A

TRAINING REPORT
Submitted as a requirement for the partial fulfillment of Degree
Bachelor of Technology in Information Technology
From
Rajasthan Technical University, Kota
Ethical Hacking
AT
APPIN KNOWLEDGE SOLUTIONS,DELHI

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

Mr.Nitesh Chouhan Abhishek Jha
(Project incharge) (Final Year IT)

M. L. V. Textile and Engineering College

An Autonomous Engg. College of Rajasthan Govt.
Bhilwara(Rajasthan)

1
 Acknowledgment

I would like to take this opportunity to express my heartfelt gratitude to a

number of people for their constant support.

First and foremost, I would like to thank Asst. Professor Mr.Mukesh

Verma (Head of Department - IT Dept.) all the encouragement and
support he offered. I would also like to thank all the faculty members for
their precious suggestions.

I am deeply indebted to Asst. Professor Mr. Anurag Jagetiya (Training

Placement Officer) for all the motivational and technical help that he
selflessly offered to me.

I humbly thank Asst. Professor Mr. Nitesh Chouhan (Lect. IT Dept.).

Last but not the least, I would like to thank my elders and friends who
believed in me and always inspired me to be dedicated to my training.

Thank you
Abhishek Jha

2
 PREFACE
The Internet has really changed our lives. However, with the use
of the Internet in every single home and office, a lot of privacy concerns come
up. This seminar explores the numerous dangers of protecting information and
information systems from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, modification, or
destruction. Keywords that we will discuss include: Foot printing, Scanning,
Trojans, Key loggers, Sniffers, Proxy Servers, and many more topics. With the
correct mix of technical details and business insights, this talk also explores the
various intellectual property protection issues that Outsourcing brings with
itself. Plenty of real life case studies will be used to demonstrate the widespread
threat of the Internet for both individuals and the corporate world.

Abhishek Jha
FINAL YEAR (IT)

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4
S.No. Topic Page No.

1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Security 1
1.2 Need for Security 1
1.3 Hacking 2
1.4 Types of Hacking 2
1.5 Can hacking be done Ethically 3
1.6 Ethical Hacking 3
1.7 What does an ethical hacker do? 4

2 Ethical Hacking 6
2.1 Analogy with Building Robbing 6
2.2 Methodology of Hacking 7
2.3 Foot printing 8
2.3.1 Google 9
2.3.2 Sam Spade 9
2.3.3 Email Tracker and Visual Route 11
2.4 Scanning 14
2.4.1 War Dialing 14
2.4.2 Pingers 14
2.4.3 Port Scanning 15
2.4.4 Super Scan 16
2.5 System Hacking 17
2.5.1 Password Cracking 17
2.5.2 Loft Cracking 18
2.5.3 Privilege Escalation 20
2.5.4 Metasploit 20
2.5.5 Man In the Middle Attack 20
2.6 Maintaining Access 21
2.6.1 Key Stroke Loggers 21
2.6.2 Trojan Horses & Backdoors 21
2.6.3 Wrappers 22
2.6.4 Elite Wrap 23
2.7 Clearing Tracks 24

3 Conclusion 25

4 References 27

5
 COMPANY PROFILE
Appin Knowledge Solutions is a premier knowledge solutions company with
corporate offices in Austin, Texas and New Delhi, India and a presence in major
cities in India like Bangalore, Bombay and Chennai.

They offer custom consulting services, training programmes, seminars,

publications and products, mentorship cell for college students and corporate
recruitment services.

Appin was founded by professors and engineers from premier institutes like IIT
Delhi, IIT Bombay, IIT Kanpur and NSIT along with IT companies based in
USA and India.
A complete description of its founding members is available on the site:
www.appinonline.com

Appin's Ethical Hacking and IT Security Courses:

Appin runs the most advanced certificate, diploma, advanced diploma programs
in Information Security, Ethical Hacking, Computer Forensics, Secured
Programming, Cryptography, Network Security and related areas.

Maeket position:
Appin Knowledge Solutions is the biggest security consultant in north India
and one of the major security solutions provider in India.It is a $10 million
enterprise and progressing day by day.

6
 1.Introduction

Ethical hacking, also known as penetration testing or white-hat hacking,

involves the same tools, tricks, and techniques that hackers use, but with one
major difference that Ethical hacking is legal. Ethical hacking is performed with
the target’s permission. The intent of ethical hacking is to discover
vulnerabilities from a hacker’s viewpoint so systems can be better secured. Its
part of an overall information risk management program that allows for ongoing
security improvements. Ethical hacking can also ensure that vendor’s claims
about the security of their products are acceptable.

1.1 Security

Security is the condition of being protected against danger or loss. In the general
sense, security is a concept similar to safety. In the case of networks the security
is also called the information security. Information security means protecting
information and information systems from unauthorized access, use, disclosure,
modification, or destruction.

1.2 Need for Security

Computer security is required because most organizations can be damaged by

hostile software or intruders. Moreover security is directly related to business.
This is because if a company losses a series of credit card numbers of its
customers then many customers would be hesitant to go back to the same
company and that particular company will lose many customer and hence the
business. There may be several forms of damage which are obviously
interrelated which are produced by the intruders.

These include:

• lose of confidential data

• damage or destruction of data
• damage or destruction of computer system
• loss of reputation of a company

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There may be many more in the list due to security breaches. This means that
security is absolutely necessary.

1.3 Hacking

A hacker is a person who is interested in a particular subject and have an

immense knowledge on that subject. In the world of computers a hacker is a
person intensely interested in the arcane and recondite workings of any
computer operating system. Most often, hackers are programmers with advance
knowledge of operating systems and programming languages.

Eric Raymond, compiler of “The New Hacker's Dictionary”, defines a hacker

as a clever programmer.

A "good hack" is a clever solution to a programming problem and

"hacking" is the act of doing it.

Raymond lists five possible characteristics that qualify one as a hacker, which
we paraphrase here:

• A person who enjoys learning details of a programming language or

system
• A person who enjoys actually doing the programming rather than just
theorizing about it
• A person capable of appreciating someone else's hacking
• A person who picks up programming quickly
• A person who is an expert at a particular programming language or
system

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1.4 Types of Hackers

Hackers can be broadly classified on the basis of why they are hacking system
or why the are indulging hacking. There are mainly three types of hacker are as
follows:

a) Black-Hat Hacker
Black hat hackers are individuals with extraordinary computing skills, resorting
to malicious or destructive activities. That is black hat hackers use their
knowledge and skill for their own personal gains probably by hurting others.
These black hat hackers are also known as crackers

b) White-Hat Hacker
White hat hackers are those individuals professing hacker skills and using them
for defensive purposes. This means that the white hat hackers use their
knowledge and skill for the good of others and for the common good. These
white hat hackers are also called as security analysts.

c) Grey-Hat Hackers
Grey- Hat Hackers are individuals who work both offensively and defensively
at various times. We cannot predict their behavior. Sometimes they use their
skills for the common good while in some other times they uses them for their
personal gains.

1.5 Can Hacking Be Done Ethically?

Due to some reasons hacking is always meant in the bad sense and hacking
means black hat hacking. But the question is can hacking be done ethically? The
answer is yes because to catch a thief, think like a thief. That’s the basis for
ethical hacking. Suppose a person or hacker try to hack in to a system and if he
finds a vulnerability. Also suppose that he reports to the company that there is
vulnerability. Then the company could make patches for that vulnerability and
hence they could protect themselves from some future attacks from some black
hat hacker who tries to use the same vulnerability. So unless some body try to
find vulnerability, it remains hidden and on someday somebody might find
these vulnerability and exploit them for their own personal interests. So this
can be done using ethical hacking.

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1.6 Ethical Hacking

Ethical hacking is also known as penetration testing, intrusion testing or red

teaming. With the growth of the Internet, computer security has become a major
concern for businesses and governments. They want to be able to take
advantage of the Internet for electronic commerce, advertising, information
distribution and access, and other pursuits, but they are worried about the
possibility of being “hacked.” At the same time, the potential customers of these
services are worried about maintaining control of personal information that
varies from credit card numbers to social security numbers and home addresses.
In their search for a way to approach the problem, organizations came to realize
that one of the best ways to evaluate the intruder threat to their interests would
be to have independent computer security professionals attempt to break into
their computer systems. This scheme is called Ethical Hacking.

Successful ethical hackers possess a variety of skills. First and foremost, they
must be completely trustworthy. While testing the security of a client's systems,
the ethical hacker may discover information about the client that should remain
secret. In many cases, this information, if publicized, could lead to real intruders
breaking into the systems, possibly leading to financial losses. During an
evaluation, the ethical hacker often holds the “keys to the company,” and
therefore must be trusted to exercise tight control over any information about a
target that could be misused.

Ethical hackers also should possess very strong programming and computer
networking skills and have been in the computer and networking business for
several years. Another quality needed for ethical hacker is to have more drive
and patience than most people since a typical evaluation may require several
days of tedious work that is difficult to automate. Some portions of the
evaluations must be done outside of normal working hours to avoid interfering
with production at “live” targets or to simulate the timing of a real attack. When
they encounter a system with which they are unfamiliar, ethical hackers will
spend the time to learn about the system and try to find its weaknesses. Finally,
keeping up with the ever-changing world of computer and network security
requires continuous education and review.

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1.7 What does an Ethical Hacker do?

An ethical hacker is a person doing ethical hacking that is he is a security

personal who tries to penetrate in to a network to find if there is some
vulnerability in the system. An ethical hacker will always have the permission
to enter into the target network.

An ethical hacker will first think with a mindset of a hacker who tries to get in
to the system. He will first find out what an intruder can see or what others can
see. Finding these an ethical hacker will try to get into the system with that
information in whatever method he can. If he succeeds in penetrating into the
system then he will report to the company with a detailed report about the
particular vulnerability exploiting which he got in to the system. He may also
sometimes make patches for that particular vulnerability or he may suggest
some methods to prevent the vulnerability.

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 2. ETHICAL HACKING

Ethical hacking is a process in which an authenticated person, who is a

computer and network expert, attacks a security system on behalf of its owners,
seeking vulnerabilities that a malicious hacker could exploit. In order to test the
system an ethical hacker will use the same principles as the usual hacker uses,
but reports those vulnerabilities instead of using them for their own advantage.

2.1 Analogy with Building Robbing

The methodology of a hacker is similar to the one used for usual thefts. Let’s
consider the case of a bank robbery. The first step will be to find information
about the total transaction of the bank, the total amount of money that may be
kept in the bank, who is the manager, if the security personals have a gun with
them etc. This is similar to the foot printing phase of hacking.

The next step will be to find the ways through which we can enter the building,
how many doors are present in the building, if there is a lock at each door etc.
This is similar to the second stage the scanning in which we will check which
all hosts are present, which all services are running etc.

The third step will be to enter the building which is similar to gaining access.
For entering in to a building we need some keys. Like that in case of network
we need some ids and passwords. Once we entered the building our next aim
will be to make an easier way inside when I come next time which is analogous
to the next step maintaining access. In the hacking case we use Trojans, back
door worms etc like placing a hidden door inside the building. Then the final
step in which we will try to hide the fact that I entered the building which is
analogous to the clearing of tracks in the case of hacking.

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2.2 Methodology of Hacking

As described above there are mainly five steps in hacking like foot printing,
scanning, gaining access, maintaining access and clearing tracks. But it is not
the end of the process. The actual hacking will be a circular one. Once the
hacker completed the five steps then the hacker will start foot printing in that
stage and the preceding stages to get in to the next level.

The various stages in the hacking methodology are

• Foot Printing
• Scanning & Enumeration
• Gaining access
• Maintaining access
• Clearing tracks

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2.3 Foot Printing

The literal meaning of the word foot printing means a preliminary survey to
gain information. This is the first stage in the methodology of hacking. This is
the stage in which the hacker collects information about the company which the
personal is going to hack. This is one of the pre-attacking phases. Foot printing
refers to the preparatory phase where an attacker learns about all of the possible
attack vectors that can be used in their plan.

In this pre-attack phase we will gather as much as information as possible which

are publicly available. The information includes the domain names, locations,
contact information’s etc. The basic objective of this phase is to make a
methodological mapping of the targets security schema which results in a
unique organization profile with respect to network and system involved. As we
are dealing with the Internet we can find much information here which we may
not intend to put it publicly. We have many tools for such purposes. These
include tools like Sam spade, email tracker, visual route etc.

The interesting thing to note is that we can even use the simple googling as a
foot printing tool.

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2.3.1 Google

Google is one of the most famous search engines used in the Internet. Using
some kind of specialized keywords for searching we can find much such
information that is put in publicly. For example if we use some keywords like
“for internal use only” followed by the targets domain name we may get many
such useful information. Some times even if the company actually removed
from its site, it sometimes gets preserved in the Google’s caches.

Some times even the job advertisement in Internet can also be used in foot
printing. For example if some company is looking for professional who are
good in oracle database, this can be telling to the world that they are using the
oracle database in their company. This can be helpful for the hacker since he
can look for the vulnerabilities of that particular object.

One of the main advantages of Google is its advanced search option. The
advanced searches have many options like searching for particular domain,
documents published after a particular period of time, files of particular format,
particular languages etc.

2.3.2 Sam spade

Sam spade is a simple tool which provides us information about a particular

host. This tool is very much helpful in finding the addresses, phone numbers etc

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Fig 2.1 Sam spade GUI

The above fig 2.1 represents the GUI of the Sam spade tool. In the text field in
the top left corner of the window we just need to put the address of the
particular host. Then we can find out various formations available. The
information given may be phone numbers, contact names, IP addresses, email
ids, address range etc. We may think that what is the benefit of getting the
phone numbers, email ids, addresses etc. But one of the best ways to get
information about a company is to just pick up the phone and ask the details.
Thus we can much information in just one click.

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2.3.3 Email Tracker and Visual Route

We often used to receive many spam messages in our mail box. We don’t know
where it comes from. Email tracker is software which helps us to find from
which server the mail does actually came from. Every message we receive will
have a header associated with it. The email tracker uses this header information
for finding the location.

Fig 2.2 Email tracker GUI

The above fig 2.2 shows the GUI of the email tracker software. One of the
options in the email tracker is to import the mail header. In this software we just
need to import the mails header to it. Then the software finds from which area
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that mail comes from. That is we will get information like from which region
does the message come from like Asia pacific, Europe etc. To be more specific
we can use another tool visual route to pinpoint the actual location of the server.
The option of connecting to visual route is available in the email tracker. Visual
route is a tool which displays the location a particular server with the help of IP
addresses. When we connect this with the email tracker we can find the server
which actually sends the mail. We can use this for finding the location of
servers of targets also visually in a map.

Fig 2.3 Visual route GUI

The above fig 2.3 depicts the GUI of the visual route tool. The visual route GUI
have a world map drawn to it. The software will locate the position of the server
in that world map. It will also depict the path though which the message came to
our system. This software will actually provide us with information about the
routers through which the message or the path traced by the mail from the
source to the destination.
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We may wonder what is the use of finding the place from which the message
came. Suppose you got the email id of an employee of our target company and
we mailed to him telling that you are his greatest friend. Some times he may
reply you saying that he don’t know you. Then you use the email tracker and the
visual route to find that he is not working from the office. Then you can
understand that there are home users in the company. We should understand the
fact that the home users are not protected like the employees working from
office. This can be helpful for the hacker to get in to the system.

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2.4 Scanning

Scanning is the second phase in the hacking methodology in which the hacker
tries to make a blue print of the target network. It is similar to a thief going
through your neighborhood and checking every door and window on each house
to see which ones are open and which ones are locked. The blue print includes
the IP addresses of the target network which are live, the services which are
running on that system and so on. Usually the services run on predetermined
ports. For example the web server will be making use of the port no 80. This
implies that if the port 80 is open in a particular system we can understand that
the targets web server is running in that host. There are different tools used for
scanning war dialing and pingers were used earlier but now a days both could be
detected easily and hence are not in much use. Modern port scanning uses TCP
protocol to do scanning and they could even detect the operating systems
running on the particular hosts.

2.4.1 War Dialing

The war dialers are a hacking tool which is now illegal and easier to find out.
War dialing is the practice of dialing all the phone numbers in a range in order
to find those that will answer with a modem. Earlier the companies used to use
dial in modems to which their employees can dial in to the network. Just a
phone number is enough in such cases. War dialing software makes use of this
vulnerability. A war dialer is a computer program used to identify the phone
numbers that can successfully make a connection with a computer modem. The
program automatically dials a defined range of phone numbers and logs and
enters in a database those numbers that successfully connect to the modem.
Some programs can also identify the particular operating system running in the
computer and may also conduct automated penetration testing. In such cases,
the war dialer runs through a predetermined list of common user names and
passwords in an attempt to gain access to the system.

2.4.2 Pingers

Pingers are yet another category of scanning tools which makes use of the
Internet Control Message Protocol(ICMP) packets for scanning. The ICMP is
actually used to know if a particular system is alive or not. Pingers using this
principle send ICMP packets to all host in a given range if the acknowledgment
comes back we can make out that the system is live. Pingers are automated
software which sends the ICMP packets to different machines and checking
their responses. But most of the firewalls today blocks ICMP and hence they
also cannot be used.

2.4.3 Port Scanning

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A port scan is a method used by hackers to determine what ports are open or in
use on a system or network. By using various tools a hacker can send data to
TCP or UDP ports one at a time. Based on the response received the port scan
utility can determine if that port is in use. Using this information the hacker can
then focus their attack on the ports that are open and try to exploit any
weaknesses to gain access. Port scanning software, in its most basic state,
simply sends out a request to connect to the target computer on each port
sequentially and makes a note of which ports responded or seem open to more
in-depth probing. Network security applications can be configured to alert
administrators if they detect connection requests across a broad range of ports
from a single host.

2.4.4 Super Scan

Super Scan is a powerful TCP port scanner that includes a variety of additional
networking tools like ping, trace route, HTTP HEAD, WHOIS and more. It uses
multithreaded and asynchronous techniques resulting in extremely fast and
versatile scanning. You can perform ping scans and port scans using any IP
range or specifies a text file to extract addresses from. Other features include
TCP SYN scanning, UDP scanning, HTML reports, built-in port description
database; Windows host enumeration, banner grabbing and more.

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Fig 2.4.2 Super Scan View

The fig 2.4.2 shows the GUI of the super scan. In these either we can search a
particular host or over a range of IP addresses. As an output the software will
report the host addresses which are running. There is another option port list
setup which will display the set of services which are running on different hosts.

2.5 System Hacking

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This is the actual hacking phase in which the hacker gains access to the system.
The hacker will make use of all the information he collected in the pre-attacking
phases. Usually the main hindrance to gaining access to a system is the
passwords. System hacking can be considered as many steps. First the hacker
will try to get in to the system. Once he gets in to the system the next thing he
wants will be to increase his privileges so that he can have more control over the
system. As a normal user the hacker may not be able to see the confidential
details or cannot upload or run the different hack tools for his own personal
interest. Another way to crack in to a system is by the attacks like man in the
middle attack.

2.5.1 Password Cracking

There are many methods for cracking the password and then get in to the
system. The simplest method is to guess the password. But this is a tedious
work. But in order to make this work easier there are many automated tools for
password guessing like legion. Legion actually have an inbuilt dictionary in it
and the software will automatically. That is the software it self generates the
password using the dictionary and will check the responses.

Many types of password cracking strategies are used today by the hackers which
are described below.

a) Dictionary cracking
In this type of cracking there will be a list of various words like the persons
children’s name, birthday etc. The automated software will then make use of
these words to make different combinations of these words and they will
automatically try it to the system.

b) Brute force cracking

This is another type of password cracking which does not have a list of pre
compiled words. In this method the software will automatically choose all the
combinations of different letters, special characters, symbols etc and try them
automatically. This process is of course very tedious and time consuming.

c) Hybrid cracking
This is a combination of both dictionary and hybrid cracking technique. This
means that it will first check the combination of words in it inbuilt dictionary
and if all of them fails it will try brute force.

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Social Engineering
The best and the most common method used to crack the password is social
engineering. In this technique the hacker will come in direct contact with the
user through a phone call or some way and directly ask for the password by
doing some fraud.

2.5.2 Loft crack

This is software from @stake which is basically a password audit tool. This
software uses the various password cracking methodologies. Loft crack helps
the administrators to find if their users are using an easy password or not. This is
very high profile software which uses dictionary cracking then brute force
cracking. Some times it uses the precompiled hashes called rainbow tables for
cracking the passwords.

Fig 2.5.2 Loft crack GUI

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The fig 2.5.2 given above shows the GUI of loft crack. Usually in windows the
passwords are stored in the Sam file in the config directory of system 32. This
file operating system protected that is we cannot access this file if the operating
system is running. But with this loft crack we just need to run a wizard to get the
details of the passwords stored in the Sam file. As seen from the figure the
software used the dictionary of 29156 words in this case. It also got options to
use the brute force and pre-compiled hashes.

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2.5.3 Privilege Escalation

Privilege escalation is the process of raising the privileges once the hacker gets
in to the system. That is the hacker may get in as an ordinary user. And now he
tries to increase his privileges to that of an administrator who can do many
things. There are many types of tools available for this. There are some tools
like get admin attaches the user to some kernel routine so that the services run
by the user look like a system routine rather than user initiated program. The
privilege escalation process usually uses the vulnerabilities present in the host
operating system or the software. There are many tools like hk.exe, metasploit
etc. One such community of hackers is the metasploit.

2.5.4 Metasploit

Metasploit is actually a community which provides an online list of

vulnerabilities. The hacker can directly download the vulnerabilities and directly
use in the target system for privilege escalation and other exploits. Metasploit is
a command line tool and is very dangerous as the whole community of black hat
hackers is contributing their own findings of different vulnerabilities of different
products.

2.5.5 Man in the Middle Attack

In this type of system hacking we are not actually cracking the password instead
we let all the traffic between a host and a client to go through the hacker system
so that he can directly find out the passwords and other details. In the man in the
middle attack what a hacker does is he will tell to the user that he is the server
and then tell the server that I am the client. Now the client will send packets to
the hacker thinking that he is the server and then the hacker instead of replying
forwards a copy of the actual request to the actual server. The server will then
reply to the hacker which will forward a copy of the reply to the actual client.
Now the client will think that he got the reply from the server and the server will
think that it replied to the actual client. But actually the hacker, the man in the
middle, also have a copy of the whole traffic from which he can directly get the
needed data or the password using which he can actually hack in.

26
2.6 Maintaining Access

Now the hacker is inside the system by some means by password guessing or
exploiting some of it’s vulnerabilities. This means that he is now in a position to
upload some files and download some of them. The next aim will be to make an
easier path to get in when he comes the next time. This is analogous to making a
small hidden door in the building so that he can directly enter in to the building
through the door easily. In the network scenario the hacker will do it by
uploading some software’s like Trojan horses, sniffers, key stroke loggers etc.

2.6.1 Key Stroke Loggers

Key stroke loggers are actually tools which record every movement of the keys
in the keyboard. There are software and hardware keystroke loggers the directly
records the movement of keys directly. For maintaining access and privilege
escalation the hacker who is now inside the target network will upload the
keystroke logging software’s in to the system.

The software keystroke loggers will stay as a middle man between the keyboard
driver and the CPU. That is all the keystroke details will directly come to the
software so that the tool keeps a copy of them in a log and forwarding them to
the CPU.

2.6.2 Trojan Horses & Backdoors

A Trojan horse is a destructive program that masquerades as a benign

application. Unlike viruses, Trojan horses do not replicate themselves but they
can be just as destructive. One of the most insidious types of Trojan horse is a
program that claims to rid your computer of viruses but instead introduces
viruses on to your computer. The term comes from a Greek story of the Trojan
War in which the Greeks gives a giant wooden horse to their foes, the Trojans,
ostensibly as a peace offering. But after the Trojans drag the horse inside their
city walls, Greek soldiers sneak out of the horse’s hollow belly and open the
city gates, allowing their compatriots to pour in and capture Troy. Generally a
Trojan is a malware that runs programs that you are either unaware of or don’t
want to have tuning on your system.

The hackers will place these Trojan software's inside the network and will go
out. Then after sometimes when he come back the Trojan software either
authenticate the hacker as a valid user or opens some other ports for the hacker
to get in. There are many functions of Trojans like
• Password sending/capturing
27
 • FTP Trojans
• Keystroke captures Trojans
• Remote access Trojans
• Destructive Trojans
• Denial of Service Trojans
• Proxy Trojans

The Trojans can be introduced through chat clients, email attachments, physical
access to systems, file sharing, and wrappers and through other P2P software’s.

2.6.3 Wrappers

In the maintaining access phase in the hacking we usually upload some software
in to the system so that for some needs. In order to keep the software's and other
data to be hidden from the administrator and other usual user the hackers
usually use wrapper software to wrap their contents to some pictures, greeting
cards etc so that they seem usual data to the administrators. What the wrapper
software’s actually does is they will place the malicious data in to the white
spaces in the harmless data.

There are some tools like blindside which will insert and extract the data into
just jpeg or bmp pictures. Actually what they does is that they will insert the
data into the white spaces that may be present in the files. The most attractive
thing is that most of the time they will not alter the size of the file.

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2.6.4 Elite wrap

This is very notorious wrapper software. Elite wrap is a command line tool
which wraps one or more Trojans in to a normal file. After the processing the
product will look like one program while it will contain much software. The
specialty of this is that we can even make the Trojans, packed in to it, to get
executed when the user open that file.

For example consider the case in which the netcat Trojan is packed to a flash
greeting card. Now when the user opens the card, in the background, the netcat
will start working and will start listening to some ports which will be exploited
by the hackers.

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2.7 Clearing Tracks

Now we come to the final step in the hacking. There is a saying that
“Everybody knows a good hacker but nobody knows a great hacker”.
This means that a good hacker can always clear tracks or any record that they
may be present in the network to prove that he was here. When ever a hacker
downloads some file or installs some software, its log will be stored in the
server logs. So in order to erase those the hacker uses man tools.

One such tool is windows resource kit’s auditpol.exe. This is a command line
tool with which the intruder can easily disable auditing. There are some other
tools like Eslave which directly clears all the event logs which tell the
administrator that some intruder has come in. Another tool which eliminates any
physical evidence is the evidence eliminator. Sometimes apart from the server
logs some other information’s may be stored temporarily. The Evidence
Eliminator deletes all such evidences.

Win zapper

This is another tool which is used for clearing the tracks. This tool will make a
copy of the log and allows the hackers to edit it. Using this tool the hacker just
need to select those logs to be deleted. Then after the server is rebooted the logs
will be deleted.

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 3. CONCLUSION

One of the main aim of the seminar is to make others understand that there are
so many tools through which a hacker can get in to a system. There are many
reasons for everybody should understand about these basics. Let’s check its
various needs from various perspectives.

Student
A student should understand that no software is made with zero vulnerability.
So while they are studying they should study the various possibilities and should
study how to prevent that because they are the professionals of tomorrow.

Professionals
Professionals should understand that business is directly related to security. So
they should make new software with vulnerabilities as less as possible. If they
are not aware of these then they won’t be cautious enough in security matters.

Users
The software is meant for the use of its users. Even if the software vendors
make the software with high security options with out the help of users it can
never be successful. It’s like a highly secured building with all doors open
carelessly by the insiders. So users must also be aware of such possibilities of
hacking so that they could be more cautious in their activities.

In the preceding sections we saw the methodology of hacking, why should we

aware of hacking and some tools which a hacker may use.

Now we can see what we can do against hacking or to protect ourselves

from hacking.

• The first thing we should do is to keep ourselves updated about those

software’s we and using for official and reliable sources.

• Educate the employees and the users against black hat hacking.

• Use every possible security measures like Honey pots, Intrusion

Detection Systems, Firewalls etc.

• Every time make our password strong by making it harder and longer to
be cracked.
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• The final and foremost thing should be to try ETHICAL HACKING at
regular intervals.

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 References

1. http://netsecurity.about.com
2. http://researchweb.watson.ibm.com
3. http://www.eccouncil.org
4. http://www.ethicalhacker.net
5. http://www.infosecinstitute.com
6. http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com

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