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GENE EXPRESSION
PROGRAMMING
Dr. Sundaram Suresh
School of Computer Engineering
Nanyang Technological University
g p
Singapore
Email: ssundaram@hotmail.com
Textbook
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Weblink
http://www.gene-expression-programming.com/
www.gepsoft.com
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GEP
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GEP Representation
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GEP Representation
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Q * + - a b c d
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Transcriptions
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Replication
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Replication of DNA
molecules.
The strands acts as a
template for a new,
complementary strand.
When copying is complete,
there will be two daughter
DNA molecules, each
identical in sequence to the
mother molecule.
Genome Restructuring
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Mutation Operation
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Recombination
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Solution Representation
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Solution Representation
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Example
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K – expression
Equivalent Tree is
Representation…
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MultiGene Representation
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Three genes
n = 2;; h = 4
K-Expressions for
Gene1 :
Gene2 :
Gene3 :
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Tree Construction
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Translation
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Linking Function
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Example 1
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Analysis
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Issues?
It is difficult to use the g
genetic operators
p to evolve because of less
number of tails
Multi-genes representation – faster convergence
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Example 3
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Example 4
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Points to Remember
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Mutation
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Equivalent ET-tree
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Daughter Genome
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Mutation…
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Neutral Mutation
Mutation occur in non-coding
region is called neutral mutation.
This mutation does not affect the
ET of mother and daughter.
ORF ends at position 7 of the
head
Suppose, mutation occur at tail
position 9.
Change ‘a’a to ‘b’
b
The ‘phenotype’ of daughter
genome is same as mother.
Comments on mutation
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Comments on mutation…
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A) Transposition…
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A) Transposition…
Suppose that the sequence “bba” in gene 2 (positions 12 through 14) was
chosen to be an IS element, and the target site was bond 6 in gene 1 (between
positions 5 and 6).
Then, a cut is made in bond 6 and the block “bba” is copied into the site of
insertion.
During transposition, the sequence upstream from the insertion site stays
unchanged, whereas the sequence downstream from the copied IS element
loses, at the end of the head, as many symbols as the length of the IS element
(in this case the sequence “a*b” was deleted).
--Mother
-- Daughter
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B) Root Transposition
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All RIS elements start with a function, and thus are chosen
among the sequences of the heads. For that, a point is
randomly chosen in the head and the gene is scanned
downstream until a function is found.
This function becomes the start position of the RIS element.
If no functions are found, it does nothing.
Typically a root transposition rate (pris) of 0.1 and a set of
three RIS elements of different sizes are used.
This operator randomly chooses the chromosome, the gene to
be modified, the start of the RIS element, and its length.
Root…
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Root…
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During root transposition, the whole head shifts to accommodate the RIS
element, losing, at the same time, the last symbols of the head (as many as
the transposon length).
As with IS elements, the tail of the gene subjected to transposition and all
nearby genes stay unchanged.
Note, again, that the newly created programs are syntactically correct
because the structural organization of the chromosome is maintained.
The modifications caused by root transposition are extremely radical,
because the root itself is modified.
In nature, if a transposable element is inserted at the beginning of the
coding sequence of a gene
gene, causing a frameshift mutation,
mutation it radically
changes the encoded protein.
Like mutation and IS transposition, root insertion has a tremendous
transforming power and is excellent for creating genetic variation.
c) Gene Transposition
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Gene…
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Recombination operator
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Gene
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One-point
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Two-point
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Two-point…
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Gene Recombination
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Observation
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