AA AA ENGLISH

ENGLISH GRAMMAR
GRAMMAR

Relative clauses 2

1 Presentation
There are two types of relative clause. Study the table below.

Type 1 - Necessary information Type 2 - Extra information

Do you know the woman who is standing over I often use Facebook to keep in touch with my
there? friends, who are always online.
The online dictionary that I use is very useful. Thriller, which was recorded by Michael
The hotel where we stayed was very expensive. Jackson, is my favourite album.
The boy whose arm was broken during the This summer I'm going to spend a few weeks in
school trip is feeling much better now. Rome, where I used to live.
The train which I take every day was cancelled. Patrick, whose phone was stolen yesterday, is
in a much better mood.
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Important points
• Type 1 relative clauses give necessary information. Without this information, we do not know which
person or thing somebody is talking about. For example, ... who is standing over there tells us which
woman the speaker is talking about. Without this clause, it is not clear who the speaker is referring to.

• Type 2 relative clauses give extra information. Without this information, we still know which person or
thing somebody is talking about. For example, ..., who are always online is extra information about `my
friends'. Without this clause, it is still clear who the speaker is talking about.

• Type 2 relative clauses must be separated from the rest of the sentence with a comma (,).

• We cannot use that in Type 2 relative clauses:

This coffee, that which Joanne bought for me yesterday, tastes really good.
• We cannot leave out who/which/where in Type 2 relative clauses:
This coffee, which Joanne bought for me yesterday, tastes really good.
(NOT: This coffee, Joanne bought for me yesterday, tastes really good.)
 Relative clauses 2
A A A A ENGLISH GRAMMAR

2 Practice 1
Make Type 2 relative clauses from the sentences and the extra information below.

He had been lost for a week. He has worked all his life. His books are very popular.
It is held every four years. It is the capital of England. My best friend lives there.
He has just graduated. Their father is from Japan. The US president lives there.

1. Andrew is feeling very proud.

Andrew, who has just graduated, is feeling very proud.
2. The climber was rescued yesterday. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3. Venice is a beautiful city. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4. Robert is finally retiring. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5. The children speak fluent Japanese. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6. The White House is in Washington DC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7. London has a population of over 8 million people. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8. Steven King is a famous American author. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9. The Olympic Games is the biggest sporting event in the world.
. ......................................................................................

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3 Practice 2
Make one sentence from two. Decide if you need to use Type 1 or Type 2 relative clause.

1. The president is giving a speech tomorrow. He lives in the White House.

The president , who lives in the White House, is giving a speech tomorrow .
2. I'm going to visit a country. I was born there.
I'm going to visit the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3. I lent him money. He spent it all.
He spent all . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4. Bob's new boss is very friendly. I've forgotten his name.
Bob's new boss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5. This is a photo of a girl. I met her on holiday.
This is a photo of the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6. Yakutsk is the coldest inhabited place in the world. It is located in Siberia.
Yakutsk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7. You are reading a book. What is the title of it?
What is the title of the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?
 A A ENGLISH GRAMMAR

Relative clauses 2

1 Presentation
There are two types of relative clause. Study the table below.

Type 1 - Necessary information Type 2 - Extra information

Do you know the woman who is standing over I often use Facebook to keep in touch with my
there? friends, who are always online.
The online dictionary that I use is very useful. Thriller, which was recorded by Michael
The hotel where we stayed was very expensive. Jackson, is my favourite album.
The boy whose arm was broken during the This summer I'm going to spend a few weeks in
school trip is feeling much better now. Rome, where I used to live.
The train which I take every day was cancelled. Patrick, whose phone was stolen yesterday, is
in a much better mood.
Uploaded by Sernani Fayçal
Important points
• Type 1 relative clauses give necessary information. Without this information, we do not know which
person or thing somebody is talking about. For example, ... who is standing over there tells us which
woman the speaker is talking about. Without this clause, it is not clear who the speaker is referring to.

• Type 2 relative clauses give extra information. Without this information, we still know which person or
thing somebody is talking about. For example, ..., who are always online is extra information about `my
friends'. Without this clause, it is still clear who the speaker is talking about.

• Type 2 relative clauses must be separated from the rest of the sentence with a comma (,).

• We cannot use that in Type 2 relative clauses:

This coffee, that which Joanne bought for me yesterday, tastes really good.
• We cannot leave out who/which/where in Type 2 relative clauses:
This coffee, which Joanne bought for me yesterday, tastes really good.
(NOT: This coffee, Joanne bought for me yesterday, tastes really good.)
 Relative clauses 2
A A A A ENGLISH GRAMMAR

2 Practice 1
Make Type 2 relative clauses from the sentences and the extra information below.

He had been lost for a week. He has worked all his life. His books are very popular.
It is held every four years. It is the capital of England. My best friend lives there.
He has just graduated. Their father is from Japan. The US president lives there.

1. Andrew is feeling very proud.

Andrew, who has just graduated, is feeling very proud.
2. The climber was rescued yesterday. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3. Venice is a beautiful city. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4. Robert is finally retiring. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5. The children speak fluent Japanese. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6. The White House is in Washington DC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7. London has a population of over 8 million people. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8. Steven King is a famous American author. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9. The Olympic Games is the biggest sporting event in the world.
. ......................................................................................

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3 Practice 2
Make one sentence from two. Decide if you need to use Type 1 or Type 2 relative clause.

1. The president is giving a speech tomorrow. He lives in the White House.

The president , who lives in the White House, is giving a speech tomorrow .
2. I'm going to visit a country. I was born there.
I'm going to visit the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3. I lent him money. He spent it all.
He spent all . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4. Bob's new boss is very friendly. I've forgotten his name.
Bob's new boss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5. This is a photo of a girl. I met her on holiday.
This is a photo of the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6. Yakutsk is the coldest inhabited place in the world. It is located in Siberia.
Yakutsk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7. You are reading a book. What is the title of it?
What is the title of the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?
 Relative clauses 2 - Key
A A A A ENGLISH GRAMMAR

2- Practice 1

2. The climber, who had been lost for a week, was rescued yesterday.
3. Venice, where my best friend lives, is a beautiful city.
4. Robert, who has worked all his life, is finally retiring.
5. The children, whose father is from Japan, speak fluent Japanese.
6. The White House, where the US president lives, is in Washington DC.
7. London, which is the capital of England, has a population of over 8 million people.
8. Steven King, whose books are very popular, is a famous American author.
9. The Olympic Games, which is held every four years, is the biggest sporting event in the world.

3- Practice 2

2. I'm going to visit the country where I was born.

3. He spent all the money (that) I lent him.
4. Bob's new boss, whose name I've forgotten, is very friendly.
5. This is a photo of the girl (who/that) I met on holiday.
6. Yakutsk, which is located in Siberia, is the coldest inhabited place in the world.
7. What is the title of the book (which/that) you are reading?

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