidebeli eukariotuli organizmebi, warmodgenili

mravalferovani mikrobebiT, rTuli sasicocxlo cikliT da Zlieri infeqciuri tvisebebiT
 helmintebi – mravalujrediani organizmebi, romelTa zomebi varirebs mikroskopulidan ramdenime
metramde,, romlebsac axasiaTebT Zalze rTuli sasicocxo cikli da aqvt srulad eukariotuli ujredebi, rTuli
genomiT d a. S.
virusebi

termini virusi (laT. Virus – Sxami) Tavdapirvelad gamoiyeneboda sxvadasxva daavadebebis

gamomwvevi Seuswavleli agentebis mimarT, romlebic iolad gadiodnen baqteriul filtrebSi.

virusebi baqteriebisagan gansxvavdebian rigi TaviseburebebiT:

1. isini Secaven mxolod erTi tipis nukleinis mJavas – an rnms, an dnms da arasdros orives!
2. maTi reproduqciisaTvis aucilebeli da sakmarisia mxolod nukleinis mJava,
3. maT ara aqvT damoukidebeli gamravlebis unari, ar gaaCniaT cilis masinTezirebeli sistemebi, maTi
cxovelqmedebisaTvis aucilebelia cocxal patron ujredSi arseboba,
 4. maT ara aqvT ujreduli agebuleba.
Uujreduli meqanizmebi saWiroa rogorc virusuli nukleinis mJavis replikaciisaTvis, aseve virusuli garsis
cilebis sinTezisaTvis. virusis ganviTareba iwvevs patron ujredis daRupvas. Uujredis gareT virusi arsebobs
virusuli nawilakis – virionis saxiT, romelic Sedgeba nukleinis mJavisa da cilovani garsis – kapsidisagan.
amitom, virusul nawilaks aseve uwodeben nukleokapsids.

virusebi warmoadgenen cocxali materiis umcires formebs. Ggarkveuli gagebiT isini arian ara cocxali
organizmebi, aramed nukleoproteidebi, romlebic iWrebian ujredSi da iq warmoqmnian Svileul Taobebs.

virusebi ainficireben da azianeben praqtikulad yvela cocxal organizmebs:

 baqteriebs – maT virusebs baqteriofagebi ewodebad

 mcenareebs – fitovirusebi
 cxovelebs

virusebis morfologia

tipiuri virioni Sedgeba nukleinis mJavisa da cilovani garsis - kapsidisagan

virusuli nukleinis mJava

virusebi haploiduri organizmebia, anu isini Seicaven genebis erT nakrebs. gamonaklisebia
retrovirusebi, romlebic arian diploidurebi. virusuli dnm-i SeiZleba iyos erT an orjaWviani, umetesad
cirkularuli formis (Tumca SeiZleba xazovani formiTac iyos warmodgenili an iyos fragmentirebuli), rasac
xels uwyobs dnm-is molekulis orive boloze arsebuli invertirebuli ganmeorebiTi Tanmimdevrobebi,
romelTa saSualebiTac virusuli dnm “ikvreba”. dnm-i yovelTvis erT mTlian molekulad aris warmodgenili.

virusuli rnm-i warmodgenilia erT an orjaWviani mTliani an diferencirebuli molekulebiT.

erTjaWvian rnm-ebSi arCeven (_) da (+) polarobis mqone molekulebs.

rnm-is + jaWvi, anu pozitiuri genomi gulisxmobs imas, rom rnm-is aseT molekulas SeuZlia
uSualod moaxdinos genetikuri masalis translireba ribosomebze anu asrulebs informaciuli/matriculi rnm-is
funqcias. aseTi +rnm-ebi gamoirCevian saxasiaTo Cap struqturebiT boloebze.

xolo _ rnm ver funqcionirebs rogorc informaciuli rnm-i da ZiriTadad “gamoiyeneba” rogorc
matrica + jaWvis sinTezisaTvis. e. i. jer sinTezirdeba rnm-is + jaWvi, xolo mere xdeba translacia
ribosomebze.
 bevri virusuli nukleinis mJava “infeqciuria” TavisTavad – es imas niSnavs, rom is Seicavs srul
genetikur informacias sakmariss axali virusuli nawilakebis sinTezisaTvis.

umetes SemTxvevaSi aseTi infeqciurebi arian + rnm –iani da dnm Semcveli virusebi.

kapsidi

virusebis kapsidi warmoadgens cilovan kapsulas, Semdgars ganmeorebadi suberTeulebis garkveuli

ricxvisagan, xSirad garSemortymuls garsiT.

kapsidis ZiriTadi funqciaa daicvas virusuli genomi sxvadasva zemoqmedebisagan, uzrunvelyos

virusis patron ujredze adsorbcia da masSi SeRweva receptoruli meqanizmebis saSualebiT.

kapsids qmnian agebulebiT identuri suberTeulebi kapsomerebi, romlebic organizebuli arian

simetriul konstruqciebad. arsebobs ori tipis simetria: ikosaedruli (mas xSirad kubursac uwodeben) da
spiraluri.

spiraluri simetriis nukleokapsidis SemTxvevaSi kapsomerebic da nukleinis mJavac “miyveba” da “ixveva”

erTi rotaciuli RerZis simetriis mixedviT da viruss umetesad Cxiris forma eZleva, xolo ikosaedruli simetriis
dros nukleinis mJava mouwesrigeblad aris dapresili kapsidis SigniT da TviT viruss ki sferuli, Riliseburi
anda sxva formebi eZleva.

garsi

zogierTi virusis nukleokapsidebi garSemortymulia garsiT, romelic Sedgeba lipidebis ormagi

Srisagan, virusspecifiuri cilebisagan da makroorganizmebis patron ujredebis ujreduli membranisagan
mitacebuli nawilakebisagan. patron ujredis komponentebi uerTdeba virusul nawilaks mis mier ujredis
birTvis membranis, endoplazmaturi badis, goljis kompleqsis an citoplazmuri membranis gavlis Semdeg.

virusspecifiuri cilebidan aRsaniSnavia:

 glikoproteinebi, romlebic urTierTqmedeben ujredul receptorebTan da maT didi roli eniWebad

virusis infeqciurobaSi,
 matriqsuli M cilebisagan, romlebic warmoadgenen struqturul Sres, “amogebulebi” arian garsis
SigniTa mxridan da dakavSirebuli arian nukleokapsidTan.
garsi viruss garkveul “arastabilurobas” aniWebs, vinaidan garsiani virusebi ufro mgrZnobiareni arian
temperaturis, detergentis, spirtebis mimarT.
virusuli cilebi

Zalian bevr viruss aqvs unari gamoiwvios eriTrocitebis aglutinacia. aseTi hemaglutinaciis unari
ganpirobebulia kapsidis an garsis cilebis moqmedebiT.

bevr viruss aseve gaaCnia fermentebi, maT Soris arCeven:

1. fermentebs, romlebic monawileoben replikaciasa da transkripciaSi

2. fermentebs, romlebic uzrunvelyofen virusuli nukleinis mJavebis ujredSi SeRwevas an/da Svileuli
populaciebis patron ujredidan gamoRwevas
3. arseboben virusuli polimerazebi – nukleinis mJavebis replikaciis umTavresi faqtorebi
4. da virusuli proteazebi – romlebis axorcieleben didi molekulebis gaxleCvas.
zogierT viruss aqvs unari gamoiyenos agreTve patron ujredis fermentuli sistema Tavis sasargeblod.

virusmagvari atipiuri agentebi

arsebobs 4 ZiriTadi “gamonaklisi” tipiuri virusebisagan:

1. defeqturi virusebi – isini, rogorc tipiuri virusebi, Sedgebian nukleinis mJavisa da cilebisagan,
magram maT ujredis SigniTac ar SeuZliaT gamravleba “damxmare” (helper) virusis gareSe,
romelic “avsebs” funqciurad defeqtur viruss. rogorc wesi, defeqturi virusebi arian deleciis an
mutaciis Sedegi. aseTi virusebis Sefardeba normalur virusebTan 100:1 – zea. aseTi defeqturi virusis
klasikuri magaliTia δ hepatitis virusi, romelic Tu ujredi ar aris masTan erTad inficirebuli B hepatitis
virusiT, ver mravldeba da ver iwvevs infeqciur process.
2. fsevdovirionebi – Seicaven virusuli dnm-is nacvlad patron ujredis dnm-s. es “Secdoma” xdeba
infeqciis dros, rodesac patron ujredis dnm-i fragmentirebulia da “SemTxveviT” xdeba aseTi
fragmentebis kapsidis SigniT moxvedra. fsevdovirionebs SeuZliaT ujredis inficireba, amagram ar
SeuZliaT replicireba.
3. viroidebi – Seicaven erjaWviani cirkularuli rnm-is superspiralizebul erT molekulas, romelic ar
kodirebs cilebs. isini xSirad iwveven mcenareebis daavadebebs.
4. prionebi – infeqciuri cilismagvari agentebi, romlebic ar Seicaven aranair nukleinis mJavas, amis
gamo sakmaod mdgradebi arian temperaturis, gamosxivebis da sxv fiz. – qim moqmedebebis
mimarT. prionebis mier gamowveuli infeqciebis yvelaze polularuli magaliTia “Zroxis cofi”.
sainteresoa, rom prionebi, anu prionuli cilebi_ kodirdeba iseTi genebiT, romlebic warmodgenilia
normalur cxovelur ujredebSi da garkveul regulatorul funqciebsac asruleben. SesaZloa, amiT aris
ganpirobebuli is faqti, rom imunuri sistema xSir SemTxvevebSi tolerantulia prionuli cilis mimarT.
 virusebis gamravleba

virusis maspinZel ujredTan urTierTqmedeba rTuli mravalsafexuriani procesia. umetesoba virusebis

replikaciuri ciklis realizacia ganisazRvreba infeqciur agentsa (am SemTxvevaSi viruss) da mgrZnobiare
ujreds (romelsac aqvs Sesabamisi receptorebi konkretuli virusis mierTebisa da SeRwevisaTvis) Soris
garkveuli balansis pirobebiT. urTierTqmedeba virusi –ujredi mimdinareobs an liTiuri gziT, ris Sedegadac
ujredi iRupeba an stabiluri urTierTobebis gziT. Sedegi am urTierTobebisa aris an produqciuli, an
abortuli, an integraciuli. produqciulis dros adgili aqvs virusis gamravlebas, reproduqcias, xolo integraciuli
formis dros – virusis nukleinis mJavis integracias ujredis genomSi, Senaxvas da mis gadacemas
STamomavlobaSi. abortuli formisas adgili aqvs virusis reproduqciis darRvevas. SeiZleba rusuli wignidan
damateba gv 70

umetes SemTxvevaSi ujred – virusis urTierTqmedebas aris produqciuli, aqvs liTiuri xasiaTi da
mTavrdeba patron ujredis daRupviT. es citopaTogenuri efeqti realizdeba mxolod mas Semdeg, rodesac
ujredis SigniT moxdeba virusebis Svileuli Taobebis sruli nukleokapsidebis awyoba.

virusis gamravlebaSi igulisxmeba virusis “Canergva” mis mimarT mgrZnobiare ujredebSi, virusebs
axasiaTebT “tropizmi”, anu midrekileba grakveuli tipis ujredebisadmi an qsovilebisadmi. virusis
“Canergvis” Semdeg xdeba misi genetikuri masalis da cilebis reproduqcia, virusis Svileuli Taobis awyoba
da infeqciis gamomwvevunariani Taobis gamoTavisufleba ujredidan.

virusis liTiuri ciklis mimdinareobisas arCeven ramdenime fazas:

 virusis adsorbcia ujredze – es aris Seqcevadi procesi da warmoadgens virusisa da ujredis

SemTxveviT “Sejaxebis” Sedegs. 103 – 104 SemTxvevidan mxolod erT SemTxvevaSi xdeba
ujredisa da virusis dakavSireba erTmaneTTan. dakavSireba xdeba mxolod specifiuri
receptorebis arebobis SemTxvevaSi ujredis zedapirze. mag; cofis virusis SemTxvevaSi es
acetilqolinis receptoria nervul ujredebze, epStein – baris virusis SemTxvevaSi – komplementis
receptori B limfocitebze. adsorbciis procesi iondamokidebulia – ujredsa da viruss Soris xdeba
ionuri miziduloba, romlis Sedegadac virusi fizikurad uerTdeba ujredze specifiur receptors.
adsorbciis process aseve axasiaTebs qsovilovani specifiuroba, mag; poliovirusebi adsorbirdeba
mxolod adamianisa da primatebis kuW-nawlavis traqtis an centraluri nervuli sistemis ujredebze.
 SeWra da “gaxda” – adsorbciis Semdeg virusi aRwevs ujredSi, sadac xdeba misi nawilobrivi
deproteinizacia. procesi damokidebulia temperaturaze da SeiZleba mimdinareobdes pinocitozis
gziT an virusisa da ujredis membranebis SerwymiT. rogorc wesi ujredSi gadaitaneba an mTeli
virusi, an misi substruqtura, romelic Seicavs virusul genoms da ramdenime virusul cilas,
 saWiros da sakmariss pirveladi transkripciisaTvis. imisaTvis, rom virusma moaxerxos ujredSi
SeWra, saWiroa, rom arc ujredis citoplazmaSi da arc Semdgom birTvSi ar iyos virusis damSleli
fermentebi. virusis nukleinis mJavisagan kapsidis cilebis moSorebas uwodeben virusis
“gaxdas”.
 virusis “gaxdidan” mis pirvelad replikaciamde gadis garkveuli periodi, faruli anu eklips
perodi, romelic eTmoba virusis nukleinis mJavis integrirebas ujredis genomSi, ujredis
transkripciuli sistemis “gadawyobas” virusis transkripciaze da a. S. imis da mixedviT virusi
dnm Semcvelia Tu rnm Semcveli, rnm-is + Tu _ jaWvia warmodgenili, replikacia
sxvadasxvanairad mimdinareobs. xSirad patron ujredis dnm an rnm polimerazas gamoyenebiT,
zogjer ki TviT virusis polimerazas saSualebiT.
 virusis awyoba – translaciis dros pirvelad warmoiqmneba produqtebi, romlebic aregulireben
reproduqcias – fermentebi da regulatoruli cilebi. ufro gvian sinTezirdeba, is cilebi, romlebic
uzrunvelyofen Svileuli populaciebis awyobas. virusis genomis awyobis adgili ujredSi SeiZleba
sxvadasxva iyos. jer nukleinis mJava ukavSirdeba kapsidis cilebs, Semdgom, ki, Tu virusi
garsiania, nukleokapsidi ukavSirdeba ujredis citoplazmur memebranaSi specifiur lokusebs,
romlebic uzrunvelyofen virusis garsis warmoqmnas.
 gamoyofa xdeba ramdenimenairad – Tu virusi “SiSvelia”, anu ugarso, misi nawilakebi
grovdeba ujredSi da ujredis daSlis Sedegad gamoiyofa. ujredi ki Tavis mxriv iRupeba, imitom
rom, xdeba misi nukleinis mJavebis, cilebis da lipidebis sinTezis daTrgunva, ujredis
citoConCxis dezorganizacia, membranis struqturis Secvla. membranis gaxleCvis Semdeg
izrdeba ujredis ganvladoba da lizosomidan gamoTavisufldeba proteolituri fermentebi. xolo Tu
virusi garsiania, maSin gamoyofa xdeba “dakvirtviT”.
virus/ujredis integraciuli urTierTqmedebis dros dnm da rnm Semcveli virusebi sxvadasxvagvarad
moqmedeben. Tu dnm-is Semcveli virusis SemTxvevaSi virusuli dnm martivad erTveba ujredis genomSi,
rnm Semcvel virusebTan sxva viTarebaa. ujredul genomSi ver CaerTveba rnm-i. saWiroa dezoqsiribo
nukleinis mJavis arseboba da ara ribonukleinis mJavisa, dnm da rnm mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba
erTmaneTisagan rogorc qimiurad, aseve morfologiurad. 1970wels amerikelma mecnierebma baltimorma da
teminma daadgines, rom rnm Semcvel virusebs aqvT fermenti rnm damokidebuli dnm polimeraza (igive
revertaza, anu ukutranskriptaza), romelic virusul rnm-s iyenebs matricad, masze asinTezirebs dnm-is
molekulas, romelic inkorporirdeba ujredul genomSi. virussa da ujreds Soris integraciuli tipis
urTierTqmedebis biologiuri arsi mdgomareobs ujredul genomSi virusuli informaciis Senaxvasa da am
informaciis STamomavlobiT gadacemaSi.

ujredebze virusebis zemoqmedeba SeiZleba damTavrdes:

 1. ujredis daRupviT, vinaidan virusiT inficirebis da misi reproduqciuli ciklis ganxorcielebisas wydeba
ujreduli cilebisa da sxva makromolekulebis sinTezi, virusebis awyobis ASemdeg ki saerTod
irRveva ujredis struqtura,
2. aSkara morfologiuri cvlilebebis gareSe. aseT SemTxvevebSi virusiT inficirebuli ujredebi
inarCuneben sicocxlisunarianobas da mravldebian kidec,
3. ujredebis SerwymiT da giganturi or da mravalbirTviani ujredebis warmoqmniT, rac ganpirobebulia
upirveles yovlisa ujredebis plazmuri membranebis rRveviT da perforaciiT. eseTi procesi
damaxasiaTebelia iseTi virusuli infeqciebisaTvis, rogoricaa; herpesvirusebi, paramiqsovirusebi,
retrovirusebi,
4. simsivnuri transformaciiT – gansakuTrebiT xSirad es xdeba orbirTviani ujredebis, dikarionebis
warmoqmnis SemTxvevaSi. simsivnuri transformacia xasiaTdeba Uujredis ukontrolo progresuli
zrdiT da konkretuli morfologiuri cvlilebebiT.

baqteriofagi

Tavdapirvelad me19e saukunis bolos da me20e saukunis dasawyisSi, rodesac pirvelad iqna
aRmoCenili baqteriofagi, am termins “baqteiofagi” anu “fagi” xmarobdnen Seuswavleli uxilavi baqteriuli
antagonistis aRsawerad, romelic iwvevda baqteriuli ujredebis lizirebas. baqteriofagebis aRmomCenebad
iTvlebian ingliseli mecnieri tuorti da frangi f. d’ereli. baqteriofagebis kvlevaSi didi wvlili miuZRvis
qarTvel mikrobiologs g. eliavas, vis saxelsac atarebs q. TbilisSi mdebare baqteriofagis sk instituti.

rogorc avRniSneT, baqteriofagi aris baqteriis virusi. fagebis klasifikaciisadmi midgoma identuria
virusebis klasifikaciisa da eyrdnoba fagebis morfologias, antigenur struqturas, moqmedebis speqtrs da sxv.
virusebTan SedarebiT fagebi ufro gamZleni arian sxvadasxva fizikur qimiuri faqtorebis mimarT.
umetesoba uproblemod uZlebs dezinfeqtantebis (formalinis garda), ultraiisferi gamoisxivebis da maRali
temperaturebis zemoqmedebas.

integraciuli infeqciis movlena pirvelad swored fagebisa da baqteriuli ujredis sistemaSi iqna
aRmoCenili da lizogeniis sxelwodeba miiRo.

umetesoba fagebis genetikur masalas warmoadgens an orjaWviani dnm (umetesoba fagebSi), an

erTjaWviani dnm, anda erTjaWviani rnm-i. moqmedebis speqtris mixedviT asxvaveben tipiur fagebs - T
fagebs, romlebic iwveven baqteriebis saxeobis SigniT calkeuli tipebis (variantebis) liziss, monovalentur
fagebs, romlebic iwveven erTi saxeobis baqteriebis liziss, da polivalentur fagebs, romlebic iwveven
ramdenime saxeobis baqteriis liziss.
fagebis morfologia

fagebis struqturas umetesad ixilaven xolme T baqteriofagis magaliTze. fagi Sedgeba Tavisa da
kudisagan.

fagis Tavi warmoiqmneba cilovani molekulebisagan, romlebic konstruirebulebi arian ikosaedruli

simetriis tipze. misi zoma daaxloebiT 100 nm-ia aqvs, igi rigidulia da masSi moTavsebulia dnm-uri genomi
– orjaWviani dnm, rigi fermentebi da cilebi, romlebis pasuxs ageben dnm-is superspiralizaciaze.

fagis kudi – es aris asev 100 – 250 nm sigrZis wanazardi, romelic Sedgeba TviT kudis
“RerZisagan” da masze Semoxveuli kumSvadi SaliTisagan. SaliTa moicavs 120 -140 cilovan molekulas,
romelTaganac yoveli, Tavis mxriv, Seicavs 1 atf-is molekulas da kalciumis ionebs. kudis boloSi
moTavsebulia eqvskuTxovani bazaluri girfita 6 – 6 wanazardiT (fibriliT) da SverilebiT, da ferment
lizocimis maragiT.

morfologiisa da genetikuri masalis arsebobis mixedviT arCeven 5 tipis fagebs:

 I – lizogenur, dnm Semcvel fagebs, romlebic urTierTqmedeben plazmidSemcvel baqteriebTan,

 II – rnm Semcvel rudimentuli kudis mqone fagebs
 III – mokle wanazardis mqone fagebs
 IV – arakumSvadi kudis mqone orjaWviani dnm-is mqone fagebs
 V – dnm Semcvel, kumSvadi kudis da bazaluri firfitis mqone fagebs.
fagebis morfologias umetesad ixilaven am ukanaskneli jgufis magaliTze.

baqteriofagis urTierTqmedeba baqteriul ujredTan Zalze specifiuria. fagebis mier baqteriuli ujredis
inficireba ZiriTadad xasiaTdeba imave stadiuri TanmimdevrobiT, rac ganxiluli iyo virusebis SemTxvevaSi:

1. adsorbcia – iseve rogorc nebismieri virusis SemTxvevaSi, fagic unda adsorbirdes Sesabamis baqteriul
ujredze. adsorbcia damokidebulia baqteriul ujredze Sesabamisi zedapiruli struqturebis arsebobaze,
romlebic moqmedeben rogorc receptorebi fagebisaTvis. es receptorebi ganlagebulia an lipopreteinul
an lipopolisaqaridul SreSi. sayuradReboa, rom baqteriebze, romlebsac ara aqvT ujreduli kedeli (L
formebi, protoplastebi) fagebi ver adsorbirdebian. zogierTi fagi receptorad iyenebs F pilebs,
warmodgenils baqteriul ujredze. garda receptorebisa fagis adsorbcia baqteriul ujredze damokidebulia
pH , temperaturaze da sxva faqtorebze. erT baqteriul ujredze SeiZleba adsorbirdes 200-300 fagi.
adsorbcia xorcieldeba bazaluri membranisa da masze arsebuli wanazardebisa da Sverilebis
dakavSirebiT baqteriuli ujredis kedelTan. fagi am SverilibiT da wanazardebiT eWideba baqteriul
ujreds, xolo bazaluri membraniT ki “fiqsirdeba” zedapirze.
 2. virusuli (faguri) dnm-is Sesvla ujredSi – adsorbciis Semdeg xdeba bazaluri membranidan ferment
lizocimis gamoTavisufleba, romelic iwvevs ujredis kedlis im ubnis daSlas sadac mierTebulia fagi.
amavdroulad xdeba kudis SaliTidan kalciumis ionebis gamoTavisufleba, rac aaqtivebs ferment atf-
azas da misi moqmedebiT SaliTa atf-is (anu energiis) gamoyenebiT ikumSeba da Sehyavs kudis
“RerZi” ujredis kedelSi. amis Semdeg kudis gavliT faguri dnm Seiyvaneba baqteriul ujredSi, rogorc
SpriciT organozmSi Segvyavs raime wamali.
3. fagis reproduqcia – ineqcirebuli fagis dnm ujredSi moxvedrisTanave iwvevs mTeli ujredis
metabolizmis gadarTvas Tavis Tavze. Sesvlidan 2-30wT ganmavlobaSi fagi aranairad ar vlindeba
baqteriul ujredSi – es aris eklipsuri anu latenturi periodi. amis Semdgom iwyeba fagis dnm-is
replikacia da fagis cilebis sinTezi.
4. awyoba – fagis Tavi, kudi, dnm da sxva nawilebi sinTezirdeba baqteriuli ujredis sxvadasxva ubnebSi,
amitom SemdgomSi fagis Svileuli Taobebis awyobas sWirdeba garkveuli dro, sanam yvela nawili
“ipovis” da miuerTdeba erTmaneTs.
5. fagebis awyobis Semdeg xdeba maTi gamosvla, anu gamoTavisufleba baqteriuli ujredidan, rasac
rasakvirvelia Tan moyveba am ujredis daRupva. axali virionebis raodenoba met naklebad stabiluria
fagebis sxvadasxva saxeobebisaTvisac ki da mas uwodeben fagis “gamosavlianobas”.
aRwerili cikli rasakvirvelia miekuTvneboda liTiurs, produqtiuls, magram aseTi ciklis garda arsebobs
rogorc aRiniSna zomieri, lizogenuri cikli, romlis drosac xdeba fagis reduqcia – anu fagis dnm-i ar
iwvevs virusspecifiuri cilebis da nukleinis mJavis sinTezs, aramed igi erTveba baqteriul qromosomaSi da
xSirad gadaecema aseT mdgomareobaSi baqteriul Svileul Taobebs – am latenturi baqteriofagebis
mdgomareobas ew. profagi an provirusi. swored aseT zomier fagebs ganekuTvneba λ baqteriofagi.

konkretuli specifiuri zemoqmedebis Sedegad aseT zomier fagSi SeiZleba moxdes virulenturi Tvisebebis
induqcia da is gadaiqces liTiur fagad, am movlenas ew. fagis induqcia. mainducurebel faqtorebs
ganekuTvneba: dasxiveba, zeJangebis moqmedeba da sxv.

faguri dnm-is asociacia baqteriis ganomTan rasakvirvelia iwvevs rigi genetikuri Tvisebebis Secvlas.
am movlenas, genetikuri Tvisebebis Secvlas, ganpirobebuls fagebiT uwodeben lizogenur konversias.

λ baqteriofagi

λ baqteriofagi warmoadgens viruss, romelic lizogenuria nawlavis Cxiris Escherichia coli –saTvis. igi
kargi modelia zomieri, lizogenuri ciklis gansaxilvelad. λ baqteriofagis qromosomis sigrZe baqteriuli
qromosomis sigrZis mxolod 2%-ia. fagur nawilakebSi dnm warmodgenilia xazovani ormagi jaWvis saxiT,
romlis orive boloSi dupleqsis dawyvilebuli jaWvis gagrZelebaze aris 12 damatebiTi aradupleqsirebuli
nukleotidi, romlebic komplementarulia erTmaneTisa da am ori, qromosomis dawyvilebuli sigrZidan
“gasuli” wargZelebebis saSualebiT fagis dnm –i ikvreba wriul formad. amitom am boloebs uwodeben
webovan boloebs. aseT wriul formas fagis dnm iRebs baqteriuli ujredis inficirebisas, rom Tavi daaRwios
baqteriuli fermentebis zemoqmedebas, sanam CaerTveba baqteriul qromosomaSi.

λ baqteriofagis CarTva qromosomaSi xorcieldeba fagis ferment lambda integrazas saSualebiT, romelic
gamoscnobs or sxvadasxva arahomologiur nukleotidur Tanmimdevrobebs, erTs baqteriul qromosomaSi,
meores fagur qromosomaSi, aaxloebs orive ormag spirals erTmaneTTan sanam isini ar gaixliCebian da
jvaredinad ar SeerTdebian. TiTqmis yovelTvis es xdeba baqteriuli qromosomis erTi da igive ubanSi.
amitom am movlenas ewodeba sait specifiuri rekombinacia. integrirebul mdgomareobaSi faguri
qromosoma replicirdeba baqteriulTan erTad da aranairad ar gamovlindeba Tu ar moxda fagis induqcia.
faguri dnm-is amorTvisas umetesad procesi xorcieldeba Zalian zustad, 99% SemTxvevaSi
gamoTavisuflebuli faguri nawilakebi absoluturad identuria Tavdapirveli (inficirebamde da qromosomaSi
CarTvamde) fagebisa. iSviaTad amorTva xdeba anomalurad da fagis qromosoma miitacebs baqteriuli
ujredis qromosomul masalas, rac safuZvlad udevs specifiuri transduqciis movlenas.

baqteriofagebis spicifiuroba da maTi baqteriuli antagonisturoba izleba am nawilakebis samkurnalod

gamoyenebis saSualebas. dResdReobiT stafilokokebis, streptokokebis, eSerixiozebis, salmonelozis, qoleris,
Cirqovani infeqciebisa da sxva uamravi baqteriuli daavadebis samkurnalod gamoiyenebian fagebi,
xandaxan antibiotikebis sanacvlod, Zalze xSirad ki antibiotikebTan erTad. antibiotikebisagan
gansxvavebiT fagorezistentulobas baqteriuli ujredi TiTqmis ver iZens, rac fagebisadmi interess aZlierebs
da mas antibiotikoTerapiis erTaderT alternativad moiazrebs.

mikrobTa genetika

nebismieri cocxali organizmi Tavisi Tvisebebis umetesobiT msgavsia Tavisi winaprebisa. specifiuri
niSan-Tvisebebis “Senaxvas”, anu am niSan-Tvisebebis mdgradobas rig TaobebSi ew.
“memkvidreobiToba”. yoveli Tvisebis informaciis matareblis rols Seesabameba garkveuli erTeuli - geni.

geni aris dnm-is struqturuli erTeuli, romelSic arsebuli tripletebis ganlageba gansazRvravs
Sesabamisi polipeptiduri jaWvis pirvelad struqturas.

genomi qromosomaSi aresebuli nukleotidebis erTobliobaa. genomis moculoba sxvadasxva

arsebebSi Zlier varirebs da swored genomis moculobazea damokidebuli ama Tu im individis struqturuli
organizaciis sirTule.

genotipi es aris ama Tu im arsebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli individualuri genebis erTobloba.

baqteriebis genetikur sistemas gaaCnia damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebebi:

 1. baqteriebis qromosomebi Tavisuflad arian lokalizebuli citoplazmaSi, misgan ar arian gamoyofili
raime membranismagvari struqturebiT, arian superspiralizebuli, radganac baqteriuli qromosoma
sigrZiT gacilebiT metia TviT baqteriul ujredze,
2. Tumca baqteriebi haploiduri organizmebia e.i maT gaaCniaT genebis erTi kompleqti, maTSi
dnm-is Semcveloba cvalebadobs da SeiZleba miaRwios 2, 4-s,
3. baqteriebSi, bunebriv pirobebSi genetikuri informaciis gadacemas adgili aqvs ara marto
vertikalurad, anu deda-ujredidan Svileul ujredze, aramed horizontaluradac, rasac isini
axorcieleben sxvadasxva meqanizmebiT: transformaciiT, transduqciiT da sxv..
4. garda qromosomuli genomisa baqteriebs xSirad gaaCniaT damatebiTi plazmiduri genomi,
romelic maT aniWebs rig Tvisebebs da xSirad SeuZlia damoukideblad replicireba, anu arian
replikonebi .
baqteriebi genetikurad Zalian mosaxerxebeli modelebi arian, vinaidan maT genomis martivi
agebuleba aqvT, aqvT sqesobrivi diferenciacia mxolod donor/recipientis doneze, aqvT gamocalkevebuli da
integrirebuli dnm-is fragmentebi, (plazmidebis, transpozonebis saxiT), martivia maTi kultivireba da
populaciebis miReba.

baqteriebis genetikuri masala

baqteriebis, iseve rogorc umaRlesi organizmebis genetikuri informaciis matarebeli aris dnm-i,
romelic baqteriebSi orjaWviania da aris wriuli formis. ujredis gayofis win dnm-i reduplicirdeba, anu
ormagdeba. Semdgom dnm-idan informacia gadaiwereba matricul anu informaciul rnm-ze, romelTaganac
Semdgom ribosomebze xdeba cilis sinTezi. yoveli geni warmodgenilia dnm-is garkveuli ubniT da
“Cawerilia” am ubanSi garkveuli nukleotiduri TanmimdevrobiT. fermentuli cilebis specifiuroba, romelTa
sinTezsac akontrolebs geni, ganisazRvreba aminomJavebis TanmimdevrobiT polipeptidur jaWvSi. igive
Tanmimdevroba sazRvravs cilis sivrcobriv struqturas – pirvelads, meorads, mesameuls.

baqteriuli qromosoma Seicavs 3X108 – 2,5X109 nukleotidur wyvils da baqteriis

sicocxlisuzrunvelsayof 4 000 calkeul gens. misi sigrZe gaSlil mdgomareobaSi daaxloebiT 1mm. igi qmnis
baqteriul qromatinul sxeulakebs anu nukleoidebs, mas ara aqvs garsi (membrana) da moicavs TiTqmis
mTels ujredul dnms. zrdad baqteriul ujredebSi nukleoidebi aqtiurad iyofian da maTi ricxvi 2 - 4 aRwevs
xolme.

baqteriebSi ganasxvaveben replikaciis 3 tips: vegetaciurs, romelic ganapirobebs informaciis

vertikalur gadacemas, koniugaciurs, rodesac genetikuri masalis mimocvla xdeba koniugaciuri
meqanizmebiT da genetikuri informacia vrceldeba horizontalurad, da reparaciuls romlis meSveobiTac
xorcieldeba dnm-is struqturuli dazianebebis aRmofxvra.
baqteriuli araqromosomuli dnm

bevr baqteriaSi gvxvdeba dnm-is araqromosomuli molekulebi – plazmidebi, transpozonebi an

inserciuli (IS) ganmeorebebi. isini erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian molekuluri masiT, maTSi kodirebuli
informaciis moculobiT, damoukidebeli replikaciis unariT da sxv. arcerTi maTgani ar warmoadgens
baqteriuli ujredisaTvis sasicocxlod aucilebel genetikur elementebs, vinaidan isini ar Seicaven plastiur da
energetikul metabolizmSi monawile fermentebs. plazmidebs aqvT damoukidebeli replikaciis unari,
transpozonebs da IS elemntebs ki ara.

plazmidebi – 40 - 50 geniani dnm-is fragmentebi, romlebic asruleben regulatorul da makodirebeli

funqciebs. pirveli funqcia mimarTulia metabolisturi defeqtebis sakompensaciod, meores – baqteriaSi
“Seaqvs” informacia axali niSan-Tvisebebis Sesaxeb. baqteriebis zrdisaTvis isini ar warmoadgenen
saWiroebas, magram baqterias aniWeben upiratesobas araxelsayrel pirobebSi moxvedris SemTxvevaSi.

plazmidebis mier baqteriuli ujredisaTvis miniWebuli fenotipuri niSan-Tvisebebidan gamoyofen:

 antibiotikebisadmi mdgradobas,
 kolicinebis warmoqmnis unars,
 paTogenurobis faqtorebis produqcias,
 antibiotikebis sinTezis unars,
 rTuli organuli naerTebis daSlis unars,
 restriqciisa da modifikaciis fermentebis sinTezis unars.
gamoyofen gamocalkevebul wriuli molekulis saxiT arsebul plazmidebs – episomebs da
qromosomaSi CaSenebul integrirebul plazmidebs.

plazmidebi akodireben rigi ekzotoqsinebisa, cilovani toqsinebis (baqteriocinebis) da fermentebis sinTezs,

maT Soris iseTi fermentebisac, romlebic iwveven arabunebrivi naerTebis (toluolis, naftalinis) degradacias,
apirobeben wamlebis mimarT mdgradobas.

plazmidebi arseboben Semdegi saxis:

1. zogierTi plazmidis dnm-is gaormageba zrdis baqteriuli ujredis “nayofierebas”, imitom rom iwvevs
ujredis gayofis inducirebas. aseT plazmidebs uwodeben F (fertility – nayofiereba) plazmidebs.
integrirebul F plazmidebs uwodeben Hfr (high frequency of recombinations) plazmidebs, an Hfr
faqtorebs. integrirebuli F faqtorebi axdenen qromosomis genetikuri informaciis mobilizebas da
axorcieleben mis gadacemas sxva ujredSi, am process ew koniugacia.
 2. arseboben agreTve koniugaciuri plazmidebi, romlebic gadaecemian koniugaciis procesSi erTi
baqteriidan meores. eseni rogorc wesi an F an R plazmidebia. R plazmidebma TavianTi
saxelwodeba sityva resistance idan miiRes, rac mdgradobas niSnavs, da es aris is plazmidebi,
romlebic, swored, apirobeben mdgradobas anu rezistentulobas medikamentebis mimarT, umetes
SemTxvevaSi, antibiotikebis mimarT. R plazmidebi Seicaven ori tipis genebs: 1. genebs, romlebis
“pasuxismgebelni” arian koniugaciis gziT plazmidis gadacemaze RTF (resistance transfer factor) da
2. genebs, romlebic apirobeben sakuTriv rezistentobas. farTo gagebiT orive tipis R da F plazmidebi
“infeqciurebia”, vinaidan SesaZlebelia maTi gadatana, anu erTi baqteriidan meoresaTvis gadacema.
3. arseboben kidev arakoniugaciuri plazmidebic. arakoniugaciuri plazmidebi ZiriTadad
damaxasiaTebelia gramdadebiTi kokebisaTvis, Tumca gvxvdeba gramuaryofiT organizmebSic.
arakoniugaciuri plazmidebic SesaZloa gadatanil iqnan erTi ujredidan meoreSi Tu maTTan erTad
ujredSi koniugaciuri plazmidac arsebobs.
4. paTogenurobis plazmidebi – isini akontroleben Stamebis virulentur Tvisebebs, mag. toqsinebis
sinTezs, gansakuTrebiT enterobaqteriebisas.
5. baqteriocinogeniis plazmidebi akodireben baqteriocinebis sinTezs. baqteriocinebi - cilovani
produqtebia, romlebic iwveven imave an monaTesave saxeobis baqteriebis daRupvas. magaliTad,
adamianis nawlavSi nawlavuri Cxiris baqteriocinebi iwveven sxva enterobaqteriebis sikvdils.
baqteriocinogenia umetesad axasiaTebT gram (_) baqteriebs, iSviaTad gram (+) sac. cnobilia
sxvadasxva baqteriocinebi – kolicinebi (nawarmoebi nawlavis Cxirisagan), stafilocinebi
(nawarmoebi stafilokokebisagan), vibriocinebi (mwarmoebelia vibrio) da sxv.
6. biodegradaciis plazmidebis mqone baqterias SeuZlia sxvadasxva rTuli organuli naerTebis daSla,
vinaidan am nivTierebebis damSleli fermentebis makodirebeli genebia swored biodegradaciis
plazmidaSi. bunebrivia, rom aseT baqteriebs aqvT seleqtiuri upiratesoba.
bevri baqteria Seicavs sxvadasxva zomis plazmidebs. sxvadasxva plazmidebis Tanaarseboba erT baqteriul
ujredSi migviTiTebs imaze, rom sxvadasxva plazmidebi Tavsebadebi arian erTmaneTTan. Tumca
monaTesave plazmidebs Tanaarseboba ar SeuZliaT, mag: ori R plazmida erT ujredSi ver iarsebebs.

plazmidebis mier

migrirebadi (moZravi) genetikuri elementebi – esenia dnm-is calkeuli ubnebi, romelsac aqvs Tavis
Tavis gadatanis unari an erTi qromosomidan meoreSi, an qromosomidan plazmidaSi da piriqiT. aseTi
transpozicia anu adgilis cvlileba ganpirobebulia migrirebadi elementis mier specifiuri rekombinaciuli
fermentis transpozazis sinTezis unariT.
migrirebad genetikur elementebs ganekuTvnebian:

 inserciuli Tanmimdevrobebi, anu igive IS (insertion sequences) elementebi – arian yvelaze

martivi migrirebadi elementebi, maTi zoma 800-14000wyvil fuZes ar aRemateba. isini akodireben
rekombinaciisaTvis saWiro da transpoziciis sixSiris makontrolirebel fermentebs. IS elementebi
gadanacvldebian genomSi, rogorc erTi mTliani genebis masa da arasdros ar replicirdebian
damoukideblad. isini akoordinireben plazmidebis, transpozonebis, zomieri fagebis
urTierTqmedebas, aregulireben baqteriuli ujredis genomis aqtivacias, SeuZliaT “CarTon” an
“gamorTon” garkveuli genebi da SeuZliaT deleciuri tipis mutaciebis gamowveva. inserciul
elementebs boloebSi aqvT invertirebuli ganmeorebadi ubnebi, romelsac “gamoscnobs” fermenti
transpozaza da swored im adgilas, sadac “iwyeba da mTavrdeba” es ganmeorebiTi
Tanmimdevrobebi iwvevs dnm-is erTjaWvian gaxleCvas. IS elementis originaluri kopia rCeba
adgilze, xolo replicirebuli dublikati gadainacvlebs dnm-is axal ubanze. aRsaniSnavia, rom IS
elementebs ar SeuZliaT damoukideblad replicireba.
 transpozonebi - igive Tn elementebi, TviTintegrirebadi dnm fragmentebi, moicaven 2000 -2500
wyvil nukleotids, Seicaven dnm-is fragments da or IS elements, romelTac SeuZliaT erTidaigive an
sapirispiro mimarTulebiT gadadgileba. baqteriul dnm-Si CarTvisas isini iwveven duplikaciebs,
amorTvis SemTxvevaSi ki deleciebs – anu orive SemTxvevaSi axdenen im genebis dazianebas da
inaqtivacias, sadac iqnen CarTuli an saidanac iqnen amorTulebi. arc maT ara aqvT damoukidebeli
replikaciis unari da mravldebian mxolod baqteriuli qromosomis “SemadgenlobaSi” myof pirobebSi.
yoveli transpozoni Seicavs genebs, romelic aniWebs baqterias mdgradobas qimiopreparatebis
mimarT. transpozonebis mTavari Tvisebaa rom maT SeuZliaT gadaadgileba erTi replikonidan
meoreSi, mag, baqteriuli qromosomuli dnm-idan plazmidurSi, plazmiduridan fagurSi da a.S. da
aseve SeuZliaT genebis gavrceleba baqteriul populaciaSi, ramac SeiZleba Secvalos rogorc
piopulaciis, asve infeqciuri daavdebis gamomwvevis agentis niSan-Tvisebebi.
 µ baqteriofagi – zogierT SemTxvevaSi cvalebadobis faqtorebad SeiZleba mogvevlinon zomieri an
defeqturi fagebi, romelTa Tvisebebi msgavsia plazmidebis Tvisebebisa. µ baqteriofags SeuZlia
“CaerTos” baqteriuli qromosomis nebismier ubanSi, “daamatos” Tavisi genetikuri Tvisebebi da
gamoiwvios mutagenuri efeqti. is SeiZleba ganxiluli iqnes, rogorc giganturi transpozoni.

baqteriebis mutaciebi

termini “mutacia” pirvelad SemoTavazebuli iyo frangi mecnieris de frizis mier, rogorc
“memkvidruli Tvisebis naxtomiseburi” cvlilebis cneba. mutaciebi warmoadgenen dnm-is pirveladi
struqturis cvlilebebs gamovlenils memkvidrulad – raime niSan-Tvisebis dakargviT an cvlilebiT. mutaciebs
safuZvlad udevT replikaciis dros memkvidruli informaciis kopirebis “Secdomebi”. baqteriebis
SemTxvevaSi mutaciebma SeiZleba gamoiwvios baqteriuli ujredis morfologiis Secvla, zrdis
faqtorebisadmi baqteriis momTxovneloba, antibiotikebisadmi rezistentoba, temperaturisadmi
damokidebulebis cvlileba da sxv.

mutaciebs yofen qromosomul (rodesac icvleba qromosomis erTi an ramdenime ubani) da genurad
(rodesac icvleba erTi geni an cistroni). faqtorebs, romlebic iwvevn mutaciebs, uwodeben mutagenebs, isini
arian an qimiuri, an fizikuri bunebis. warmoSobis mixedviT gamoyofen:

 inducirebul anu xelovnurad gamowveul mutaciebs – miiRweva fuZeebis analogebis (mag.

bromuracilis CarTva Timidinis magivrad), alkilirebadi agentebis, azotis mJavis da sxv qim.
elementebis, anda ultraiisferi, rentgenis an sxva gamosxivebis gamoyenebiT, romlebic aseve
moqmedebs nukleinis mJavebze,
 spontanurs anu bunebriv mutaciebs – araswori komplementaruli wyvilebis warmoqmna, dnm-is
struqturuli “damaxinjeba”. spontanuri mutaciebis sixSirea daaxloebiT erTi mutacia yovel 10 6 – 107
ujredze.

Tu termin “mutaciaSi” tradiciulad igulisxmeba nebismieri genotipuri cvlileba, romelic SemdgomSi

gamoixateba fenotipuradac, molekulur doneze genotipis nebismieri stabiluri, memkvidruli cvlileba
aRiqmeba rogorc mutacia. Tumca, rig mutaciebs SesaZlebelia fenotipuri gamovlena arc moyves. amas ew.
“mdumare” mutaciebi. xSirad genetikur kodSi – tripletSi, mesame fuZis cvlileba fenotipuri “Sedegebis”
gareSe mTavrdeba, anu, amas ar moyveba xiluli cvlilebebi. swored aseT SemTxvevebSi laparakoben
“mdumare” mutaciebze.

arsebobs “Sebrunebuli”, uku mutaciebi, romlebic abrunebs spontanurad mutirebul ujreds pirvandel
genetikur mdgomareobaSi. namdvili ”ukumutacia” zustad aRdgens pirvandel genotips da Sesabamisad
genotipsac da mas ewodeba reversia, xolo Tu aRdgena moxda mxolod fenotipur doneze, da ar aRdga
genotipi, maSin laparakoben supresorul mutaciaze.

mutaciebis tipebSi arCeven: nukleotidebis modifikaciur (rodesac xdeba calkeuli nukleotidebis

cvlileba), “CarTviT” (rodesac xdeba damatebiTi nukeotidebis CarTva), deleciur (rodesac erTi an
ramdenime nukleotiduri wyvilis dakargva xdeba) da dnm-is spiralis deformaciul mutaciebs.

mutaciebis gamovlena xdeba laboratoriuli meTodebiT. Mmag. Tu baqteria normaSi mgrZnobiarea

raime qimiopreparatis mimarT xolo uecrad iwyebs am preparatis areSi arsebobisas Cveulebriv zrdas, anu
xdeba mis mimarT mdgradi, e.i. adgili hqonda mutaciis movlenas. anda, rodesac xdeba kvebis tipis Secvla.
am SemTxvevebSi mutaciis “diagnostireba” iolia.

aseve arCeven:

1. wertilovan mutaciebs - rodesac mutacia exeba erTi fuZis cvlilebas da Sedegad warmoiqmneba
“araswori” aminomJava.
2. freimSift mutaciebi – aTvlis CarCos wanacvleba, rac iwvevs yvela momdevno kodonis
wanacvlebas
3. nonsens mutacia – “uazro”, arasrulfasovani cilebis warmomqmneli mutacia,
4. dnm-is spiralis deformacia – dnm-is molekulis struqturuli “damaxinjeba”, rac xels uSlis swor
replikacias.

mutaciebis reparaciis meqnizmebi baqteriebSi

nebismier cocxal ujredSi arsebobs bioqimiuri meqanizmebi, romlebsac SeswevT unari srulad an
nawilobriv aRadginon dazianebuli dnm-is sawyisi struqtura. sxvanairad qimiuri an fizikuri faqtorebiT
gamowveul mutaciebs SeiZleba baqteriuli ujredi “gadaSenebamde” mieyvana. dazianebuli dnm-is
koreqciis reaqciebis makatalizirebeli fermentebis erTobliobas uwodeben reparaciul sistemas. dnm-is
defeqtebis koreqciis sami ZiriTadi mimarTulebaa cnobili;

1. dazianebuli dnm-idan uSualo reversia sawyisi struqturisken,

2. dazianebuli nawilis eqscizia (amovardna),
3. dazianebebisadmi mdgradobis ganmapirobebeli meqanizmebis aqtivacia.
arsebobs “sinaTlis reparacia” anu fotoreaqtivacia da bneli reparacia.

pirveli asworebs dnm-is dazianebas miyenebuls ultraiisferi gamosxivebiT da amisaTvis iyenebs ferment
fotoliazas, romelic amTelebs Timidinis fuZeebs. sxva reparaciuli meqanzmebi miekuTvneba bnel
reparacias.

garkveul yuradRebas imsaxurebs:

 reparacia rekombinaciis procesSi anu postreplikaciuri reparacia – gansakuTrebuli reparaciuli

sistema, romelic baqteriiis mier gamoiyeneba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu dnm-is spiralis deformacia
xdeba replikaciuri “Canglis” uSualo siaxloveSi.
  SOS reparacia – meqanizmi irTveba Tu ultraiisferi gamosxivebiT mravaljeradad dazianda dnm-i.
am dros warmoiqmneba Timidinis gadafarvadi dimerebi, ris eqsciziasac axdens SOS reparaciis
sistema.
 Mismatch reparacia – xSirad fuZeebi arasworad wyvildebian (ing mismatch), reparaciis es
sistema mimarTulia wyvilebis gasworebaze.

mutaciebis supresia baqteriebSi

pirveladi mutacia SesaZloa kompensirebuli iqnas meoradi mutaciiT, romelic warmoiqmna mocemuli genis
SigniT (intragenurad) an sxva genSi (eqstragenurad).

intragenuri supresia ganpirobebulia meoradi mutaciiT, romelic axdens pirveladi mutaciis efeqtis
koregirebas. mag. Tu wertilovani mutaciis Sedegad moxda defeqturi cilis sinTezi, romelsac dakarguli aqvs
biologiuri aqtivoba, situacia SeiZleba gaswordes Tu meoradi mutacia imave genSi daakodirebs
aminomJavas, romelic inarCunebs cilis konfiguracias da aqtivobas.

eqstragenuri supresia aris is situacia, rodesac mutacia erT genSi asworebs Secdomas, romelic moxda sxva
genSi.

baqteriuli dnm-is gadacemis gzebi

didi xnis manZilze iTvleboda, rom baqteriebi iyvnen izolirebuli genetikuri sistemebi da yovel erT
baqterias yavda mxolod erTi “mSobeli”. vinaidan baqteriul ujredSi aris genebis mxolod erTi “nakrebi”,
xolo meiozi (reduqciuli dayofa, romlis drosac xdeba or mSobeli ujredis qromosomebis gadakombinireba)
baqteriul ujreds ar axasiaTebs. es niSnavda, rom mTeli genetikuri cvalebadoba, (Tu ki aseTi iarsebebda)
vinaidan ver “dabraldeboda mSobel ujredebs Soris genetikuri masalis mimocvlas da axali genetikuri
masalis Seqmnas, unda “dabraleboda” mutaciebs.

sinamdvileSi aRmoCnda, rom baqteriul ujreds aqvs genetikuri masalis gacvlis da gadacemis
meqanizmebi: esenia koniugacia, transformacia da transduqcia. am procesebis Sedegad baqteriuli dnm-i
gadaitaneba donori baqteriidan recipient baqteriaSi. es procesebi gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan dnm-is
transportirebis wesiT, magram neismier SemTxvevaSi, Tuki da rodesac moxdeba genetikuri masalis
gadatana erTi ujredidan, donori ujredidan recipient, mimReb ujredSi, xdeba rekombinacia – anu ori
qromosomis kombinirebuli Sexameba da iseTi genomis “Seqmna” romelic moicavs orive ujredis, dnm-is
genebs. ujreds sadac moxda rekombinacia uw. rekombinants. rekombinacia mimdinareobs mxolod
recipientul ujredSi da rekombinanti iRebs umetesoba Tvisebebs recipienti ujredidan, donor-ujredidan ki
iRebs mxolod genomis fragmentebs.

dResdReobiT cnobilia rekombinaciis sami ZiriTadi saxe:

1. zogadi homologiuri rekombinacia – romlis drosac “garedan Semosuli” dnm rekombinirdeba

ujredul dnm-Tan Sesabamisi ubnebis reciprokuli gacvliT. aseTi rekombinaciis dros partnior
ujredebs unda qondeT erTnairi nukleotiduri Tanmimdevroba, anu unda iyvnen maqsimalurad
homologiurebi. iTvleba, rom Sewyvileba xdeba orjaWviani dnm-ebis despiralizebul erTjaWvian
ubnebs Soris.
2. sait specifiuri rekombinacia – am procesisaTvis ar aris saWiro homologiuroba, am dros “gare”
orjaWviani dnm-is patara nawili erTveba ujredis orjaWvian spiralSi da kargavs Tavis
avtonomiurobas. klasikuri magaliTia λ baqteriofagis integracia baqteriul genomSi. CarTva xdeba
konkretul adgilSi (imitom ew. sait specifiuri rekombinacia) sadac cila integraza iwvevs rogorc fagur
aseve ujreduli dnm-is gawyvetas da genomebis jvaredin SeerTebas.
3. arahomologiuri “ukanono” rekombinacia – am rekombinaciul procesebs, romlebSic
monawileoben dnm-is segnmentebi, romlebsac ara aqvT realuri homologia, ew. arahomologiuri
rekombinacia. iseve, rogorc sait specifiuri rekombinaciebi, rekombinaciis es tipic ganekuTvneba
integraciuls – anu, am SemTxvevaSic ar xdeba realuri gacvla informaciis, xdeba genomSi sxva,
araujreduli masalis integracia. umetes SemTxvevaSi aseT integracias axorcieleben IS
Tanmimdevrobebi, Tn, µ baqteriofagi, anu migrirebadi genetikuri elementebi.

koniugacia

antibiotikebis praqtikaSi danergvam dasabami misca kidev erT mniSvnelovan aRmoCenas –

antibiotikebisadmi mdgradoba SeiZleboda Camoyalibebuliyo mutaciebis Sedegad, romlebic xdeba 10 6 erT
SemTxvevaSi, magram erTxel Secvlili genetikuri informacia swrafad vrceldeboda erTi tipis baqteriebSi.
Sesabamisad, gaCnda azri, rom baqteriebs SeuZliaT genetikuri masalis gadacema erTmaneTisaTvis. or
ujreds Soris pirdapiri kontaqtis Sedegad genetikuri masalis gadatanas uw. koniugacias. masalis gadatanis
dros erTi baqteriuli ujredi asrulebs gamcemis, donoris (mamrobiTi ujredis) rols, meore – mimRebis,
recipientis (mdedrobiTi ujredis) rols.

is faqti, konkretuli baqteriuli ujredi donoria, Tu recipienti, ganisazRvreba am ujredSi F (ing. fertility
– nayofiereba) koniugaciuri plazmidis arsebobiT. is ujredebi, romlebsac aqvT F faqtori, arian donorebi da
aRiniSnebian F +
ujredebad, meore tipis ujredebi, rolebsac F faqtori ar aqvT, arian recipientebi da
aRiniSnebian F - ujrebad. F faqtori akodirebs specialuri pilebis (an fimbriebis) sinTezs, romlebis uSualod
monawileoben koniugaciaSi. donor ujredebs aqvT pili, xolo recipientebs ki am pilis receptorebi. pilebis da
maTi receptorebis urTierTqmedebiT xdeba donor-recipientuli ujredis uSualo kontaqti da koniugaciuri
xidakis Camoyalibeba, risi saSualebiTac gadaecema genetikuri masala, dnm-i recipientul ujreds.
koniugaciid dros gadadis TviT F faqtoric, anu koniugaciis Semdeg, recipienti ujredi xdeba potenciuri
donori, koniugaciis Semdeg, mas ukve TviTon gaaCnia F faqtori da SeuZlia is gadasces sxva ujreds.

baqteriuli qromosomis gadacemisaTvis aucilebelia F plazmidis dnm-is erT-erTi jaWvis gaxleCa

endonukleazebis monawilobiT, ris Sedegadac dnm-is es erTi jaWvi koniugaciuri xidakis meSveobiT
gadadis recipient ujredSi. Sedegad, donorSic da recipientSic plazmiduri dnm-is TiTo-TiTo jaWvia,
romelzec meore, komplementaruli jaWvis sinTezi xdeba dnm-is sinTezis ujreduli aparatis meSveobiT,
gamoiyeneba ra es TiTo jaWvi matricad.

iseT ujredebs, sadac F faqtori integrirebulia ujredul qromosomaSi uw. Hfr ujredebs, swored es
ujredebi axorcieleben yvelaze efeqtur koniugacias. plazmidis, anu F faqtoris integracia Sebrunebadi
procesia da rogorc moxda plazmidis CarTva, anu integracia baqteriul qromosomaSi, iseve SeiZleba
moxdes plazmidis amorTva, anu eqscizia qromosomidan da maSin aseTi ujredi Hfr dan gardaiqmneba isev
Cveulebriv F+ ujredad. plazmidis eqscizia iSviaTad xdeba zustad imave ubnidan, sadac is Tavis droze
integrirda. umetes SemTxvevaSi amorTva xdeba miaxloebuli ubnidan, magram es niSnavs, rom amorTuli
plazmida Tan miitacebs baqteriuli qromosomis raRac nawils. aseT F faqtorebs, romelsac aqvT baqteriuli
dnmis CanarTi, uwodeben F’ s.

sainteresoa is faqti, rom koniugacia, anu masalis gadacema iwyeba raRac konkretuli adgilidan da
gadacemis dros daculia genebis Tanmimdevroba. anu ra TanmimdevrobiTac aris Cawerili qromosomaSi,
im TanmimdevrobiT gadaecema ujredidan ujredSi. rac ufro Sors aris konkretuli geni “aTvlis wertilidan”
miT ufro gvian gadaecema is meore ujreds an ar gadaecema saerTod, vinaidan koniugaciis malimitirebeli
faqtorebi pilebis mierTebis mdgradobaa da Tu raime mizeziT pilis da misi receptoris kontaqti dairRva,
koniugacia Sewydeba, rac bunebrivia Zalze xSirad xdeba. baqteriul ujredSi sruli genetikuri masalis
gadacemas sWirdeba daaxloebiT 2 saaTi.

transduqcia

transduqcias uwodeben dnm-is gadacemas donori ujredidan recipientSi baqteriofagis monawileobiT.

rogorc wesi, am dros fags gadaqvs dnm-is mxolod mcire fragmenti. gamoyofen:
  araspecifiur transduqcias – romlis drosac donor ujredis dnm-is nebismieri fragmenti SeiZleba
iqnas gadatanili recipientSi. baqteriuli dnmi fragmentirdeba fagiT inficirebis Sedegad. baqteriofagis
Svileuli Taobebis awyobis dros fagis “TavSi” xvdeba baqteriuli ujredis dnm fragmenti virusuli
dnm-is magivrad. swored aseTi defeqturi fagebi iwveven transduqcias. aseTi fagebi Seicaven
ujredul an plazmidur dnms, maT ara aqvT replikaciis unari da moicaven donor ujredis dnm-is
“SemTxveviT” nawils.
 specifiur transduqcias – axorcielebs umetesad λ baqteriofagi, romelic yovelTvis erTveba
baqteriuli ujredis konkretul ubanSi. eqsciziis dros, igi, (rogorc es iyo F’ plazmidis SemTxvevaSi)
xSirad miitacebs baqteriul dnm-is nawilebs da Semdgom gadaaqvs is sxva ujredSi. vinaidan λ
baqteriofagis CarTvis adgili baqteriul qromosomaSi ucvlelia, mas yovelTvis gadaaqvs mxolod
konkretuli genebi, is genebi, romlebis ganlagebulia misi CarTva-amorTvis adgilTan axlos. aseT
fags ar SeuZlia replikacia da aqvs hibriduli dnm-i (nawili Tavisi, nawili baqteriuli)
 abortuli transduqcias – zogierT SemTxvevebSi fagebiT gadatanili genuri masala ar rekombinirebs
recipientuli ujredis genur masalasTan, igi arc ki erTveba ujred recipientis qromosomaSi, aramed
rCeba xazovani dnm-uri CanarTis saxiT raRac periodi, xolo Semdgom ujredis gayofisas gadaecema
mxolod erT Svileul ujreds, momdevno gayofisas kidev mxolod erT Svileul ujreds da ase Semdeg.
vinaidan mas replikaciis unari ara aqvs, igi “ikargeba” TaobebSi.

transformacia

me-20e saukunis pirvel naxevarSi grifitis, everis, makleodis cdebis safuZvelze damtkicda, rom
genetikuri informaciis matarebeli (anu matransportirebeli) SeiZleba iyos TviT dnm-i. xSirad daRupuli,
lizirebuli baqteriebisagan gamoTavisufldeba dnm. aRmoCnda, rom misi miReba aseTi sxnadi saxiT sxva
baqteriebs SeuZliaT. rogorc wesi, nebismieri “ucxo” dnm ujredSi moxvedrisTanave ixliCeba fermentebiT,
anu xdeba misi gauvnebelyofa, magram rig SemTxvevbSi aseTi ucxo dnm SesaZloa integrirebuli iqnas
baqteriis genomSi. warmoSobis mixedviT es SeiZleba iyos rogorc baqteriuli qromosoma, aseve plazmida.

transformacia mimdinareobs sam etapad:

1. dnm-is adsorbcia baqteriuli ujredis kedelze,

2. dnm-is fermentuli gaxleCva da misi patar patara fragmentebad dayofa
3. am fragmentebis SeRweva ujredSi da dnmis erT-erTi jaWvis daSla.
yovel etaps aqvs Tavisi SemzRudavi momentebi. upirveles yovlisa adsorbcias. baqteriul ujredTan ver
moxdeba dnm-is dakavSireba Tu ujredis membranaze ar aris specialuri maRalafinuri receptorebi, romlebic
ikavSireben dnm-is molekulas. aseTi maRalafinuri receptorebi ara aqvs yvela baqterias. umetesad
baqteriuli ujredi iRebs im sxva baqteriis dnm-s, romelic misTvis homologiuria da rekombinaciac xdeba
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac adgili aqvs homologias. aseT arCeviTobas ew. kompetencia. ujredis
kedelTan dakavSirebis procesi Seqcevadia da damokidebulia ionur Zalebze. principSi, makroorganizmSi
aseTi dakavSireba xdeba mudmivad, imitom rom, sasicocxlo areSi bevria rogorc momqmedi, aseve daSlili
baqteriebi. magram Tu ujredi ar aris kompetenturi, adsorbcia ver moxdeba da droebiT dakavSirebuli dnm
isev moswydeba ujreds. kompetencia damokidebulia ujredis fiziologiur mdgomareobazec. is yvelaze
maRalia baqteriis eqspotencialuri zrdis Sua periodSi, Semdeg ki swrafad dadis minimumamde. ujredis
kompetenciis xelovnurad gamowveva SeiZleba misi kalciumis qloridiT damuSavebis SemTxvevaSi.

imis Semdeg, rac dnm gadaitaneba ujredis SigniT, warmoiqmneba Seuqcevadi kavSiri Sida
membranasa da dnms Soris.Ddnmi aRwevs ujredSi erTjaWviani saxiT da aseTive saxiT integrirdeba
baqteriul qromosomaSi, “gamoaZevebs”, ra konkretuli ubnis dnm-is natiur erT jaWvs.

nebismieri tipis “ucxo” saxis dnm-s baqteriuli ujredi ebrZvis Tavisi Tavdacvis sistemiT – fermen
endonukleaziT, romelic baqteriis mier sinTezirdeba dnm-is molekulis gasaxleCad (amiT igi auvnebelyofs
dnms). am fermentebs aseve uwodeben restriqciul (SemzRudav) endonukleazebs, xolo movlenas ki –
restriqcias.

aseve bunebrivia, rom baqteriulma ujredma Tavisi dnm unda daicvas amave fermentebis zemoqmedebisag
da amas axerxebs kidec sakuTari dnm-is konkretuli fuZeebis meTilirebiT an glukozilirebiT. am movlenas
ki ew. modifikacia.

baqteriebi, rogorc avRniSneT, arian prokariotuli organizmebi. zogierTi gamonaklisis garda yvela
baqteriuli ujredi formis mixedviT SeiZleba daiyos sferuli (kokebi), cilindruli (Cxirebi) da ,,moxrili”
cilindruli (moxrili Cxirebi) formis mqoneebad. Sesabamisad, ZiriTad formebad iTvleba kokebi, Cxirebi
anu bacilebi da moxrili Cxirebi anu spiraluri baqteriebi.
kokebs Cveulebriv gaaCniaT swori sferos, burTis forma, Tumca SeiZleba hqondeT lancetiseburi,
yavis marcvliseburi an elifsoiduri formac. ganlagebis mixedviT SeiZleba gavarCiod:
 mikrokokebi – calkeulad ganlagebuli kokebi
 diplokokebi – rodesac wyvili kokia warmodgenili (mag Neisseria s SemTxvevaSi)
 tetrakokebi – 4 - 4 ad, kvadratulad ganlagebisas
 sarcinebi – “sarTulebad” ganlagebis SemTxvevaSi
 streptokokebi _ Zewkviseburad ganlagebis dros
 stafilokokebi – yurZnis mtevniseburad ganlagebis SemTxvevaSi
Cxirebi gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan zomiT, ujredis daboloebis formiT da urTierTganlagebis
mixedviT. SeiZleba qondeT swori (mag: nawlavis Cxiri), araswori (mag: korinebaqteriebi) an datotvili
formebi (mag: aqtinomicetebi). ujredis boloebi SeiZleba “wakveTili” iyos, rogorc cimbiris wylulis bacilas
aqvs, momrgvalebuli – rogorc nawlavis Cxiris SemTxvevaSia da maxvili, rogorc mag. fuzobaqteriebs.
ganlagebis mixedviT arCeven:
 erTeul Cxirebs – mag. enterobaqteriebi
 diplobacilebs – wyvilad, erT xazze ganlagebisas
 streptobacilebs – Zewkviseburad ganlagebuli, mag. cimbiris wylulis gamomwvevis
SemTxvevaSi
spiralur baqteriebs yofen:
 vibrionebad – msubuqad moxrili baqteriebis SemTxvevaSi, romelTac aqvT mxolod erTi
xveuli, romelic ar aRemateba spiralis brunvis 1/4 s, rogorc, mag. qoleris vibrionia,
 spiroqetebad – spiralurad daxveuli baqteriebi 2-3 xveuliT, mag. sifilisis gamomwvevi.

sistematikuri mimoxilva

baqteriebis daxasiaTebisas gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnas maTi morfologiuri Tvisebebi, unda mieTiTos
maTi forma: koki, Cxiri, moxrili Cxiri; aqvT Tu ara kafsula, ujredebi arian gamocalkevebuli Tu arian
warmodgenili konglomeratebis (Zewkviseburad, mtevniseburad, da a.S.) saxiT, aqvT Tu ara Soltebi da Tu
aqvT rogor arian isini ganlagebuli, warmoqmnian Tu ara baqteriebi endosporebs da iRebebian Tu ara
gramis wesiT. morfologiuri aRweris garda, mniSvlovania mTeli rigi fizikuri – qimiuri maxasiaTeblebi:

1. JangbadTan damokidebuleba – aerobia Tu anaerobi,

2. energiis moiRebis saSualeba – sunTqva, fotosinTezi, duRili,
3. zrdis damokidebuleba temperaturasa da pH ze,
4. aucilebeli sakvebi nivTierebebi,
5. arsebobis areali, ekosistema,
6. simbiozuri an parazituli urTierTqmedebebis arseboba,
7. ujreduli CanarTebis, pigmentaciis, kafsulis arseboba,
8. ujreduli kedlis komponentebi,
9. serologiuri diferenciacia – zedapiruli antigenebi, homologiuri cilebi,
10. dmn-is fuZeebis Semcveloba %-Si,
11. antibiotikebis mimarT mgrZnobeloba
arsebobs bunebrivi (filogenezuri) da xelovnuri klasifikaciebi. filogenezuri adgens warmoSobiT
monaTesave baqteriebis jgufebs, rom Seqmnas baqteriebis filogenezuri suraTi, xolo xelovnuri klasifikacia
organizmebs aerTianebs garkveul jgufebSi maTi msgavsebis mixedviT da gamoiyeneba mikrobTa
identifikaciisaTvis. umravles SemTxvevebSi gamoiyeneba swored xelovnuri klasifikacia.

dResdReobiT yvelaze popularuli da gavrcelebuli klasifikacia eyrdnoba baqteriebis sistematizacias

mikroskopulad yvelaze garCevad formebad, gramis wesiT SeRebvisa da JangbadTan damokidebulebis
gaTvaliswinebiT.

ase, rom yvelaze martivi klasifikacia moicavs:

1.

kokebi-

sferuli baqteriebi

gram (_)
gram (+)

kokebi
kokebi

aerobuli anaerobuli aerobuli

anaerobuli
Micrococcus, Peptococcus, Neisseria,
Veillonella,
Staphylococcus, Ruminococcus, Moraxella,
Megasphaera
Streptococcus Sarcina Acinetobacter

2.

moxrili Cxirebi

gram (_) moxrili

gram (_) spiraluri da moxrili anaerobuli baqteriebi anaerobuli da aerobuli
aerobuli baqteriebi
Desulfovibrio, spiroqetebi
Spirillum, Campilobacter,
Selemonas, Spirochaeta, Treponema,
Microcyclis
Borrelia, Leptospira
Succinivibrio
3.

Cxirebi

gram (+) baqteriebi gram (_) baqteriebi

aerobuli, aerobuli korinemorfuli da aerobuli Cxirebi da

aerobuli qemolitotrofebi
sporaarwarmomqmneli actinomicetebi kokebi
anaerobuli,
aerobuli
sporawarmomqmneli aerobuli
sporawarmomqmneli fakulatturi aerobebi
Cxirebi da kokebi qlamidobaqteriebi
Cxirebi da kokebi

meTanwarmomqmneli
anaerobebi baqteribi

mkacri anaerobebi aerobebi

anaerobebi

4.

calkeuli
jgufebi

aerobu
“mosria anaerobuli
fototrofuli li fototrofuli
dakvirtvadi riketsiebi, da mikoplazme baqterie
le baqterie baqterie
baqteriebi qlamidiebi bi
bi” bi bi

kokebi
rogorc vxedavT kokebic TavisTavad iyofa gram (+) da gram (_) kokebad da am ori jgufis “SigniT” kidev
aerobul da anaerobul baqteriebad.

 gram (+) aerobuli kokebi

gvar Micrococcus ganekuTvnebian pigmentirebuli baqteriebi, romelTa yviTeli an narinjisferi koloniebi
xSirad gvxvdeba petris Tasebze haeris daTesvisas. es kokebi qmnian tetradebs, anu warmodgenili arian
oTx-oTxi kokis “paketis” saxiT, Zalze mgrZnobiareni arian ferment lizocimis mimarT, arian obligaturi
aerobebi da gamoirCevian GC maRali SemcvelobiT (66-72%).

am jgufidan samedicino TvalsazrisiT yvelaze mniSvnelovani arian Strepto da Staphylococcus ebi.

Staphylococcus – aerobuli, gram (+), kokebi, romlebic umetesad ganlagebuli arian yerZnis mtevnisebur
klasterebad, Tumca SeiZleba Segvxvdes calkeuli kokebis, wyvilebis anu diplokokebis an tetradebis (oTx-
oTxad ganlagebuli kokebis) saxiTac. stafilokokebi ar warmoqmnian sporebs, mdgradi arian gamoSrobis
mimarT, uZleben maRal, 500C temperaturas 30 wT-is manZilze, warmoqmnian citoqromebs,
e.i.sunTqaven, aqvT sxvadasxva pigmentebi: TeTri, yviTeli, narinjisferi da asinTezireben rig fermentebsa
da toqsinebs. xSirad arian rezistentulebi penicilinebis, ampicilinis da nafcilinis mimarT da es rezistentoba
ganpirobebulia plazmidebi mier.stafilokokebi arian adamianis normaluri mikrofloris warmomadgenlebi,
magram zogierTi Stami aris paTogenuri da iwvevs sakvebismier mowamvlas, sxvadasxva Cirqovan
proceebs, SeuZ.liaT sisxlis hemolizi da a.S. stafilokokebis 30-mde warmomadgenelia cnobili, magram
aqedan klinikurad mniSvnelovania 3 – Staph. epidermidis, Staph. saprophyticus, Staph. aureus.

stafilokokebi kargad izrdebian aerirebul pirobebSi, 370C da qmnian pigmentirebul koloniebs - Staph.
epidermidis moTeTro-monacrisfro, priala, gluv koloniebs, Staph. aureus –aseve priala, gluv, magram
moyviTalo-monarinjisfro koloniebs, saidanac warmosdga misi saxeli aureus anu, oqrosferi stafilokoki.

Staph. epidermidis - aris adamianis kanis, respiratoruli da gastointerstinaluri traqtis normaluri mikrofloris
warmomadgeneli,

Staph. aureus – aris stafilokokebis yvelaze paTogenuri warmomadgeneli. albaT yvela adamians Tavisi
sicocxlis manZilze erTxel mainc hqonia “kontaqti” am baqteriasTan – an kvebismieri mowamvlis an kanis
umniSvnelo gamonayaris an septiuri momentebis saxiT.

stafilokokebi asinTezireben fermentebs:

katalazas – romelic wyalbadis zeJangs Slis wylad da Jangbadad,

koagulazas – romelic iwvevs sisxlis koagulacias,

hialuronidazas – romelic Slis ujredSoris siTxeebs,

fibrinolizins – romelic Slis fibrins.

da toqsinebs:

leikocidins – romelic iwvevs leikocitebis daRupvas,

enterotoqsinebs – ramdenime tipis sxvadasxva toqsins, romlebis rezistentulebi arian nawlavuri fermentebis
mimarT da iwveven diareas da Rebinebas,

toqsiuri Sokis sindromis toqsinebs – romlebic iwveven cxelebas, multisistemur dazianebebs, Soks, kanis
siwiTles.

Strepcococcus

aerobuli, gram(+) kokebi, ganlagebuli diplokokebad (or-orad) an Zewkviseburad, farTod arian gavrcelebuli
bunebaSi. zogierTi warmomadgeneli adamianis normalur mikroflorasc warmoadgens, magram arian
paTogenuri streptokopkebic. umetesoba streptokokebisa aproducirebs kafsulas, aqvT pilebi, kargad
izrdebian 370C da 10% CO2 Tanaarsebobisas, qmnian moTeTro-rZisfer gaumWvirvale koloniebs.

streptokokebidan normlur mikrofloras warmoadgenen:

Str. agalactiae – warmodgenilia qalebis genitalur traqtSi, aris normaluri mikrofloris warmomadgeneli,
magram SeuZlia gamoiwvios neonataluri sefsisi, da meningiti.

Str. faecalis aseve normaluri nawlavuri mikrofloris warmomadgenelia,

Str. mitis, Str.mutans, Str. salivarus – piris Rrus floris warmomadgenlebia, magram xSir SemTxvevaSi
maTTvis xelsayrel pirobebSi iwveven kariess, paradontozs.

Str. bovis – nawlavuri floris warmomadgeneli, xandaxan iwvevs baqteremias, endokardits.

Str. pyogenes – yvelaze paTogenuri Cirqmbadi streptokoki, iwvevs maraval daavadebas – anginebs,
sinusitebs, frontitebs, abscesebs da a. S.

streptokokebi asinTezireben fermenteebs:

streptokinazas (fibrinolizins) – romelic iwvevs plazminogens transformacias plazminad,

streptodornazas - iwvevs dnm-is depolimerizacias,

hialuronidazas – Slis hialuronis mJavas, romelic warmoadgens SemaerTebeli qsovilis ujredSoriss
nivTierebas,

da toqsinebs:

pirogenul (eriTrogenul) toqsins – iwvevs siwiTles da cxelebas,

hemolizinebs – eriTrocitebis lizisis faqtorebs,

streptolizinebs – romlebic aseva warmoadgenen hemolizis unaris mqone toqsinebs.

streptokokebi iwveven mravalferovani saxis daavadebebs Cirqovani gamonayaridan endokarditebamde,

glomerulonefritebs, toqsiur Soks, revmatiul daavadebebs.

gram (+) anaerobuli da gram (_) anaerobuli kokebidan samedicino TvalsazrisiT did yuradRebas arcerTi
warmomadgeneli ar imsaxurebs, magram gram(_) aerobuli kokebidan ki Neisseria s rigi sakmaod
mniSvnelovania klinikurad.

Neisseria – aerobuli, gram (_) diplokokebi, kargad izrdebian organuli nivTierebebis Semcvel areebze da
qmnian ufero, Ria yviTel an Ria vardisfer koloniebs. aqvT citoqromi, unTqaven, Tumca mati zrdisaTvis
sasurvelia 5% CO2 Tanaarseboba. iolad iRupebian gamosxivebis, gamoSrobis an temperaturis
zemoqmedebiT. mgrZnobiarea penicilinas mimarT.

samedicino TvalsazrisiT yvelaze popularuli warmomadgenlebi arian Neisseria gonorrhoeae da Neisseria

meningitidis, Sesabamisad gonoreis da meningitis gamomwvevebi.

meningokokebi qmnian kapsulas, maT iSviaTad aqvT plazmidebi da “binadroben” respiratorul traqtSi,
xolo

gonokokebi ar qmnian kapsulas, aqvT pili, plazmidebi da iwveven genitalur infeqciebs.

moxrili Cxirebi: spirilebi da vibrionebi

moxrili Cxirebis jgufSi Sedis:

 aerobuli gram (_) spiraluri da moxrili baqteriebi: Spirillum, Aquaspirillum, Azospirillum,

Oceanospirillum, Campylobacter, Pelosigma da sxv.
 anaerobuli gram (_) moxrili Cxirebi: Desulfovibrio, Vibrio, Succinivibrio, Selemonas
 anaerobuli da aerobuli spiroqetebi.
samedicino TvalsazrisiT swored es ukanaskneli qvejgufi warmoadgens interess.
spirilebi da vibrionebi gram (_) wylis baqteriebi arian, romlebsac aqvT Soltebi da SeuZliaT gadaadgileba.

spirilebi - gamoirCevian ujredis spiraluri agebulebiT, da umetesad Soltebis bipolaruli ganlagebiT.

energias isini iReben sunTqviT, Tumca kargad arseboben areSi Jangbadis mxolod 5-10%iani Semcvelobis
dros. samedicino TvalsazrisiT am qvejgufSi yvelaze mniSvnelovani warmomadgenelia Campylobacter ,
romelic iwvevs nawlavur daavadebebs, vrceldeba sakvebiT, sasmeliT inficirebul cxovelebtan kontaqtiT.
aqvs lipopolisaqaridebi endotoqsinuri aqtivobiT da citopaTiuri efeqtis mqone eqstraujreduli toqsinebi.
Campylobacter ebi mgrZnobiareebi arian makrolidebis mimarT.

Campylobacter is gvars miekuTvneba aerobuli da mikroaerofiluri moZravi, vibrionis msgavsi, gram (-)
baqteriebi. gvari moicavs 13 mde saxeobas. yvela maTgani spiralurad moRnuli ujredebia, SeiZleba
gaaCndeT S an C forma, sporebs da kafsulebs ar warmoqmnian, aqvT erTi an ori polarulad ganlagebuli
Solti 2-3 jer ufro grZeli vidre TviT baqteruli ujredi, romelic maT moZraobis unars aniWebT.
mgrZnobiareebi arian mzis pirdapiri sxivebis, gamoSrobis, sxvadasxva sadenzifeqcio saSualebebisadmi.
maT virulentobis faqtorebs miekuTvnebaT Soltebi da fermenti mucinaza, romelic Campylobacter ebis
nawlavis lorwovan garsSi SeWraSi xels uwyobs. Campylobacter ebs aqvT entero da citotoqsinebi.
enterotoqsinebi arRvevevn nawlavebis wyal-marilovan balanss, xolo citotoqsinebiiwveven baqteriis
mimarT mgrZnobiare ujredebis daRupvas.

Helicobacter ebi arian Campylobacter ebze ufro did zomis S iseburi formis mikroaerofilebi. 5-7 dRis
inkubaciis Semdeg ujredebi iReben ovoidur formas. lofo an monotriqaluri daSoltva axasiaTebT,
toqsiurobas ganapirobebs ramdenime tipis toqsini da siTburi Sokis cilebi. Hilicobacter pilori gamoiyofa
kuWisa da Tormetgoja nawlavis wyluliT daavadebuli pirebis 80%-Si.

vibrionebi – arian fakultaturi anaerobebi, metabolizmi - Sereuli tipis mJava duRili. yvelaze popularuli
warmomadgenelia Vibrio cholerae – qoleris gamomwvevi. vrceldeba wylis saSualebiT, “izrdeba”
nawlavebSi, gamoyofs toqsins da iwvevs lorwovani garsis fermentul liziss, rasac organizmi
gauwyloebamde miyavs. vibrionebi mokle, moxrili an swori gram(_) ujredebia, ar warmoqmnian sporebs,
aqvT erTi, ori an meti polarulad ganlagebuli Solti, qemoorganotrofebia, maTi zrdis temperaturuli optimumi
370.

qoleris vibrions yvela zemoT CamoTvlili niSan-Tvisebis garda gaaCnia mZlavri paTogenurobis faqtorebi –
aqtiuri moZraobisa da qemotaqsisis unari, adheziisa da kolonizaciis faqtorebi, romelTa daxmarebiT
vibrioni ewebeba wvrili nawlavis mikroxaoebs da axdens lorwovani garsis dasaxlebas.
aqvs fermentebi; mucinaza, preteazebi, neiraminidaza da sxv, romlebic xels uwyoben adhezias da
mkolonizacias, radganac slian lorwos SemadgenlobaSi Semaval nivTierebebs. paTogenurobis mTavari
faqtoria egzotoqsini – qolerogeni – Termolabiluri cila, romelsac Zliero enterotoqsinuri Tvisebebi gaaCnia.

spiroqetebi – qemoheterotrofuli baqteriebis jgufi, romelsac aqvT Zalian saxasiaTo morfologia. maTi ujredi
spiraluria, rogorc spirilisa, magram aris ara rigiduli, aramed Zalian plastiuri, Txeli da kargad gadis
wvrilforian filtrebSi. yvela spiroqeta gram (_). sporebs ar warmoqmnian. spiroqetebis ujredebSi ganirCeva
sami ZiriTadi komponenti: protoplazmuri cilindri, garSemortymuli plazmaturi membranis kompleqsiTa da
ujreduli kedliT, romelic Seicavs peptidoglikans, RerZuli fibrilebi, romlebic ixveva cilindris irgvliv da
ewodeba aqsostili (fibrilebi erTi boloTi ujredis “bolos” uerTdeba, xolo meore bolo Tavisufali aqvT, ujredis
orive bolodan wamosuli fibrilebi baqteriias mTel sigrZeze miyveba orive bolodan da centralur nawilSi
erTmaneTs faraven), da gareTa garsi, anu mravalSriani garegani membrana.

spiroqetebs ara aqvT Soltebi, maT ar SeuZliaT “curva”, magram kargad dasrialeben myar zedapirze. am
baqteriebis gvelisebur, klakvniT gadaadgilebaSi safiqrelia, rom monawileoben fibrilebi. axasiaTebT an
Tavisi RerZis irgvliv swrafi brunva, an swoxazovani moZraoba an xraxniseburi traeqtoriiT moZraoba.
sunTqvis pitis mixedvit spiroqetebi anaerobebi, fakultaturi anaerobebi, mikroaerofilebi an aerobebia.
mravldebian binaruli gayofis gziT. garemos araxelsayreli pirobebis SemTxvevaSi spiroqetebi SeiZleba
transformirdnen spiroqetul cistebad..

spiroqetebi moicaven 5 rigs (gvars):

1. Spirochaeta – mtknari da mariliani wyalsatevebis mobinadreebi arian,

2. Cristispira – moluskebis nawlavis mobinadreebi
3. Borellia – sxvadasxva ZuZumwovrebis (maT Soris adamianis) nawlavuri daavadebebi - s
gamomwvevi. Borellia s rigidan cnobilia agreTve laimis daavadeba.
4. Leptospira – yvelaze Txeli aerobuli spiroqetebi, romlebis sxva spiroqetebisagan ganirCeva aprexili
boloebiT. axasiaTebs xraxnisebri moZraoba. mgrZnobiarea mzis sxivebis, temperaturis da
gamoSrobis mimarT. vrceldeba wylis saSualebiT.
5. Treponema – am jgufis warmomadgenlis T. pallidum is mier gamowveuli daavadebaa sifilisi,
sistemuri, qronikuli, kontagiozuri daavadadeba, romelic xasiaTdeba TandaTanobiTi klinikuri
stadiebiT da ramdenime wliani usimptomo latenturi periodiT. treponema tipiuri spiroqetaa,
mgrZnobiare gamoSrobis, temperaturis da antibiotikebis moqmedebis, gansakuTrebiT penicilinis
jgufis preparatebis mimarT. misi citoplazma garSemortymulia plazmaturi membraniT, romelsac
Tavis mxriv artyia lorwovan – peptiduri garsi – periplasti, romlis Sida Sre rigidulia, maSin rodesac
garedan igi seleqtiurad ganvladia - osmosurad mgrZnobiare. ujredis orive boloSi aqvs sam-sami
 fibrila, romlebic monawileoben ujredis “SekumSvasa” da mis “naxtomisebur” gadaadgilebaSi.
mikroaerofilia, xelovnur sakveb niadagebSi cudaT izrdeba.

gamocalkevebuli didi jgufebi

es jgufebi moicavs:

 anaerobul da aerobul, anoqsigenur da oqsigenur fototroful baqteriebs, cianobaqteriebs -

fotosinTezuri pigmentebis mqone farTod gavrcelebuli sxvadasxva formis baqteriebi: kokebi,
Zafiseburi. warmoqmnian kafsulebs, aqvT ujreduli CanarTebi da qlorofili, riTac emsgavsebian
wyalmcenareebs. aseve aqvT specializirebuli ujredebi: heterocistebi, sadac xdeba azotis fiqsacia,
akinetebi - mosvenebul mdgomareobaSi myofi ujredebi, hormogoniebi da beocitebi – ujredebi,
romlebic monawileoben gamravlebaSi,
 mosriale baqteriebs – gogirddamgrovebel (Beggiatoa, Thiotrix), niadagis (Myxococcus), wylis
(Flexibacter), celulozis damSlel ( Cytophaga) da sxv.
 dakvirtvad da “Reros” msgavs baqteriebs – denitrifikaciis gamomwvev (Hyphomicrobium),
rkinaSemcvel ( Gallionella) da sxv.
 obligatur ujredSida parazitebs – riketsiebs da qlamidiebs
 mikoplazmebs.
am ukanasknel or jgufs didi klinikuri mniSvneloba aqvT.

obligatur ujredSida parazitebs Cveulebrivi baqteriebisagan ganasxvavebs is faqti, rom maTi

gamravlebisaTvis aucelebelia funqcionirebad ujredSi arseboba. aseTi ujredSida parazitizmis safuZveli
albaT gamartivebuli nivTierebaTa cvlaa. baqteriebs Soris yvelaze kargad Seswavlili ujredSida obligaturi
parazitebi arian riketsiebi da qlamidiebi. es orive – adamianisa da cxovelebis daavadebis gamomwvevi
gram (_) organizmebia.

riketsiebi

riketsiebma Tavisi saxeli miiiRes amerikeli mecnieris riketsis pativsacemad, romelmac pirvelad
aRwera laqovani cieb-cxeleba, daavadeba, romelsac iwveven riketsiebi. riketsiebis bunebriv patronebs
ganekuTvnebian fexsaxsrianebi (tkipebi, rwyilebi, tilebi), romlebSic es mikrobebi binadroben, rogorc
simbiontebi. sxva partonebTan moxvedris SemTxvevaSi (mag. adamianis organizmSi) riketsiebi iwveven
mZime davadebebs, cieb-cxelebebs da sxvadasxva tipis tifebs.
 riketsiebi imdenad patara zomis arian, rom gvanan virusebs, matsaviT cocxal ujredSi mravldebian,
magram maTgan rasakvirvelia gansxvavdebian. upirveles yovlisa imiT, rom Seicaven rogorc dnm-s iseve
rnm-s, maTi ujredi garemoculia ujreduli kedliT, romelic Seicavs muramis mJavas da lizocimis
moqmedebiT iseve iSleba, rogorc nebismieri sxva baqteriis ujrduli kedeli. riketsiebi saWiroeben Jangbads,
arian polimorfuli kokobacilebi – SeiZleba warmodgeni iyvnen kokebis an patara, mokle Cxirebis saxiT.
axasiaTebT cikluri ganviTareba, romelic moicavs gadamtanis rolSi mwers, xolo rezervuaris rolSi cxovels.
riketsiebs aqvT sakuTari metabolizmi, gaaCniaT metabolituri fermentebi, magram metabolizmis regulacia
damokidebulia patron ujredis zemoqmedebaze. metabolizmis gza maTTvis – duRilia, axasiaTebT mwvave
infeqciebis warmarTva.

riketsiebis sxvadasxva saxeobebi izrdebian ujredis sxvadasxva adgilas. erTni, mag tifebis
gamomwvevebi izrdebian citoplazmaSi, cxelebis gamomwvevebi ki birTvSi. saerTod riketsiebi kargad
izrdebian Tu patron ujredis metabolituri aqtivoba dabalia.

riketsiebi mgrZnobiareni arian gamoSrobis, temperaturis, sadenzifeqcio saSualebebis, tetraciklinis

da qloramfenikolis mimarT.

maTi paTogenurobis faqtorebia fimbriebi, lipopolisaqaridebi da zogierTi zedapiruli cila. fimbriebisa

da zedapiruli cilebis saSualebiT riketsiebi emagrebian samizne ujredebs, fermentebiT afaSareben ujredul
lipidur Sres da iWrebian masSi. TavianTi sacicocxlo ciklis ganxorcielebis semdeg ujredidan
gamoTavisufldebian “gamokvirtviT”. azaineben makrofagebs, eriTrocitebs, endoTeliumis ujredebs.

retsiebidan cieb-cxelebas iwveven R. burnetii, R. conorii, R. sibirica, xolo tifebs iwveven R.

prowazeki, R. typhi. radgan riketsiebis umetesoba gvxvdeba gansazRvrul geografiul adgilebSi, imis
codnas, Tu sad cxovrobs an sad imyofeboda uaxloes warsulSi daavadebuli sadiagnostiko mniSvneloba
aqvs.

qlamidiebi

qlamidiebis SemTxvevaSi obligaturi ujredSida parazitizmi regresiuli evoluciis Sedegia. patron

ujredi qlamidias sWirdeba imitom, rom mas TviTon dakarguli aqvs rigi sinTezuri procesebis warmoebis
unari. maT ar SeuZliaT atf-is regeneracia da ara aqvT sruli metabolizmis warmoebis unari. amitom
qlamidiebi viTardebian mxolod cocxal ujredSi. maTTvis aucilebeli kofaqtorebis damatebisas areSi
qlamidiebi axorcieleben glukozis, piroyurZnis mJavvisa da glutaminis mJavebis metabolizirebas.
 qlamidiebs adre ganakuTvnebdnen virusebs TavianTi zomebis gamo. zomebidan gamomdinare
maT genomic Zalze patara aqvT, Tumca, rogorc riketsiebi, esenic Seicaven rogorc dnm-s, aseve rnm-s,
gamoimuSaveben muramis da folis mJavas, romelsac normaSi ar awarmoebs eukariotuli ujredi, aqvT
ujredis kedeli, ribosomebi da arian gram (_) baqteriebi, sxvadasxva formis baqteriebi: SeiZleba hqodeT
ovaluri, Cxirisebri an naxevarmTvarisebri forma. mgrZnobiare arian tetraciklinis rigis antibiotikebis
mimarT.

qlamidiebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia unikaluri reproduqciuli cikli, romelSic moonawileobs

mikroorganizmis ori forma: ujredgare -elementaruli sxeulaki da ujredSida – badisebri sxeulaki.
elementaruli sxeulaki adaptirebulia ujredgare arsebobasTan da infeqciur formas warmoadgens, isini
ukavSirdebian mgrZnobiare ujred samizneebs specifiuri receptorebis saSualebiT (rogorc wesi
damakavSirebel ujredebs warmoadgenen cilindruli an gardamavali epiTeliumi) da iWrebian ujredSi
fagosomis warmoqmnis gziT. 8 saaTis ganmavlobaSi elementaruli sxeulakebi gardaiqmnebian
(reorganizdebian) badisebs sxeulakad, es formebi ki adaptirebulia ujredSida arsebobisa da
gamravlebisaTvis.

qlamidiebi aerTienebs sam saxeobas: Chlamydia trachomatis, C. psittaci, C. pneumoniae. pirveli

iwvevs traxomas anu egviptur koniuqtivits da aseve veneriul daavadebas – veneriul limfogranulematozs,
meore iwvevs ornitozs, filtvebis daavadeba, romlis gamavrcelebelic arian frinvelebi da mesame iwvevs
pnevmonias, bronqits, sinusits.

mikoplazmebi (Mollicutes)

calke gamoyofili didi jgufebidan baqteriebis es jgufi yvelaze mcire zomis prokariotebi arian,
romelsac SeswevT damoukideblad gamravlebis unari. maT adre uwodebdnen pleuropneumonia like
organisms (PPLO), romlebic iwvevdnen pnevmoniis maRalkontagiozur formebs. dResdReobiT maT
ganakuTvneben Mollicutes, anu “rbilkanianTa” jgufs. cnobilia am jgufis 150-ze meti warmomadgeneli,
magram klinikurad mniSvnelovani aqedan ramdenimea:

Mycoplazma pmeumoniae – iwvevs sasunTqi gzebis daavadebebs,

M. hominis – iwvevs Sardsasqeso gzebis daavadebebs,

M. genitalium – iwvevs saSarde gzebis daavadebebs,

Ureaplazma urealiticum – iwvevs Sardsasqeso gzebis daavadebebs.

 mikoplazmebi arian Zalian patara zomis, , Tavisuflad gadian umetesoba baqteriul filtrSi, maTi
genomi daaxloebiT ori virusuli genomis tolia, arian Zalze pleomorfulebi, imis gamo, rom ar gaaCniaT
myari ujreduli kedeli, mis nacvlad aqvT samSriani “gaerTianebuli membrana”, romelic Seicavs steroidebs,
aqedan warmosdgeba maTi “rbilkaniani” saxelwodeba. ujreduli kedlis arqonebis gamo ujredebi arian
omosurad Zalian labilurebi, ar iRebebian gramis wesiT da maTze ar moqmedebs penicilinebi, romelTa
moqmedeba zogadad damyarebulia swored ujreduli kedlis daSlaze. mikoplazmebs aqvT dnm- rnm,
mravldebian martivi dayofiT, arian fakultaturi anaerobebi, axasiaTebT maRali afinoba ZuZumwovrebis
ujreduli membranebis mimarT. mgrZnobiareebi arian meqanikuri, fizikuri da qimiuri faqtorebis mimarT,
SeuZliaT xelovnur sakveb areebze zrda. ujreduli kedlis ararsebobis gamo absoluturad mdgradi arian
penicilinebis mimarT.

mikoplazmebis umetesoba iwvevs eriTrocitebis hemolizs da iyenebs glukozas energiis wyarod,

Tumca ureaplazmebi iyeneben Sardovanas. mikoplazmebi arian parton da ujredspecifiurebi, azianeben
umetesad mezoTeliur ujredebs (filtvSi, peritoniumSi), maTi gamoyofa SeiZleba adamianis qsovilebidan,
gansakuTrebiT Sardsasqeso da respiratoruli traqtebidan.

Cxirebi

Cxirebis jgufi iyofa:

 gram (+) Cxirebad

1. Cxirebi, romlebic ar warmoqmnian sporebs –
2. korinemorfuli baqteriebi da aqtinomicetebi –
3. endosporebis warmomqmneli Cxirebi da kokebi - Bacillus
4. anaerobuli endosporebis warmomqmneli Cxirebi da kokebi – Clostridium
 gram (_) Cxirebad
1. aerobuli Cxirebi da kokebi – klinikurad mniSvnelovani warmomadgenlebia Pseudomonas,
Brucella, Legionella
2. aerobuli qemolitotrofuli baqteriebi,
3. aerobuli qlamidobaqteriebi
4. fakultatur-anaerobuli Cxirebi – warmomadgenlebia; Escherichia, Klebsiella, Enterobacter,
Salmonella, Shigella, Proteus, Yersinia, Vibrio,
5. anaerobuli gram (_) baqteroidebi Bacteroides, Fucobacterium, Leptotrichia
6. anaerobuli da aerobuli meTanwarmomqmneli da axva arqebaqteriebi.
 aerobuli, gram(+), usporo baqteriebi, romlebic naxSirwylebs umetesad gardaqmnian rZis maJavad,
iwodebian rZemJava baqteriebad, maT miekuTvnebian Lactobaccillus, Bifidobacterium ebi. eseni swori
formis Cxirebi arian. laqtobaqteriebi da bifidobaqteriebi arian nawlavuri floris warmomadgenlebi da maTi
arseboba/ararseboba da Tanafardoba gansazRvravs nawlavebis swor moqmedebas. rodesac laparakia
nawlavur disbaqteriozze, 70-80% SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba am ori tipis baqteriis Tanafardobis darRveva
da mkurnalobac mimarTulia am Tanafardobis aRdgenaze. Tu bifidobaqteriebi warmodgenilni arian
ZiriTadad adamianis nawlavebSi (warmoadgenen nawlavuri floris 40-50%), laqtobaqteriebi xSirad
gvxvdebasaSoSi da piris RruSi, sadac isini ganapirobeben pH dabal maCveneblebs da xSirad gvevlinebian
kariesis mizezad, Tumca normaSi isini ar avlenen paTogenur Tvisebebs da piriqiT, monawileoben
lorwovani garsis homeostazis SenarCunebaSi da abrkoleben paTogenuri mikroorganizmebis kolonizaciis
process piris RruSi. garda amisa, laqtobaqteribi monawileoben adamianis organizmSi mimdinare mraval
fermentul procesSi, awarmoeben rZis mJavas aminomJavebs, vitaminebs, lizocims da sxv.

laqtobaqteriebi warmoqmnian mokle “Zewkvebs”, gansakuTrebiT logariTmuli zrdis gvian fazaSi,

maTi umravlesoba ar aris moZravi, sporebs ar warmoqmnian, arian aerobebi an obligaturi anaerobebi,
awarmoeben naxSirwylebis duRils, arian qemoorganotrofebi da Zalze momTxovnebi sakvebi areebis
mimarT. arian mezofilebi, sisxlian agarze warmoqmnian monacisfro S formis koloniebs.

bifidobaqteriebi umoZrao, Cxirisebri baqteriebia, romlebsac boloebze SeiZleba hqondeT

Sesqelebebi an ganStoebebi. nacxebSi baqteriebi arian ganlagebuli TiTo-TiTod an V s msgavsad. arian
mezofilebi, kargad izrdebian vitaminizirebul areebze. asinTezireben B jgufis vitaminebs Trgunaven
paTogenuri mikroorganizmebis zrdas.

korinemorfuli baqteriebis saxeli warmosdga maTi formidan coryne niSnavs qinZisTavs. baqteria
Cxiriseburia, magram misi erT-erTi bolo gasqelebulia (iSviaTad orive) volutinis marcvlebis xarjze, rac mas
qinZisTavs amsgavsebs. korinebaqteriebi arian aerobebi, iZlevian patara granulirebul nacrisfer koloniebs,
iyofian swrafad da mravaljeradad, sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT da amitom, xSirad Svileuli Taobebis
ujredebis kedlebi erTmaneTis mimarT qmnian kuTxes, ris Sedegadac ujredi, gayofis dros erTgvar tkacunis
“xmas” gamoscems. korinebaqteriebi azianeben sasas, nuSisebs jirkvlebs, magram maTi yvelaze popularuli
warmomadgenelia difteriis gamomwvevi baqteriaa Corynebacterium diphtheriae. es mikrobi iwvevs rTul
daavadebas, romlis ZiriTadi paTogenuri faqtori aris specifiuri egzotoqsini, romelsac es baqteria
gamoimuSavebs mxolod patron ujredebis rkinis elementiT suboptimaluri momaragebis SemTxvevaSi.
difteriis Cxiri swori an odnav moRunuli formisaa, momrgvalebuli boloebiT, garemoculia kafsuliT da aqvs
pilebi (fimbriebi), rac aadvilebs mis patron ujredTan adgeziis process. kafsulis gamo igi SedarebiT
mdgradia gamoSrobisa da dabali temperaturis mimarT. kargad izrdeba sisxlian da Sratian niadagebSi.
kafsula da pilebi warmoadgens difteiis virulentobis faqtorebs.

korinemorful baqteriebs rogorc morfologiuri, ise fiziologiuri kuTxiT Sualeduri adgili uWiravT
rZemJava da mikobaqteriebs Soris. rZemJava baqteriebs aqvT martivi forma, korinebaqteriebs es forma
cota urTuldebaT, xolo mikobaqteriebi warmoqmnian “datotvil” struqturebs.

mikobaqteriebi arian aerobuli, “msunTqavi” baqteriebi, romlebic warmoqmnian datotvil ujredebs,

arian mJavagamZleebi, sporebs ar warmoqmnian, nela iyofian, xSirad iZenen rezistentobas ama Tu im
qimiuri nivTierebis, maT Soris antibiotikebis mimarTac. mikobaqteriebis popularuli infeqciuri
warmomadgenlebi arian Mycobacterium tuberculosis – tuberkulozis gamomwvevi da Mycobacterium
leprae – keTris gamomwvevi baqteriebi. mikobaqteriebi gavrcelebulebi arian niadagSic da paTogenuri
warmomadgenlebisgan gansxvavebiT, romlebic zrdisaTvis iTxoven seleqtiur sakveb areebs, niadagis
mikobaqteriebi kargad izrdebian martiv sakveb areebzec. myar sakveb areebze mikobaqteriebi
warmoqmnian naoWebian mSral koloniebs uswormasworo kideebiT. Txevad sakveb areebSi ki
warmoqmnian naz apks, romelic TandaTanobiT sqeldeba da fskerze eSveba.

tuberkulozis gamomwvev mikobaqterias aqvs rTuli qimiuri Semadgenloba, kerZod lopidebisa da

mikolis mJavis maRali Semcveloba, rac mas aniWebs gamZleobas mJavebis tuteebisa, spirtebisa da
garemo faqtorebis da sxvadasxva sadenzifeqcio saSualebebis mimarT. ganmasxvavebeli niSan Tvisebaa
nikotinis mJavis (niacinis) mniSvnelovani raodenobiT sinTezis unari, rac gamoiyeneba tuberkulozis
baqteriis sadifenciaciod sxva mikobaqteriebisagan.

keTris mikobaqteriac mdgradia spirtebis, mJavebisa da tuteebis mimarT, zogjer baqteriSi

aRiniSneba wvrili, marcvlovani granulacia. keTris mikobaqteria ar izrdeba xelovnur sakveb areebze.

aqtinomicetebs did xnis ganmavlobaSi ganakuTvnebdnen sokoebs, vinaidan esenic sokoebiviT

qmnian miceliums – substratuls an haerovans. magram maTi morfologiisa da biologiuri Tvisebebis detaluri
Seswavlisas aRmoCnda, romsokoebisagan ganxvavebiT aqtinomicetebi ujredis kedelSi ar Seicaven qitins
an celulozas, isini rezistentulebi arian sokos sawinaaRmdego saSualebebisadmi. baqteriebTan maT
aerTianebT ugarso nukleoidi, ujredis kedlis agebuleba da mgrZnobeloba antibiotikebisa da fagebisadmi.
isini mTeli rigi niSan-TvisebebiT axlos dganan korinebaqteriebTan da mikobaqteriebTan, magram matgan
gasxvavebiT warmoqmnian grZel, datotvil filamentebs, riTac emsgavsebian sokoebis hifebs.

aqtinomicetebi gram (+), fakultaturi anaerobi, niadagSi mobinadre baqteriebi arian, iwveven
msxvili Cliqosani pirutyvis daavadebebs. proaqtinomicetebi (Nocardia) arian aerobebi, kargad izrdebian
Cveulebriv sakveb niadagebSi, awarmoeben ferment ureazas, warmoqmnian rogorc haerovan, aseve
substratul miceliumebs, romlebic iSleba Cxirisebr ujredebad. maTgan gansxvavebiT streptomicetebs
miceliumi unarCundebaT, gansakuTrebiT haerovani, romelic kargad aqvT ganviTarebuli da warmoqmnis
hifebs, anu sporoforebs da romlisganac gamocalkevebuli ujredebis erTobliobebi, anu konidiebi saxeobis
gavrcelebaSi gadamwyvet rols asrulebs. es sporoforebi agebulebis mixedviT SeiZleba iyos spiraluri,
talRovani, swori, konebad Sekruli. maTi agebulebis, baqteriebis koloniebis formis, feris da zomis mixedviT
gamoyofen sxvadasxva saxeobebs. streptomicetebi warmoqmnian sporebs. haerovani hifebis boloebiSi
moTavsebulia xolme sporangiomebi, sporebis lokalizaciis adgilebi. aqtimomicetebis sporebi ar arian
Termostabilurebi, magram mdgradebi arian gamoSrobis winaaRmdeg. TavianTi agebulebiT da diplikonis
mJavas SemcvelobiT, es sporebi emsgavsebian bacilusebis da klostridiumebis sporebs. aqtinomicetebi
zogadad da streptomicetebi kerZod, sainteresoni arian klinikuri TvalsazrisiT antibiotikebis sinTezis unaris
gamo.

aerobuli da anaerobuli endosporawarmomqmneli Cxirebi da kokebi

aerobul, gram (+), sporawarmomqmnel baqteriebs ganekuTvnebian Bacillus ebi, Zewkviseburad

ganlagebuli Cxirisebri baqteriebi, romlebic ZiriTadad energias iReben sunTqviT, Tumca SeuZliaT duRilis
warmoebac, aqT peritriqalurad ganlagebuli Soltebi. zogjer warmoqmnian kafsulebs. sporebis warmoqmnis
mixedviT maT arCeven:

ovalur an cilindrul sporas, romelic dediseul ujredze pataraa, ovalur sporas, romlic ufro didia vidre dediseuli
ujredi da mrgval sporas. sporis warmoqmnis unaris gamo es baqteriebi mdgradi arian mSrali sterilizaciis da
rigi qimiuri agentebis mimarT, didxans inarCuneben cxovelqmedebas niadagSi. bacilusebi iSviaTad,
magram mainc iwveven adamianebSi rig daavadebebs: koniuqtivitebs, meningitebs, endokarditebs.

anaerobul, gram(+), sporawarmomqmnel baqteriebs miekuTvneba Clostridiumis rigis baqteriebi.

yvelaze popularuli warmomadgenelia C. tetani, C. perfringens da C. botulinum. pirveli iwvevs tetanuss,
meore airovan gangrenas, xolo mesame botulizms. maTTvis damaxasiaTebelia toqsinebis wrmoqmna da
mwvave infeqciuri procesebis warmarTva. klostridiumebs ujredebs SeiZleba sxvadasxva forma qondeT
imis da mixedviT sad aris ganlagebuli spora, aqvT peritriqalurad ganlagebuli Soltebi. metabolizmis tipis
mixedviT arCeven Saqrebis, peptidebis da Sardovanas damSlel klostridiebs. mkacrad anaerobebi arian,
vinaidan Seicaven flavinur fermentebs, romlebis JangbadTan kavSiris SemTxvevaSi gardaiqmnebian
wyalbadis zeJangad, rac damRupvelad moqmedebs klostridiebis ujredebze.

gram (_) aerobuli Cxirebi da kokebi

 fsevdomonadebs uwodeben yvela gram (_) Cxirisebur baqteriebs polarulad ganlagebuli SoltebiT.
Pseudomonadaceae s ojaxis warmomadgenlebi ar warmoqmnian sporebs, izrdebian aerobul pirobebSi
arian qemoorganotrofebi, aqvT wyalSi xsnadi pignetebi, xSirad mafluorescinirebeli (manaTobeli) da
garcelebulebi arian TiTqmis yvelgan – wyalSi, niadagSi, mcenareebSi da cxovelebSi. yvelaze popularuli
warmomadgenelia Pseudomonas aeruginosa – lurj-mwvane Cirqis Cxiri, warmodgenili umetesad calkeuli,
xandaxan wyvil Cxirebad, iSviaTad Zewkviseburi saxiT, iviTarebs kafsulismagvar garss. warmoqmnis
pigmentebs: piocianinebs, romlebic Cirqs aZleven Ria lurj Seferilobas da pioverdins – moyviTalo-
momwvano pigments, romelsac aqvs fluorescentuli unari, zogierTi, iSviaTi saxeoba warmoqmnis moSavo-
moyavisfro melaninis pigments. psevdomonebs aqvT fermenti oqsidaza, neiraminidaza da asinTezirebs
mTel rig toqsinebs. iwveven respiratoruli traqtis da Sard-sasqeso gzebis daavadebebs.

brucelebi da legionelebi miekuTvnebian amave jgufs.

brucelebi arain ZiriTadad cxovelebis obligaturi parazitebi, mokle, kokobacilebis formis, gram (_),
aerobuli, iSviaTad, magram mainc ainficireben adamians. ar warmoqmnian sporebs, ara aqvT Soltebi da
kafsula. brucelebs gaaCniaT uZlieresi alergiuli Tvisebebi.

legionelebi – iwveven respiratoruli traqtis daavadebebs, arian aerobuli, gram (_), moZravi
baqteriebi, ujredSida parazitebi, ar warmoqmnian sporebs, aqvT rTuli fermentuli sistema, ujredSida
cximovani vakuolebi da ribosomebis didi raodenoba.

Bordetella – gram (_), umoZrao, aerobuli baqteriebia, aqvT mikrokafsulebi da pili, arian
mezofilebi, naklebmgrZnobiareebi arian mzis sxivebisa da madenzificirebeli nivTierebebisadmi. sakveb
niadagSi zrdisaTvis saWiroebs 3 aminomJavas: prolins, glutamins da cisteins. popularuli
warmomadgenelia Bordetella pertussis –yivanaxvelis gamomwvevi.

Haemophilus gvarSi gaerTianebuli arian mcire zomis sferuli, ovoiduri an Cxirisebri, gram(_)
qemoorganotrifuli baqteriebi, romlebic izrdebian mxolod mTliani an lizirebuli sisxlis an misi
komponentebis Semcvel sakveb areebSi, iZleva S formis ferad koloniebs. ganlagebuli arian wyvilebad an
mokle Zewkvebis saxiT, gaaCniaT pilebi, sporebs ar warmoqmnian, xSirad warmoadgenen adamianis
sasunTqi gzebis normalur mikrofloras. popularuli infeqciis gamomwvevia Heamophilus influenzae ,
romelsac did xnis ganmavlobaSi gripis gamomwvevad Tvlidnen.

gram (_) fakulaturi anaerobi Cxirebi

 am jgufs miekuTvnebian TiTqmis yvela enterobaqteriebi – nawlavis Cxiri, Sigela, salmonela,
proteusi da sxv. zogierTi maTgani, rogorc nawlavis Cxiri aris normaluri floris warmomadgeneli, da
iSviaTad iwvevn daavadebebs, magram Sigela, salmonela da sxvebi arian paTogenuri mikrobebi.

yvela enterobaqteria aris mokle gram (_) Cxiri, romlebsac warmoqmnian “Zewkvebs”. nebismieri
enterobaqteriis mier gamowveuli infeqvcia mimdinareobs mxolod mwvave formiT. umetesoba
enterobaqteriebisa warmoqmnis baqteriocinebs da azianebs ZuZumwovrebs. warmoqmnian kafsulas, ar
gaaCniaT proteolizuri Tvisebebi, arian aerobebi an fakultaturi anaerobebi,kargad izrdebian Cveulebriv
sakveb areebze, aRadgenen nitratebsa da nitritebs, arian qemoorganotrofebi.

Escherichia coli warmoqmnis metalisebur koloniebs, gamoyofs indols, aris moZravi, brtyeli
baqteria, konkretul pirobebSi SeuZlia infeqciuri procesis gamowveva: kuW-nawlavis, Sard-sasqeso
sistemis mwvave anTebiTi infeqciebis gamowveva, aqvs adheziisa da kolonizaciis faqterebi, invaziis
faqtorebi, endo da egzotoqsinebi.

Klebsiella, Enterobacter –gram (-), zrdis periodSi gamoyofen bevr lorwos, warmoqmnian kafsulebs,
arian uZravi, sakveb areebze klebsielebi warmoqmnian gumbaTisebur koloniebs.

Proteus - arian moZravi, moZraoben peritriqalurad ganlagebuli Soltis saSualebiT, aqvT fermenti
qsiloza da ureaza, arian ufro mgrZnobiare antibiotikebis mimarT, vidre sxva enterobaqteriebi. proteusi aris
saSos da msxvili nawlavis fakultaturi floris warmomadgeneli.

Shigella, Salmonella – pirveli uZravi baqteriaa, meore moZravi, Sigela ar warmoqmnis

goggirdwyalbads, salmonela warmoqmnis, Slis glukozas da manozas airebis warmoqmniT. orive aris
qemoorganotrofi, iwvevs nawlavur daavadebebs:

salmonelebi – tifs, paratifs, Sigelebi ki dizenterias.

Yersinia – uZravi, cilindruli formis, ar warmoqmnis sporebs, sakveb areebze warmoqmnis

manacrisfero lorwovan an xorklisebur koloniebs, asinTezirebs sxvadasva toqsinebs, ferment koagulazas da
proteinkinazas, baqteriocin - pesticins. aqvs adheziisa da kolonizaciis unari.

anaerobuli gram (_) baqteroidebi

vibrionis saxeobis gram (_) Cxirebi da baqteriebi farTod arian gavrcelebuli anaerobul
ekosistemebSi. isini warmodgenili arian nawlavebSi, mgrZnobiare arian Jangbadis mimarT da saWiroeben
TavianTi ganviTarebisaTvis naxSoroJangs.
Bacteroides dominirebadi rigia, am saxeobis mikroorganizmebi didi raodenobiTaa adamianis ganavalSi,
laqtobacilebTan erTd. metabolizmis tipi duRilia.

Fusobacterium – TiTistariseburi formis baqteriebia, mogrZi formis, maTi metabolizmis produqti butiratia.
moipovebian nawlavebSi, ganavalSi, iSviaTad piris RruSi.

qemolitotrofuli baqteriebi, meTanwarmomqmneli da qlamidobaqteriebi arian amiakis, nitritis,

gogirdisa, naxSororJangis, meTanis da rkinis mwarmoebeli baqteriebi, romelTac didi roli aqvT
ekosistemebis CamoyalibebSi, magram umniSvnelo arian samedicino TvalsazrisiT.

sokoebi

sokoebi warmoadgenen mikroorganizmebis erT-erT yvelaze did da mravalferovan jgufs, maT

ganekuTvneba 80 000 mde saxeoba. isini ganekuTvnebian samefos Fungi (Myces, Mycota), gavrcelebulebi
arian yvelgan: wyalSic da xmeleTzec. maT bioteqnologiebSi didi roli eniWebad, vinaidan isini
gamoiyeneba adamianebis mier sxvadasxva samedicino da sameurneo warmoebebSi: antibiotikebisa da
aqtiuri nivTierebebis sinTezis, duRilis unarisa da safuara sokoebis gamo.

sokoebs ganekuTvnebian sxvadasxva obis sokoebi, romlebis izrdebian um, nedl organul masalaze
(purze, kanze, xorcze), erTujrediani safuarebi, romlebidc iwveven duRils da mravalujrediani parazituli
sokoebi, romlebic iwveven sxvadasxva tipis daavadebebs.

sokoebs Seiswavlis mikologia (berZ. mykes – soko), mikrobiologiis erT-erTi dargi vinaidan,
sokoebis kvlevaSi gamoyenebuli meTodikebis umravlesoba praqtikulad ar gansxvavdeba mikrobiologiuri
meTodebisagan.

sokoebi (laT. fungi) ganekuTvnebian eukariotul organizmebs. maT Sualeduri adgili uWiravT mcenareul da
cxovelur samyaros Soris. mcenareebTan maT anaTesavebT ujreduli kedlis da vakuolebis arseboba,
protoplazmis moZraoba, aqtiuri gadaadgilebis unaris uqonloba, magram maT ara aqvT qloroplastebi,
rogorc mcenareebs, ara aqvT morfologiurad mkveTrad diferencirebuli agebuleba (rogorc mag, mcenareebs
– fesvebi, Rero, foTlebi), sokoebis morfologia sustad aris gamoxatuli. kvebis tipi mcenareebs avtotrofuli
aqvT, xolo sokoebs, ki cxovelebiviT heterotrofuli. sokoebi cxovelebiviT warmoqmnian Sardovanas da
glikogens da maT aqvT cxoveluri pigmenti melanini, romelic ar moipoveba mcenareebSi. es Tvisebebi
maT amsgavsebs cxovelebs.

sokoebis agebuleba
 sokoebs aqvT garsiani birTvi, organelebiani citoplazma, citoplazmaturi membrana da mravalSriani,
rigiduli ujreduli kedeli, romelic Sedgeba polisaqaridebis ramdenime tipisagan (mananebis, glukanebis,
celulozis, qitinisagan), aseve, cilebis lipidebisa da sxv. citoplazmuri membrana ki Seicavs glikoproteinebs,
fosfolipidebs da ergosterolebs (ZuZumwovrebis mTavari sterolis – qolesterolis analogs). agebulebis
mixedviT arCeven ori pitis sokoebs: hifur da safuariseburs

hifuri (obis sokoebi)

sokos vegetatiuri sxeuli, romelsac Taloms uwodeben Sedgeba Txeli, 5 mkm-iani sisqis Rruiani
“Zafebisagan”, romlebsac hifebs uwodeben. hifebis mTeli masis erTobliobas uwodeben miceliums.
asxvaveben miceliumis substrarul zrdas, anu rodesac hifebi izrdeba substratSi. aseTi tipis miceliumi aris
vegetatiuri da hifebi pasuxismgebelia sokos kvebaze da aseve, arCeven haerovan zrdas, rodesac hifebi
izrdeba substratis zedapirze. am SemTxvevaSi hifebs uwodeben haerovans da da isini pasuxismgeblebi
arian sokos gamravlebaze. anu, sokos nawili Cazrdilia substratSi da asazrdoebs sokos mTels miceliums,
xolo nawili ki substratis zedapirze izrdeba.

yoveli hifi garSemortymulia mtkice kedliT, romlis ZiriTad komponents warmoadgens qitini –
azotSemcveli polisaqaridi. hifebs ara aqvT ujreduli agebuleba, Tumca Seicaven citoplazmas da zogierT
maTgans aqvT ganivi tixrebi – septebi. septebiT gadatixruli hifebs, uwodeben septirebuls da isini
mogvagonebs martiv ujredebs, Tumca realurad es ujredebi ar aris, es aris calkeuli kompartmentebi –
ganyofilebebi, romelTa Sorisac forebis saSualebiT mimoicvleba citoplazma. forebi tixaris centrSi
mdebareobs. yovel ganyofilebaSi, anu kompartmentSi SeiZleba iyos erTi, ori an ramdenime birTvi,
ganlagebuli hifis gaswvriv. hifebis citoplazmaSi ganlagebulia mitoqondriebi, goljis aparati, endoplazmaturi
retikulumi da ribosomebi vakuolebi da eukariotebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sxva organelebi.

hifebs, romlebsac ara aqvT tixrebi da arian daunawevrebeli, uwodeben araseptirebuls,

aseptirebuls an cenocitebs da axasiaTebT ZiriTadad umdables sokoebs.

safuariseburi sokoebi

safuara sokoebi warmodgenilni arian calkeuli, ovaluri formis ujredebiT. Tumca SeuZliaT
Ffsevdohifebis da fsevdomiceliebis warmoqmnac, romlebic warmoadgens wagrZelebuli ujredebis
“Zewkvebs”. safuarebi mravldebian ZiriTadad dakvirtviT. dakvirtvis process win uswrebs ujredis kedlis
erT-erTi ubnis lizisi da citoplazmis erT-erTi fragmentis amoburcva. Semdeg, deda-ujredis birTvSi iwyeba
mitozi da warmoqmnili axali birTvi gadaitaneba citoplazmis gamokvirtul fragmentSi. amis Semdeg, deda-
ujredsa da kvirts Soris warmoiqmneba tixari, romelic aRadgens ujredis kedlis mTlianobas da acalkevebs
Svileul ujredebs. sakveb niadagebSi safuarebi da safuarismagvari sokoebi warmoqmnian baqteriebis
koloniebis msgavss amoburcul koloniebs.

sokoebis zrda, gamravleba da kveba

bevr sokos axasiaTebs dimorfizmi – anu, maT SeuZliaT orive tipis: hifuri an safuriseburi tipis zrda,
kultivirebis pirobebis mixedviT. mag. inficirebul organizmSi isini izrdebian rogorc safuarebi, xolo sakveb
areebze ki hifurad da warmoqmnian miceliumebs.

sokoebis umravlesoba obligaturi aerobebi arian, Tumca gvxvdeba fakulataturi anaerobebic.

sokoebis hifebi izrdeba daboloebebis, wveroebis dagrZelebiT, amas ew. apikaluri zrda. sokoebis
umravlesobaSi miceliumis nebismier nawils aqvs zrdis da “dagrZelebis” unari. daTesvisaTvis sakmarisia
miceliumis patara “nagleji”, misgan uproblemod warmoiqmneba sruli Talomi. gamravlebis uzrunvelmyofi
struqturebi da meqanizmebi Zalze mravalferovania sokoebSi da amazea dafuZnebuli sokoebis klasifikacia.

asxvaveben ori tipis gamravlebas – sqesobrivs da usqesos.

usqeso gamravleba – xorcieldeba sporebis saSualebiT, dakvirtviT an fragmentaciiT.

yvelaze gavrcelebuli da diferencirebuli sporis warmoqmnis procesia. sporebi warmoiqmneba

sxvadasxva adgilebSi, Tu es hifis boloa, maSin mas uwodeben ekzogenur sporas, anu konidias. am
SemTxvevaSi hifis Tanabari septirebis da danawevrebis Sedegad, hifis bolodan wydeba erT-erTi, yvela
organelebis Semcveli kompartmenti da es kompartmenti yalibdeba sporad. asea penicilinis da aspergilusis
sokos SemTxvevaSi. xSirad, sporas SeuZlia gadaadgileba, imitom, rom aqvs Solti, aseT moZrav sporebs
zoosporebs uwodeben. hifi, aseve, SeiZleba gadatixvris adgilebSi “datydes” mraval “ujredad” – oidiebad
anu arTrosporebad da es “ujredebi” aseve gamoyenebuli iqnen gasamravleblad. Tu sporas aqvs sqeli
garsi da aris Zalian mdgradi garemo faqtorebis mimarT, laparakoben qlamidiosporebze,

safuara sokoebi ki mravldebian dakvirtviT da am SemTxvevaSi dakvirtviT warmoqmnil sporebs

uwodeben blastosporebs.

sqesobrivi gamravleba sokoebSi, ki iseve, rogorc sxva uekariotebTan, gulisxmobs ori birTvis
Serwymas. sqesobriv gamravlebaSi arCeven sam fazas:

 plazmogamia – ori protoplastis SeerTeba. ori ujredis SeerTebis Sedegad warmoiqmneba

orbirTviani erTi ujredi. aseTi dikarioni (wyvili birTvi) erTmaneTs ucbad ar erwymis. Semdgomi
gayofis drosac ki ujredebi SeiZleba darCnen dikarionul fazaSi. es orive birTvi iyofa erTdroulad.
mxolod mogvianebiT xdeba am birTvebis, kariogamebis Serwyma diploiduri zigotis warmoqmniT.
  es ukve aris meore faza – kariogamia. kariogamias Tan mosdevs
 meiozi anu reduqciuli dayofa, mesame faza, romlis drosac xdeba qromosomTa ricxvis Semcireba
haploiduramde.
umdables sokoebSi sqesobrivi gamravleba iwyeba sqesobrivi ujredebis, gametebis warmoqmniT.
gametebi warmoiqmneba morfologiurad gansvavebulad diferencirebul ujredebSi – gametangiebSi. Tu,
mamrobiTi da mdedrobiTi gametebi morfologiurad erTmaneTis mgavsia maT izogametebs uwodeben, Tu
gansxvavebulia, mdedrobiT gametas uw. oogonias, xolo mamrobiTs anteridias.

gametebi sxvadasxvanairad SeiZleba iqnen gadatanili – mag. wylis sokoebs orive gameta moZravi aqvT,
oomicetebSi moZravi mxolod mamrobiTi gametaa, romelic aRwevs oogoniaSi da anayofierebs mas,
zigomicetebSi xdeba gametangiogamia – mTliani gametangiebis Serwyma erTmaneTTan cenozigotis
warmoqmniT.

Tu, mdedrobiTi da mamrobiTi gametebi warmoiqmneba sokos erTi da igive vegetatiur sxeulSi,
laparakoben homoTalamur (anu hermafroditul) sokoebze, heteroTalamusur sokoebSi (anu, sadac
mdedrobiTi da mamrobiTi gametebi warmoiqmnebian sxvadasxva sxeulSi) Talamusebi erTmaneTisagan
gansxvavdeba. homoTalamusur sokoebSi SesaZlebelia TviTganayofierebac anu autogamia.

sokoebi arian heterotrofebi, anu isini moixmaren organul naxSirbads. amis garda, maT aseve
sWirdebad azoti, araorganuli ionebi, mikroelementebi, da zrdis oraganuli faqtorebi vitaminebis saxiT.
parazitarul sokoebs organuli komponentebis ukve mza naerTebi sWirdebad. sokoebi sakvebs iTviseben
TavianTi zedapiris mier Sewovis gziT – difuziiT. kvebis tipi (heterotrofuli) sokoebs cxoveluri aqvT, xolo
sakvebis SeTvisebis es gza ki mcenareulia. sakvebis moneleba xdeba fermentebis saSualebiT.

sokoebi SeiZleba iyvnen:

 saprofitebi – romlebic gamoimuSaveben mravalferovan fermentebs, Sesabamisad zrdisaTvis

SeuZliaT mravalnairi substratis gamoyeneba. saprofiti sokoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia
qemotropizmi – anu sakvebis arsebobis mimarTulebiT zrda. saprofitebi warmoqmnian sporebs da
iolad mravldebian. saprofiti sokoebi da baqteriebi erTad warmoqmnian e.w. reducentebis jgufs,
romelTa gareSec warmoudgenelia elementebis wrebrunva bunebaSi, sxvadasxva samrewvelo da
teqnologiuri procesebi puris, ludis, rZis produqtebis, vitaminebisa da antibiotikebis warmoeba.
 parazitebi – paraziti sokoebi SeiZleba iyvnen obligaturi an fakulataturi. ob.ligaturi parazitebi ar
iwveven TavianTi patronebis daRupvas, fakultaturi parazitebi ki iwveven patronebis daRupvas da
Semdgom arseboben mkvdar narCenebze. paraziti sokoebi arseboben mcenareebisac da
cxovelebisac. imis da mixedviT, Tu, romelia (cxoveli Tu mcenare) sokos partoni, gansxvavdeba
 maTi fermentebis speqtri – anu, fermentebis maravalfeovneba damokidebulia imaze Tu ra saxis
qsovilis gamoyeneba uwevs sokos substratad. mcenareebis parazitebi kvebisaTvis warmoqmnian
specialur hifebs – gaustoriebs, romlebic aRweven mcenareul ujredSi misi minimaluri dazianebiT.
parazituli sokoebis sporebi rogorc wesi gansakuTrebiT mdgradebi arian.
 simbiozebi – sokoebs SeuZliaT simbiozuri urTierTobebis Camoyalibeba: mcenareebis fesvebsa da
sokos Soris da am simbiozur urTierTobas ew. mikoriza.
sokoebis klasifikacia

arCeven:

1. lorwovana sokoebs – Myxomycetes, Acrasiomycetes

2. umdables sokoebs – Oomycetes, Zygomycetes, Plazmidiophoromycetes
3. umaRles sokoebs, romlebSic aerTianeben;
 CanTian sokoebs – Ascomycetes,
 bazidiomicetebs – Basidiomycetes,
 arasrulyofil sokoebs – Fungi imperfecti, Deiteromycetes
samedicino TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovani arian umdablesi sokoebidan zigomicetebi da umaRlesi sokoebi.
yvela samedicino TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovan sokos axasiaTebs usqeso gamravleba.

zigomicetebi ganekuTvnebian umdables sokoebs. gavrcelebulebi arian niadagSi, haerSi, iwveven

filtvebisa da Tavis tvinis zigomikozs adamianebsa da cxovelebSi. mravldeba ZiriTadad usqesod, hifebze
Sesqelebuli momrgvalebuli ubnebis - sporangiebis CamoyalibebiT, romlebic Seicavs mraval sporas.

askomicetebis ZiriTadi sporamatarebeli “organo” aris “CanTa” anu aski (aqedan warmosdgeba
sokoebis am klasis dasxelebac). askSi viTardebian askosporebi da aqve xdeba kariogamia da meiozi., anu
aski amavdoulad aris sqesobrivi gamravlebis saboloo stadia. ask-s uwodeben nayofwarmoqmnis srulyofil
formas. magram bevr askomicets gamravleba SeuZlia usqeso gziT mxolod konidiebiT. nayofierebis asset
formas uwodeben arasrulyofils. anu, askomicetebs ganviTarebis sxvadsxva stadiaze SeuZliaT gamravleba
rogorc usqeso, aseve sqesobrivi gziT, magram rogorc avRniSneT, askomicetebidan klinikurad
mniSvnelovani saxeobebi, mag. Candida, Cryptococcus, Aspergillus, Penicillium mravldebian dakvirtviT an
sporawarmoqmniT – anu usqesod.

iTvleba, rom arasrulyofili sokoebi sxva araferia Tu ara askomicetebi rodesac isini arian usqeso
ganviTarebis stadiaze. aqedan warmosdgeba maTi saxelwodebac Fungi imperfecti – arasrulyofili sokoebi,
Tumca maT SemTxvevaSic aqvs adgili paraseqsualur process. rogorc askomictebSi, aqac gvxvdeba
plazmogamiis, kariogamiis da meiozis movlena, magram ara ganviTarebis garkveul stadiaze, anda
vegetatiuri sxeulis garkveul ubanSi, rogorc es askomicetebSia, aramed sul sxva formiT. arasrulyofili
sokoebis miceliumi SeiZleba iyos homokariotuli, anu Seicavdes mxolod erTi tipis birTvebs, an
heterokarionuli, anu Seicavdes sxvadasxva tipis birTvebs. iseTi protoplastebis gaerTianebisas, romlebic
Seicaven sxvadasxva tipis birTvebs, warmoiqmnebian heterokarionebi. miceliumSi moxvedrili “ucxo”
birTvi mravldeba da warmoqmnili Svileuli Taobebi vrceldeba miceliumSi. periodulad mimdinareobs
kariogamia da meiozi. ase, rom paraseqsualuri cikli genuri masalis iseTive efeqtur rekombinacias
apirobebs, rogorc srulyofili sqesobrivi procesi.

zogierTi klinikurad mniSvnelovani sokos klasifikacia

taqsonomiuri jgufi ZiriTadi saxeobebi

Zygomycota Rhizopus, Mucor, Conidiobolus, Rhizomucor,

Absidia

Ascomycota Saccraomyces, Penicillium, Pseudallescheria,

Nectri

Basidiomycota Amanita, Agaricus, Filobasidiella

Deiteromycota Candida, Criptococcus, Trichosporon,,

Epidermophyton, Coccidioides, Paracoccidioideas,
sporotrix, Aspergillus, Cladophialophora, Bipolaris