Aggregates (Lec 10-13)

CE F230
Civil Engineering Materials
BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus
Aggregates
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Stone As A Building Material

Aggregates for Concrete Mixes

Roles of Aggregates in
Concrete

Classification of Aggregate:
Size

Aggregate Sizes
Coarse aggregate material retained on a sieve

with 4.75 mm openings
Fine aggregate material passing a sieve with 4.75
mm openings
Maximum aggregate size – the
largest sieve size that allows all the
aggregates to pass
Nominal maximum aggregate size
– the first sieve to retain some
aggregate, generally less than
10%

Classification of
Aggregate: Source
Natural
Natural sand & gravel pits, river rock
Quarries (crushed) River gravel
Geological classification
Igneous: Basalt; Granite
Sedimentary: Limestone; Sandstone
Metamorphic: Marble; Quartzite
Crushed rock

Classification of
Aggregate: Source
Manufactured & recycled materials:

Pulverized concrete & asphalt
Steel mill slag
Steel slugs
Expanded shale
Styrofoam

Aggregate Properties
Typical source properties relevant for PCC mix design

o Shape and texture
o Soundness and durability
o Hardness and abrasion resistance
o Absorption
o Specific gravity
o Strength
o Gradation
o Cleanness and deleterious materials
o Alkali-aggregate reactivity

Sampling Aggregates
Random and representative of

entire stockpile
Sample from entire width of
conveyor belts at several locations
Sample from top, middle, and
bottom of stockpile at several
locations around stockpile
diameter
Sample Splitter
Use larger sample for testing
larger max. size
Sample splitting or quartering
To reduce sample size from large
stockpile to small 1-5 kg sample
Quartering
Particle Shapes of Aggregates
Rounded: river gravel

Better packing, lowest voids ratio 33%
Less interlocking between particles
Angular: crushed rock
Loose packing, higher voids ratio
Interlocking between particles is good
Flaky: small thickness
Elongated: length considerable
Flaky & elongated: thin & long
Bad for concrete durability because of easy breakage and
difficulty compacting
Should be restricted to 10-15% in concrete design
Particle Shape Characterization
Angularity number
o = voids ratio – 33
o Higher the number, more angular the aggregate
o The range for practical aggregate is between 0 (rounded)
and 11 (angular)
 Particle is flaky if its smallest Flaky

dimension (thickness) is less than
60% of the “middle” dimension
 Particle is elongated if its largest dimension (length) is
more than 1.8 times of the “middle” dimension
Elongated

Aggregate Shape on
Concrete Fresh Properties

What Is the Strength of the
Resulting Concrete?

Aggregate Strength
 Concrete strength is dominated by the weakest

component either the paste, aggregate, or interface
 Aggregate strength is of less importance for normal concrete
 Aggregate strength is important in high-strength concrete and in
the surface course on heavily traveled pavements
 Difficult and rare to test the strength of aggregate particles.
Rather, tests on the parent rock (drilled cylinder, 1.5-2.5” in
dia.) or a bulk aggregate sample as an indirect estimation
of strength
 Typical compressive strength of 35 – 350 MPa

Absorption
Internal impervious pores
Pores partially filled Free moisture
Bone/oven dry – Air dry – Saturated surface dry – Moist –

dried in oven Wm WSSD=WOD+Wp Wm
to constant mass
Moisture content Absorption Moisture content
WOD Wm WOD Wm WOD
M WSSD WOD M
WOD AM WOD WOD
Absorption is the moisture content when the aggregates are in the SSD condition
Free moisture is the moisture content in excess of the SSD condition.
Percent free moisture = M - A
Important for proportioning concrete
negative free moisture – aggregates will absorb water
positive free moisture – aggregates will release water
Example
• A sample of sand has the following

properties:
• Moist mass = 625.2 g
Dry mass = 589.9 g
Absorption = 1.6%
• Determine: (a) total moisture content, and
(b) free moisture content.

Solution
(a) Mass of water = 625.2 – 589.9 = 35.3 g

Total moisture content M
Wm W OD
= (35.3/589.9) x 100 %
WOD
= 6.0 %
(b) Free moisture Percent free moisture = M - A
= 6.0 – 1.6
= 4.4 %

Specific Gravity
 Knowing density of aggregate is required

in concrete mix design to establish
weight- volume relationships
 Density is expressed as specific gravity
 Specific gravity (SG) is a dimensionless
ratio relating density of aggregate to that of
water
density of solid
SG 
density of water
Density of water @ 4°C is 1000 kg/m3
Effects of Voids in Aggregates
Permeable pores in aggregates create

multiple definitions of specific gravity
Apparent, ASG Impermeable pores
Bulk-dry, BSGOD
Bulk-saturated surface dry,
BSGSSD
Permeable pores
Apparent Specific Gravity
Dry weigth of Agg.  1

ASG 
Vol. of Agg.  impermeable pores  w
WOD

(Vs  Vi )  w
Solid Impermeable pore

Bulk Specific Gravity, Oven Dry
Dry weight of aggregate  1

BSGOD 
Vol. of Agg.  both permeable and impermeable pores  w
WOD

(Vs  Vi  Vp )  w
WOD

VSSD w Permeable pore

Bulk Specific Gravity, SSD
SSD weight of aggregate  1

BSGSSD 
Vol. of Agg.  both permeable and impermeable pores  w
WOD  Wp

(Vs  Vi  V p ) w
 WSSD
VSSD w

BSGSSD for Concrete Mix Design
 BSGSSD is used as the reference state for

mix design purpose
 Water in permeable pores of aggregate does
not participate in cement hydration
 Effective volume that SSD aggregate occupies
in concrete include permeable pores
 If non-SSD aggregates are used in producing
concrete based on BSGSSD concrete mix
design, the resulting water-to-cement ratio is
different than the intended design
 If non-SSD aggregates are expected to be
used, corrections should to be taken into
account [Refer to chapter on mix design]
Determination of SG and Absorption
for Coarse Aggregate (ASTM C127)
Sample of a coarse aggregate is soaked for 24

hours and rolled in a large absorbent cloth to
remove all visible surface moisture to achieve the
SSD condition
Weighed suspended in water, Ww
The sample is then dried to SSD condition again
and weighed, WSSD
Finally, the sample is bone dried and weighed, WOD

http://youtu.be/NlN3OgiMcms
Wbuoy  VSSDw
Ww  WSSD  Wbuoy  WSSD  VSSD w WSSD
VSSDw  WSSD Ww Ww
WSSD WSSD
 BSG SSD  
VSSD w WSSD  Ww
W buoy
OD SSD
WSSD WSSD
BSG SSD  
WOD WOD
BSGOD  
WOD WOD WOD
ASG   
(VSSD  V p )w (WSSD Ww )  W p WOD  Ww
WSSD WOD
Absorption (%)  100
WOD

Example
Q: A 1000-g sample of coarse aggregate in the

SSD condition weighted 633 g when immersed
in water. Calculate the bulk specific gravity
(SSD) of the aggregate.

Example
A 1000-g sample from the stockpile of the

same aggregate as in the above problem
weighted 637 g when immersed in water.
Calculate the moisture content of the
aggregate in the stockpile.

Determination of SG and
Absorption for Fine Aggregate
(ASTM C128)
Sample of a fine aggregate is soaked for 24 hours to
achieve SSD condition
A 500-g SSD sample (WSSD) is placed in pycnometer,
(a constant volume flask)
Water is added to the constant volume mark on the
pycnometer and weighed, Wpyc,w+s
Remove the sample and water from the pycnometer
and re-fill the pycnometer with water only to the same
volume mark and weighed, Wpyc,w
The sample is then bone dried and weighed, WOD
Vextra
+ = - =
√ Wpycn,w √ WSSD Wtot Wextra √ Wpycn,w+s

? VSSD Vextra
VSSD  Vextra
VSSDw  Vextra w  Wextra  Wtot Wpycn,ws  Wpycn,w  WSSDs Wpycn,ws
WSSD WSSD
 BSG SSD  
VSSD w W pycn,w  WSSD  W pycn,w s

WSSD WSSD OD SSD
BSG SSD  
VSSD w W pycn,w  WSSD  W pycn,w s
WOD WOD
BSGOD  
VSSDw W pycn,w  WSSD  W pycn,w s
WOD WOD
ASG  
(VSSD  V p )w (Wpycn,w  WSSD Wpycn,w s )  W p
Pycnometer used for FA
WOD
 Specific Gravity
Wpycn,w  WOD Wpycn,w s
WSSD WOD
Absorption (%)  100
WOD
154
Gradation
Gradation is an
important attribute
to produce
economical
concrete
Max. density (i.e.
min. voids)
Min. cement content
171
Sieve Analysis for Gradation
Gradation: Particle size distribution of aggregate

Sieve Analysis: Process of dividing aggregate into
fractions of same particle size in order to determine
gradation of aggregate
Standard coarse sieves: 37.5mm; 19mm; 9.5mm; 4.75mm
Standard fine sieves: 4.75mm; 2.36mm; 1.18mm; 0.60mm;
0.30mm; 0.15mm
Grading Curve: Usually described by the cumulative
percentage of aggregates that either pass through or
retained by a specific sieve size

Sieve Analysis for Fine
Aggregate Sample &
Fineness Modulus
Sieve size Weight Cumulative Cumulative

No. % retained
(mm) retained (g) % retained % passing
4.75 4 0 0 0 100
2.36 8 241.9 11.9 11.9 88.1
1.18 16 388.9 19.1 31.0 69.0
0.60 30 505.5 24.9 55.9 44.1
0.30 50 543.4 26.7 82.6 17.4
0.15 100 340.8 16.8 99.4 0.6
Pan 11.3 0.6 100 0
Total 2031.8 100

Fineness Modulus
A measure of gradation fineness

FM = ∑ (Cumulative % retained on standard sieves up
to 0.15 mm) / 100
FM   Ri
100
FM cannot be representative of a distribution, i.e. two
different grading curves can have same FMs
Higher FM, coarser aggregate
Lower FM is not economical

Sieve Analysis for Fine
Aggregate Sample &
Fineness Modulus
Sieve size Weight Cumulative Cumulative
No. % retained
(mm) retained (g) % retained % passing
4.75 4 0 0 0 100
2.36 8 241.9 11.9 11.9 88.1
1.18 16 388.9 19.1 31.0 69.0
0.60 30 505.5 24.9 55.9 44.1
0.30 50 543.4 26.7 82.6 17.4
0.15 100 340.8 16.8 99.4 0.6
Pan 11.3 0.6 100 0
Total 2031.8 100
11.9  31.0  55.9  82.6  99.4 280.8

FM    2.81
100 100
Semi Log Grading Graph

Example
• The following results were obtained from the

sieve analysis of fine aggregate sample
Sieve size (mm) 9.5 4.75 2.36 1.18 0.60 0.30 0.15 Pan
Retained (g) 0 6 31 30 59 107 53 21
Draw the grading curve for the fine aggregate

Determine the fineness modulus of the fine
aggregate

Solution
Sieve size Mass % Cumulative Cumulative
BS (ASTM) retained, g retained % retained % passing
9.50 mm (3/8 in.) 0 0.0 0 100
4.75 mm (No. 4) 6 2.0 2 98
2.36 mm (No. 8) 31 10.1 12 88
1.18 mm (No. 16) 30 9.8 22 78
600 m (No. 30) 59 19.2 41 59
300 m (No. 50) 107 34.9 76 24
150 m (No. 100) 53 17.3 93 7
< 150 m 21 6.8 --- ---
Total 307 246
FM 2.46
Log Log Pilani Campus

BITS Pilani,
Schematic Representations of
Different Agg. Gradation

Types of Gradation
Continuous (Well graded, dense)
Has a good mix of all particle sizes which means the
aggregates use most of the volume and less cement
is needed
One-size gradation (Uniform)
All same size = nearly vertical curve
Gap-graded
Missing some sizes = nearly horizontal section of
curve
Open-Graded
Missing small aggregates which fill in holes between
larger ones
Lower part of curve is skewed toward large sizes
General Grading Requirement
for Fine Aggregate (ASTM C33)
120
Sieve Percent
upper bound Passing
100
lower bound 9.5 mm (3/8) 100
80
4.75 mm (No. 4) 95–100
% Passing
60 2.36 mm (No. 8) 80–100
40 1.18 mm (No. 16) 50–85
20 0.60 mm (No. 30) 25–60
0 0.30 mm (No. 50) 10–30

0.1 1 10 0.15 mm (No. 100) 2–10
Sieve Opening(mm)

General Grading Requirement for
Coarse Aggregate (ASTM C33)
Percentage by mass passing sieves
Sieve size
Nominal size of graded aggregate
mm 37.5 to 4.75 mm 19.0 to 4.75 mm 12.5 to 4.75 mm
75.0 --- --- ---
63.0 --- --- ---
50.0 100 --- ---
37.5 95-100 --- ---
25.0 --- 100 ---
19.0 35-70 90-100 100
12.5 --- --- 90-100
9.5 10-30 20-55 40-70
4.75 0-5 0-10 0-15
2.36 --- 0-5 0-5

3
TESTS ON AGGREGATES

Aggregate in Concrete
60-75%
Source: PCA

Classification of Aggregate:
Size
Coarse
Fine aggregates:
aggregates: > 5 mm
Silt:
60 µm – 5
2 µm – mm
60 µm
Clay:
< 2 µm
Aggregate Properties
• Aggregates’ properties are used to determine if:

▫ Suitability for a particular application
▫ Types needed for specific concrete mix design
• Following aggregate properties are considered:
▫ Shape and texture
▫ Soundness and durability
▫ Hardness and abrasion resistance
▫ Absorption
▫ Specific gravity
▫ Strength
▫ Gradation
▫ Cleanness and deleterious materials
▫ Alkali-aggregate reactivity BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Aggregate Particle Shapes
• Rounded: river gravel
▫ Better packing, lowest voids ratio= 33%
▫ Less interlocking between particles
• Angular: crushed rock
▫ Loose packing, higher voids ratio
▫ Interlocking between particles is good
• Flaky: small thickness
• Elongated: length considerable
• Flaky & elongated: thin & long
▫ Bad for concrete durability because of easy breakage and
difficulty compacting
▫ Should be restricted to 10-15% in concrete design BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Aggregate Particle Shapes
Angular Rounded Flaky
Elongated Flaky & Elongated
23

Particle Shape Characterization
• Equidimensional coarse aggregate particles are preferred
• Two types of particles that are not equidimensional:
▫ Elongated
▫ Flaky
• Particle is flaky if its smallest dimension (thickness) is less
than 0.6 times of the “middle” dimension
• Particle is elongated if its largest dimension (length) is more
than 1.8 times of the “middle” dimension
Flaky Elongated

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hyaHdCknyi0&list=PL98AAE6FD59AEB06A
Flaky vs. Elongated
Length Gauge
measures Elongation Index
Flakiness Gauge
measures Flakiness Index
• Flaky Particles: Thickness less than 0.6 of nominal size

• Elongated Particles: Length more than 1.80 times the
nominal size BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Failure Mode of Concrete in
Compression
• Shape and surface texture of
aggregate influence strength of
concrete
• These factors are particularly
important for high strength
concrete
• Rougher texture results in
larger adhesive force between
particles & cement matrix
• Larger surface area of angular
aggregate leads to larger
adhesive force
Crushing Test of Bulk Aggregate
• Test on crushing properties of bulk aggregates: Crushing value test
of BS 812: Part 110 : 1990
• Measures the resistance to pulverization
• Useful guide when dealing with aggregates of unknown
performance
• There is no obvious physical relation between crushing value and
compressive strength but results are usually in agreement
• Test rather insensitive to variation in strength of weaker
aggregates - “Ten per cent fines value test” is introduced
Crushing value =
weight of material passing sieve x100%
total weight of sample
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZCzsapery1c&list=PL98AAE6FD59AEB06A
Crushing Test of Bulk Aggregate

Whole assembly is placed in a
compression testing machine and
subjected to a load of 400 kN in 10 mins
For normal aggregate

Plunger
For weak aggregate

10% Fines Value Test
• Test included in BS 812 : Part 111 : 1990

• Apparatus of standard crushing test is used to determine load
required to produce 10% of fines
• Achieved by applying a progressively increased load in 10
minutes
• Applied force results in a percentage of fines (7.5-12.5%)
passing 2.36 mm (No. 8 ASTM) sieve
• Higher obtained load denotes a higher strength of aggregate
• BS 882 : 1992 prescribes minimum ten percent value of:
▫ 150 kN (15 ton) - aggregate in heavy duty floor
▫ 100 kN (10 ton) - aggregate in concrete for wearing surfaces
▫ 50 kN (5 ton) - aggregate in other concretes
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S25_3M5RPu0&list=PL98AAE6FD59AEB06A
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U7xJrhJsOMI
Impact Value of Bulk Aggregate

• Toughness is the resistance of a
sample rock to failure by impact
• Impact applied by a standard hammer
falling 15 times under its own weight
upon the aggregate
• This results in fragmentation
• BS 812 : Part 112 : 1990 and BS 882
:1992 requires:
▫ 25% for aggregate in heavy duty floors
▫ 30% for aggregate in wearing surfaces
▫ 45% for aggregate in other concretes

Bulking
• Presence of moisture in sand creates bulking
• Bulking is the increase in volume of a given mass of sand caused by the
films of water pushing the particles apart
• Formation of meniscus creates thicker water films between aggregate
particles, pushing them apart and increasing the apparent volume
• Bulking can cause errors in
mix proportioning by volume
• For that reason, aggregate is
batched by weight
• Coarse aggregates show much
less bulking since particle size is
large compared to thickness of
water film and effect of
meniscus formation is slight BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Effects of Voids in Aggregates
• A majority of natural aggregates have a SG Impermeable pores
between 2.6-2.7
• Permeable pores in aggregates create
multiple definitions of specific gravity:
• Absolute: Volume of solid material
excluding all pores
• Apparent (ASG): Volume of solid includes
impermeable pores but not capillary pores
Permeable pores
• Bulk-dry (BSGOD) and Bulk-saturated surface
dry (BSGSSD): Since water contained in all
pores of aggregate does not take part in
chemical reactions of cement, it is considered
as a part of aggregate BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JyGeyQiNsnk&list=PLPkFQYlyFHFUrGBbRpPfnHPaOuwDDNXfh
Bulk Unit Weight & Voids in

Aggregates
• Sometimes we need to know the mass or weight of
aggregate required to fill a volume (e.g. the volume of
coarse aggregate in a cubic yard of concrete, for the
proportioning of concrete):
• Bulk unit weight or bulk density is the weight of aggregate

required to fill a “unit” volume. Typical units are cubic
meters and cubic feet
• Voids in aggregate is the percentage of voids

between aggregate particles
Test on Aggregate Bulk Unit
Weight (ASTM C29)
• Loose • Compacted
▫ Shovel dry aggregate into ▫ Shovel dry aggregate into container
container • Fill to 1/3 of volume
▫ Limit drop < 2” above rim of • Rod 25 times
container • Repeat 3x to fill container
▫ Strike off aggregate level with top • Strike off aggregate level with top of
of container container
▫ Determine weight of aggregate in ▫ Determine weight of aggregate in
container, Wagg container, Wagg
▫ Compute unit weight, UW ▫ Compute unit weight, UW
Wagg
UW 
Vbox

Example
• Coarse aggregate is placed in a rigid bucket and

rodded with a tamping rod to determine its unit
weight. The following data are obtained:
• Volume of bucket = 0.01 m3
• Weight of empty bucket = 8.4 kg
• Weight of bucket filled with dry rodded coarse aggregate =
25.4 kg
(a) Calculate the dry-rodded unit weight

(b) If the oven-dried bulk specific gravity of the
aggregate is 2.63, calculate the percent voids in the
aggregate
Cleanness and Deleterious
Materials
• There are THREE main categories of deleterious
substances in aggregates:
Individual
Impurities Coatings Particles
• Organic • Prevent the • Produce weak or
impurities, clay, development of unsound sections
and other fine good bond between • Two types of
materials (e.g. silt aggregate and unsound particles:
and crusher dust) cement paste (1) fail to maintain
• Interfere with integrity, (2) cause
cement hydration disruptive
expansion on
freezing or water
exposure

Cleanness and Deleterious
Materials
• Deleterious Substances: Aggregate contaminated by
materials that adversely affect the quality of concrete
Substance Harmful Effect
Delay setting and hardening, may reduce strength

Organic impurities
gain, may cause deterioration
Minus 0.075 mm (No.200) Weaken bond, may increase water requirement
Coal, lignite or other low-

Reduce durability, may cause popouts or stains
density materials
Clay lumps and friable
Popouts, reduce durability and wear resistance
particles
Soft particles Reduce durability and wear resistance, popouts

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=knrmCbctGEA
Silt Test for Sand

• Silt content = (height of silt layer / height of sand)
• Silt content should not be more than 8%

Soundness of Aggregate
• Soundness: Ability of aggregate to resist excessive
changes in volume caused by changes in physical
conditions
• Physical causes of volume changes: freezing and thawing,
thermal changes, alternating wetting/drying
• Unsound aggregate: when volume changes cause
deteriorations of concrete (e.g. pop-outs, cracking…)
• Tests for soundness of aggregate:
▫ British - BS 812 : Part 121 : 1989
▫ American - ASTM C 88-90
Soundness & Durability
• Water freezes in voids and fractures and disintegrates aggregates
• Test method uses salt solution (sodium or magnesium sulfate) to
simulate freezing (ASTM C88)
• Formation of salt crystals in aggregate pores disturbs particles
• Reduction of particle sizes denotes the degree of unsoundness
Prepare sample Soak 16 hrs – dry 4 hrs Measure gradation

minimum mass Repeat cycle 5 times
specified gradation
Abrasion
• Wear of aggregate by abrasion through the:
• rubbing of a foreign material against the stone under test (e.g.
abrasion charge in a rotating drum)
• attrition of stone particles against each other
(e.g. friction between particles)
• Abrasion value test: BS 812 : Part 113 : 1990
• Aggregate particles between 10-14 mm tested
• Aggregate abrasion value: percentage loss in mass on abrasion
• Higher the abrasion value, lower is the resistance to abrasion
• Los Angeles Test (ASTM C131, C535):
• Combines attrition and abrasion
• Provides a good correlation with actual wear of aggregates and
strength of concrete containing the aggregate
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RL9SN2PCFeU
Los Angeles Test

• Aggregate of specified grading is placed in cylindrical drum,
mounted horizontally with a shelf inside
• Charge of steel balls is added
• Drum is rotated a specified number of revolutions (e.g. 500)
• Tumbling and dropping of the aggregate and balls result in
abrasion and attrition of the aggregate

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9rKbc9KLy5g&list=PL98AAE6FD59AEB06A
Hardness & Abrasion Resistance

▫ Resist load damage
▫ Los Angeles abrasion test
• During construction
(ASTM C131, C535)
• Traffic loads
• Prepare sample • Charge drum w/ • Sieve

• Minimum original sample
mass • Steel spheres
• Specified gradation • 500 revolutions
Alkali-Aggregate Reactivity
• Alkali-silica reaction: Silica in some aggregate reacts with
the alkalis (Na2O, K2O) in Portland Cement (especially in
warm, humid climates)
▫ Excessive expansion
▫ Cracking
▫ Spalling

Alkali-Aggregate Reactivity
• Alkali-carbonate reaction: Carbonates in

aggregate can also react to a lesser extent
• If a reactive aggregate has to be used, reactivity must be

minimized:
▫ Type II cement – minimizes alkali content of PC
▫ Keep concrete as dry as possible
▫ Fly Ash, GGBS, silica fume reduce alkali reactivity
▫ Sweetening – add 30% crushed limestone to the aggregate

Tests on Alkali-Aggregate
Reactivity
• ASTM C227 – tests expansion potential of

cement-aggregate combination
▫ expansion of mortar bar at specific temperature &
humidity
• ASTM C289 – reactive silicates in aggregate
• ASTM C586 – reactive carbonates in aggregate

Thermal Properties of
Aggregate
• There are three thermal properties of aggregate that may be
significant in the performance of concrete:
▫ Coefficient of thermal expansion
▫ Specific heat
important in mass concrete
▫ Conductivity
• If the coefficient of thermal expansion of coarse aggregate and of

the hydrated paste differ too much:
▫ a large change in temperature may introduce differential
movement, and
▫ break the bond between aggregate particles and surrounding paste

Thermal Expansion of
Composite Materials

Thermal Properties of Aggregate
• The linear coefficient of thermal expansion:

▫ Aggregates: ~ 5 – 13 x 10-6 per oC
▫ Hydrated cement paste: ~ 11 – 16 x 10-6 per oC
• When the two coefficients differ by more than 5 x 10-6 per

oC, the durability of concrete can be affected
• A serious difference in coefficients occurs only with

aggregates of a very low expansion (e.g. certain
granites, limestones, and marbles)

Thank you

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CE F230

Civil Engineering Materials

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Coarse aggregate material retained on a sieve

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Manufactured & recycled materials:

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Typical source properties relevant for PCC mix design

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Random and representative of

Rounded: river gravel

 Particle is flaky if its smallest Flaky

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

 Concrete strength is dominated by the weakest

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Bone/oven dry – Air dry – Saturated surface dry – Moist –

• A sample of sand has the following

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

(a) Mass of water = 625.2 – 589.9 = 35.3 g

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

 Knowing density of aggregate is required

Permeable pores in aggregates create

Dry weigth of Agg.  1

Solid Impermeable pore

Dry weight of aggregate  1

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

SSD weight of aggregate  1

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

 BSGSSD is used as the reference state for

Sample of a coarse aggregate is soaked for 24

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Q: A 1000-g sample of coarse aggregate in the

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A 1000-g sample from the stockpile of the

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

√ Wpycn,w √ WSSD Wtot Wextra √ Wpycn,w+s

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Gradation: Particle size distribution of aggregate

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Sieve size Weight Cumulative Cumulative

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A measure of gradation fineness

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11.9  31.0  55.9  82.6  99.4 280.8

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

• The following results were obtained from the

Retained (g) 0 6 31 30 59 107 53 21

Draw the grading curve for the fine aggregate

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Log Log Pilani Campus

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

60 2.36 mm (No. 8) 80–100

40 1.18 mm (No. 16) 50–85

20 0.60 mm (No. 30) 25–60

0 0.30 mm (No. 50) 10–30