Determine different factors affecting human comfort in a given space AIR- Understand single CONDITIONING zone and multizone system AND Identify different design conditions in VENTILATION air-conditioning and properly implement SYSTEM - them Estimating heat loss Laboratory and heat gain from through a building envelop Cooling and Heating Load Familiar with the Calculation different air- conditioning requirements aligned with different codes and standards provided by ASHRAE and PME Codes
Prepared by Engr. Jestoni Asi
Prepared by Engr. Jestoni Asi
#7
Occupants
2 Prepared by Engr. Jestoni Asi
Equation 𝑯𝑮𝑺 𝒒𝑺 = 𝒏 𝑪𝑳𝑭 ; 𝑺𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒐𝒄𝒄𝒖𝒑𝒂𝒏𝒕
𝑯𝑮𝑳 𝒒𝑳 = 𝒏 ; 𝑳𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒐𝒄𝒄𝒖𝒑𝒂𝒏𝒕
Table 4-7 shows loads from occupants as a function of their activity.
The greatest uncertainty in estimating this load component is the number of occupants. If the number of occupants is unknown, values such as those in Table 4-8 may be used. Since a portion of the heat transferred from occupants is by radiation, the ASHRAE methodology again uses the cooling-load factor for a better representation of actual loads Table 4-9 gives these values. Thus,
Occupant sensible cooling load in
watts = gain per person from Table 4-7 X number of people X CLF from Tahle 4-9
3 Zone B: GYM
Floor Area, A 𝐴 = 10𝑚 × 15𝑚 − 5𝑚 × 2.5𝑚 = 137.5𝑚2
4 Prepared by Engr. Jestoni Asi
𝑯𝑮𝑺 𝑯𝑮𝑳 𝒒𝑺 = 𝒏 𝑪𝑳𝑭 & 𝒒𝑳 = 𝒏 𝒐𝒄𝒄𝒖𝒑𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒄𝒄𝒖𝒑𝒂𝒏𝒕
For the value of no. of person, refer to Table 4-8 the space per occupant or from Table 5.3. The equation of number of person is shown below. I prefer to use this 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒐𝒓 Table 𝒏= 𝒐𝒄𝒄𝒖𝒑𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒚
𝟏𝟑𝟕. 𝟓𝒎𝟐 × 𝟑. 𝟐𝟖𝟏𝒇𝒕 𝟐
𝒏= = 𝟏𝟎𝟑. 𝟔 ≈ 𝟏𝟎𝟒 𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒇𝒕𝟐 𝟕𝟎𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒐𝒏𝒔
Always Round up.
Take Note this value, It will be used in ventilation calculation
5 𝑯𝑮𝑺 𝑯𝑮𝑳 𝒒𝑺 = 𝒏 𝑪𝑳𝑭 & 𝒒𝑳 = 𝒏 𝒐𝒄𝒄𝒖𝒑𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒄𝒄𝒖𝒑𝒂𝒏𝒕
HG/person : For the Heat Gain per person, refer to Table 4-7 the space per occupant or from Table 4.5.
I prefer to use this Table. If the values are not available
in this table, use Table 4-7
Sensible Heat Gain Latent Heat Gain
6 𝑯𝑮𝑺 𝑯𝑮𝑳 𝒒𝑺 = 𝒏 𝑪𝑳𝑭 & 𝒒𝑳 = 𝒏 𝒐𝒄𝒄𝒖𝒑𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒄𝒄𝒖𝒑𝒂𝒏𝒕
If You Use Table 4-7
Sensible Heat Gain is
the product of this two Example: Standing Walking and the remaining HGs = 305*0.35=106.75W from total heat gain is HHl = 305 – 106.75 = the Latent Heat Gain 198.75W
7 𝑯𝑮𝑺 𝑯𝑮𝑳 𝒒𝑺 = 𝒏 𝑪𝑳𝑭 & 𝒒𝑳 = 𝒏 𝒐𝒄𝒄𝒖𝒑𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒄𝒄𝒖𝒑𝒂𝒏𝒕
CFL : Cooling Load Factor, refer to Table 4-9
Assuming that the room is open at 9:00am to 5:00pm. The total hours in space is 13hrs
We compute the Cooling load at 1:00pm, so
1:00pm is 4 hours after each entry into space Get the (9:00am – 1:00om) average of these two for CLF value 8 𝑯𝑮𝑺 𝒒𝑺 = 𝒏 𝑪𝑳𝑭 𝒐𝒄𝒄𝒖𝒑𝒂𝒏𝒕
𝟏𝟖𝟓𝑾 𝒒𝑺 = 𝟏𝟎𝟓𝒑𝒆𝒔𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝟎. 𝟕𝟔 𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒐𝒏
𝒒𝑺 = 𝟏𝟒, 𝟕𝟔𝟑𝑾
𝑯𝑮𝑳 𝒒𝑳 = 𝒏 𝒐𝒄𝒄𝒖𝒑𝒂𝒏𝒕
𝟑𝟒𝟎𝑾 𝒒𝑳 = 𝟏𝟎𝟒𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒐𝒏𝒔
𝒒𝑺 = 𝟑𝟓, 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝑾
9 #8
Infiltration
10 Prepared by Engr. Jestoni Asi
Infiltration
• Infiltration is the uncontrolled inward flow of outdoor air through
cracks and openings in the building envelope due to the pressure difference across the envelope. The pressure difference may be caused by any of the following: • 1. Wind pressure • 2. Stack effect due to the outdoor and indoor temperature difference • 3. Mechanical ventilation • In summer, for low-rise commercial buildings that have their exterior windows well sealed, and if a positive pressure is maintained in the conditioned space when the air system is operating, normally the infiltration can be considered zero. For high-rise buildings, infiltration should be considered and calculated in both summer and winter. sensible and latent heat, equation for infiltraion is shown below:
Infiltration sensible and latent heat, equation for infiltration is shown below:
𝒒𝑺 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟑𝑸(𝑻𝒐 − 𝑻𝒊 )
𝒒𝑳 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎𝑸(𝝎𝒐 − 𝝎𝒊 )
𝑸; for volume flow rate of outside air 𝑸 = 𝑽 𝑵𝒂𝒄
Building construction is tight
𝑵𝒂𝒄 = 𝒂 + 𝒃𝒗 + 𝒄 𝑻𝒐 − 𝑻𝒊
Assume v = 1m/s. For your design, use the
wind velocity on your selected location. The resulting unit of Nac is Changes per hour
13 Infiltration sensible and latent heat, equation for infiltration is shown below:
𝒒𝑺 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟑𝑸(𝑻𝒐 − 𝑻𝒊 )
𝒒𝑳 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎𝑸(𝝎𝒐 − 𝝎𝒊 )
Convert to L Convert to Changes/s
Quality of Construction No.of Air Volume Wind velocity a b c Infiltraion change 550 1 0.15 0.01 0.007 0.265
to ti Wo Wi QS QL
35 20 0.0227 0.0058 746.96875 2052.646
14 #9
Ventilation
15 Prepared by Engr. Jestoni Asi
Ventilation
• Ventilation imposes a significant load on heating and cooling
equipment and thus is a major contribution to energy use. Space occupancies and the choice of ventilation rates should be considered carefully. For example, if smoking is permitted in part of a building but restricted in another part of the building, ventilation rates for smoking should not be assumed uniformly. Also, the prospect of filtering and cleaning air for recirculation must be examined carefully. The use of recirculated air will conserve energy whenever the outdoor-air temperature is extremely high or low. • Moves outdoor air into a building or a room, and distributes the air within the building or room. The general purpose of ventilation in buildings is to provide healthy air for breathing by both diluting the pollutants originating in the building and removing the pollutants from it (Etheridge & Sandberg, 1996; Awbi, 2003). For the computation of ventilation, the equation is shown below
Infiltration sensible and latent heat, equation for ventilation is shown below:
𝒒𝑺 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟑𝑸(𝑻𝒐 − 𝑻𝒊 )
𝒒𝑳 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎𝑸(𝝎𝒐 − 𝝎𝒊 )
𝑸; for volume flow rate of fresh air 𝑸 = 𝑽𝒐 𝒏
Choose higher value of
cfm and convert it to L/s 30cfm = 14.156L/s
Q, Outdoor Air No. person Ventilation Ventilation Requirement Rate 104 14.156 1472.224
18 Ventilation sensible and latent heat, equation for Ventilation is shown below:
𝒒𝑺 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟑𝑸(𝑻𝒐 − 𝑻𝒊 )
𝒒𝑳 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎𝑸(𝝎𝒐 − 𝝎𝒊 )
Q, Outdoor Air No. person Ventilation Ventilation Requirement Rate 104 14.156 1472.224
to ti Wo Wi QS QL
35 20 0.0227 0.0058 27162.5328 74641.7568
19 #10
Lighting
20 Prepared by Engr. Jestoni Asi
Equation Lighting load also adds to the cooling load required for the system. The equation for determining the heat gain through the lights is shown below: 𝒒𝑳𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒔 = 𝑳𝑹 × 𝒏 × 𝑭𝑼 × 𝑭𝑩 × 𝑪𝑳𝑭
Equation Miscellaneous load also adds to the cooling load required for the system. These are any equipment, machines or appliances that consumes electricity and produces work and heat. For the value of miscellaneous load, the equation is shown below:
𝒒𝑴 = 𝒏 × 𝑬𝑹 × 𝑭𝒖 × 𝑪𝑳𝑭
Where; ER = Equipment Rating in Watts,
FU = Utilization Factor = Number of Hours used / Total AC
Operating hours
CLF = Cooling Load Factor = 1.0
Example:
26 Zone B: GYM
27 Prepared by Engr. Jestoni Asi
Miscellaneous
𝒒𝑴 = 𝒏 × 𝑬𝑹 × 𝑭𝒖 × 𝑪𝑳𝑭
Equipment/ Unit Ratings,
Miscellaneous no. of units Fu CLF Qs, watts Appliances W 1 Computers 3 250 1 1 750 Gym 2 Equipment 10 100 0.8 1 800 (Electric) 3 Speakers 4 10 1 1 40 4 TV 2 50 1 1 100
28 REFERENCES
[1] Stoecker W.F. & Jones J.W. (1983). Refrigeration and
Air-Conditioning 2nd Edition. McGraw-hill
[2] ASHRAE. (2009). 2009 ASHRAE Handbook
Fundamentals. N.E., Atlanta: ASHRAE.
[3] Wang, S.K. (2001). Handbook of Air-conditioning and
