CAN/ CAN'T

Can is used to express ability or to say that something is possible.

Can is the same for all subjects. We don't add an 'S' in the third person (like other verbs)

The verb that comes after Can is in the infinitive without to:

I can speak Spanish. (= it is possible for me to speak Spanish = I have the ability to speak Spanish)

He can swim well.

We can see our neighbour in the garden.

They can play the guitar.

Negative

To form the negative we add "not" after can to form one word: cannot.

We can also contract the negative to form can't. (can't = cannot)

I cannot play the piano. We can't go to the cinema tonight.

She cannot speak French very well. He can't drive a car.

Questions

To from the question we change the position of the subject and the auxiliary verb.

The main verb is still in the infinitive without to.

Where can I buy an ice-cream?

Can I go to the party, please?

Can you speak Japanese?

What can we do on Saturday?

Remember that you can use short answers:

Can I sit here please? Yes, you can.

Can you speak Chinese? No, I can't.

 HOW MUCH ...? - (Price)

How much can be used when we want to know the PRICE of something.

In this case, we can use How much with countable nouns (both singular and plural nouns).

How much is that painting?

How much are those shoes?

How much did your jacket cost?

How much is the dress on display in the window?

How much will it cost me?

How much does it cost ?

POSSESSIVE NOUNS

Possessive nouns demonstrate ownership.

Possessive nouns typically include an apostrophe. For example:

Jennifer's imagination ran wild as she pictured the accident.

The kitten's favorite toy is a stuffed catnip mouse.

Grammar Rules for Possessive Nouns

Rule #1: Making Singular Nouns Possessive

For most singular and plural nouns that don't end in "s," you can make them possessive by adding an
apostrophe and an "s" to the end of them.Examples:

The puppy's collar is red.

Rule #2: Making Plural Nouns Possessive

Add just an apostrophe to the end of plural nouns that already end in "s" to make them possessive. You
don't need to add an extra "s" to plural nouns that already end in "s." Simply tuck the apostrophe onto
the end to indicate that the plural noun is now a plural possessive noun.Examples:

The companies' workers went on strike together.

Rule #3: Hyphenated Nouns and Compound Nouns

Compound words and hyphenated words can be tricky. Add the apostrophe + "s" to the end of the
compound words or to the last word in hyphenated nouns.Examples:

My mother-in-law's recipe for meatloaf is my husband's favorite.

The United States Postal Service's stamps are available in rolls or packets.

She stood before three attorneys general's offices and knew her time was up.

Rule #4: When Multiple Nouns Share Possession

You may be writing about two people, places, or things that share possession of an object. If two or
more nouns share ownership, indicate the possession only once, and on the final noun in the group.
Make sure to add the apostrophe + "s" to the last noun only.Examples:

Jack and Jill's pail of water is prominently featured in the nursery rhyme.

Rule #5: Multiple Nouns with Separate Ownership

This is the trickiest rule of all, but you probably won't need to refer to it too often. When two or more
nouns indicate ownership, but the ownership is separate, each noun gets the apostrophe + "s" to
indicate separate possession. The examples below may help you to understand exactly what this
means.Examples:

Lucy's and Ricky's dressing rooms were painted pink and blue. (Each person had his or her own dressing
room, and they are different rooms.)

THERE'S/ THERE ARE

Positive Sentences

We use there is for singular and there are for plural.

There is one table in the classroom.

There are three chairs in the classroom.

There is a spider in the bath.

There are many people at the bus stop.

We also use There is with uncountable nouns:

There is milk in the fridge.

There is some sugar on the table.

There is ice cream on your shirt.

Contractions

The contraction of there is is there's.

There's a good song on the radio.

There's only one chocolate left in the box.

You cannot contract there are.

There are nine cats on the roof.

There are only five weeks until my birthday.

Negative Form

The negative is formed by putting not after is or are:

There is not a horse in the field.

There are not eight children in the school.

There is not a tree in the garden.

There are not two elephants in the zoo.

We almost always use contractions when speaking.

The Negative contractions are:

There's not = There isn't

There are not = There aren't

There aren't with ANY

When we want to indicate that a zero quantity of something exists we use there aren't any.

There aren't any people at the party.

There aren't any trees in my street.

We also use this structure with uncountable nouns:

There isn't any water in the swimming pool.

There isn't any sugar in my coffee.

Questions

To form a question we place is / are in front of there.

Again we use any with plural questions or those which use uncountable nouns.

We also use there is / are in short answers.

Is there a dog in the supermarket? - No, there isn't.

Are there any dogs in the park? - Yes, there are.

Is there a security guard in the shop? - Yes, there is.

Are there any polar bears in Antarctica? - No, there aren't.

Is there any ice-cream in the freezer? - Yes, there is.

THE TIME

LIKE/ DON'T LIKE. (LIKES AND DISLIKES)

WH- QUESTIONS (WHAT DO YOU DO ? WHERE DO YOU WORK/ LIVE? WHAT DO YOU SELL, DESIGN,
WRITE.....? WHO DO YOU WORK FOR?)

SIMPLE PRESENT FOR HE SHE IT

Normally in the present tense we add S to the end of the verb in the 3rd person (He, She, It).

Verb 3rd Person

Speak Speaks

Play Plays

Give Gives

Make Makes

He speaks three languages.

She drinks coffee every morning.

My dog hates my cat.

Irregular Verbs

Irregular verbs in English in the present tense follow very simple rules. The only change that is made to
these verbs is in the third person – for He, She or It.

1. If the verb ends in SS, X, CH, SH or the letter O, we add + ES in the third person.

Verb 3rd Person

Kiss Kisses

Fix Fixes

Watch Watches

Crash Crashes

Go Goes

A mechanic fixes cars.

She watches soap operas every afternoon.

He kisses his wife before he goes to work.

2. If the verb ends in a Consonant + Y, we remove the Y and + IES in the third person.
Verb 3rd Person

Carry Carries

Hurry Hurries

Study Studies

Deny Denies

Isabel studies every night.

The baby cries all the time.

He denies all responsibility.