Republic of the Philippines

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

GENERAL
MATHEMATICS
(MODULE 1)
QUARTER 1

GRADE 11

This Module is Based on : ALTERNATIVE DELIVERY MODE MODULES OF DEPED

Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO
FUNCTIONS
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Overview.......................................................................................................................1

Module Content............................................................................................................1

Objectives....................................................................................................................1

General Instructions......................................................................................................2

Pretest...........................................................................................................................3

Lesson 1: Representations of Functions and Relations..............................................4

Activity 1…........................................................................................... 14
Lesson 2: Evaluating Function...................................................................................16
Activity 2................................................................................................ 18
Lesson 3: Operations on Function.............................................................................20
Composition of Functions..........................................................................24
Problems involving Functions...................................................................25
Activity 3............................................................................................... 25
Summary/Generalizations..........................................................................................27
Posttest.......................................................................................................................28
References………………………………………………………………………………….

What I need to Know

Dear learner,

Welcome to Module 1 for General Mathematics!

 In this module, the competencies expected that you will learn are found in the Module Content.
You will see how relations and functions are represented and what piece-wise functions are. You will
also learn how to evaluate perform operations with functions and composite functions. Plus, you will
need critical thinking skills as you solve problems with functions.

However, can you do the PRE-TEST?

You may then start this module. Try to understand the Lesson 1 and Lesson 2, learn from the
illustrative and solved examples, and do the activities (Activity 1 to Activity 6). Take the challenge in the
Posttest. Then, check your work. Answers are provided in the ANSWER KEY. Read the Summary and
generalizations.
For sure, you will enjoy learning how to represent relations and functions. Do not hesitate to ask
help from your teacher if there are difficulties that you have encountered.

Good Luck!

Module Content

In this module, you will learn to:

1. represent real-life situations using functions, including piece-wise functions;

2. evaluate a function;

3. performs addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and composition of functions;

and

4. solves problems involving functions.

General Directions

To help you attain the objectives of this module, you may try following the steps
below.

 First, read carefully each lesson on this module. Should there be times that you
need to read again parts of the lesson, go ahead!
  Second, answer the pre-assessment test. It is expected that some parts may be
unfamiliar to you as new lessons will be learned in this module.
 Third, read and follow instructions honestly.
 Fourth, do not hesitate to answer all the activities set for you. Your teacher will be
glad to answer your queries.
 Then, you may check answers to each activity. An Answer Key is provided.
 And lastly, read the Summary carefully so you will not miss out important
concepts in this module.

What I Know

Let us check how much you know about functions and their graphs.

Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer and write this on your answer sheet. 1)

Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 5 & 𝑔(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 4, solve for (𝑔 ○ 𝑓)(𝑥).

a. 11 − 6𝑥 c. 6𝑥 − 11
b. 6𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 − 20 d. 6𝑥 2 − 23𝑥 − 20

2) Given 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 7, what is 𝑓(−2)?

a. 1 c. -13
b. -1 d. 13

3) The composite function denoted by 𝑓 ○ 𝑔 is defined as .

a. (𝑓 ○ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) c. (𝑓 ○ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)●𝑔(𝑥)
b. (𝑓 ○ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) d. (𝑓 ○ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥)●𝑓(𝑥)

4) It is a set of ordered pairs (𝑥, 𝑦) such that no two ordered pairs have the same x-
value but different y-values.
a. relation c. domain
b. function d. range

5) What is the domain of the equation 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥?

a. {𝒙: 𝒙 ∈ 𝑹, 𝒙 < −𝟏} c. {𝒙: 𝒙 ∈ 𝑹}
b. {𝒙: 𝒙 ∈ 𝑹, 𝒙 ≠ 𝟏} d. {𝒙: 𝒙 ∈ 𝑹, 𝒙 ≥ 𝟒}
6) Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 5 & 𝑔(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 4, find (𝑓●𝑔)(𝑥). a. 6𝑥 2
+ 23𝑥 − 20 c. 6𝑥 2 − 20
b. 6𝑥 2 − 23𝑥 − 20 d. 6𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 − 20

7) If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 7 & 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 3, what is (𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥)? a. −𝑥 +

4 c. 𝑥 − 4
b. 10 − 𝑥 d. 10 + 3𝑥

8) When dividing two fractions or rational expressions, multiply the dividend

with the of the divisor.
a. reciprocal c. abscissa
b. addend d. Theorem

9) What is the set of all possible values that the variable x can take in a relation?
a. domain c. equation
b. range d. function

10) Which of the following set of ordered pairs in NOT a function?

a. (1,2), (2,3), (3,4), (4,5) c. (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4)
b. (1,2), (1,3), (3,6), (4,8 d. (3, 2), (4, 2), (5, 2), (6, 2)
 LESSON

1 REPRESENTATIONS OF FUNCTIONS AND RELATIONS

Here you’ll learn how to interpret situations that occur in everyday life and use functions to
represent them. You’ll also use these functions to answer questions that come up.

What if your bank charged a monthly fee of $15 for your checking account and also charged
$0.10 for each check written? How would you represent this scenario with a function? Also, what if you
could only afford to spend $20 a month on fees? Could you use your function to find out how many
checks you could write per month? In this Concept, you’ll learn how to handle situations like these by
using functions.

How can challenging problems involving functions be analyzed and solved?

Let’s answer these question by doing the activities below.

Pictures Analysis (eliciting prior knowledge, Motivation, Hook)

1. What concepts of functions can you associate with the pictures?

2. How these concepts are used indifferent situations?

3.Can you determine any purpose why these concepts are present in the pictures? Please specify.

4. Can you cite any problem which can be answered through these concepts?
Describe at least one.

5. How can challenging problems involving functions be analyzed and solved?

In many situations, data is collected by conducting a survey or an experiment. To visualize

the data, it is arranged into a table. Most often, a function rule is needed to predict additional
values of the independent variable.

Example

Try to notice the trend of each variable.

Number of CDs 2 4 6 8 10

Cost (Php) 24 48 72 96 120

Solution:

You pay Php 24 for 2 CDs, Php 48 for 4 CDs, and Php 120 for 10 CDs. That
means that each CD costs Php 12.
We can write the function rule.

𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝑃ℎ𝑝 12 × 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝐷𝑠 or 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟏𝟐𝒙

We can write the function rule.

𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝑃ℎ𝑝 12 × 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝐷𝑠 or 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟏𝟐𝒙

Example

Write a

𝒙 −𝟐 𝟎 𝟐 −𝟑 −𝟏 𝟏 𝟑

𝒚 𝟐 𝟎 𝟐 𝟑 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑

function rule for the table.

Solution:

The values of the dependent variable are always the corresponding positive outcomes of
the input values. This relationship has a special name, the absolute value. The function rule
looks like this: 𝒇(𝒙) = |𝒙|.

Represent a Real-World Situation with a Function.

Let’s look at a real-world situation that can be represented by a function.

Example

Maya has an internet service that currently has a monthly access fee of $11.95 and a
connection fee of $0.50 per hour. Represent her monthly cost as a function of connection time.

Solution:

Let 𝑥 = the number of hours Maya spends on the internet in one month.
𝑦 = Maya’s monthly cost.
The monthly fee is $11.95 with an hourly charge of $0.50.
The total cost = flat fee + hourly fee × number of hours. The function is

𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟗𝟓 + 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎𝒙.

 When diving in the ocean, you must consider how much pressure you will experience from diving a
certain depth. From the atmosphere, we experience 14.7 pounds per square inch (psi) and for every
foot we dive down into the ocean, we experience another 0.44 psi in pressure.

Write a function expressing how pressure changes depending on depth underwater.

How far can you dive without experiencing more than 58.7 psi of pressure on your body?

Process Questions:
1. How did you answer the problem above?
2. What concept did you use to solve the problem?
3. What might happen if you can’t be able to respond to the given situation?
4. How can challenging problems involving geometric figures
be analyzed and solved?

Write your answers here:

.
Definition

A relation is a rule that relates values from a set of values (called the domain) to a second set of values
(called the range).

A relation is a set of ordered pairs (𝑥, 𝑦).

A function is a relation where each element in the domain is related to only one value in the range by
some rule.

A function is a set of ordered pairs (𝑥, 𝑦) such that no two ordered pairs have the same x-value but different
y-values. Using functional notation, we can write 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑦, read as
“𝑓 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑦. ” In particular, if (1, 2) is an ordered pair associated with the function f, then we say
that 𝑓(2) = 1.

Here is a video to introduce functions https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tAoe4xjUZQk

What’s More

Relations can be represented by using ordered pairs, graph, table of

values, mapping diagram and rule or equations. Determine which of the
following represents functions.

1. Ordered Pairs
Example 1. Which of the following relations are functions?

𝑓 = (1, 3), (4, 1), (2, 0), (7,2)

𝑔 = (3, 2), (4,4), (3, 3), (8, 9)

ℎ = (1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 5)

Solution:
The relations 𝑓 and ℎ are functions because no two ordered pairs have the same x-value
but different y-values. Meanwhile, 𝑔 is not a function because (3,2) and (3, 3) are ordered pairs
with the same x-value but different y- values.

Relations and functions can be represented by mapping diagrams where the elements of
the domain are mapped to the elements of the range using arrows. In this case, the relation or
function is represented by the set of all the connections represented by the arrows.
2. Table of Values
Example 2

A. x -3 -2 -1 0 1 3 4

Answer: Function. This is y 10 5 2 1 2 5 6 a many-to- one

correspondence.

x 1 1 1 2 4

Inspecting the table abscissas in the table B.

y 1 2 3 4 5

Answer: mere relation. This is a one- to- many correspondence.

Looking at the table, there is duplication in the domain. The element “1” in x
is matched to three elements in y.

2. Mapping Diagrams
Example 3. Which of the following mapping diagrams
represent
functions?
𝑓 𝑔

Solution.
 The relations f and g are functions because each value y in Y is
unique for a specific value of x. The relation h is not a function
because there is at least one element in X for which there is more
than one corresponding y- value. For example, 𝑥 = 2 corresponds
to 𝑦 = 20 or 40.

A relation between two sets of numbers can be illustrated by a graph in the

Cartesian plane, and that a function passes the vertical line test.

Example 4. Which of the following can be graphs of functions?

The Vertical Line Test

A graph represents a function if and only if each vertical line intersects the graph
at most once.

1. 2.

3. 4.

5.

Solution.

Graphs 2, 3, 4 are graphs of functions while 1 and 5 are not because they do not

Important Concepts.
Relations are rules that relate two values, one from a set of inputs and the second from the set
 pass the vertical line test

Functions as representations of real-life situations.

Functions can often be used to model real situations. Identifying an appropriate

functional model will lead to a better understanding of various phenomena.

Example 6.

Give a function C that can represent the cost of buying x meals, if one meal costs P40.

Solution: Since each meal costs P40, then the cost function is 𝐶(𝑥) = 40𝑥.

Example 7.

One hundred meters of fencing is available to enclose a rectangular

area next to a river (see figure). Give a function A that can
represent the area that can be enclosed, in terms of x.

Solution.

The area of the rectangular enclosure is 𝐴 = 𝑥𝑦. We will write this

as a function of 𝑥. Since only 100 m of fencing is available, then 𝑥
+ 2𝑦 = 100
or 𝑦 = 100−𝑥 = 50 – 0.5𝑥. Thus, 𝐴 = 𝑥(50 – 0.5𝑥) = 50𝑥 – 0.5𝑥2.

Piecewise Functions.
Some situations can only be described by more than one formula, depending
on the value of the independent variable.

Example 8.
A user is charged 𝑃300 monthly for a particular mobile plan, which
includes 100 free text messages. Messages in excess of 100 are
charged P1 each. Represent the monthly cost for text messaging
 using the function 𝑡(𝑚), where m is the number of messages sent
in a month.

Solution. The cost of text messaging can be expressed by the piecewise function

300 ,
𝑡(𝑚) = {𝑖𝑓 0 < 𝑚 ≤ 100 300 +
𝑚 ,
𝑖𝑓 𝑚 > 100
Example 9.

A jeepney ride costs P8.00 for the first 4 kilometers, and each
additional integer kilometer adds P1.50 to the fare. Use a piecewise
function to represent the jeepney fare in terms of the distance (d) in
kilometers.

Solution.

The input value is distance and the output is the cost of the jeepney fare. If
𝐹(𝑑) represents the fare as a function of distance, the function can
be represented as follows:
8.00 , 𝑖𝑓 0 < 𝑑 ≤ 4
𝐹(𝑑) = {
8 + 1⌊𝑑⌋ , 𝑖𝑓 𝑑 > 4

Note that ⌊𝑑⌋ is the floor function applied to d. The floor function
gives the largest integer less than or equal to d, e.g. ⌊4.1⌋ = ⌊4.9⌋ =
⌊4⌋

Example 10.

Water can exist in three states: solid ice, liquid water, and gaseous
water vapor. As ice is heated, its temperature rises until it hits the
melting point of 0°C and stays constant until the ice melts. The
temperature then rises until it hits the boiling point of 100°C and stays
constant until the water evaporates. When the water is in a gaseous
state, its temperature can rise above 100°C (This is why steam can
cause third degree burns!).

A solid block of ice is at -25°C and heat is added until it completely

turns into water vapor. Sketch the graph of the function representing
the temperature of water as a function of the amount of heat added in
Joules given the following information:

 The ice reaches 0°C after applying 940 J.

 The ice completely melts into liquid water after applying a total of 6,950 J.
 The water starts to boil (100°C) after a total of 14,470 J.
 The water completely evaporates into steam after a total of
55,260 J. Assume that rising temperature is linear. Explain why this is a
piecewise function.

Solution. Let 𝑇(𝑥) represent the temperature of the water in degrees Celsius
as a function of cumulative heat added in Joules. The function T(x) can be
graphed as follows:

This is a piecewise function because the temperature rise can be expressed

as a linear function with positive slope until the temperature hits 0°C, then it
becomes a constant function until the total heat reaches 6,950𝐾 𝐽. It then
becomes linear again until the temperature reaches 100°C, and becomes a
constant function again until the total heat reaches 55,260 𝐽.

Are you ready to take the test? Right on the next page…

Congratulations! You have finished the whole lesson.

What’s New
Answer the following item as instructed. Write your answer on a separate
sheet. Justify your answer.

Activity 1: RELATION-ships

1. A person is earning P600 per day to do a certain job. Express the

total salary S as a function of the number n of days that the person
works.

2. A taxi ride costs P40.00 for the first 500 meters, and each additional
300 meters (or a fraction thereof) adds P3.50 to the fare. Use a
 piecewise function to represent the taxi fare in terms of the distance d
in meters

3. A certain chocolate bar costs P35.00 per piece. However, if you buy
more than 10 pieces, they will be marked down to a price of P32.00
per piece. Use a piecewise function to represent the cost in terms of
the number of chocolate bars bought.
4.

What I Learned…
1. What did you discover from the activity?

2. What conjecture or conclusion can you give from what you have learned?

3. How will you validate your answer?

4. Be ready to share what you discovered?

REFERENCES

Edward C. Reyes Jr.et.al

General Mathematics
Alternative Delivery Mode
Module 1: Introduction to Functions First Edition, 2019

General Mathematics pg. 1-20

Department of Education Teachers Materials

Math is Fun

https://www.mathsisfun.com/algebra/functions-evaluating.html

Ronie Banan, June 30, 2018

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lIbAiPUrtvQ

MathEase, September 1, 2014

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tAoe4xjUZQk