Bhumika Shah

XIMR – MMS II
Roll # 509

Management Information System

Management Information System (M.I.S.) is basically concerned with processing

data into information which is then communicated to the various Departments in an
organization for appropriate decision-making. It is a discipline focused on the
integration of computer systems with the aims and objectives on an organization. It
provides a valuable function in that they can collate into coherent reports
unmanageable volumes of data that would otherwise be broadly useless to decision
makers. By studying these reports decision-makers can identify patterns and trends
that would have remained unseen if the raw data were consulted manually.

MIS can include software that helps in decision making, data resources such
as databases, the hardware resources of a system, decision support systems,
people management and project management applications, and any computerized
processes that enable the department to run efficiently.

Data Information  Communication  Decisions

Financial Management information Systems:

Financial management system is an information system that tracks financial events

and summarizes information. It also supports adequate management reporting,
policy decisions, fiduciary responsibilities, and preparation of auditable financial
statements

The core of an FMIS includes the following modules and systems:

• General ledger

• Budgetary accounting

• Accounts payable

• Accounts receivable

Financial MIS Subsystems and Outputs are:

• Profit/loss and cost systems

 • Auditing

• Internal auditing

• External auditing

Marketing Management information Systems

"A marketing information system is a continuing and interacting structure of people,

equipment and procedures to gather, sort, analyze, evaluate, and distribute
pertinent, timely and accurate information for use by marketing decision makers to
improve their marketing planning, implementation, and control".

Trend in the marketing environment are picked up and analyzed

through four subsystems

• The internal reporting systems

• Marketing research system

• Marketing intelligence system

• Marketing models

Marketing MIS Subsystems and Outputs are:

• Market Research

• Product Development

• Promotion and advertising

• Product Pricing

Human Resource Management Information Systems

The Human Resource Information System (HRIS) is a software or online solution for
the data entry, data tracking, and data information needs of the Human Resources,
payroll, management, and accounting functions within a business.

It provides overall:

• Management of all employee information.

 • Reporting and analysis of employee information.

• Company-related documents such as employee handbooks, emergency

evacuation procedures, and safety guidelines.

• Benefits administration including enrollment, status changes, and personal

information updating.

• Complete integration with payroll and other company financial software and
accounting systems.

• Applicant tracking and resume management.

The four principal areas of HR that are affected by the Human

Resource Information System (HRIS) include

• Payroll

• Time and labor management

• Employee benefits

• HR management

Human Resource MIS Subsystems and Outputs are:

• Human Resource planning

• Personnel selection and recruiting

• Training and skills inventory

• Scheduling and job placement

• Wage and salary administration

 Decision Support Systems (DSS)
A Decision Support System (DSS) is an interactive computer-based system or
subsystem intended to help decision makers use communications technologies,
data, documents, knowledge and/or models to identify and solve problems,
complete decision process tasks, and make decisions.

Typical information that a decision support application might gather

and present would be:

• Accessing all of your current information assets, including legacy and

relational data sources, cubes, data warehouses, and data marts

• Comparative sales figures between one week and the next

• Projected revenue figures based on new product sales assumptions

• The consequences of different decision alternatives, given past experience in

a context that is described

There are a number of recognized subcategories of DSS

• group decision support systems (GDSS)

• executive information systems (EIS)

Five more specific Decision Support System types include

• Communications Driven DSS

• Data-Driven DSS

• Document-Driven DSS

• Knowledge-Driven DSS
• Model-Driven DSS

• Spreadsheet-based DSS

• Web-based DSS
 Expert System
An expert system is a knowledge based information system that uses its knowledge
about a specific, complex applications area to act as an expert consultant to end
users.

It is a computer program that simulates the judgement and behavior of a human or

an organization that has expert knowledge and experience in a particular
field. Typically, such a system contains a knowledge base containing accumulated
experience and a set of rules for applying the knowledge base to each particular
situation that is described to the program. It uses artificial intelligence to solve
problems within a specialized domain that ordinarily requires human expertise. This
program knowledge is often embedded as part of the programming code, so that as
the knowledge changes, the program has to be changed and then rebuilt.

Expert System Development

Steps in the expert systems development process include determining the actual
requirements, knowledge acquisition, constructing expert system components,
implementing results, and formulating a procedure for maintenance and review.

The benefits of ES to end users include:

• A speed-up of human professional or semi-professional work -- typically by a

factor of ten and sometimes by a factor of a hundred or more.

• Within companies, major internal cost savings. For small systems, savings are
sometimes in the tens or hundreds of thousands of dollars; but for large
systems, often in the tens of millions of dollars and as high as hundreds of
millions of dollars. These cost savings are a result of quality improvement, a
major motivation for employing expert system technology.

• Improved quality of decision making. In some cases, the quality or

correctness of decisions evaluated after the fact show a ten-fold
improvement.

• Preservation of scarce expertise. ESs are used to preserve scarce know-how

in organizations, to capture the expertise of individuals who are retiring, and
to preserve corporate know-how so that it can be widely distributed to other
factories, offices or plants of the company.
Example

A good example is a pathology advisor sold to clinical pathologists in hospitals to

assist in the diagnosis of diseased tissue.