ROADS AND TRANSPORT

An Insight into the transport conditions in Balrampur

Arif Ateeque Nezami 06AR1021

Rahul Madadi 06AR1019
Piyush Kumar Pandey 06AR1008
Himani Kumar 06AR1016
Himanshu 06
INTRODUCTION

i) In rural India, around 44% of the rural population remains out of the
rural road network;
ii) The investment required to build and maintain rural roads has been
provided by the Central Government:
(a) More than Rs 210 billion in the past 10 years (at 2000-01 prices) has
been provided;
(b) Still, more than Rs 150 billion in additional investment has be needed
to achieve full coverage of rural villages;
iii) At the current spending rate, full coverage would take eight years to
achieve;
iv) Operation and maintenance of the expanding network has been another
problem, as State Governments spend 95% of their road budget in
paying staff salaries, leaving only 5% for operation and maintenance
BENEFITS OF WELL DEVELOPED ROAD NETWORK

 Wide access to markets

 Increase in employment and encouragement to small-
scale and cottage industry activities, road side stalls
and shops in villages;
 Proper drainage and consequently positive effect on
the environment
PRESENT STATUS OF BALRAMPUR ROAD

 Reliance on earthly tracks which is not suitable for

motorised traffic because of the following reasons:
a) Poor riding quality
b) This becomes practically impossible during the rainy
season because of missing bridges.
c) Much of the network has been underdeveloped, of
poor quality, structurally weak, poorly maintained and
extremely deteriorated;
 Lack of road leads to wastage of some of the
agricultural produce because it cannot be transported
to marketing and processing centres.
PRESENT STATUS OF BALRAMPUR ROAD

View of the only main road that links

Balrampur to nearby village.
PRESENT STATUS OF BALRAMPUR ROAD

View of the only main road that links

Balrampur to nearby village.
HIERARCHY OF ROADS

Main road that connects major villages. This is like a village highway.
Primarily built of coal tar, this is the widest roads in the village and is the
main arterial road that facilitates vehicular movement.
HIERARCHY OF ROADS

Branching from the main road, this road was the secondary road.It is an
earthy track, narrower than the main road but still wide enough to facilitate
movement of carts.
HIERARCHY OF ROADS

The secondary road further branches off into narrower earthy tracks forming
the third set of tertiary roads that leads to the individual houses.These roads
were very narrow and allowed just the movement of one cycle at a time.
PROBLEMS EXPRESSED BY VILLAGERS DURING OUR SURVEY

 During rainy season, it becomes almost impossible for the villagers to go

from one part of the village to another.
 Due to narrow earthy tracks, emergency services like ambulance cannot
reach all the parts of the village
 If the road network improves, all the agricultural fields can be accessed
by tractors which significantly improves the productivity
PROBLEMS EXPRESSED BY VILLAGERS DURING OUR SURVEY

Due to lack of proper drainage and embankments along the roads, water
puddles were formed on the roads and along the sides which acted as
breeding grounds for mosquitoes thus resulting in unhygienic conditions.
PROBLEMS EXPRESSED BY VILLAGERS DURING OUR SURVEY

During the rains, the earthy tracks became extremely slippery thus
causing inconvenience to the pedestrians especially the elderly people.
PROBLEMS EXPRESSED BY VILLAGERS DURING OUR SURVEY

Unchecked railway crossing making it prone to accidents for both animals

and human.
 Though this road is a
thoroughfare and frequently used
by heavy vehicles, it isn’t paved

The heavy vehicles leave a trail

of dust polluting the environment

Also this road becomes full of

muddles during rainy season and
poses difficulties specially for 2-
This road is the road leading to the
wheelers and non motorized
village.
vehicles like cycles and push carts
 This road links the bridge to the village
highway and is a second order road

This road faces severe problem of improper drainage during the

rainy season when the channels overflow, the sewage comes on to
the road and results in unhygienic conditions in the residential area

As it is also a muddy road, it becomes full of pools of water making

it accident prone
The second order road
isn’t wide enough to allow
2 carts at a time

During rainy the cyclists

and the cart drivers face a
lot of problems as the
wheels get stuck in the
roads.
This is a tertiary road
leading to the individual
houses.

All the tertiary roads

are very narrow allowing
just one cycle or a two
wheeler at a time.

In this case, the road has

a steep slope further
making the vehicles prone
to slipping.
Proposed Solutions for the
problems of Balrampur Village
PPP-People’s Participatory Planning
AERIAL VIEW OF THE VILLAGE BALRAMPUR
TENTATIVE ROAD LAYOUT

NH 60
PRIMARY ROAD
VILLAGE HIGHWAY
SECONDARY ROAD
TERTIARY ROAD
This road is approximately 2 kms
long which is unpaved.

This road provides mobility to

heavy vehicles like tractors and
trucks, so the load bearing capacity
of this road should be high.

Since this road supports heavy

vehicle transport, the road can be
converted to a Bitumen road or a
Plastic Reinforced Concrete road.
 Low Cost Concrete Road for Villages

Problems of dust and wet

weather damage to roads
can be easily overcome by
constructing a thin flexible
concrete road using
innovative technology at a
cost lower than that of a
bituminous pavement for
equal traffic.

Implemented in Rakhalgaria, close to IIT

Kharagpur under Pradhan Mantri
Gram Sadak Yojana developed by
Dr B.B. Pandey, Emeritus Professor of
Civil Engineering, IIT Kharagpur
Low Cost Concrete Road for Villages

Formation width was widened to

5.5m and a carriageway width of
3.75m was adopted.

A camber of 3.0% over the subbase

was provided

Placing of concrete in plastic cell

A cement concrete of
nominal mix 1:1.5:3 by volume,
with a water content of about
6% was filled into the plastic
cells

The concrete had zero

slump Compaction of zero slump concrete by a plate
vibrator
 The pavement was
evaluated by Falling Weight
Deflectometer using a
dynamic load of 45kN on

Finished surface of the concrete road after

removal of paddy straw used for wet curing

The construction is labour

intensive and it is in harmony with
the employment generation scheme
of the Ministry of Rural
Development.

The students and scholars of Civil

Engineering Department of the
Institute were involved for
quality control
Evaluation of pavement by FWD
The road can be converted to a
PCC road.

The road can be widened to 3.5 m

to allow 2 carts pass at a time.

At some places it can be widened

by earth filling.

This whole stretch of

secondary road is about
1.2 kms in length
PROPOSED SECTION OF PCC ROAD
The tertiary roads can be
upgraded to Engineered
natural surfaces as the in-
situ soil here has a good
bearing capacity.

The roads can be

widened by simple earth
filling and providing a gentle
gradient to avoid slippages
of vehicles and cycles
Engineered Natural Surface
Advantages:
Many can be carried out by small
local enterprises using labour based
methods and light equipment.
They have lower maintenance
requirements
An alternative sustainable and
appropriate
Surfacing is not always necessary to
provide an adequate or "good-
enough" road.
 In some circumstances the in-situ
soil along the road line may be
sufficiently strong to support low
levels of light traffic flow in areas.
The soil is shaped into a camber to
shed rainwater to each side and then
consolidated with hand rammers.
 The natural surface is an
intermediate surface between basic
engineered earth and higher cost
bituminous paving
Ancient Roman Roads

Three layered

Layered structure of smaller stones,

gravel.

Sand to level the surface.

Topmost layer large square flat

stones covering the surface of the
road.

Road Construction Advantages:Does not get muddy

Techniques used by Ancient during rainy season as rain water
Romans percolates through the gap

Easy and cheap to construct and

sustainable
THANK YOU