Name : Muhammad Fajar and Erako Gayo

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A.     Background

People must understand structure of language and can use it as well as

possible; language is needed by people so far they need to interaction with each
other. Therefore, we must understand it. People not only understand but also how
the way uses a good language to commutate each other. As we see today,
communication is very need by all people because first tool of interaction is
language. Wedrana Mihalicek et al (2011: 7) said “when you use language, you
use it to communicate an idea from your mind to the mind of some else”.

One of pattern in English language about how a word has same meanings
because of addition some of Alfa bates in beginning or end of word. This pattern
called morphology in English. Morphology in English language has different
processes and some of them make new meaning and part of speech.

B.     Research Question

Based on the background above the writer wont to take the research questions
as follow:

1. What is the definition of morpheme ?

2. What is the kinds of free morpheme ?
3. What are the forms and examples of free morpheme ?

C.     Objective of the Research

The objectives of this research based on research problem above are:

1. To know the definition of  morpheme.

2. To know the kinds of free morpheme.
3. To know the forms and examples of free morpheme.
 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

1. The Meaning of Morpheme

We do not actually have to go to other languages such as Swahili to discover

that “word forms” may consist of a number of elements. We can recognize that
English word forms such as talks, talker, talked and talking must consist of one
element talk, and a number of other elements such as -s, -er, -ed and -ing. All these
elements are described as morphemes. The definition of a morpheme is “a minimal
unit of meaning or grammatical function.” Units of grammatical function include
forms used to indicate past tense or plural, for example. In the sentence The police
reopened the investigation, the word reopened consists of three morphemes. One
minimal unit of meaning is open, another minimal unit of meaning is re- (meaning
“again”) and a minimal unit of grammatical function is -ed (indicating past tense).
The word tourists also contains three morphemes. There is one Morphology 67
minimal unit of meaning tour, another minimal unit of meaning -ist (marking
“person who does something”), and a minimal unit of grammatical function -s
(indicating plural).
Most native speakers of English will recognize that words like unwipe, head
bracelet or MacDonaldization are made up of several meaningful pieces, and will
be able to split them into those pieces:
(1) un / wipe head / bracelet McDonald / ize / ation

these pieces are called morphemes, the minimal meaningful units that are used
to form words. Some of the morphemesin (1) can stand alone as words: wipe,
head, bracelet, McDonald. These are called free morphemes. The morphemes
that cannot stand alone are called bound morphemes. In the examples above, the
bound morphemes are un-, -ize, and -ation. Bound morphemes come in different
varieties. Those in (1) are prefixes and suffixes; the former are bound morphemes
that come before the base of the word, and the latter bound morphemes that
come after the base. Together, prefixes and suffixes can be grouped together as
affixes. 2 New lexemes that are formed with prefixes and suffixes on a base are
often referred to as derived words, and the process by which they are formed as
derivation. The base is the semantic core of the word to which the prefixes and
suffixes attach. For example, wipe is the base of unwipe, and McDonald is the
base of McDonaldization. Frequently, the base is a free morpheme, as it is in
these two cases.

According to Blau (2010 : 156), Morpheme is the smallest element that carrying
sense. Which means every single word which have a meaning either it is need to
be interested to another word or it can stand by it self, is called morpheme.
2. Free Morphemes

From these examples, we can make a broad distinction between two types
of morphemes. There are free morphemes, that is, morphemes that can stand by
themselves as single words, for example, open and tour. There are also bound
morphemes, which are those forms that cannot normally stand alone and are
typically attached to another form, exemplified as re-, -ist, -ed, -s. These forms
were described in Chapter 5 as affixes. So, we can say that all affixes (prefixes and
suffixes) in English are bound morphemes. The free morphemes can generally be
identified as the set of separate English word forms such as basic nouns,
adjectives, verbs, etc. When they are used with bound morphemes attached, the
basic word forms are technically known as stems. For example:

Undressed carelessness

un- dress -ed care -less -ness

prefix stem suffix stem suffix suffix
(bound) (free) (bound) (free) (bound)
(bound)
 Free morphemes, that is, morphemes that can stand by themselves as single
words, for example, open and tour. The free morphemes can generally be identified
as the set of separate English word forms such as basic nouns, adjectives, verbs,
etc.

Free morphemes are those that can stand alone as words. They may be lexical
morphemes ({serve}, {press}), or grammatical morphemes ({at}, {and}).

A morpheme is free if it is able to appear as a word by itself. It is bound if it can

only appear as part of a larger, multi-morphemic word. Every morpheme is either
free or bound. Free morphemes are also referred as roots.

3. Lexical and functional morphemes

What we have described as free morphemes fall into two categories. The
first category is that set of ordinary nouns, adjectives and verbs that we think of as
the words that carry the “content” of the messages we convey.

a. Lexical Morpheme

These free morphemes are called lexical morphemes and some examples
are: girl, man, house, tiger, sad, long, yellow, sincere, open, look, follow, break.
We can add new lexical morphemes to the language rather easily, so they are
treated as an “open” class of words. Lexical Morpheme is consisted by ordinary
nouns, adjectives and verbs. For example :

● Noun : Tree, Woman, Bottle, Chair and etc

● Adjective : Good, Great, Bad, Worst and etc

● Verb : Leave, Go, Write, Type and etc

b. Functional Morpheme
 Other types of free morphemes are called functional morphemes. Examples
are and, but, when, because, on, near, above, in, the, that, it, them. This set consists
largely of the functional words in the language such as conjunctions, prepositions,
articles and pronouns. Because we almost never add new functional morphemes to
the language, they are described as a “closed” class of words. Functional
Morpheme are consisted of conjunctions, prepositions, article, pronouns,
interjection, quantifiers and demonstrative. For example :
● Conjunctions : Although, As, Before, Because and etc
● Prepositions : Next, On, Under, Toward and etc
● Article : A, An and The
● Pronouns : I, You, We, They, She, He, it and etc
● Interjection : Wow, Auch, Ah and etc
● Quantifiers : Some, Many, few
● Demonstrative : This, That, Those, These

The child -’s wild -ness shock

functional lexical inflectional lexical derivational
lexical -ed the teach -er -s
inflectional functional lexical derivational
inflectional

A useful way to remember all these different types of morphemes is in the

following chart.
 CHAPTER III

CLOSING

A. Conclusion

Free morpheme can function independently as words (e.g. town, dog) and
can appear with other lexemes (e.g. town hall, doghouse).