rammar Reference Section

ODULE 1 MODULE2
Indefinite Article (a lan) The verb to be
We use an before words which begin with
a vowel sound (a, e, i, o, r).
an apple, an orange, an umbrella
I am not Itm not
We use a before words which begin with you are not you aren't
a consonant sound (b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, he is not he isn't
ffi, fl, p, e, r, s, t, v, w, xry, z). she is not she isn't
a dog, a man, a bicycle it is not it isn't
we are not we arentt
e verb to be affirmative you are not you arentt
they are not they aren't

Iam I'm
you are youtre Am I ...? No,I'm not.
he is hets Are you...? No, you arentt.
she is she's f tre ...t No, he isntt.
it is itts Is { she ...? No, she isn't.
we are wetre L i,...t No, it isn't.
you are youtre f we ...? No, we arentt.
thev are they're A.. { you...? No, you aren't.
I ttrey...t No, they aren't.

Personal Subject Pronouns

Plurals

I we
Most nouns take -s in the plural.
you you chair - chairs, boy - boys, boot - boots
he
she they There is/There are
it
I-) always with a capital letter
You + in the singular and plural Aflirmative is a bed. /
's a bed.
He for a man or a boy
She -)
--l for a woman or a girl
Negative isn't a bed.

It for an animal or a thing

ffiterrffi
They -)
there a bed?
+ for people, animals or things
Grammar Reference Section

This - These

ls there ...? i Yes' there is' o We use this/these for people, animals
L No, there isn't
things near us. I ha'
Yes, there are.
Are there ...?
No, there afen't. + W rhisisabatl. you
heb

Adjectives
+ffiWffi rhesearebatts
she
it hr
wel
Adjectives describe nouns. That Those you
a lovely girl, a blue car
- ther
o We use that/those for people, animals c:
Adjectives go before nouns.
It's an old house. He's a tall boy.
things far away from us.
g
We can also use an adjective alone after
the verb to be.
--)
w That is a bali
i have I

It's an old house. + The house is old.

He's a tall boy. + The boy is tall.
-) ffiffiffi *^earebatts
K Yes
The verb have got
Yes

MODULE 3 o We use the verb have got to: Yes

a) show that something belongs to Yes
Yes
Plurals somebody.
John has got a blue bicycle. Yes
o Nouns ending in -s, -ss, -ch, -x, -o take Yei
b) describe people, animals or things.
-es in the plural. Ye:
bus - buses, dress - dresses, wish - wishes, Lisa has got long blonde hair and blue
eyes.
fox - foxes, potato - potatoes
Posse
Nouns ending in a vowel * y take -s in c) talk about relationships.
the plural. I have got two brothers. Posset
day- days, toy - toys
Nouns ending in a consonant * y drop
ffi
!
I
i
the -y and take -ies in the plural. !.
I have got I've got i
cherry - cherries, puppy - puppies
you have got you've got I

i
Nouns ending in -f or -fe drop the -f or he has got he's got i
I

-fe and take -ves in the plural. she has got she's got I

Half-halves,ffi-lives it has got it's got

we have got wetve got oPc
you have got you've got
a)
they have got they've got

b)

o\l
 Grammar Reference Section

The Possessive Case

o To show possession:
a) we add's to names and singular nouns.
I have not got I haven't got This is Jane's cat.
you have not got you haven't got
b) We add'to plural nouns ending in -s.
he has not got he hasn't got
This is the girls'bedroom.
she has not got she hasn't got
it has not got it hasn't got
we have not got we haventt got Prepositions of Place
you have not got you haven't got
they have not got they haven't got

tn
ffi onffi
#a

have I/you/we/they got? has he/she/it got?

i

next to w
under
Yes, I have. No,I haven't.
Yes, you have. No, you haven't. behind
Yes, he has. No, he isntt.
:rir:: ::l
Yes, she has. No, she isn't. -r:l::d::,::.
,ri:tli::i+ ll
Yes, it has. No. it isn't.
ngof in front of 6*..
ffi
Yes, we have. No, we arentt. :.:::i'
Yes, you have. No, you arentt.
Yes, they have. No, they aren't.
We use prepositions of place to say where
somebody or something is.
Possessives
o We use IN with names of cities and
Possessive Adjectives
countries.
in London, in England

I-my we - our
J_',:*:y: - vour MODULE4
he - his
she - her they - their Present Simple Affirmative
it - its

Possessive adjective show: I 1 prav

a) that something belongs to somebody.
you J o We form the present
This is my house,
hel simple with the subject
pravs
b) The relationship between two or more ii" J (I/you/he/sh e I it Iw

they) and the verb (play,

e ly ou I
people. we 'l
He is our father. you I pruv run, work, etc).

they J
We put possessive adjectives before nouns.
 Grammar Reference Section

Spelling (3'd person singular) We use at with TI

. o the time: at 6 o'clock, at 4:30, etc al'
We form the third person singular (he/
. holidays: at the weekend of
she/it) by adding -s to the end of most
. the expressions: at noon, at midday, ne
verbs.
I sing - he sings, I walk - he walks
at night, at midnight oA
We use in with Y€
We add -es to verbs that end in -ss, -sh, o parts of the day: in the mominglaftemoon H
-ch, -x, or -o. evening s/
I pass - he passes, I wash - he washes, o the expressions: in half an hour, in 30
I fetch - he fetches, I mix - he mixes, minutes, etc Prep
I go - he goes
Verbs ending in a consonant * y drop the We u:
y and take -ies. MODULE 5 .di
I try - he tries, I fly - he flies et,

Present Simple od;

Verbs ending in a vowel * y take -s.
I play - he plays, I buy - he buys Weu
'rr
OSC
Use

. We use the present simple for daily

I do not work I don't work ' )'(
you do not work you don't work otl
routines or habits.
he does not work he doesn't work e1
He starts work at 9:00. (daily routine)
she does not work she doesntt work
He goes to work on foot. (habit)
it does not work it doesn't work
we do not work we dontt work MC
Can you do not work you don't work
. We use can to express ability. they do not work they don't work Cou
I can play the guitar.
.(
c
Do I/you/we/theyworkl Does he/she/it work? o
I/you/he/she I it lw e ly od they can sing.
of
c
I/you/he/sh elitlwefonlthey cannot/can't sing. Yes, I do No,I dontt '9r

Yes, you do No, you dontt r{

Yes, he does No, he doesntt f
Can l/you/h sheI itlw e lyou/they sing? Yes, she does No, she doesntt
eI
f
Yes, it does No, it doesntt
I
Yes, we do No, we dontt
t,
Yes, I/you/h eI sheI itlw e lyou/they can. Yes, you do No, you don't
No, I/you/he/she/itlwe/vou/thev can't. Yes, they do No, they don't We,
som(
a bot
Prepositions of Time Adverbs of Frequency
a gla
o We use prepositions of time to say when r Adverbs of frequency tell us how often a cul
something happens.
something happens.
166
 These are:
a bowl - a bowl of cereal
always (100Tt). usuatly (75%),
a slice - a slice of cake
often (50%), sometimes (25%),
a loaf - a loaf of bread
never (}Va)
a kilo - a kilo of meat
o Adverbs of frequency go before the main
verb but after the verb to be.
A-An/Some/Any
He sometimes walks to school.
She is never late for work.

Prepositions of Time
Affirmative There is an There are
We use on with orange. some books.
o days: on Tuesday, on Morulays, onweekdays, Negative re aren't
etc any books.
. dates: on 3rd March. etc
Interrogative Is there an Are there any
books?
We use in with
o months:- in August, etc
o seasons: in the winterlspringlsummerlautumn
Affirmative There is some milk.
o years: in 2004, in 1942, etc
Negative There isn't any milk.
o the expressions: in the mominglaftemoonl Interrogative Is there any milliT
evening

How much/How many

MODULE 6
We use how much with uncountable nouns
Countable to ask about the amount of something.
- Uncountable Nouns
A: How much bread do you want?
o Countable nouns are nouns which we can B: Two loaves. (: amount)
count. We use how many with countable nouns
one bag - two bags to ask about the number of things.
. IJncountable nouns are nouns which we A: How many cats do you have?
cannot count. B: Three. (= number)
some milk, some bread
o The Imperative
lJncountable nouns have only singular
forms. These nouns include:
We form the imperative with the base
food: cheese, sltgar, butter, salt, meat, etc
form of the verb without the subject.
liquid: water, coffee, tea, orange juice,
Tidy your room!
lemonade, etc
We form the negative imperative with do
We can use the following nouns in front of
not/don't and the base form of the verb.
some uncountable nouns to show quantity:
Don't sit there!
a bottle - a bottle of lemonade
a glass - a glass of water
a cup - a cup of coffie

r61
Grammar Reference Section

MODULET Spelling MOD

o We form the present continuous of most
Present Continuous verbs by adding -ing to the base form of CanlC
the main verb.
play - playing, climb - climbing, We
eat - eating a)a
(
I am working I'm working o Verbs ending in -e drop the -e and take b)o
you are working you're working (
-ing.
he is working he's working ride - riding, make - making c)r
she is working she's working (
it is working it's working
Verbs ending in a vowel + a consonant We
we are working we're ivorking
double the consonant and take *ing. Yot'
you are working you're working
run - running, sit - sitting,
thev are they're
swim - swimming Must

Use
oWe
o (ob
We use the present continuous to talk
I am not working Yot
I'm not working about actions happening now, at the
you are not working you aren't working moment of speaking. . \&'e
he is not working he isn't working
Yot
she is not working she isn't working o We use the following time expressions
it is not working it isn't working
we are not working we arentt working
with the present continuous: now, at the B%*
you are not working
they are not working
you aren't working
arentt
moment, at present, etc.
Adam is riding his bike now.
The children are having lunch at the
t
moment.
He is working in London at present.
= Ian
I working? Yes,I am. No,I'm not. you
you working? Yes, you are. No, you arentt. he
Non-Continuous verbs
he working? Yes, he is. No, he isntt. she
The following verbs do not usually have a
she working? Yes, she is. No, she isntt. ir
it working?
present continuous form: like, love, want,
Yes, it is. No, it isn't. we
we working?
know.
Yes, we are. No, we arentt. you
you working? Yes, you are. No, you arentt. ther
theyworkingi Yes, they are. No, they aren I want an ice cream.
(NOT: {herran€ir€ an ice cream.)

We form the present continuous with the I love ice skating.

verb to be and the main verb + ing.
(NOT: +trJ€vin€ ice skating.)
Iamr
I am walking. I know Maria. you aI
(NOT: {tuir€ Maria.) he\
I like the winter. she I
.t
It )
(NOT: Fm=}ikin€ the winter.)
wer
 Grammar Reference Section

MODULE 8
Yes, I am,No, Itm not.
CanlCan't Am I going to ...?
Yes, you are['{o, you aren't.
Are you going to ...?
We use can to: Yes, he/she/it is.
Is he/she/it going to ...i
a) ask for permission. No, he/she/it isn't.
Can I borow your pen? Yes, we are,No, we arentt.
b) make a request. Yes, you areA'{o, you arentl
Can you close the window, please?
c) make an offer.
#*"'-' Yes, they are.
No, they arentt.

Can I help you?

Form:
We use can't to express prohibition. We form:
You can't eat in the classroom, r the affirmative with the verb to be +
going to * the base form of the verb.
Must/Mustn't He is going to write a book
We use must to express a rule.
(obligation) o the interrogative with the interrogative
You must wear a seatbelt form of the verb to be * going to * the
base form of the verb.
We use mustn't to express prohibition.
Is he going to write a book?
You mustn't talk in class.
o the negative with the negative form of the
Be going to
verb to be * going to * the base form of
the verb.
He isn't going to write a book

I am going to ... I'm going to ... Use

you are going to ... you're going to ... We use be going to:
her hel o for plans and intentions.
she I is going to ... going to ... I am going to lly to Rome next week.
.,
Itt
l
;1. i's
we 't o for predictions.
yon lu.. going to ... n i're
J
going to ...
She is going to have an accident. (She is
thevj they
driving very fast.)

Comparative forms
..
I am not going to ... I'm not going to ...
you are not going to ... you aren't going to ...
he '! hel
she f is not going to ... she fisn't going to ..,
.t
It r irJ
*i r _^a a^
Grammar Reference Section

Irregularforms: good-better
bad-worse
MODULE 9 g
Form: Past Simple verb to be Co
o

ffi
she
One-syllable adjectives add -(e)r.
small - smaller
Co
the
o Adjectives with two or more syllables take
more. I iil_---t I was not I wasn't
comfortable - more confortable I t. *...
you youwere not youwerentt
I x Had
I

hej he 'r
Spelling: I she $was
I

she h was not she I wasn't

o One-syllable adjectives ending in a vowel
lr,r .N
I

tt) .t
lt
+ a consonant double the consonant.
l*.r
I

we 'r

n
I
big - bigger
I you I were you
lwerenot 1 weren't
i tryr'
i

thevr they r
o Two-syllable adjectives ending in a
I

consonant * y replace the -y with -ier.

happy - happier
Was I...?
ry
i
t..,=,.,,
Use: Were you...? Yes,I/he/she/itwas -
o We use the word than to compare. No, I / he / she / it wasn't
:

o
i
:'
We use the comparative form to compare
iH,
i l
l

two people, things, places. Yes, you /we / they/were

!
I
j

dic
Aeroplanes are faster than trains. No. you / we / they / weren't

Present Continuous vs Be going to

i
!
\\',
! di,
o We use Present Continuous for
arrangments.
I'm seeing the doctor tonight.
fixed
Could (Past Simple of "can") F
Did
o We use be going to for intentions. it hr
I'm going to be a teacher. I / You could sing
He / She / It could sing
We / You i They could sing

Past
I / You could not I / You couldn't sing ,

He/She/It He/She/It
could not sing couldn't sing

We/You/They We/You/They
could not sing couldn't sing
 Grammar Reference Section

Could I lyolu lhe I Yes, I lyou lhe / she /

she i it sing? etc could
I / You did not stay I / You didn't stay

Could we / you / No,I/you lhe lshe I He/She/It He/She/It

they? etc couldn't
did not stay didn't stay

We/You/They Weffou/They
Had (Past Simple of "have") did not stay didn't stay

I / You had
He / She / It had DidI/youstay?
We / You / They had Did he / stay? Yes,I lyo:u lhe / she i
Did she / stay? etc did
Did it / stay?
Did we / stay? No, I /you / he / she /
Did you / stay? etc didn't
I / You did not have I / You didn't have Did they I stay?

He/She/It He/She/It Form

did not have didn't have o We form the affirmative of most regular
verbs by adding -ed to the verb.
We /You / They We/Youi They Iplay-Iplayed
did not have didn't have . Other verbs have irregular affirmative
forms.
Ieat-Iate
DidI/you/he/she Yes, I lyou lhe i she o We form the interrogative with did +
it have...? etc did subject personal pronoun * the base ofthe
verb.
Did we /you / they No, I/youihe/she Did you plny tennis yesterday?
have...? etc didn't Did you eat breakfast this morning?
o We form the negative with did not * trase
form of ther verb.
Past Simple (Regular / Irregular Verbs) I didn't watch Wlast night.
He didn't have breakfast yesterday moming.

Spelling: affirmative of regular verbs

I / You stayed
o We add -d to verbs ending in -e.
He i She / It stayed live - lived
We / You / They stayed o Verbs ending in a consonant * y drop the
-y and add -ied.
study - studied
Grammar Reference Section
Infin
o Verbs ending in a vowel * y take -edplay be
bear
- played
o Verbs ending in one stressed vowel
beat
becor
between two consonants double the last begir
consonant and take -ed. beautiful more beautiful most beautiful bite
slip - slipped blou
breal
Use bring
We use the past simple for actions which :ir-::::
build
happened at a specific time in the past.
'i:t!:::li:j::::: i,.:ri : :l:!:,1
burn
burst
We went to the theatre last night. good better best
brry
bad worse worst
can
little less least
catch
many more most choo
much more most com€
cost
Form cut
Question words o One-syllable adjectives add -(e)st. deal
o Who: We use who for persons. small - the smallest dig
Who is this? This is John.
o Adjectives with two or more syllables take do
most. drarr
What: We use what for objects. drear
Whst is that? comfortable - the most comfortable
drinl
When: We use when for time. Spelling drive
When do you have piano lessons? o One-syllable adjectives ending in a vowel eat
Where: We use where for place. * a consonant double the consonant. fa11
Were did you go last night? big - the biggest feed
How: We use how for manner. . Two-syllable adjectives ending in feel
fight
How can I help you? consonant * y replace the -y with ie. find
noisy - the noisiest fly
Superlative Forms forbi
Use
forge
. We use the superlative form to compare forgi
one person or thing with more than one freez
r:!j.: :j::: r..-. \ ::.:-:. i i
::=i

l;?:,:tr.:l'-.;=:--::....1.,.i:=:=::.::
person or thing in the same group. get
t:::,i :,':!. ! |
;. ::! ::: :.:.1 : -'. :a: :
!N:+;:i;:... i..-1.'..:' ii:. ;:'. : i +
o We use the of/in with superlative give
adjectives go
big bigger biggest gro\\'
small smaller smallest
He is the tallest student in the class.
hang
have
hear
hide
hit
hold
noisy noKrer noisiest hurt
keep
knorr
lead
 Xrreger*ar Verbs
Infinitive Past Past ParticiPle Infinitive Past Past ParticiPle
be was been leave left left
bear bore born(e) lend lent lent
beat beat beaten let let let
become became become light lit lit
begin began begun lose lost lost
bite bit bitten make made made
blow blew blown mean meant meant
break broke broken meet met met
bring brought brought
built pay paid paid
build built
burnt (burned) put put put
burn burnt (burned)
burst burst burst read read read
buy bought bought ride rode ridden
(been able to) ring rang rung
can could
rise rose risen
catch caught caught
chosen run ran run
choose chose
come came come say said said
cost cost cost see saw seen
cut cut cut sell sold sold
dealt send sent sent
deal dealt
drg set set set
dig drg
done sew sewed sewn
do did
drawn shake shook shaken
draw drew
shine shone shone
dream dreamt (dreamed) dreamt (dreamed)
drunk shoot shot shot
drink drank
driven show showed shown
drive drove
shut shut shut
eat ate eaten sing sang sung
fall fell fallen sit sat sat
feed fed fed sleep "slept slept
feel felt felt smell smelt (smelled) smelt (smelled)
fight fought fought speak spoke spoken
find found found spell spelt (spelled) spelt (spelled)
fly flew flown spend spent spent
forbid forbade forbidden stand stood stood
forget forgot forgotten steal stole stolen
forgive forgave forgiven stick stuck stuck
freeze froze frozen sting stung stung
swear SWOIE sworn
get got got (gotten)
sweep swept swept
give gave given
swim swam swum
go went gone
grow grew grown take took taken
teach taught taught
hang hung (hanged) hung (hanged)
tear tore torn
have had had
tell told told
hear heard heard
think thought thought
hide hid hidden
throw threw thrown
hit hit hit
hold held held understand understood understood
hurt hurt hurt wake woke woken
keep kept kept wear wore worn
know knew known win won won
write wrote written
lead led 'led
American English-British English Guide

I
American British American British American British
English English English English English English
A I V
account bill/account intermission interval vacation holidav(s)
band aid sticking plaster intersection crossroads vacuum (v.) hoovei' UNIT
airplane aeroplane vacuum hoover
antenna aenal J cleaner countr\
anyplace, anyvhere ianitor caretaker/porter vest waistcoat
anwvhere jello day /d9
iellv .
anhrtment flat Jump rope slilpplng rope w fine lf a
aiea code diallins code with or without black or white first fg
(phonel K (milldcream in
kerosene paraffin coffee) friend
B Hello
bathrobe dressins sown L Y Hi /hai
bathtub bath lawver/attornev solicitor yard garden
biil banknote losiand found' lost properg How a.
billion = thousand billion=million Z langua
million million M (pro.nounced (pronounced
list /list
broil srill mail post 'zee ) zero ;ied') nought
bureau Ehest of drawers mailman Dostman zip code postcode name
busy engaged (phone) make a book Nice tc
reservation
C motorcycle motorbike Not ba
cab taxi movle film American British people
call/phone ring up/phone movie house cinema English English Please
can trn
candv sweets N mtt
Grammar
candv store sweet shoo news stand newsagent populz
checfr bill (restairrant) She She has just school
closet cuoLioard o out. gone out.
closet (hanging wdrdrobe office (doctor's) surserv She has just Thank
clothes) one-way (ticket) sinflle (ticket) gone out. This is
connect put through
(telephone ) toda.v
Hello, is this Hello, is that
cookie biscuit P Ann? Ann? What':
corn sweetcorn, maize pants, trousers trousers nelr
ctazy mad pantvhose/
irvlons
tights Do vou have a
car?Have vou
Have vou got
a7 --. _ a

D n'arka anorak gqt a car?_- UNIl

davenoort/sofa sofa barkine lot car oark
deliveiv trirck van fass (vEhicle, etc) oveitake/pass apple
desk cl'erk receptionist Davement road surfAce balloo
downtown centre fedestrian zebra crossing
(city,/business; Spelling black
crosslns
drapes curtarns (ootatoJ chios crisns blue , t
dresser chest of drawers p'uUtic sitrodt
aluminum aluminium
stat'e school book
druggist analyze analyse
chemist DUTSC handbag
druEdtore/ chemist's (shop)
center centre bright
focketbook purse check
phaYmacy cheoue
color coloirr brown
dungarees ieans/overalls R
'semi-detached defense defence capita
duplex railroad railway- honor honour
rest room toilet cloud
E round trio return (ticket) iewelrv" iewellerrr
labor labour' colout
eggplant aubersine (trcket)
elevator lift practice(n,v) practice(n) egg le
eraser rubber, eraser practrse(v)
S
realize reahse
eight
sack lunch p.acked lunch eighte
F theater theatre
sales clerk shoD asslstant
fall autumn tire tvre elever
schedule timEtable trave(1)ler tiaveller
faucet tan Scotch tape Sellotape erasel
first floor srbund floor shorts pants
flashlight iorch (underwear) favou.
flat (tiie) flat tyre, puncture sidewalk pavement fifteer
freewaV,/highwaV Expressions with Eepalttia4t
motorwav stand in line queue five f,
frenchTriei chips store, shop shon and pArticles
front desk (hotel) receptron
.
subway underground flowe.
different different four r'
G T from/than from/to fourtt
earbase/trash rubbish truck lorry, van IFe qq X street live in X street
larba[e can dustbinibin two weeks forthight give i'{
on a team in a team
gas netrol grass
gas station betrol station green
[rade blass
grey