Humidification System Design Guide

=JB > 9> ;> 8 6I> DC H N H I : B
9:H> <C <J> 9 :
[gdbi]Z=jb^Y^[^XVi^dc:meZgih
;dgbdgZ^c[dgbVi^dc 9G>"HI::B=jb^Y^[^XVi^dcHnhiZb9Zh^\c<j^YZ
lll#Yg^hiZZb#Xdb
DRI-STEEM Humidifier Company
hVaZh5Yg^hiZZb#Xdb A subsidiary of Research Products Corporation
U.S. Headquarters:
14949 Technology Drive
Eden Prairie, MN 55344
800-328-4447
952-949-2415
952-229-3200 (fax)
European office:
Bell Place, Bell Lane
Syresham, Brackley
NN13 5HP, UK
+44 1280 850122 (voice)
+44 1280 850124 (fax)
E-mail: 106277.1443@compuserve.com
DRI-STEEM, CRUV, DRI-CALC, GTS, HUMIDI-TECH, LTS,
MINI-BANK, RAPID-SORB, STS, ULTRA-SORB, VAPOR-LOGIC,
VAPORMIST, and VAPORSTREAM are registered trademarks of
DRI-STEEM Humidifier Company.
AREA-TYPE, CLEAN-STEEM, DRANE-KOOLER, and
ENERGY-CALC are trademarks of DRI-STEEM Humidifier
Company.
DRI-STEEM, CRUV, DRI-CALC, GTS, HUMIDI-TECH,
LTS, RAPID-SORB, STS, ULTRA-SORB, VAPOR-LOGIC,
VAPORMIST, and VAPORSTREAM are filed for trademark
registration in Canada and the European community.
© 2003 DRI-STEEM Humidifier Company
IVWaZd[XdciZcih
>cigdYjXi^dc
Introduction to the Design Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
AdVY
Calculating humidification load
Using inch-pound units of measure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Using SI (Système International) units of measure . . . . . . 13
Reference tables for calculating load
Steam loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Heat gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Air duct pressure loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
:cZg\n
Select energy source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
LViZg
Humidifiers and water type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
=jb^Y^[^Zg
Evaporative system components and operation . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Steam injection system components and operation . . . . . . . . 47
Humidifier maintenance considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
8dcigda
Controlling DRI-STEEM humidifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Achieving RH control with DRI-STEEM equipment . . . . . . . 56
6Whdgei^dc
How to design for proper steam absorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
EaVXZbZci
Humidification system components placement . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Eê^c\
Piping an evaporative humidification system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Piping a steam injection system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
HjbbVgn
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
<adhhVgn
Glossary of humidification terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
>cigdYjXi^dcidi]Z9Zh^\c<j^YZ
Ndjg\j^YZid]jb^Y^[^XVi^dchnhiZbYZh^\c AZijh`cdll]Vindji]^c`
Welcome to DRI-STEEM’s Design Guide. In tandem with our LZ¼gZXdchiVcianign^c\id^begdkZi]Z
product catalogs, this guide gives you all the information you ^c[dgbVi^dclZh]VgZlî]ndj#>[ndj
need to design a humidification system using DRI-STEEM® ]VkZXdbbZcihdghj\\Zhi^dch[dg
^begdkZbZcihidi]^h\j^YZ!eaZVhZ
products. The Design Guide covers generic humidification issues
XdciVXijhVi-%%"('-"))),dgZ"bVâ
such as calculating load, determining absorption distance, and
jhVihVaZh5Yg^hiZZb#Xdb#
laying out piping. Use this guide to help you understand general
humidification system design issues.
I]ZiddahndjcZZY
GZk^Zli]ZiVWaZdci]Z[daadl^c\eV\Z!
JhZi]^h\j^YZlî]djgXViVad\h l]^X]YZhXg^WZh9G>"HI::BgZhdjgXZh!id
Our catalogs describe information specific to our products, such hZZ]dli]^h\j^YZ[îh^clî]djgdkZgVaa
as humidifier dimensions, capacities, and controller capabilities. eaVcd[ZYjXVi^c\ndjVWdji]jb^Y^[^XVi^dc
Use the catalogs for selecting equipment and completing a product ^hhjZh#
schedule.
JhZi]^h\j^YZlî]9G>"86A8
DRI-CALC® is DRI-STEEM’s humidification system sizing and
selection software. The software sizes loads, selects equipment,
writes specifications, and creates as-configured installation
instructions and equipment schedules for DRI-STEEM products.
DRI-CALC is the easiest way to design a humidification system.
However, if you are interested in the basic theory behind system
design, or if you want or need to design a system without a
computer, the Design Guide walks you through the humidification
system design process.
Note: DRI-CALC Europe Version 3, with the capabilities described
above, will be released in Europe in 2003.
JhZi]^h\j^YZlî]di]Zg9G>"HI::BgZhdjgXZh
At DRI-STEEM we’re known for educating our readers
about humidification issues. If you’ve learned specifics about
humidification, it’s likely you learned them from us by reading
one of our newsletters, case studies or articles. Or, perhaps you’ve
read our Humidification Handbook, a comprehensive guide to
humidification theory commonly used as a college textbook.
9G>"HI::B9Zh^\c<j^YZEV\Z&
IVWaZ'"&/
I]ZiddahndjcZZY¸9G>"HI::BhZYjXVi^dcVagZhdjgXZh
Idda EjgedhZ 9ZhXgêi^dc AdXVi^dc
8VhZhijY^Zh =jb^Y^ÄXVi^dc 6eea^XVi^dc"heZX^ÄXhidg^ZhVWdji^chiVaaZY K^Zl!eg^ci!YdlcadVYeY[ÄaZ!
ZYjXVi^dc ]jb^Y^ÄXVi^dchnhiZbh#GZXZciide^Xh^cXajYZ/ dgdgYZgVegZeg^ciZYXdenVi
BZgXnBZY^XVa8ZciZg0VWhdgei^dcXVhZhijYn lll#Yg^hiZZb#Xdb
LViZgaddIZhi^c\;VXâîn0ZcZg\nhVk^c\hXVhZ AîZgVijgZ89
hijYn
8ViVad\h EgdYjXi"heZX^ÄX 6kVâVWaZ[dgi]Z[daadl^c\egdYjXih/ K^Zl!eg^ci!YdlcadVYeY[ÄaZ
^c[dgbVi^dccZZYZY 8GJK 9G6C:"@DDA:G dgdgYZgVegZeg^ciZYXdenVi
idbV`ZVejgX]VhZ <IH AIH lll#Yg^hiZZb#Xdb
YZX^h^dcVcYXgZViZV HiZVb>c_ZXi^dc HIH JAIG6"HDG7 AîZgVijgZ89

hX]ZYjaZ K6EDGB>HI K6EDGHIG:6B
=JB>9>"I:8=VkVâVWaZdcan^c:jgdeZ
9Zh^\c<j^YZ :meaV^chi]Z Lî]i]^hYdXjbZciVcYVegdYjXiXViVad\!=K68 DgYZgVilll#Yg^hiZZb#Xdb
]jb^Y^ÄXVi^dchnhiZb Zc\^cZZghXVcYZh^\cV]jb^Y^ÄXVi^dchnhiZb#
YZh^\cegdXZhh
9G>"86A8 6jidbViZhi]Z 9G>"86A8VjidbVi^XVaanhôZhadVYh!hZaZXih DgYZgVilll#Yg^hiZZb#Xdb
hd[ilVgZ ]jb^Y^ÄXVi^dchnhiZb ZfjêbZci!lgîZhheZX^ÄXVi^dch!VcYXgZViZhVh" CdiZ/9G>"86A8:jgdeZKZgh^dc(lâa
YZh^\cegdXZhh XdcÄ\jgZY^chiVaaVi^dc^chigjXi^dchVcYZfjêbZci WZVkVâVWaZ^c'%%(
hX]ZYjaZh[dg9G>"HI::BegdYjXih#
:C:G<N"86A8 8VaXjaViZhZcZg\n :Vhn"id"jhZVcYXdbegZ]Zch^kZ!VcY^cXajYZh JhZ:C:G<N"86A8dca^cZVi
hVk^c\hWnhlîX]^c\ lZVi]ZgYViV[gdbcjbZgdjhXî^Zh#HVk^c\h[gdb lll#Yg^hiZZb#Xdb
[gdbZaZXig^Xid\Vh hlîX]^c\[gdbZaZXig^Xînid\VhlâajhjVaanXdkZg CdiVkVâVWaZlî]:jgdeZVclZVi]Zg
]jb^Y^ÄZgh i]ZXdhiVcY^chiVaaVi^dcd[VcZl<IH]jb^Y^[^Zg# VcYjiâînYViV
:c\^cZZg^c\ =jb^Y^ÄXVi^dc GZXZciide^Xh^cXajYZ/ K^Zl!eg^ci!YdlcadVYeY[ÄaZ!
=jb^Y^ÄXVi^dc ZYjXVi^dc =jb^Y^ÄXVi^dcVcYlViZgineZh dgdgYZgVegZeg^ciZYXdenVi
cZlhaZiiZgh 7dâZgX]Zb^XVahVcY]jb^Y^ÄXVi^dc lll#Yg^hiZZb#Xdb
H^mhiZehd[]jb^Y^ÄXVi^dcYZh^\c AîZgVijgZ89
HiZVbVWhdgei^dc
=jb^Y^ÄXVi^dc >c"YZei] JhZi]^h]VcYWdd`l]ZcndjcZZYbdgZ^c[dgbVi^dc DgYZgVilll#Yg^hiZZb#Xdb
=VcYWdd` ]jb^Y^ÄXVi^dci]Zdgn i]Vcl]Vi^hVkVâVWaZ^ci]Z9Zh^\c<j^YZ#
>chiVaaVi^dc =jb^Y^ÄXVi^dc Eg^ci_dW"heZX^ÄXVh"XdcÄ\jgZY>chiVaaVi^dc<j^YZh K^Zl!eg^ci!dgXden>chiVaaVi^dc<j^YZ
<j^YZh hnhiZb^chiVaaVi^dc jh^c\9G>"86A8!dgeg^ciXdbeaZiZ>chiVaaVi^dc eY[ÄaZh[gdb9G>"86A8
^chigjXi^dch <j^YZh[gdbi]Z9G>"86A8a^WgVgn[dgVcn9G>"HI::B DgYZg9G>"86A8Villl#Yg^hiZZb#Xdb
egdYjXi# CdiZ/9G>"86A8:jgdeZKZgh^dc(lâa
WZVkVâVWaZ^c'%%(
More tools on the next page
EV\Z'9G>"HI::B9Zh^\c<j^YZ
IVWaZ'"&Xdci^cjZY/
I]ZiddahndjcZZY¸9G>"HI::BhZYjXVi^dcVagZhdjgXZh
Idda EjgedhZ 9ZhXgêi^dc AdXVi^dc
>chiVaaVi^dc! EgdYjXi"heZX^ÄX 6kVâVWaZ[dgi]Z[daadl^c\egdYjXih/ K^Zl!eg^ci!dgYdlcadVYeY[
DeZgVi^dcVcY deZgVi^dcVcY 8GJK 9G6C:"@DDA:G<IH ÄaZ!dgdgYZgVegZeg^ciZYXdenVi
BV^ciZcVcXZ bV^ciZcVcXZ AIH HiZVb>c_ZXi^dc HIH lll#Yg^hiZZb#Xdb
bVcjVah>DB ^c[dgbVi^dc JAIG6"HDG7 K6EDGB>HI K6EDGHIG:6B AîZgVijgZ89

K6EDG"AD<>8 (
=JB>9>"I:8=VkVâVWaZdcan^c:jgdeZ
AîZgVijgZ89 6aa9G>"HI::B >cXajYZhXViVad\h0>chiVaaVi^dc!DeZgVi^dcVcY DgYZgi]ZAîZgVijgZ89Vi
egdYjXiaîZgVijgZ^c BV^ciZcVcXZbVcjVah0:c\^cZZg^c\=jb^Y^ÄXVi^dc lll#Yg^hiZZb#Xdb
dcZeaVXZ cZlhaZiiZgh0XVhZhijY^Zh0VcYegdYjXie]didh
VcYdi]ZgYdXjbZcih[dgk^Zl^c\!eg^ci^c\!dg
YdlcadVY^c\idndjgXdbejiZg#6ahd^cXajYZhVc
VWhdgei^dck^YZdXaê#
EhnX]gdbZig^X ;dgXVaXjaVi^c\ AVb^cViZYX]Vgilî]hiZVbVWhdgei^dcX]Vgihdc DgYZgVegZeg^ciZYXdenVi
X]Vgi ]jb^Y^ÄXVi^dcadVY i]ZWVX` lll#Yg^hiZZb#Xdb
CdiVkVâVWaZ^c:jgdeZ
HeZX^ÄXVi^dch^c 9ZhXgêi^dchd[ Eg^ci_dW"heZX^ÄXVh"XdcÄ\jgZYegdYjXi K^Zl!eg^ci!dgXdenÄaZh[gdb
8H>8dchigjXi^dc ]jb^Y^ÄXVi^dc heZX^ÄXVi^dchjh^c\9G>"86A8#Eg^ci!k^Zldg 9G>"86A8dgYZgVi
HeZX^ÄXVi^dch hnhiZbh[dg YdlcadVYheZX^ÄXVi^dch[dgVaa9G>"HI::BegdYjXih lll#Yg^hiZZb#Xdb
>chiîjiZ[dgbVi heZX^ÄXVi^dc [gdbi]Z9G>"86A8a^WgVgn# CdiVkVâVWaZlî]:jgdeZVcYViV
K^YZdh <ZcZgVaegdYjXi 6kVâVWaZiîaZh^cXajYZ/ K^YZdhXVcWZdgYZgZYVi
^c[dgbVi^dc^ck^YZd =jb^Y^ÄXVi^dc:hhZci^Vah lll#Yg^hiZZb#Xdb
[dgbVi 6Whdgei^dc 6cVWhdgei^dck^YZdXaê^hVahddci]Z
AîZgVijgZ89
LZWhîZ 8dbegZ]Zch^kZ >c[dgbVi^dcVkVâVWaZ^cXajYZh/ lll#Yg^hiZZb#Xdb
^c[dgbVi^dcVWdji 9ZiVâZYegdYjXi^c[dgbVi^dc
9G>"HI::BegdYjXih 9dlcadVYVWaZXViVad\hVcYbVcjVah
VcY]jb^Y^ÄXVi^dc =jb^Y^ÄXVi^dcZYjXVi^dc
^hhjZh CZlegdYjXiVccdjcXZbZcih
GZegZhZciVi^kZadXVidg
CZlhVWdjiigVYZh]dlh
9G>"HI::B9Zh^\c<j^YZEV\Z(
8VaXjaVi^c\]jb^Y^[^XVi^dcadVY
jh^c\^cX]"edjcYjcîhd[bZVhjgZ
>bedgiVcicdiZh 9G>"86A8hd[ilVgZlâaXVaXjaViZadVY[dgndj
VWdjiXVaXjaVi^c\adVY
The easiest way to calculate humidification load is to use
L]Zcdjih^YZV^g^h&%dgaZhh!î^h DRI-CALC, DRI-STEEM’s humidification system sizing and
l^hZidXVaXjaViZi]ZadVYil^XZ#I]Z selection software. The software not only sizes loads, but also selects
[^ghiXVaXjaVi^dch]djaYWZbVYZdci]Z
equipment, writes as-configured specifications, creates equipment
WVh^hd[V^gX]Vc\ZhYjZidbZX]Vc^XVa
schedules, and provides as-configured installation instructions for
kZciâVi^dc0i]ZhZXdcYh]djaYWZWVhZY
dci]ZcVijgVakZciâVi^dcbZi]dY# DRI-STEEM products.
JhZi]ZaVg\Zgd[i]ZildgZhjaih[dg
YZiZgb^c^c\i]ZadVY# I]gZZbZi]dYh[dgXVaXjaVi^c\]jb^Y^[^XVi^dcadVY
KVedgcVijgVaanb^\gViZh[gdbVgZVh
lî]]^\]kVedgegZhhjgZidVgZVhlî] DRI-CALC uses the following methods for calculating load. Read
adlkVedgegZhhjgZ!gZ\VgYaZhhd[V^g through the examples in this section to learn how to manually
bdkZbZci#KVedggZiVgYZghgZYjXZkVedg calculate load using these same methods:
b^\gVi^dc!Wjih]djaYdcanWZ^chiVaaZY^c
1. Natural ventilation method
VXXdgYVcXZlî]adXVaXdYZh#
2. Mechanical ventilation method
3. Economizer cycle method
CVijgVakZciâVi^dcbZi]dY
As a general rule, humidification load is based only on the
amount of air entering a building or space. In buildings without
mechanical ventilation systems, humidification load is usually
calculated using the air change method. Buildings can be classified
by number of air changes per hour, with typical air changes being
1, 1½, or 2 air changes per hour. For more information about
calculating air infiltration see the chapter on natural ventilation and
infiltration in the ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook (available at
www.ashrae.org). For noncritical applications, we typically use 1½
air changes per hour for calculating load.
EV\Z)9G>"HI::B9Zh^\c<j^YZ
HVbeaZEgdWaZb&
Calculate the humidification load for a printing plant where:
• The desired conditions in the space are 70 °F and 50% RH.
• The outside entering conditions are 10 °F and 45% RH.
• The dimensions of the building are 120' × 80' × 12'
(length × width × height).
• Air changes per hour = 1
Hdaji^dcidHVbeaZEgdWaZb&jh^c\
i]ZcVijgVakZciâVi^dcbZi]dY
1. Find the moisture content of your desired conditions by
referring to Table 6-1 on Page 6: Read across the 70 °F line to the
50% RH column to find 3.44 lbs/hr/100 cfm.
2. Find the moisture content of the entering air by reading across
the 10 °F line to the 45% RH column to find 0.30 lbs/hr/100 cfm.
3. Determine the moisture in lbs/hr to be added per 100 cfm by
subtracting the moisture content of the entering conditions from
the moisture content of the desired conditions:
3.44 lbs/hr/100 cfm – 0.30 lbs/hr/100 cfm
= 3.14 lbs/hr/100 cfm
4. Determine the air quantity to be humidified by finding the total
cubic feet of the space, multiplying that by the air changes per
hour, and dividing by 60 minutes/hr to find air quantity to be
humidified in cfm:
120' × 80' × 12' × 1 air change per hour
_________________________________
60 minutes/hr
= 1,920 cfm
5. Determine the humidification load by multiplying the quantity
of air to be humidified by moisture to be added:
1,920 cfm × 3.14 lbs/hr
___________________
100 cfm
= 60.29 lbs/hr
9G>"HI::B9Zh^\c<j^YZEV\Z*
IVWaZ+"&/
EdjcYhd[bd^hijgZeZg]djgeZg&%%X[bVihZVaZkZa
6^g
EZgXZciV\Zd[hVijgVi^dc
iZbe#
; * &% &* '% '* (% (* )% )* *% ** +% +* ,% -% .% &%%
"'% %#%% %#%&) %#%'' %#%( %#%(* %#%)( %#%* %#%*, %#%+) %#%,& %#%,- %#%-* %#%.( %#%.. %#&&) %#&( %#&)
"&% %#%&' %#%'* %#%(, %#%* %#%+ %#%,) %#%-* %#%., %#&& %#&'& %#&() %#&), %#&*. %#&,& %#'% %#'' %#')
% %#%' %#%) %#%+ %#%-& %#&%' %#&'& %#&)' %#&+' %#&-) %#'%) %#''( %#')* %#'+* %#'-* %#(( %#(+ %#)%
&% %#%(( %#%++ %#&% %#&(( %#&++ %#'% %#'(' %#'++ %#(% %#((' %#(+) %#)% %#)() %#)+* %#*) %#*. %#++
'% %#%*( %#&%, %#&+ %#'&* %#'+' %#(' %#(,) %#)(% %#).) %#*(* %#*-( %#+(* %#+.* %#,*- %#-+ %#.+ &#%*
(% %#%-* %#&, %#'* %#(( %#)' %#*% %#*-* %#+, %#,* %#-) %#.' &#%% &#%. &#&, &#() &#). &#+*
)% %#&' %#') %#(, %#)- %#+% %#,) %#-) %#.+ &#%- &#'% &#(& &#)* &#*( &#+- &#.- '#'% '#)(
*% %#&, %#(* %#*' %#,% %#-- &#%* &#') &#)% &#*- &#,+ &#.( '#&' '#(% '#)+ '#-( (#&+ (#).
** %#'& %#)' %#+( %#-) &#%* &#'+ &#), &#+- &#.% '#&% '#(% '#*( '#,) '#.) (#(, (#,+ )#&+
+% %#'' %#)) %#,* %#-. &#'* &#). &#,) &#.- '#') '#*% '#,' '#.. (#') (#)- )#%% )#)+ )#.(
+* %#'. %#*- %#-+ &#&+ &#(+ &#,* '#%) '#(' '#+( '#.' (#'% (#*% (#-% )#%+ )#,( *#', *#-'
+- %#(' %#+* %#.- &#(% &#+( &#.+ '#'- '#+% '#-) (#'+ (#*+ (#.& )#') )#** *#'( *#-) +#%*
+. %#(( %#+, &#%% &#(( &#+- '#%% '#(* '#++ (#%& (#(* (#++ )#%( )#(+ )#+- *#)% +#%) +#(-
,% %#() %#+- &#%' &#(, &#,' '#%* '#)% '#,) (#&% (#)) (#,* )#&' )#)+ )#-% *#*+ +#'% +#)*
,& %#(+ %#,' &#%, &#)( &#,- '#&* '#*% '#-* (#'& (#** (#.% )#'. )#+* *#%% *#,) +#)% ,#%,
,' %#(, %#,) &#&% &#), &#-) '#'% '#*- '#.) (#(' (#+- )#%( )#)) )#-% *#&* *#.& +#+% ,#'.
,( %#(- %#,+ &#&) &#*& &#.% '#'- '#++ (#%( (#)( (#-% )#&+ )#*, )#.* *#(& +#&' +#-( ,#*)
,) %#(. %#,- &#&. &#*+ &#., '#(, '#,* (#&( (#*) (#.( )#(& )#,) *#&) *#*& +#(' ,#%* ,#,-
,* %#)% %#-& &#'& &#+' '#%( '#)' '#-) (#'( (#+* )#%+ )#)* )#-+ *#'- *#+* +#** ,#', -#%(
,, %#)' %#-* &#'. &#,( '#&+ '#*- (#%' (#)' (#-' )#(( )#,( *#&( *#+( +#%) +#.) ,#,* -#**
-% %#), %#.) &#)' &#.% '#(, '#-) (#(% (#,* )#'% )#,* *#&. *#+( +#&- +#+' ,#+' -#*% .#(-
-* %#*) &#%. &#++ '#&. '#,- (#(' (#-- )#(. )#.& *#*+ +#%, +#*. ,#'( ,#,* -#.' .#.* &%#.-
.% %#+' &#'* &#-, '#), (#&' (#,) )#(, )#.* *#*( +#'* +#-) ,#)( -#&* -#,( &%#%( &&#'% &'#(,
EV\Z+9G>"HI::B9Zh^\c<j^YZ
BZX]Vc^XVakZciâVi^dcbZi]dY
The following example shows how to calculate load using the
mechanical ventilation method. This method works best when the
percentage of outside air volume is at least 10%.
HVbeaZEgdWaZb'
• The desired conditions in the space are 70 °F and 50% RH.
• The outside entering conditions are 10 °F and 45% RH.
• A mechanical ventilation system circulates air at 9,000 cfm, of
which 25% is outside air.
Hdaji^dcidHVbeaZEgdWaZb'jh^c\
i]ZbZX]Vc^XVakZciâVi^dcbZi]dY
referring to Table 6-1 on Page 6. Read across the 70 °F line to the
50% RH column to find 3.44 lbs/hr/100 cfm.
the 10 °F line to the 45% RH column to find 0.30 lbs/hr/100 cfm.
3. Determine the moisture in lbs/hr to be added per 100 cfm by
3.44 lbs/hr/100 cfm – 0.30 lbs/hr/100 cfm
= 3.14 lbs/hr/100 cfm
4. Determine the air quantity to be humidified by multiplying total
air circulation by the percentage of outside air:
9,000 cfm × 25% = 2,250 cfm
2,250 cfm × 3.14 lbs/hr
___________________
100 cfm
= 70.65 lbs/hr
9G>"HI::B9Zh^\c<j^YZEV\Z,
;^\jgZ-"&/ :XdcdbôZgXnXaZbZi]dY
Ine^XVaZXdcdbôZgXdcigdahnhiZb Many year-round air conditioning systems use economizer
cycle control. Economizer cycles use cool outside air instead of
Djih^YZV^g
mechanical cooling to maintain building temperature when the
outside temperature is moderate (typically spring and fall).
9VbeZg
Figure 8-1 shows a typical application where a mixed-air controller
positions a modulating damper motor, which adjusts the outside
air intake and return dampers. Note that the dampers are opposing
B^mZYV^gXdcigdaaZg — as one moves toward open, the other moves toward closed, and
hZiVi**à;
9VbeZg vice versa — to maintain a mixed air temperature of 55 °F as the
Vgbh
outside air temperature rises and falls.
9VbeZgbdidg B^mZYV^g
**à; When the outside air temperature rises to 55 °F (100% outside air),
the outside air damper returns to a minimum setting (usually about
10%) and mechanical cooling takes over. Table 9-1 shows how
outside air percentages change with varying outside and mixed air
temperatures.
GZijgcV^g
As the outside temperature rises, the ratio of outside air to return
air increases. This works toward increasing the humidification load.
For example, to cool return air to 55 ˚F, you can admit 50%
outdoor air at 40 ˚F, but only 17% outdoor air at -20 ˚F (see Table
9-1). The warmer the outdoor air temperature, the more air volume
that can be admitted. More air volume means more air that needs
to be humidified, thereby increasing the humidification load
required to maintain RH set point.
To better understand how varying temperatures and air volumes
affect humidification load calculations, review the following
formulas, sample problems, and tables.
The formula for determining the quantity of outside air in an
economizer cycle is:
V2 = VAH / [(A/B) + 1]
Where:
VAH = V1 + V2
V1 = Volume (cfm) of return air
V2 = Volume (cfm) of outside air
A = Temperature difference between mixed air
and outside air
B = Temperature difference between return
air and mixed air
EV\Z-9G>"HI::B9Zh^\c<j^YZ
HVbeaZEgdWaZb( IVWaZ."&/
Determine the outside air quantity in an economizer cycle system Djih^YZV^geZgXZciV\Zhlî]
where: ,%;gZijgcV^gVcYkVg^djhb^mZY
V^giZbeZgVijgZh
• The outside air is 20 °F.
• The return (room) air is 70 °F. Djih^YZV^geZgXZciV\Z
Djih^YZ
• The mixed air is 55 °F. iZbe; d[*%; d[**; d[+%;
• The total air is 12,000 cfm. b^mZYV^g b^mZYV^g b^mZYV^g
"'% '' &, &&

Hdaji^dcidHVbeaZEgdWaZb(jh^c\
i]ZZXdcdbôZgXnXaZbZi]dY "&% '* &. &(
1. A = 55 °F – 20 °F = 35 °F
% '. '& &*
2. B = 70 °F – 55 °F = 15 °F
3. VAH = 12,000 cfm &% (( '* &,
4. V2 = VAH / [(A/B) + 1] '% )% (% '%

= 12,000 cfm / [(35 °F/15 °F) + 1]
= 3,600 cfm = outside air (% *% (- '*
To document outside air quantity at various points (typically 10 °F
)% +, *% ()
intervals) over a temperature range of outside air, create a table
using the above formula. Table 9-1 shows percentages of outside air *% &%% ,* *%
at a consistent 70 °F room temperature and three different mixed
air temperatures. ** ¸ &%% +,
+% ¸ ¸ &%%
8VaXjaVi^c\bVm^bjb]jb^Y^[^XVi^dc
adVY^cVcZXdcdbôZghnhiZb
Determining maximum humidification load involves the use of
one of the three mixed air temperatures in Table 9-1 (or a similar
table developed from different mixed and return air temperature
conditions).
Also needed is the difference (lbs/hr/100 cfm) between the desired
moisture content of the air in the space and that contained in the
outside air. This difference is made up by the humidifier.
When calculating maximum humidification load in an economizer
system for noncritical applications, calculate load using the daily
minimum % RH for year by location. However, when calculating
maximum humidification load in an economizer system for critical
applications, to ensure that humidity set point can always be
met, calculate maximum humidification load using the extreme
minimum daily RH for year by location. Table 11-1 shows these
values for select cities.
9G>"HI::B9Zh^\c<j^YZEV\Z.
CdiZhVWdjiZXdcdbôZgXnXaZbZi]dY HVbeaZEgdWaZb)
:XdcdbôZg¹[gZZXdda^c\!ºegdk^YZY Determine the maximum humidification load for an economizer
Wnjh^c\djih^YZV^g!^hcdiValVnhXdhi system located in Minneapolis where:
Z[[ZXi^kZ#I]ZdeZgVi^c\XdhiVYkVciV\Zd[
VbW^ZciXdda^c\bVnWZadhil]ZcXZgiV^c • The desired conditions in the space are 70 °F and 35% RH.
deZgVi^c\XdcYî^dchegZkVâ!hjX]Vh/ • The mixed air is 55 °F.
• The total air is 12,000 cfm.
I]Z^cYddggZaVi^kZ]jb^YîngZfj^gZbZcih
VgZ^cV[V^gan]^\]gVc\Z)%G=dg
\gZViZg# Hdaji^dcidHVbeaZEgdWaZb)jh^c\
:aZXig^Xîn^hjhZYid]ZVilViZg^cid i]ZZXdcdbôZgXnXaZbZi]dY
hiZVb[dg]jb^Y^[^XVi^dc#
6XgdhhdkZged^cidXXjghl]ZgZi]Z
referring to Table 6-1 on Page 6. Read across the 70 °F line to the
ZXdcdbôZgXnXaZ¼h^cXgZVhZY]jb^Y^[^XVi^dc
35% column, and find 2.40 lbs/hr/100 cfm.
ZcZg\nXdhihYjZid^cXgZVhZYV^gkdajbZ
gZfj^g^c\]jb^Y^[^XVi^dcVgZbdgZi]Vci]Z 2. Determine the moisture to be added at each 10 °F increment by
hVk^c\hYZg^kZYWndjih^YZV^gXdda^c\# using:
• Table 11-1 to find entering RH
• Table 6-1 to find moisture content of entering conditions
• Table 9-1 to find the percentage of outside air
Create a new table with your results by using the following
formula (where H = lbs/hr/cfm):
[H (space) – H (outside air)] × % outside air
× [cfm (total air)/100 cfm] = lbs/hr (load)
Table 12-1 shows data created from the above formula for this
sample problem.
3. Find the maximum humidification load from your created table.
The maximum load for this system is 70.68 lbs/hr and occurs
when the outdoor temperature is 40 °F as shown in Table 12-1.
EV\Z&%9G>"HI::B9Zh^\c<j^YZ
IVWaZ&&"&/
6kZgV\ZYVânb^c^bjbG=[dgnZVgVcYZmigZbZYVânb^c^bjbG=[dgnZVg!WnadXVi^dcJ#H#VcY8VcVYV
6kZgV\ZYVân :migZbZYVân 6kZgV\ZYVân :migZbZYVân
AdXVi^dc b^c^bjbG= b^c^bjbG= AdXVi^dc b^c^bjbG= b^c^bjbG=
[dgnZVg [dgnZVg [dgnZVg [dgnZVg
6`gdc!D]^d *) '% <gZZc7Vn!L^hXdch^c *, '&
6aWVcn!CZlNdg` *& &* >cY^VcVeda^h!>cY^VcV *& '%
6aWjfjZgfjZ!CZlBZm^Xd '' ) ?VX`hdckâaZ!;adg^YV *) &+
6bVgâad!IZmVh (% * @VchVh8în!B^hhdjg^ )+ &)
6cX]dgV\Z!6aVh`V *. &* AV`Z8]VgaZh!Adj^h^VcV ** &+
6eVaVX]^XdaV!;adg^YV *( &+ AVhKZ\Vh!CZkVYV &+ &
6iaVciV!<Zdg\^V ). &' AîiaZGdX`!6g`VchVh *% &+
6iaVci^X8în!CZl?ZghZn *( '% Adh6c\ZaZh!8Va^[dgc^V *' +
7Vai^bdgZ!BVgnaVcY )- &- BVY^hdc!L^hXdch^c *( '%
7^gb^c\]Vb!6aVWVbV )+ &( BZY[dgY!DgZ\dc )( &&
7^hbVgX`!Cdgi]9V`diV )+ && B^Vb^!;adg^YV *+ &(
7d^hZ!>YV]d (* + BâlVj`ZZ!L^hXdch^c *- '&
7dhidc!BVhhVX]jhZiih ), * B^ccZVeda^h!B^ccZhdiV *& '%
7gdlchkâaZ!IZmVh *) &( BdcigZVa!FjZWZX *) '&
8VeZ=ViiZgVh!Cdgi]8Vgda^cV +' &, CVh]kâaZ!IZccZhhZZ *% '%
8Vg^Wdj!BV^cZ *' && CZlNdg`!CZlNdg` )* &&
8]VgaZhidc!Hdji]8Vgda^cV *& &) Cdg[da`!K^g\^c^V *' '&
8]ZnZccZ!Lndb^c\ (' * Cdgi]DbV]V!CZWgVh`V ), ,
8]^XV\d!>aa^cd^h )- &( DàV]dbV8în!DàV]dbV )* &&
8aZkZaVcY!D]^d *' &. Danbe^V!LVh]^c\idc +% &.
8dadgVYdHeg^c\h!8dadgVYd (& ' E]âVYZae]^V!EZcchnakVc^V ). &'
8dajbW^V!B^hhdjg^ ), . E]dZc^m!6gôdcV '% *
8dajbWjh!D]^d *& &. EîihWjg\]!EZcchnakVc^V )- &'
9Vnidc!D]^d ), &( EdgiaVcY!BV^cZ *& &)
9ZckZg!8dadgVYd ', & EdgiaVcY!DgZ\dc *' &)
9ZhBd^cZh!>dlV *% &, GVaZ^\]$9jg]Vb!Cdgi]8Vgda^cV )+ &'
9Zigdî!B^X]^\Vc *& '% HVaiAV`Z8în!JiV] (' *
9dY\Z8în!@VchVh )% , HVc6cidc^d!IZmVh )( &)
9jaji]!B^ccZhdiV ** '& HVciVBVg^V!8Va^[dgc^V ). ,
:Ybdcidc!6aWZgiV *( &% HZViiaZ!LVh]^c\idc *- &-
:aEVhd!IZmVh '' ( Hi#Adj^h!B^hhdjg^ *% &-
:an!CZkVYV '. ' HiZga^c\!LVh]^c\idc )- &&
;V^gWVc`h!6aVh`V *& &% IVaaV]VhhZZ!;adg^YV )- &'
;dgiLdgi]!IZmVh )* &' IVbeV!;adg^YV *& &*
;gZhcd!8Va^[dgc^V (, , Idgdcid!DciVg^d *, &+
<gVcYGVe^Yh!B^ccZhdiV *) '& KVcXdjkZg!7gî^h]8dajbW^V +* &,
<gZVi;Vaah!BdciVcV (, + L^ccêZ\!BVcîdWV *) &)
CdiZ/
L]Zcegdk^Y^c\]jb^Yîn[dgXgî^XVaVeea^XVi^dch!jhZi]ZkVajZh^ci]Z¹:migZbZYVânb^c^bjbG=[dgnZVgºXdajbcidZchjgZi]Vi]jb^YînhZied^cilâa
ValVnhWZbZi#
9G>"HI::B9Zh^\c<j^YZEV\Z&&

IVWaZ&'"&/
8VaXjaVi^dciVWaZ[gdbZXdcdbôZgXnXaZbZi]dYHVbeaZEgdWaZb(^cX]"edjcYjcîh
Djih^YZ = = d[
iZbe# heVXZ · djih^YZV^g 2 HjWidiVa m djih^YZV^g m IdiVaV^g ½ &%% 2 AdVY
; aWh$]g$&%%X[b aWh$]g$&%%X[b aWh$]g$&%%X[b X[b X[b aWh$]g
"'% '#) · %#%,' 2 '#('- m &, m &'!%%% ½ &%% 2 ),#).
"&% '#) · %#&') 2 '#',+ m &. m &'!%%% ½ &%% 2 *&#-.
% '#) · %#'%- 2 '#&.' m '& m &'!%%% ½ &%% 2 **#')
&% '#) · %#((- 2 '#%+' m '* m &'!%%% ½ &%% 2 +&#-+
'% '#) · %#*)* 2 &#-** m (% m &'!%%% ½ &%% 2 ++#,-
(% '#) · %#-*+ 2 &#*)) m (- m &'!%%% ½ &%% 2 ,%#)&
)% '#) · &#''' 2 &#&,- m *% m &'!%%% ½ &%% 2 ,%#+-
*% '#) · &#,.) 2 %#+%+ m ,* m &'!%%% ½ &%% 2 *)#*)
** '#) · '#&)% 2 %#'+% m &%% m &'!%%% ½ &%% 2 (&#'%
EV\Z&'9G>"HI::B9Zh^\c<j^YZ
8VaXjaVi^c\]jb^Y^[^XVi^dcadVY
jh^c\H>HnhibZ>ciZgcVi^dcVa
jcîhd[bZVhjgZ
9G>"86A8hd[ilVgZlâaXVaXjaViZadVY[dgndj >bedgiVcicdiZh
VWdjiXVaXjaVi^c\adVY
The easiest way to calculate humidification load is to use
DRI-CALC, DRI-STEEM’s humidification system sizing and L]Zcdjih^YZV^g^h&%dgaZhh!î^h
selection software. The software not only sizes loads, but also selects l^hZidXVaXjaViZi]ZadVYil^XZ#I]Z
[^ghiXVaXjaVi^dch]djaYWZbVYZdci]Z
equipment, writes specifications, creates equipment schedules, and
WVh^hd[V^gX]Vc\ZhYjZidbZX]Vc^XVa
provides as-configured installation instructions for DRI-STEEM
kZciâVi^dc0i]ZhZXdcYh]djaYWZWVhZY
products. dci]ZcVijgVakZciâVi^dcbZi]dY#
Note: DRI-CALC Europe Version 3, with the capabilities described JhZi]ZaVg\Zgd[i]ZildgZhjaih[dg
above, will be released in Europe in 2003. YZiZgb^c^c\i]ZadVY#
KVedgcVijgVaanb^\gViZh[gdbVgZVh
lî]]^\]kVedgegZhhjgZidVgZVhlî]
BZi]dYh[dgXVaXjaVi^c\]jb^Y^[^XVi^dcadVY adlkVedgegZhhjgZ!gZ\VgYaZhhd[V^g
bdkZbZci#KVedggZiVgYZghgZYjXZkVedg
DRI-CALC uses the following methods for calculating load. Read
b^\gVi^dc!Wjih]djaYdcanWZ^chiVaaZY^c
through the examples in this section to learn how to manually
VXXdgYVcXZlî]adXVaXdYZh#
calculate load using these same methods:
• Natural ventilation method
• Mechanical ventilation method
DRI-CALC also calculates load using the economizer cycle method,
which is not described in this section
CVijgVakZciâVi^dcbZi]dY
As a general rule, humidification load is based only on the amount
of air entering a building or space. In buildings without mechanical
ventilation systems, humidification load is usually calculated using
the air change method. Buildings can be classified by number of
air changes per hour, with typical air changes being 1, 1½, or 2
air changes per hour. See the chapter on natural ventilation and
infiltration in the ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook (available
at www.ashrae.org) for more information about calculating air
infiltration. For noncritical applications, we typically use 1½ air
changes per hour for calculating load.
9G>"HI::B9Zh^\c<j^YZEV\Z&(
HVbeaZEgdWaZb&
• The desired conditions in the space are 21 °C and 50% RH.
• The outside entering conditions are -10 °C and 45% RH.
• The dimensions of the building are:
40 m × 25 m × 4 m (length × width × height).
• Air changes per hour = 1
Hdaji^dcidHVbeaZEgdWaZb&
jh^c\i]ZcVijgVakZciâVi^dcbZi]dY
referring to Table 15-1 on Page 15: Read across the 21 °C line to
the 50% RH column to find 9.31 g/m3/h.
the -10 °C line to the 45% RH column to find 0.97 g/m3/h.
3. Determine the moisture in g/h to be added per m3/h by
9.31 g/m3/h – 0.97 g/m3/h
= 8.34 g/m3/h
4. Determine the air quantity to be humidified by finding the total
cubic meters of the space and multiplying that by the air changes
per hour to find air quantity to be humidified in m3/h:
40 m × 25 m x 4 m × 1 air change per hour
= 4,000 m3/h
4,000 m3/h × 8.34 g/m3/h
= 33,360 g/h = 33.36 kg/h
EV\Z&)9G>"HI::B9Zh^\c<j^YZ
IVWaZ&*"&/
<gVbhd[bd^hijgZeZgb($]VihZVaZkZa
6^g
EZgXZciV\Zd[hVijgVi^dc
iZbe#
à8 * &% &* '% '* (% (* )% )* *% ** +% +* ,% -% .% &%%
"(% %#%' %#%( %#%* %#%, %#%. %#&% %#&' %#&) %#&* %#&, %#&. %#'% %#'' %#') %#', %#(& %#()
"'* %#%( %#%+ %#%- %#&& %#&) %#&, %#&. %#'' %#'* %#'- %#(& %#(( %#(+ %#(. %#)) %#*% %#*+
"'% %#%) %#%. %#&( %#&- %#'' %#', %#(& %#(+ %#)% %#)) %#). %#*( %#** %#+' %#,& %#-% %#-.
"&* %#%, %#&) %#'& %#'- %#(* %#)' %#). %#*+ %#+( %#,% %#,, %#-) %#.& %#.- &#&' &#'* &#(.
"&% %#&& %#'' %#(' %#)( %#*) %#+) %#,* %#-+ %#., &#%- &#&- &#'. &#)% &#** &#,' &#.) '#&*
"* %#&+ %#(( %#). %#+* %#-' %#.- &#&) &#(& &#), &#+( &#-% &#.+ '#&' '#'- '#+& '#.( (#'+
% %#') %#). %#,( %#.- &#'' &#), &#,& &#.* '#'% '#)) '#+- '#.( (#&, (#)& (#.% )#(- )#-+
* %#() %#+. &#%( &#(, &#,' '#%+ '#)% '#,) (#%. (#)' (#,, )#&& )#)* )#,. *#)+ +#&* +#-'
&% %#)- %#.* &#)( &#.& '#(- '#-+ (#(( (#-% )#', )#,* *#'& *#+. +#&+ +#+' ,#*, -#*% .#)(
&( %#*- &#&* &#,( '#(& '#-- (#)* )#%' )#*. *#&, *#,( +#(% +#-, ,#)) -#%& .#&( &%#(% &&#)%
&) %#+& &#'( &#-) '#)* (#%+ (#+, )#'- )#-. *#). +#&% +#,& ,#(' ,#.' -#*' .#,' &%#.% &'#&%
&+ %#,% &#(. '#%- '#,- (#), )#&+ )#-) *#*( +#'' +#.% ,#*- -#', -#.* .#+( &&#%% &'#(% &(#,%
&- %#,. &#*, '#(* (#&) (#.' )#+. *#), +#') ,#%' ,#,. -#*, .#(( &%#&% &%#.% &'#)% &(#.% &*#)%
&. %#-) &#+, '#*% (#(( )#&+ )#.. *#-& +#+( ,#)* -#', .#%. .#.% &%#,% &&#*% &(#&% &)#-% &+#)%
'% %#-- &#,, '#++ (#*( )#)& *#'. +#&+ ,#%) ,#.' -#,- .#+* &%#*% &&#)% &'#'% &)#%% &*#,% &,#)%
'& %#.) &#-- '#-' (#,* )#+- *#+& +#** ,#), -#)% .#(& &%#'% &&#&% &'#&% &(#%% &)#-% &+#+% &-#)%
'' &#%% '#%% '#.. (#.- )#., *#.+ +#.) ,#.' -#.% .#-, &%#-% &&#-% &'#-% &(#-% &*#,% &,#+% &.#*%
'( &#%+ '#&' (#&, )#'' *#', +#(' ,#(+ -#)% .#)( &%#*% &&#*% &'#*% &(#*% &)#+% &+#+% &-#+% '%#,%
') &#&' '#') (#(+ )#)- *#+% +#,% ,#-% -#.% &%#%% &&#&% &'#'% &(#(% &)#(% &*#)% &,#+% &.#,% '&#-%
'* &#&. '#(- (#*+ )#,* *#.' ,#%. -#', .#)' &%#+% &&#-% &'#.% &)#&% &*#'% &+#(% &-#+% '%#.% '(#&%
', &#() '#+, )#%% *#(' +#+) -#%% .#', &%#+% &&#.% &(#'% &)#)% &*#,% &,#%% &-#(% '%#-% '(#(% '*#-%
(% &#*. (#&, )#,) +#(% ,#-, .#)' &&#%% &'#*% &)#%% &*#+% &,#&% &-#+% '%#&% '&#+% ')#+% ',#*% (%#*%
(* '#&% )#&. +#'+ -#(( &%#)% &'#)% &)#)% &+#)% &-#*% '%#)% ''#)% ')#)% '+#(% '-#(% ('#'% (+#%% (.#,%
9G>"HI::B9Zh^\c<j^YZEV\Z&*
BZX]Vc^XVakZciâVi^dcbZi]dY
The following example shows how to calculate load using the
mechanical ventilation method. This method works best when the
percentage of outside air volume is at least 10%.
HVbeaZEgdWaZb'
• The desired conditions in the space are 21 °C and 50% RH.
• The outside entering conditions are -10 °C and 45% RH.
• A mechanical ventilation system circulates air at 15,000 m3/h, of
which 25% is outside air.
Hdaji^dcidHVbeaZEgdWaZb'jh^c\
i]ZbZX]Vc^XVakZciâVi^dcbZi]dY
referring to Table 15-1 on Page 15. Read across the 21 °C line to
the 50% RH column to find 9.31 g/m3/h.
the -10 °C line to the 45% RH column to find 0.97 g/m3/h.
3. Determine the moisture in g/h to be added per m3/h by
9.31 g/m3/h – 0.97 g/m3/h
= 8.34 g/m3/h
4. Determine the air quantity to be humidified by multiplying total
air circulation by the percentage of outside air:
15,000 m3/h × 25% = 3,750 m3/h
3,750 m3/h × 8.34 g/m3/h = 31,275 g/h
= 31.275 kg/h
EV\Z&+9G>"HI::B9Zh^\c<j^YZ
GZ[ZgZcXZiVWaZh[dgXVaXjaVi^c\adVY/
HiZVbadhh
HiZVbadhh^caWh$]g$[i'
IVWaZ&,"&/
HiZVbadhh^caWh$]g$[i'd[YjXiVgZVdgJAIG6"HDG7[VXZVgZVVi**;YjXiiZbeZgVijgZ[dgVaaJAIG6"HDG7eVcZah
VcY[dgG6E>9"HDG7!BjaiêaZ"IjWZ!VcYH^c\aZ"IjWZZkVedgVi^kZY^heZgh^dcjcîh
IjWZXZciZghdgYjXi]Z^\]ilî]H^c\aZ"IjWZ
9jXiV^g
kZadXîn
( + . &' &- ') (+ )- +%
[eb aWh$]g$[i' aWh$]g$[i' aWh$]g$[i' aWh$]g$[i' aWh$]g$[i' aWh$]g$[i' aWh$]g$[i' aWh$]g$[i' aWh$]g$[i'
*%% &#.% &#&% %#,+ %#+( %#*' %#), %#(* %#'+ %#'%
,*% '#)% &#)% &#%% %#.% %#,% %#+ %#)* %#() %#'*
&%%% '#-% &#,, &#'% &#%% %#-* %#,* %#*+ %#)' %#('
&'*% (#&% &#.% &#*% &#&% %#.+ %#-* %#++ %#*% %#(-
&*%% (#)% '#&% &#+% &#'* &#%* %#.* %#,' %#** %#)'
&,*% (#+% '#'% &#,% &#(* &#&* &#%* %#-' %#+) %#).
'%%% (#,% '#(% &#,* &#)% &#'* &#&% %#-+ %#+- %#*(
''*% (#,* '#(* &#,, &#)( &#(% &#&( %#-- %#,% %#**
'*%% (#,- '#(, &#,- &#)) &#(' &#&* %#-. %#,& %#*+
',*% (#,. '#(- &#,. &#)* &#(( &#&+ %#.% %#,' %#*,
(%%% (#-% '#(. &#-% &#)+ &#() &#&, %#.& %#,( %#*-
9G>"HI::B9Zh^\c<j^YZEV\Z&,
HiZVbadhh^c`\$]$b'
IVWaZ&-"&/
HiZVbadhh^c`\$]$b'd[YjXiVgZVdgJAIG6"HDG7[VXZVgZVVi&(8YjXiiZbeZgVijgZ[dgVaaJAIG6"HDG7eVcZah
VcY[dgG6E>9"HDG7!BjaiêaZ"IjWZ!VcYH^c\aZ"IjWZZkVedgVi^kZY^heZgh^dcjcîh
9jXiV^g
kZadXîn
,+bb &*'bb ''.bb (%*bb )*,bb +&%bb .&)bb &'&.bb &*')bb
b$h `\$]$b' `\$]$b' `\$]$b' `\$]$b' `\$]$b' `\$]$b' `\$]$b' `\$]$b' `\$]$b'
'#*) .#'- *#(, (#,& (#%- '#*) '#(% &#,& &#', %#.-
(#-& &&#,' +#-) )#-- )#(. (#)' '#.( '#'% &#++ &#''
*#%- &(#+, -#+) *#-+ )#-- )#&* (#+. '#,( '#%* &#*+
+#(* &*#&) .#'- ,#(' *#(, )#+. )#&* (#'' '#)) &#-+
,#+' &+#+% &%#'* ,#-& +#&% *#&( )#+) (#*' '#+. '#%*
-#-. &,#*- &%#,) -#(% +#*. *#+' *#&( )#%% (#&( '#(.
&%#&+ &-#%, &&#'( -#** +#-) +#&% *#(, )#'% (#(' '#*.
&&#)( &-#(& &&#)- -#+) +#.- +#(* *#*' )#(% (#)' '#+.
&'#,% &-#)+ &&#*, -#+. ,#%( +#)* *#+' )#(* (#), '#,(
&(#., &-#*& &&#+' -#,) ,#%- +#). *#++ )#(. (#*' '#,-
&*#') &-#*+ &&#+, -#,. ,#&( +#*) *#,& )#)) (#*+ '#-(
EV\Z&-9G>"HI::B9Zh^\c<j^YZ
HiZVbadhh^caWh$]g$[i'
IVWaZ&."&/
HiZVbadhh^caWh$]g$[i'd[YjXiVgZVVi**;YjXiiZbeZgVijgZ[dgB6M>"76C@!BjaiêaZ"IjWZ!VcYH^c\aZ"IjWZ
_VX`ZiZYhiZVb^c_ZXi^dc]jb^Y^[^Zgh
9jXiV^g
kZadXîn
+ . &' &- ') (+ )- +%
[eb Cdc" Cdc" Cdc" Cdc" Cdc" Cdc" Cdc" Cdc"

>chjaViZY ^chjaViZY >chjaViZY ^chjaViZY >chjaViZY ^chjaViZY >chjaViZY ^chjaViZY >chjaViZY ^chjaViZY >chjaViZY ^chjaViZY >chjaViZY ^chjaViZY >chjaViZY ^chjaViZY
*%% %#-+ &#*% %#+( &#%) %#*' %#-+ %#)% %#,* %#)% %#+( %#'- %#)- %#'% %#(* %#&) %#')
,*% &#%) &#.' %#-% &#(- %#+, &#&+ %#** %#.- %#*) %#-* %#(- %#*. %#', %#)* %#&. %#((
&%%% &#&* '#(% %#.' &#,( %#-& &#(- %#+. &#&* %#*, &#%) %#)- %#,( %#(' %#** %#') %#)'
&'*% &#'. '#+( &#%& &#-, %#-( &#*- %#,- &#(* %#+( &#'& %#*% %#-+ %#(+ %#++ %#'. %#).
&*%% &#(- '#.( &#%) '#%, %#-+ &#,( %#-* &#*% %#+- &#)' %#*( &#%' %#)% %#,- %#(% %#*,
&,*% &#)+ (#%+ &#%) '#&- %#-. &#-, %#-, &#+. %#,( &#*' %#*+ &#&- %#)( %#.& %#(' %#++
'%%% &#*( (#'& &#%, '#'+ %#.( &#.* %#-. &#-( %#,, &#+& %#*- &#'' %#)+ %#., %#(' %#++
''*% &#*+ (#'- &#%- '#', %#.) &#.- %#.& &#.& %#,. &#++ %#+% &#'+ %#), %#.- %#(' %#+-
'*%% &#*, (#'. &#&% '#(% %#.* '#%% %#.( &#.* %#-% &#+, %#+% &#', %#)- &#%& %#(( %#+-
',*% &#*, (#(& &#&& '#(( %#.+ '#%' %#.( &#.+ %#-& &#,% %#+% &#', %#). &#%' %#() %#,&
(%%% &#*- (#(' &#&& '#(( %#.+ '#%( %#.* &#.. %#-& &#,& %#+& &#'- %#). &#%' %#(* %#,(
9G>"HI::B9Zh^\c<j^YZEV\Z&.
HiZVbadhh^c`\$]$b'
IVWaZ'%"&/
HiZVbadhh^c`\$]$b'd[YjXiVgZVVi&(8YjXiiZbeZgVijgZ[dgB6M>"76C@!BjaiêaZ"IjWZ!VcYH^c\aZ"IjWZ
_VX`ZiZYhiZVb^c_ZXi^dc]jb^Y^[^Zgh
9jXiV^g
kZadXîn
,+bb &*'bb ''.bb (%*bb )*,bb +&%bb .&)bb &'&.bb
b$h Cdc" Cdc" Cdc" Cdc" Cdc" Cdc" Cdc" Cdc"

'#* )#'& ,#(% (#%. *#%+ '#*( )#'& &#., (#+* &#., (#%. &#(* '#(( %#.. &#,' %#+, &#&+
(#- *#%+ .#)% (#.' +#,) (#'. *#+* '#,% )#-% '#+* )#&( &#-* '#-, &#(& '#&. %#.( &#+%
*#& *#+' &&#') )#). -#)( (#.( +#,) (#(, *#+' '#,- *#%+ '#(+ (#*, &#*+ '#,% &#&- '#%*
+#) +#(' &'#-* )#.' .#&( )#%, ,#,( (#,. +#+% (#%- *#.% '#)+ )#'& &#,+ (#'( &#)% '#(.
,#+ +#,) &)#(( *#%+ &%#&& )#'& -#)( )#&( ,#(( (#(' +#.& '#*. )#., &#.* (#,. &#)+ '#,-
-#. ,#&& &)#.) *#%- &%#++ )#(+ .#&* )#'* -#', (#*) ,#)) '#,) *#,+ '#&& )#)' &#** (#')
&%#' ,#)* &*#+* *#'* &&#%' )#*( .#*' )#(* -#.* (#,) ,#-* '#-( *#.) '#'+ )#,) &#*, (#'-
&&#) ,#+( &+#%( *#'- &&#%. )#+% .#++ )#)) .#(( (#-* -#%. '#.' +#&) '#'. )#-% &#*- (#('
&'#, ,#+* &+#%* *#(* &&#') )#+) .#,* )#*) .#*( (#-. -#&, '#.* +#'' '#(* )#.) &#*. (#()
&)#% ,#+. &+#&* *#)& &&#(+ )#,% .#-, )#*+ .#*, (#.+ -#(' '#.* +#'% '#(- *#%% &#++ (#)-
&*#' ,#,& &+#'% *#)& &&#(+ )#,- .#.& )#+' .#,% (#., -#(( '#.- +#'+ '#(- *#%% &#,& (#*-
EV\Z'%9G>"HI::B9Zh^\c<j^YZ
HiZVbadhh^caWh$]g$[i'VcY`\$]$b'
IVWaZ'&"&/
HiZVbadhh^caWh$]g$[i'VcY`\$]$b'd[YjXiVgZVVi**;dg&(8
YjXiiZbeZgVijgZ[dgB>C>"76C@_VX`ZiZYhiZVb^c_ZXi^dc
]jb^Y^[^Zgh
(dg,+bbijWZXZciZgh
9jXiV^gkZadXîn
>chjaViZY Cdc^chjaViZY
[eb b$h aWh$]g$[i' `\$]$b' aWh$]g$[i' `\$]$b'
*%% '#* &#% *#& '#% .#-
,*% (#- &#) +#, '#- &(#*
&%%% *#& &#+ ,#. (#% &)#)
&'*% +#) &#+ ,#+ (#& &*#%
&*%% ,#+ &#, -#& (#( &+#%
&,*% -#. &#, -#* (#* &+#.
'%%% &%#' &#- -#. (#+ &,#-
''*% &&#) &#. .#' (#, &-#'
'*%% &'#, &#. .#' (#, &-#'
',*% &)#% &#. .#' (#, &-#'
(%%% &*#' &#. .#' (#, &-#'
9G>"HI::B9Zh^\c<j^YZEV\Z'&
HiZVbadhh^caWh$]g$[i'VcY`\$]$b'
IVWaZ''"&/
HiZVbadhhd[^ciZgXdccZXi^c\kVedg]dhZ!ijW^c\!VcYeêZ
HiZVbadhh
Cdb^cVa]dhZ!
>chjaVi^dci]^X`cZhh
ijW^c\!dgeêZhôZ
9ZhXgêi^dc Cdc^chjaViZY >chjaViZY
^cX]Zh 9C aWh$]g$[i `\$]$b aWh$]g$[i `\$]$b ^cX]Zh bb
& )% %#&* %#'' C$6 C$6 C$6 C$6

=dhZ
' *% %#'% %#(% C$6 C$6 C$6 C$6
& )% %#&& %#&+ %#%'% %#%(% '#% *%
' *% %#&) %#'& %#%'* %#%(, '#% *%
( -% %#'% %#(% %#%(% %#%)* '#* +)

IjW^c\
) &%% %#'+ %#(. %#%(% %#%)* (#% ,+
* &'* %#(& %#)+ %#%(* %#%*' (#% ,+
+ &*% %#(+ %#*) %#%(. %#%*- (#% ,+
& )% %#'' %#(( %#%'% %#%(% '#% *%
' *% %#'* %#(- %#%'* %#%(, '#% *%
( -% %#(. %#*- %#%(% %#%)* '#* +)

EêZ
) &%% %#). %#,( %#%(% %#%)* (#% ,+
* &'* %#*. %#-- %#%(* %#%*' (#% ,+
+ &*% %#,% &#%) %#%(. %#%*- (#% ,+
CdiZ/9ViVWVhZYdcVbW^ZciV^giZbeZgVijgZd[-%;'+#,8!ÄWZg\aVhh^chjaVi^dc!XdeeZgijW^c\!VcYHX]ZYjaZ)%eêZ#
EV\Z''9G>"HI::B9Zh^\c<j^YZ
=ZVi\V^c
=ZVi\V^c^c;
IVWaZ'("&/
=ZVi\V^c^c;Vi**;YjXiiZbeZgVijgZ[dgVaaJAIG6"HDG7eVcZahVcY[dgG6E>9"HDG7!BjaiêaZ"IjWZ!VcY
H^c\aZ"IjWZZkVedgVi^kZY^heZgh^dcjcîh
9jXiV^g
kZadXîn
( + . &' &- ') (+ )- +%
[eb ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
*%% (#)& &#.- &#(, &#&( %#.( %#-) %#+( %#), %#(+
,*% '#-, &#+- &#'% &#%- %#-) %#,' %#*) %#)& %#(%
&%%% '#*' &#*. &#&' %#.% %#,+ %#+- %#*% %#(- %#'.
&'*% '#'( &#(, &#%- %#,. %#+. %#+& %#), %#(+ %#',
&*%% '#%) &#'+ %#.+ %#,* %#+( %#*, %#)( %#(( %#'*
&,*% &#-* &#&( %#-, %#+. %#*. %#*) %#)' %#(( %#'*
'%%% &#++ &#%( %#,. %#+( %#*+ %#). %#(. %#(& %#')
''*% &#*% %#.) %#,& %#*, %#*' %#)* %#(* %#'- %#''
'*%% &#(+ %#-* %#+) %#*' %#), %#)& %#(' %#'+ %#'%
',*% &#') %#,- %#*- %#), %#)( %#(- %#'. %#') %#&.
(%%% &#&) %#,' %#*) %#)) %#)% %#(* %#', %#'' %#&,
9G>"HI::B9Zh^\c<j^YZEV\Z'(
=ZVi\V^c^c8
IVWaZ')"&/
=ZVi\V^c^c8Vi&(8YjXiiZbeZgVijgZ[dgVaaJAIG6"HDG7eVcZahVcY[dgG6E>9"HDG7!BjaiêaZ"IjWZ!VcY
H^c\aZ"IjWZZkVedgVi^kZY^heZgh^dcjcîh
9jXiV^g
kZadXîn
,+bb &*'bb ''.bb (%*bb )*,bb +&%bb .&)bb &'&.bb &*')bb
b$h 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
'#*) &#.% &#&% %#,+ %#+( %#*' %#), %#(* %#'+ %#'%
(#-& &#+% %#.( %#+, %#+% %#), %#)% %#(% %#'( %#&,
*#%- &#)% %#-- %#+' %#*% %#)' %#(- %#'- %#'& %#&+
+#(* &#') %#,+ %#+% %#)) %#(- %#() %#'+ %#'% %#&*
,#+' &#&( %#,% %#*( %#)' %#(* %#(' %#') %#&- %#&)
-#-. &#%( %#+( %#). %#(. %#(( %#(% %#'( %#&- %#&)
&%#&+ %#.' %#*, %#)) %#(* %#(& %#', %#'& %#&, %#&(
&&#)( %#-( %#*' %#(. %#(' %#'. %#'* %#'% %#&+ %#&'
&'#,% %#,+ %#), %#(+ %#'. %#'+ %#'( %#&- %#&) %#&&
&(#., %#+. %#)( %#(( %#'+ %#') %#'& %#&+ %#&( %#&%
&*#') %#+( %#)% %#(% %#') %#'' %#&. %#&* %#&' %#&%
EV\Z')9G>"HI::B9Zh^\c<j^YZ
=ZVi\V^c^c;
IVWaZ'*"&/
=ZVi\V^c^c;Vi**;YjXiiZbeZgVijgZ[dgB6M>"76C@!BjaiêaZ"IjWZ!VcYH^c\aZ"IjWZ_VX`ZiZYhiZVb^c_ZXi^dc
]jb^Y^[^Zgh
9jXiV^g
kZadXîn
+ . &' &- ') (+ )- +%
[eb Cdc" Cdc" Cdc" Cdc" Cdc" Cdc" Cdc" Cdc"

*%% &#+ '#, &#& &#. %#. &#+ %#, &#( %#, &#& %#* %#. %#) %#+ %#' %#)
,*% &#' '#( &#% &#, %#- &#) %#, &#' %#, &#% %#* %#, %#( %#* %#' %#)
&%%% &#% '#& %#- &#+ %#, &#' %#+ &#% %#+ %#. %#) %#, %#( %#* %#' %#)
&'*% %#. &#. %#* &#( %#+ &#& %#+ &#% %#* %#. %#) %#+ %#( %#* %#' %#)
&*%% %#- &#- %#+ &#' %#* &#% %#* %#. %#* %#. %#) %#+ %#( %#* %#' %#(
&,*% %#, &#+ %#* &#& %#* &#% %#) %#. %#) %#- %#( %#+ %#' %#* %#' %#(
'%%% %#, &#) %#* &#% %#) %#. %#) %#- %#( %#, %#( %#* %#' %#) %#& %#(
''*% %#+ &#( %#) %#. %#) %#- %#) %#- %#( %#, %#' %#* %#' %#) %#& %#(
'*%% %#+ &#' %#) %#- %#( %#, %#( %#, %#( %#+ %#' %#* %#' %#) %#& %#'
',*% %#* &#& %#) %#- %#( %#, %#( %#+ %#( %#+ %#' %#) %#' %#( %#& %#'
(%%% %#* &#% %#( %#, %#( %#+ %#( %#+ %#' %#* %#' %#) %#& %#( %#& %#'
9G>"HI::B9Zh^\c<j^YZEV\Z'*
=ZVi\V^c^c8
IVWaZ'+"&/
=ZVi\V^c^c8Vi&(8YjXiiZbeZgVijgZ[dgB6M>"76C@!BjaiêaZ"IjWZ!VcYH^c\aZ"IjWZ_VX`ZiZYhiZVb^c_ZXi^dc
]jb^Y^[^Zgh
9jXiV^g
kZadXîn
,+bb &*'bb ''.bb (%*bb )*,bb +&%bb .&)bb &'&.bb
b$h Cdc" Cdc" Cdc" Cdc" Cdc" Cdc" Cdc" Cdc"

'#* %#-+ &#*% %#+( &#%) %#*' %#-+ %#)% %#,* %#)% %#+( %#'- %#)- %#'% %#(* %#&) %#')
(#- %#+. &#'- %#*) %#.' %#)* %#,, %#(, %#++ %#(+ %#*+ %#'* %#(. %#&- %#(% %#&( %#''
*#& %#*- &#&* %#)+ %#-+ %#)% %#+. %#(* %#*- %#(* %#*' %#') %#(, %#&+ %#'- %#&' %#'&
+#) %#*' &#%* %#)% %#,* %#(( %#+( %#(& %#*) %#(% %#)- %#'% %#(* %#&+ %#'+ %#&' %#'%
,#+ %#)+ %#.- %#(* %#+. %#'. %#*- %#'- %#*% %#', %#), %#'% %#() %#&* %#'+ %#&& %#&.
-#. %#)' %#-, %#(% %#+' %#'* %#*) %#'( %#)- %#'& %#)) %#&+ %#() %#&' %#' %#%. %#&.
&%#' %#(- %#-% %#', %#*+ %#'( %#). %#'' %#)+ %#&. %#)% %#&) %#(% %#&' %#') %#%- %#&,
&&#) %#(* %#,( %#') %#*& %#'& %#)) %#'% %#)' %#&- %#(, %#&( %#'- %#&% %#'' %#%, %#&*
&'#, %#(& %#++ %#'' %#)+ %#&. %#)% %#&. %#(. %#&+ %#() %#&' %#'+ %#&% %#'% %#%, %#&)
&)#% %#'. %#+% %#'% %#)' %#&- %#(, %#&, %#(+ %#&* %#(& %#&& %#'( %#%. %#&. %#%+ %#&(
&*#' %#'+ %#** %#&- %#(. %#&+ %#() %#&+ %#(( %#&) %#'- %#&% %#'& %#%- %#&, %#%+ %#&'
EV\Z'+9G>"HI::B9Zh^\c<j^YZ
=ZVi\V^c^c;VcY8
IVWaZ',"&/
=ZVi\V^c^c;VcY8d[YjXiVgZVVi**;VcY&(8YjXi
iZbeZgVijgZ[dgB>C>"76C@_VX`ZiZYhiZVb^c_ZXi^dc]jb^Y^[^Zgh
(dg,+bbijWZXZciZgh
9jXiV^gkZadXîn
>chjaViZY Cdc^chjaViZY
[eb b$h ; 8 ; 8
*%% '#* &#-, &#%) (#+( '#%&
,*% (#- &#++ %#.' (#(' &#-)
&%%% *#& &#)* %#-& '#.% &#+&
&'*% +#) &#&' %#+' '#'' &#'(
&*%% ,#+ &#%% %#** &#., &#%.
&,*% -#. %#.% %#*% &#,- %#..
'%%% &%#' %#-' %#)+ &#+) %#.&
''*% &&#) %#,* %#)' &#). %#-(
'*%% &'#, %#+- %#(- &#() %#,)
',*% &)#% %#+' %#() &#'' %#+-
(%%% &*#' %#*, %#(& &#&' %#+'
9G>"HI::B9Zh^\c<j^YZEV\Z',
6^gYjXiegZhhjgZadhh
6^gYjXiegZhhjgZadhh^clXVcYEV
IVWaZ'-"&/
6^gYjXiegZhhjgZadhhZh[dgVaaJAIG6"HDG7eVcZahVcY[dgG6E>9"HDG7!BjaiêaZ"IjWZ!VcYH^c\aZ"IjWZZkVedgVi^kZ
Y^heZgh^dcjcîh
IjWZXZciZghdgYjXi]Z^\]ilî]H^c\aZ"IjWZlî]djiV^gÅdlhiVWâôZgeVcZa 6YYidegZhhjgZkVajZh^[
9jXiV^gkZadXîn JAIG6"HDG7]VhVcV^gÅdl
.ºVcY ''.bbVcY hiVWâôZgeVcZa
( ,+bb + &*'bb
\gZViZg \gZViZg
[eb b$h lX EV lX EV lX EV lX EV
'*% &#( %#%&% '#* %#%%* &#' % %

I]ZgZ^hcd
bZVhjgVWaZ
*%% '#* %#%'% *#% %#%&% '#* V^gegZhhjgZ %#%&% '#*
adhh[dg
i]ZhZijWZ
,*% (#- %#%)* &&#' %#%&* (#, %#%)% &%#%
heVX^c\h#
&%%% *#& %#%-% '%#% %#%'* +#' %#%.% ''#%
&'*% +#) %#&'% '.#. %#%(* -#, %#&*% (,#%
&*%% ,#+ %#&,% )'#% %#%*% &'#) %#'&% *'#%
&,*% -#. %#'(% *,#% %#%,% &,#) %#',% +,#%
'%%% &%#' %#(%% ,*#% %#%.% ''#% %#((% -'#%
''*% &&#) %#(-% .*#% %#&&% ',#% %#)'% &%*#%
'*%% &'#, %#),% &&,#% %#&)% (*#% %#*%% &')#%
',*% &)#% %#*,% &)'#% %#&,% )'#% %#+'% &*)#%
(%%% &*#' %#+-% &+.#% %#'%% *%#% %#,)% &-)#%
EV\Z'-9G>"HI::B9Zh^\c<j^YZ
6^gYjXiegZhhjgZadhh^clXVcYEV
IVWaZ'."&/
6^gYjXiegZhhjgZadhhZh[dgB6M>"76C@!BjaiêaZ"IjWZ!VcYH^c\aZ"IjWZ_VX`ZiZYhiZVb^c_ZXi^dc
]jb^Y^[^Zgh
Lî]^chjaViZY_VX`Zih/IjWZXZciZghdgYjXi]Z^\]ilî]H^c\aZ"IjWZ
9jXiV^gkZadXîn
+ &*'bb . ''.bb &' (%*bb &- )*,bb ') +&%bb
[eb b$h lX EV lX EV lX EV lX EV lX EV
*%% '#* %#%' *#% %#%' *#% %#%& '#* %#%& '#* %#%& '#*
&%%% *#& %#%- '%#% %#%+ &*#% %#%) &%#% %#%( ,#* %#%( ,#*
&*%% ,#+ %#&- )*#% %#&) (*#% %#&% '*#% %#%, &,#% %#%, &,#%
Lî]cdc^chjaViZY_VX`Zih/IjWZXZciZghdgYjXi]Z^\]ilî]H^c\aZ"IjWZ
9jXiV^gkZadXîn
+ &*'bb . ''.bb &' (%*bb &- )*,bb ') +&%bb
[eb b$h lX EV lX EV lX EV lX EV lX EV
*%% '#* %#%' *#% %#%& '#* %#%& '#* %#%& '#* %#%& '#*
&%%% *#& %#%+ &*#% %#%* &'#% %#%) &%#% %#%( ,#* %#%( ,#*
&*%% ,#+ %#&) (*#% %#&& ',#% %#%- '%#% %#%, &,#% %#%, &,#%
9G>"HI::B9Zh^\c<j^YZEV\Z'.
HZaZXiZcZg\nhdjgXZ
8]d^XZhl]Zcjh^c\dc"hîZhiZVb 8]ddhZZcZg\nhdjgXZl^hZan
Jh^c\dc"hîZhiZVb[dg]jb^Y^[^XVi^dcXVc A pound of water requires approximately 1,000 BTUs to vaporize.
WZV\ddYZXdcdb^XX]d^XZ#EgZhhjgôZY Given that proper humidification typically requires vaporizing
hiZVbXVcWZ^c_ZXiZYY^gZXian^cidi]Z two to three pounds of water for every 100 cfm of outside air
V^ghigZVb!dgeVhhZYi]gdj\]V]ZVi
introduced into the system, humidification energy use ranges from
ZmX]Vc\Zgid]ZViediVWaZ!hd[iZcZY!dg
2,000 to 3,000 BTUs per 100 cfm of outside air.
9>$GDlViZg[dg]jb^Y^[^XVi^dchiZVb#
8]Zb^XVaan"igZViZYWdâZghiZVbbVnV[[ZXi A kilogram of water requires approximately 2.4 kJ to vaporize.
^cYddgV^gfjVaîn#BVcn]jb^Y^[^ZgjhZgh Given that proper humidification typically requires vaporizing
VgZ[^cY^c\i]ViX]Zb^XVaanigZViZY!WdâZg" 1.5 to 2.5 kilograms of water for every 100 m3/h of outside air
\ZcZgViZYhiZVb^hjchjîVWaZ[dgY^gZXi introduced into the system, humidification energy use ranges from
^c_ZXi^dc]jb^Y^[^XVi^dc#I]^h^hWZXVjhZ 3.5 kJ to 5.8 kJ per 100 m3/h of outside air.
WdâZglViZg^higZViZYlî]Vci^Xdggdh^dc
X]Zb^XVahi]ViVgZi]ZcZbîiZYlî]i]Z
hiZVb^cidi]ZdXXje^ZYheVXZ#I]ZhZ IldbV_dgineZhd[]jb^Y^[^Zgh
X]Zb^XVahXVc^ggîViZZnZhVcYh`^cVcY • Isothermal systems use heat from an external source to create
V\\gVkViZgZhe^gVidgnY^hdgYZghhjX]Vh humidity. Electricity, natural gas, hot water, and boiler steam
Vhi]bV#>cVYYî^dc!i]ZnXVcVXXZaZgViZi]Z are isothermal heat sources used to boil water into steam for
V\^c\egdXZhhd[XZgiV^cbViZg^Vaha^`ZeVeZg humidification.
VcYlddY!Vc^hhjZZheZX^VaangZaZkVciid
bjhZjbh# The table on Page 32 shows DRI-STEEM’s isothermal humidifiers
described by energy type.
L]ZcYZh^\c^c\ndjg]jb^Y^[^XVi^dchnhiZb
• Adiabatic systems use heat from the surrounding air to change
jh^c\WdâZghiZVb!Xdch^YZgVXadhZYadde
hnhiZbhjX]Vh9G>"HI::B¼HHIHHiZVb"id" water into vapor for humidification (evaporation). Foggers,
HiZVb]jb^Y^[^ZgidegZkZcii]ZY^hX]Vg\Zd[ ultrasonic, and pezio disk humidifiers are typical adiabatic
X]Zb^XVaanigZViZYhiZVb^cidndjgWjâY^c\# systems.
L]nX]ddhZ^hdi]ZgbVa]jb^Y^[^XVi^dc4
• Choose isothermal humidification if you require predictable,
controllable, and short absorption distances. Adiabatic systems
require long absorption distances and often do not provide
complete absorption in typical HVAC applications.
• Choose isothermal humidification if you have low air
temperatures in your ducts. Adiabatic humidification requires
very warm or preheated air for absorption to occur.
• Choose isothermal humidification if there is an on-site boiler
or hot water source. Direct steam injection or a heat-exchanger
type isothermal system may be most appropriate. Consider
DRI-STEEM’s:
– Steam injection humidifiers: ULTRA-SORB, MAXI-BANK,
Multiple-Tube, MINI-BANK, Single-Tube, or AREA-TYPE
– STS Steam-to-Steam (with heat exchanger) evaporative steam
humidifier
– LTS Liquid-to-Steam (with heat exchanger) evaporative steam
humidifier
See also the text at left for more detail about choices when using
on-site steam.
EV\Z(%9G>"HI::B9Zh^\c<j^YZ
• Choose isothermal electric humidification for application
flexibility. Electric element humidification systems easily integrate
into existing systems. They are available in a wide range of sizes,
capacities and options, allowing them to meet the humidification
demands of virtually any environment. Consider DRI-STEEM’s:
– VAPORSTREAM humidifier
– VAPORMIST humidifier
– CRUV humidifier
– HUMIDI-TECH humidifier (available only in Europe)
• Choose isothermal humidification to gain the economic benefits
of natural gas. Gas-fired humidification systems offer substantial
energy savings over electric systems. Consider DRI-STEEM’s:
– GTS Gas-to-Steam humidifier
L]Zc^hVY^VWVi^XVeegdeg^ViZ4
Is the supply air warm and dry? If so, your humidification needs
may be met by an adiabatic system such as a fogger, which
uses sensible heat in the air for its energy source. In the right
environment, these systems can be very economical due to the
cooling effect they provide. Exercise caution, however, when
applying adiabatic humidification to standard commercial
applications with short absorption distances and low discharge
air temperatures. We have found there are very few applications
where adiabatic humidification provides complete absorption, often
resulting in wet ducts.
9G>"HI::B9Zh^\c<j^YZEV\Z(&
IVWaZ('"&/
9G>"HI::BegdYjXihWnZcZg\nhdjgXZ
BVm^bjbXVeVXîn G=
:cZg\n
9G>"HI::BegdYjXi @Zn[ZVijgZh Xdcigda
hdjgXZ
aWh$]g `\$] XVeVWâîn
H]dgiZhiVWhdgei^dcVkVâVWaZ
CdjccZXZhhVgn]ZVi\V^c
JAIG6"HDG7 )!%%% &!-&) £&
9djWaZ"]ZVYZgYZh^\c
EgZ"VhhZbWaZY
H]dgiidbdYZgViZVWhdgei^dcY^hiVcXZ
EgZhhjgôZYhiZVb^c_ZXi^dcY^heZgh^dc
HjîVWaZ[dgbZY^jbXVeVXînhnhiZbh
B>C>"76C@ -) (- £&
HôZY[dghbVaaYjXih
EgZ"VhhZbWaZY
H]dgiidbdYZgViZVWhdgei^dcY^hiVcXZ
EG:HHJG>O:9HI:6B
HjîVWaZ[dgaVg\ZXVeVXînhnhiZbh (!('- &!*%.

B6M>"76C@$
;îhhbVaaYjXihidaVg\ZV^g]VcYaZgh Jca^bîZYlî] Jca^bîZYlî] £&
BjaiêaZ"IjWZ
B6M>"76C@egZ"VhhZbWaZY bjaiêaZkVakZh bjaiêaZkVakZh
BjaiêaZ"IjWZÄZaY"VhhZbWaZY
Adc\VWhdgei^dcY^hiVcXZ
H^c\aZ"IjWZ HjîVWaZ[dghbVaaXVeVXînhnhiZbh '!(&' &!%)- £&
EgZ"VhhZbWaZY
HjîVWaZ[dgbZY^jbXVeVXînhnhiZbh
6G:6"INE: JhZY^cYjXiaZhhheVXZh '-+ &(% £(
6Whdgei^dckVg^ZhWnVeea^XVi^dc
8]Zb^XVa"[gZZhiZVb &!+%% ,'+

HIH :Xdcdb^XVa/JhZhdc"hîZWdâZghiZVb +!)%%l]Zc[djg '!.%(l]Zc[djg £(
:migVaVg\ZXVeVXîn jcîhVgZXdccZXiZY jcîhVgZXdccZXiZY
:Xdcdb^XVaWZcZÄihd[\Vh +%% ','

<6H
<IH AVg\ZXVeVXîn (!+%%l]Zch^m &!+((l]Zch^m £(

>cYddgVcYdjiYddgZcXadhjgZh jcîhVgZXdccZXiZY jcîhVgZXdccZXiZY
EgZX^hZG=Xdcigda£& '-* &'.

:kVedgVi^kZhiZVbY^heZgh^dc
K6EDGHIG:6B >cYjhig^Va\gVYZ &!&)%l]Zc[djg *&,l]Zc[djgjcîh £&

HjîVWaZ[dgVcnVeea^XVi^dc jcîhVgZXdccZXiZY VgZXdccZXiZY
;dgjhZ^cÄc^h]ZYheVXZh
K6EDGB>HI &%' )+ £(
:A:8IG>8>IN
6iigVXi^kZXVW^cZi
;dgjhZ^cÄc^h]ZYheVXZh
=JB>9>"I:8= 6iigVXi^kZXVW^cZi &%' )+ £(
6kVâVWaZdcan^c:jgdeZ
;dgeVX`V\ZY68jcîhdghbVaaYjXiZY
8GJK Veea^VcXZh &%' )+ £(
9Zh^\cZY[dgZVhnhZgk^XZVXXZhh
:Xdcdb^XVal]Zci]ZgZ^hdc"hîZ]di *)% ')*

L6I:G
=DI
AIH lViZgb^c^bjb')%;P &&*8 R '!&+%l]Zc[djg .-%l]Zc[djgjcîh £(

AVg\ZXVeVXîn jcîhVgZXdccZXiZY VgZXdccZXiZY
CdiZ/
BVcnkVg^VWaZhV[[ZXiG=XdcigdaXVeVWâîn#HZZEV\Zh*'"*+[dgbdgZ^c[dgbVi^dcVWdjii]Z[VXidghi]ViV[[ZXi]jb^Y^ÄZgXdcigdaaVWâîn#
EV\Z('9G>"HI::B9Zh^\c<j^YZ
=jb^Y^[^ZghVcYlViZgineZ
LViZgineZV[[ZXih]jb^Y^[^ZgeZg[dgbVcXZ!bV^ciZcVcXZ!
kVedgfjVaîn!VcYZ[[^X^ZcXn
Water is often called the universal solvent because almost
everything is soluble to some degree in water. This property causes
water to become contaminated by virtually any material it contacts,
with the mix of contaminants varying greatly from one location to
another.
Humidification is the process of transforming water into vapor,
and so it is not surprising that water type has a great impact on
humidifier performance, maintenance requirements, humidification
vapor quality, and efficiency of operation.
There are four types of water used in humidifiers:
• Potable water (drinking, tap, or well water)
• Softened water (hardness reduced through an ion exchange
process)
• High-purity water (deionized and/or reverse osmosis treated
water)
• Boiler water (typically treated with anticorrosion chemicals)
EdiVWaZlViZg/JhjVaanhV[Z[dgYg^c`^c\
WjiXVcWZ]VgYdc]jb^Y^[^Zgh
Potable water, commonly referred to as drinking, tap, or well
water, can contain any number of living microorganisms, dissolved
organic material, dissolved minerals, and suspended materials.
While all of these substances can affect humidification vapor
quality, humidifier maintenance, performance, and efficiency
are significantly affected by dissolved minerals and suspended
materials.
• Living microorganisms (bacteria) are killed when water is
heated to 180 °F (83 °C), and so bacteria are not a concern when
using isothermal humidifiers where water is boiled to make
steam (vapor). However, care should be taken to ensure that all
harmful microorganisms are removed from water sources feeding
nonboiling (adiabatic) humidifiers such as air washers, foggers,
atomizers, or pezio disk systems. In addition, even though a
water supply may be free of harmful bacteria, contaminants from
the air can still cause microbial growth in wetted-media or wick
systems. Water treatment for bacteria includes filtration, reverse
osmosis, chemical oxidation, and disinfection. The most common
treatment for bacteria is chemical oxidation by either ozonation
or by adding chlorine.
9G>"HI::B9Zh^\c<j^YZEV\Z((
;^\jgZ()"&/ • Dissolved organic material comes from three major sources:
=dlVlViZghd[iZcZgldg`h – The breakdown of naturally occurring organic materials (plant
ZmX]Vc\ZY and animal matter)
=^\]an ]ZgZ[dg Ha^\]ian – Domestic and commercial chemical wastes (agricultural and
hdajWaZ^dch hdajWaZ^dch
HdY^jb 8VaX^jbVcY urban runoff, or leaching from contaminated soils)
YdZhcdi bV\cZh^jb – Chemical reactions that occur during water treatment processes
[dgbhXVaZ b^cZgVahi]Vi
[dgbhXVaZ (from disinfection by-products or pipe joint adhesives)
Activated carbon and microfiltration, and reverse osmosis and
deionization processes remove dissolved organic material.
• Dissolved minerals found in potable water are magnesium,
calcium, iron, and silicon, with calcium and magnesium the
LViZg primary elements causing “hard” water. Water hardness is
hd[iZcZg
commonly measured in grains per gallon (gpg). As water
hardness increases, so does the need for humidifier cleaning to
remove scale buildup. Downtime for cleaning, as well as time
required to heat fresh water that replaces frequently skimmed
;^\jgZ()"'/
or drained water (to remove minerals), can significantly affect
=dlgZkZghZdhbdh^h[âigVi^dcldg`h
humidifier performance and efficiency. Water softening is the
HZbêZgbZVWaZbZbWgVcZ
most common method for reducing water hardness.

EgZhhjgZ
• Suspended materials, typically clay or silt, give water a cloudy
appearance. These particles should be removed from humidifier
makeup water as they will settle out and collect in humidifier
water reservoirs. These particles typically are removed by
filtration.
Hd[iZcZYlViZgh^\c^[^XVciangZYjXZhXaZVc^c\gZfj^gZbZcih
=^\] LViZg Adl
Water softening is an ion exchange process where slightly soluble
XdciVb^cVci Ådl XdciVb^cVci magnesium and calcium ions are replaced by very soluble sodium
XdcXZcigVi^dc XdcXZcigVi^dc
ions. The exchanged sodium ions stay in solution when in water
and do not attach to humidifier tank walls and elements as scale in
the way magnesium and calcium will.
Softening water can dramatically improve humidifier performance,
maintenance requirements, and efficiency. It is not unusual
for systems using softened water to go several seasons without
cleaning. However, water softeners need their brine tanks regularly
replenished with sodium (so that there are sodium ions available
to exchange with the magnesium and calcium ions). For this
reason, owners should regularly inspect their humidifiers using
softened water to verify softener operation. To lessen maintenance
requirements, we recommend softening water for humidifier use
where water hardness is greater than 12 gpg.
EV\Z()9G>"HI::B9Zh^\c<j^YZ
=^\]ejgînlViZgn^ZaYh]^\]ejgîn]jb^Y^[^XVi^dc ;^\jgZ(*"&/
[dgXgî^XVaegdXZhhZck^gdcbZcih H^c\aZiVc`b^mZYWZY9>hnhiZb
Semiconductor, pharmaceutical, and electronics manufacturers, iZg
lV
as well as laboratories, industrial clean rooms, and healthcare iZg EjgZ
lV
facilities often require high purity humidification. To avoid l
GV
water contaminants that can be carried into the air with water
vapor, these types of environments use highly processed – and
very pure – water in their humidification systems. For these
environments, water is cycled through several prefilters, through
a reverse osmosis permeable membrane and, frequently, through
a chemical deionization process. This type of high purity water is
often called “DI/RO” water (deionized, reverse osmosis water) and, 8VjhZhVhZg^Zhd[XVi^dc
depending on the quality of process, can be free of minerals and VcYVc^dcZmX]Vc\Zh
other contaminants. The purity of this water degrades upon contact
with the atmosphere and certain materials, and should remain in a
closed system contacting only chemically stable materials.
;^\jgZ(*"'/
Ild"iVc`9>hnhiZb
EgdeZganbV^ciV^cZY9>$GDlViZg^hcdiXdggdh^kZ
A well-maintained DI/RO system produces water that consists dc iZg
ji^ ZlV
solely of hydrogen and hydroxides and is free of most or all total da Ejg
VX ^Yh
dissolved solids (TDS) including chlorides and other molecules that V`
V iZg LZ
cause metal corrosion. GVll
Many users of high purity water have the false impression that it is
highly corrosive to metals. This may be due, in part, to the water :mX]Vc\ZhX]adg^YZ!
quality found in systems that have not been properly maintained hja[ViZ!VcYVa`Va^cZ^dch
[dg]nYgdm^YZ^dchD="
or operated. If, for example, DI beds are not properly maintained, GZeaVXZhhdY^jb!XVaX^jb!
bV\cZh^jbVcYdi]ZgXVi^dch
or the flow rate through them exceeds their capacity, the first of lî]]nYgd\Zc^dch=
the two DI beds (the cation bed) typically becomes saturated or
ineffective, and then the weak acid solutions generated by the
second bed (the anion bed) cannot be neutralized and flow into
the water system. If this happens, chlorides and other electrolytes
are introduced into the system in large quantities, with the ability
to cause substantial corrosion. This is important to note, for any
damage to DRI-STEEM equipment caused by chlorides will void
your DRI-STEEM warranty.
Another misconception about DI/RO water is that its ion-hungry
nature causes metal corrosion, but while properly maintained high-
purity water will take some ions from the metal it contacts, this
exchange process causes, at worst, only minimal corrosion.
9G>"HI::B9Zh^\c<j^YZEV\Z(*
=dllViZgineZV[[ZXih]jb^Y^[^ZgeZg[dgbVcXZ
Isothermal systems — systems that boil water to make steam
(vapor) — typically maintain relative humidity (RH) levels within
1%-5% of an established set point, with the ability to maintain a
specific level of control directly dependent on the system's ability
to respond to changing environmental conditions. Responsiveness
is affected by two things: delivery of the energy source and the
amount of water discarded (through skim, drain, and flush cycles)
to remove minerals.
In combination with a programmable controller, using high quality
valves or substituting electronic heater controllers such as SSRs for
mechanical contactors allow responsive steam production.
Water hardness, however, plays a critical part in an isothermal
humidifier’s ability to maintain RH set point. As water hardness
increases, so does the need for skimming, draining, and flushing.
Skimming removes precipitated minerals before they attach to
humidifier tank walls and elements as scale. As water is skimmed
off, cold water is introduced into the tank. In some cases, this
introduction of cold water causes a delay in steam output until the
cold water is heated to boiling. Drain and flush cycles, automated
on most systems, completely drain the humidifier and then
typically flush the tank with cold water. In this situation, not only
is the humidifier off-line for a period of time, but the tank needs
to be filled and heated to boiling before it can produce steam.
In the meantime, the RH level can drop 5% or more until the
humidifier is producing steam again. In certain applications, such
as office buildings or other environments humidified to improve
comfort, RH fluctuation is not a major issue. In process-critical
environments, however, a 5% RH fluctuation can affect processes.
Humidifiers in these environments typically use softened or DI/RO
water, depending on the level of control required. The fewer the
minerals in the water, the better the control capability.
Adlb^cZgVaXdciZcibZVchadlbV^ciZcVcXZ
From a maintenance point of view, the lower the mineral content
in the water, the less maintenance required. Mineral buildup in
improperly-maintained isothermal systems can cause humidifiers
to malfunction: heater coils can fail prematurely, heat exchanger
output is reduced by scale buildup, conductivity probe systems
that measure water levels quit working, and drain valves become
plugged. DI/RO water has the lowest mineral content, but its use
is cost-prohibitive unless needed for high purity humidification
or to meet very strict performance requirements (such as in
EV\Z(+9G>"HI::B9Zh^\c<j^YZ
semiconductor manufacturing). Hard water can be used in
isothermal humidifiers with the understanding that these systems
require regular inspection and cleaning and that RH performance
will fluctuate. But the easiest and most cost-effective way to reduce
maintenance requirements is to soften the fill water.
9^gZXi^c_ZXi^dcd[WdâZghiZVbV[[ZXih^cYddgV^gfjVaîn
Boiler steam is often directly injected into the air through steam
dispersion units to provide humidification. Owners of existing
boiler systems have found this a cost-effective, energy efficient, and
easily controllable way to add humidity without adding additional
equipment to make steam. However, boiler water is typically treated
with anticorrosion chemicals that, when directly injected into
the air as steam, negatively impact indoor air quality. Concerned
owners wishing to make use of an existing boiler for humidification
should consider a closed loop system such as our STS Steam-to-
Steam system that provides chemical-free steam for humidification
by running boiler steam through a heat exchanger.
=jb^Y^[^XVi^dcVhejgZVhi]Z[âalViZg
In general, the quality of humidification vapor is only as good as
the humidifier tank’s fill water. High purity water (DI/RO) provides
the purest humidification. Humidification produced through an
isothermal process (boiling) is a bit more pure than humidification
produced through an adiabatic process (unheated water turned
into vapor by evaporation, pressure and/or compressed air).
Some adiabatic systems using potable or softened water leave a
fine dust on area surfaces, and wetted-media or wick systems may
contaminate humidification vapor. Process-critical environments,
such as surgical suites, clean rooms, semiconductor manufacturing,
or museums requiring artifact preservation, use high purity water to
ensure very clean humidification vapor. Potable hard and softened
water in isothermal systems typically provide humidification vapor
that is adequately clean for comfort applications such as office or
residential buildings.
=VgYlViZggZYjXZhZcZg\nZ[[^X^ZcXn
How water type affects energy efficiency is closely related to how
water type affects performance. Simply stated, the harder the
water, the more water wasted down the drain to remove minerals
and, therefore, the more water that will need to be replaced and
reheated, resulting in increased energy costs.
9G>"HI::B9Zh^\c<j^YZEV\Z(,
IVWaZ(-"&/
=dl[âalViZgineZV[[ZXiheZg[dgbVcXZ!bV^ciZcVcXZ!hiZVbfjVaîn!VcYZ[[^X^ZcXn^c^hdi]ZgbVa]jb^Y^[^XVi^dc
hnhiZbh
;âa H`^bb^c\ G= LViZgVcY
9gV^c$Åjh] BV^ciZcVcXZ =jb^Y^ÄXVi^dc
lViZgineZ$ gZfj^gZY4 =VgYcZhh eZg[dgbVcXZ ZcZg\n
[gZfjZcXn gZfj^gZbZcih hiZVbfjVaîn
XdcYjXi^kîn N$C XdcigdagVc\Z Z[ÄX^ZcXn
EdiVWaZ N HnhiZblî]V '"(*\e\ £(d[hZied^ci >[lViZg^h]VgYZg 6hejgZVhi]ZÄaa 6hlViZg]VgYcZhh
b^c^bjb bVcjVaYgV^c/ (*"+%%b\$A lî]hZgk^XZ i]Vc&'\e\ lViZg#9^hhdakZY ^cXgZVhZhhdYdZhi]Z
XdcYjXi^kîn =jb^Y^ÄZgine^XVaan ^ciZggjeiZYWn '%*b\$A!hXVaZ hda^YhbVnigVch[Zg cZZY[dgh`^bb^c\
&%%¥H$Xb YgV^chdcZi^bZ YgV^c^c\VcY WjâYjedXXjgh idi]ZV^ghigZVblî] VcYYgV^c^c\!i]jh
eZghZVhdc!Wji Åjh]^c\ fj^Xàn#>cXgZVh^c\ ]jb^YînkVedg# ^cXgZVh^c\lViZg
bVncZZYid h`^bVcYYgV^c$Åjh] VcYZcZg\njhV\Z!
^cXgZVhZYgV^cVcY XnXaZh]ZaehgZYjXZ [dgbV`ZjelViZg
Åjh][gZfjZcXn hXVaZ!VhYdZhgZ\jaVg gZeaVX^c\lViZg
WVhZYdcfjVgiZgan XaZVc^c\#I]Z`Zn adhiidh`^bVcY
^cheZXi^dch! ^hidh`^bdgÅjh] ÄaaXnXaZhbjhiWZ
ZheZX^Vaanlî] b^cZgVahl]âZi]Zn ]ZViZY#>cVYYî^dc!
lViZgdkZg&'\e\ VgZhiâa^chdaji^dc eZg[dgbVcXZ
'%*b\$A# VcYWZ[dgZi]Zn YZ\gVYVi^dcXVc
ViiVX]id]jb^Y^ÄZg dXXjg^c]ZVi
EdiVWaZ N HnhiZblî]Vjid '"(*\e\ £(d[hZied^ci XdbedcZcihVhhXVaZ# ZmX]Vc\Zg"WVhZY
b^c^bjb YgV^cVcYÅjh]/ (*"+%%b\$A lî]hZgk^XZ hnhiZbh^[i]Z]ZVi
XdcYjXi^kîn HZkZgVai^bZheZg ^ciZggjeiZYWn ZmX]Vc\ZgWZXdbZh
&%%¥H$Xb hZVhdc# YgV^c^c\VcY XdViZYlî]b^cZgVa
Åjh]^c\ hXVaZ#
Hd[iZcZY N HnhiZblî]V '"&'\e\ £(d[hZied^ci 8Vc\djeidild 6hejgZVhi]ZÄaa 6hlViZg]VgYcZhh

b^c^bjb bVcjVaYgV^c/ (*"'%*b\$A lî]cdhZgk^XZ nZVghlî]dji lViZg#9^hhdakZY ^cXgZVhZhhdYdZhi]Z
XdcYjXi^kîn =jb^Y^ÄZgine^XVaan ^ciZggjei^dc XaZVc^c\!Wji hda^YhbVnigVch[Zg cZZY[dgh`^bb^c\
&%%¥H$Xb YgV^chdcZi^bZ fjVgiZgan^cheZXi^dch idi]ZV^ghigZVblî] VcYYgV^c^c\!i]jh
eZghZVhdc!Wji VgZZcXdjgV\ZY ]jb^YînkVedg# ^cXgZVh^c\lViZg
bVncZZYid idkZg^[nhd[iZcZg VcYZcZg\njhV\Z!
^cXgZVhZYgV^cVcY deZgVi^dc#9gV^c! [dgbV`ZjelViZg
Åjh][gZfjZcXn Åjh]VcYh`^b gZeaVX^c\lViZgadhi
WVhZYdcfjVgiZgan [gZfjZcXn$YjgVi^dc idh`^bVcYÄaaXnXaZh
^cheZXi^dch# V[[ZXibV^ciZcVcXZ bjhiWZ]ZViZY#
gZfj^gZbZcih#
Hd[iZcZY N HnhiZblî]Vjid '"&'\e\ £(d[hZied^ci
b^c^bjb YgV^cVcYÅjh]/ (*"'%*b\$A lî]cdhZgk^XZ
XdcYjXi^kîn HZkZgVai^bZheZg ^ciZggjei^dc
&%%¥H$Xb hZVhdc#
=^\]ejgîn C Ine^XVaancZZYid %"'\e\ £&d[hZied^ci 8aZVc^c\ine^XVaan EjgZ]jb^Y^ÄXVi^dc :[ÄX^Zci!WZXVjhZ
9>$GD YgV^cdcZi^bZeZg %"(*b\$A cdigZfj^gZY!Wji hiZVb#HiZVb i]ZgZ^hcdlViZg
hZVhdc# fjVgiZgan^cheZXi^dch \ZcZgViZYWnVc jhZY[dgh`^bb^c\
VgZZcXdjgV\ZY ^hdi]ZgbVaegdXZhh dgYgV^c$Åjh]XnXaZh#
idkZg^[nÄaigVi^dc ^hbdgZejgZi]Vc =dlZkZg!VkZgn
deZgVi^dc# ]jb^Y^ÄXVi^dc hbVaaVbdjcid[
egdYjXZYWnVc lViZggZ\jaVgan
VY^VWVi^XegdXZhh# dkZgÅdlhid`ZZe
i]ZE"igVeÄaaZY#
7dâZghiZVb C$6 C$6 C$6 £&d[hZied^ci NZVgan^cheZXi^dc# :[ÄX^Zci!WZXVjhZVc

Y^gZXi Ine^XVaan!cddi]Zg Zm^hi^c\WdâZgXVc
^c_ZXi^dc gZ\jaVgbV^ciZcVcXZ WZjhZY#
^hgZfj^gZY#
EV\Z(-9G>"HI::B9Zh^\c<j^YZ
:kVedgVi^kZhnhiZbXdbedcZcih
VcYdeZgVi^dc
8dbedcZcihVgZeVgid[V]jb^Y^[^XVi^dchnhiZb &#8gZViZhiZVbHIH]jb^Y^[^Zg
Creating humidity with a DRI-STEEM evaporative humidification
system is a three-step process:
&# 8gZViZhiZVb#
A DRI-STEEM humidifier with an evaporating chamber (such as
VAPORSTREAM or GTS) boils water to create steam.
'# 8dcigda#
DRI-STEEM controllers (such as VAPOR-LOGIC3), humidity
sensors, humidistats, water level sensors, and/or a building
management system control water levels and humidifier steam
output.
(# 9^heZghZ#
Dispersion units disperse steam created in the evaporating
chamber into the airstream through either a tube assembly such
'#8dcigdaK6EDG"AD<>8(`ZneVY
as an ULTRA-SORB installed in a duct or AHU, or by using
DRI-STEEM’s AREA-TYPE fan to disperse steam directly into
a space.
The components of this three-step process work together as an
engineered system, configured for each particular application.
This section of the Design Guide focuses on evaporating chamber
components and operation.
(#9^heZghZJAIG6"HDG7Y^heZgh^dc
9G>"HI::B9Zh^\c<j^YZEV\Z(.
Ine^XVaZkVedgVi^kZhnhiZbXdc[^\jgVi^dch
;^\jgZ)%"&/
BjaiêaZZkVedgVi^c\X]VbWZghVcYVcJAIG6"HDG7Y^heZgh^dc
eVcZa^chiVaaZY^cVc6=J
;^\jgZ)%"'/
:kVedgVi^c\X]VbWZgVcYVG6E>9"HDG7Y^heZgh^dcjcî
^chiVaaZY^cVYjXi
;^\jgZ)%"(/
:kVedgVi^c\X]VbWZgVcYVh^c\aZY^heZgh^dcijWZ^chiVaaZY
^cVYjXi
EV\Z)%9G>"HI::B9Zh^\c<j^YZ
Ine^XVaZkVedgVi^kZhnhiZbXdc[^\jgVi^dchXdci^cjZY
;^\jgZ)&"&/
:kVedgVi^c\X]VbWZgVcYVHeVXZ9^hig^Wji^dcJcî^chiVaaZY^cV
[^c^h]ZYheVXZ
;^\jgZ)&"'/
:kVedgVi^c\X]VbWZglî]VHeVXZ9^hig^Wji^dcJcî^chiVaaZY
Y^gZXianVWdkZ
HeVXZ9^hig^Wji^dcJcîH9J
:kVedgVi^c\X]VbWZg
;^\jgZ)&"(/
:kVedgVi^c\X]VbWZgVcYVc6G:6"INE:[Vc
9G>"HI::B9Zh^\c<j^YZEV\Z)&
;^\jgZ)'"&/ :kVedgVi^kZhnhiZbXdbedcZcih
K6EDGHIG:6BZaZXig^XhnhiZb
- &# 8dcigdaXVW^cZi
.
If a humidifier has a separate control cabinet, it can be mounted
, either on the humidifier or remotely. Some humidifiers, like
the VAPORMIST, have control components integrated into the
)
humidifier cabinet. Systems using VAPOR-LOGIC control also
* have a keypad (see Figure 42-2).
& (
'# LViZgaZkZaXdcigda
-
Potable or softened water systems control water level
electronically using a three-rod probe. DI/RO water systems
' control water levels using a float valve. Electric systems also have
a low-water cutoff float switch for heater protection (see detail
drawings on Pages 44 and 45).
;^\jgZ)'"'/
K6EDG"AD<>8(`ZneVY
(# 9gV^c
DRI-STEEM offers a variety of drain types. Standard water
systems have electric drains that open for drain or drain/flush
cycles. Some standard water systems automatically drain when
there has been no call for humidity for 72 hours (“end-of-
season draining”). DI/RO water systems do not cycle through
regular drain or drain/flush cycles because DI/RO water does not
cause scale buildup. For this reason, most DI/RO systems have
a manual drain, although an electric drain can be ordered for
automated draining at end of season or when the humidifier is
idle for a defined period of time. Some systems allow the user to
adjust drain duration and interval either through a keypad or by
changing switches on the control board.
)# LViZgh`^bbZg$dkZg[adledgi
The water skimmer reduces minerals in the evaporating chamber
of standard water systems. Skimming occurs each time the
humidifier fills. The skim time duration is user adjustable on all
DRI-STEEM humidifiers by either using the keypad or setting
a switch on the control board. In DI/RO water models, the
skimmer port serves as an overflow port.
*# =ZVi^c\ZaZbZcih$]ZViZmX]Vc\Zg
Electric systems: Low-watt-density INCOLOY-sheathed
heating elements ensure operation for many seasons. Constant
expansion and contraction of heating elements sheds mineral
scale. In the unlikely event of heater failure, heating elements can
be replaced easily.
Heat exchanger systems: The heat exchanger transfers energy
from boiler steam (STS), hot water (LTS) or gas-fired burners
(GTS) to water in the evaporating chamber, generating steam.
EV\Z)'9G>"HI::B9Zh^\c<j^YZ
+# KVakZ]ZViZmX]Vc\ZghnhiZbh ;^\jgZ)("&/
Upon a call for humidity, valves allow steam (STS), hot water HIHHiZVb"id"HiZVbhnhiZb
' -
(LTS), or an air/gas mixture (GTS) to enter the heat exchanger. .
,# IZbeZgVijgZhZchdg
Systems with VAPOR-LOGIC3 have a temperature sensor ,
mounted on the evaporating chamber enabling:
• Over-temperature protection (electric systems) + *
• Freeze protection )
• Preheating, allowing rapid response to a call for humidity (
-# HZgk^XZVXXZhh
Access cover and cleanout plates allow periodic inspection and
servicing of the evaporating chamber.
.# HiZVbdjiaZi
Steam generated in the evaporating chamber rises and exits
through the steam outlet and travels to the dispersion unit
through either vapor hose or piping. See Page 46 for steam
outlets available on DRI-STEEM humidifiers.
9G>"HI::B9Zh^\c<j^YZEV\Z)(
;^\jgZ))"&/ :kVedgVi^kZhnhiZbeg^cXêaZd[deZgVi^dc
HiVcYVgYlViZghnhiZbh 1. When the system is first activated, the fill valve opens and the
evaporating chamber fills with water to the operating level.
8dcYjXi^kîn & )
egdWZYZiZXih 2. On a call for humidity, the heating elements are energized,
lViZgaZkZa
causing the water to boil. The fill valve opens and closes as
needed to maintain the operating water level.
(
3. During refill, a portion of the surface water is skimmed off,
carrying away precipitated minerals (standard water systems
only; DI/RO systems don’t require skimming).
'
4. Steam created in the evaporating chamber flows through vapor
hose or piping to the dispersion assembly, where it is discharged
into the airstream.
;^\jgZ))"'/ '
9>$GDlViZghnhiZbh
&
;adVi
WVaa
Adl"
lViZg
Xjid[[
hlîX]
'
BVcjVa
YgV^ckVakZ
EV\Z))9G>"HI::B9Zh^\c<j^YZ
:kVedgVi^kZhnhiZblViZgaZkZaXdcigda ;^\jgZ)*"&/
HiVcYVgYlViZghnhiZbh
HiVcYVgYlViZghnhiZbhgZfj^gZXdcYjXi^kZlViZg
DRI-STEEM’s standard water evaporating chambers (found in
DRI-STEEM evaporative humidifiers with model numbers that do
not end in “DI”) require fill (makeup) water to have conductivity
of at least 100 μS/cm (2 grains/gallon). These systems use a
conductivity probe to measure water levels and, therefore, will
not operate with DI/RO water (which is demineralized and not
conductive).
;âakVakZXadhZh
>bedgiVcicdiZVWdjiX]adg^YZXdggdh^dc
;âakVakZdeZch
Corrosion can occur in evaporating chambers when chloride levels
are unusually high in the supply water. This is usually caused Adl"lViZgXjid[[
by improperly maintained DI treatment beds, but has occurred HnhiZbhjh^c\iVedghd[iZcZYlViZgXdcigdalViZg
with potable water supplies. If you see stainless steel pitting, call aZkZahZaZXigdc^XVaanjh^c\Vi]gZZ"gdYegdWZ#I]Z
XdcigdaaZggZhedcYhlî]i]ZVWdkZVXi^dchl]Zci]Z
DRI-STEEM technical support. lViZgaZkZagZVX]ZhZVX]gdY#
;^\jgZ)*"'/
9>$GDlViZghnhiZbh
;âakVakZ
;adVigdY
;adViWVaa
9G>"HI::B9Zh^\c<j^YZEV\Z)*
;^\jgZ)+"&/ :kVedgVi^kZhnhiZbhiZVbdjiaZiXdccZXi^dch
=dhZXdccZXi^dc Outlet sizes and connections vary by model. See product catalogs
for availability. See also Table 65-1: Maximum steam carrying
capacity and length of interconnecting vapor hose, tubing, and pipe
on Page 65 of this document.
;^\jgZ)+"'/
I]gZVYZYeêZXdccZXi^dc
;^\jgZ)+"(/
;aVc\ZXdccZXi^dc
EV\Z)+9G>"HI::B9Zh^\c<j^YZ
HiZVb^c_ZXi^dchnhiZbXdbedcZcih
VcYdeZgVi^dc
9^gZXi^c_ZXi^dcd[WdâZghiZVb
DRI-STEEM’s steam injection humidifiers use steam from an
external source, such as an in-house boiler, an unfired steam
generator, or a district steam system. Basic operation and
components are described in this section. For more complete
information, see the steam injection catalog.
HiZVb^c_ZXi^dcXdbedcZcih
The drawings and text on the next two pages show a steam
injection model in its most elemental form — the Single-Tube
Humidifier. Each single- or multiple-tube model has the same basic
components: a stainless steel separator, a steam valve, and one or
more jacketed dispersion tubes. For ductless spaces, boiler steam
can be dispersed by the fan of an AREA-TYPE model.
;^\jgZ),"&/
HiZVb^c_ZXi^dc]jb^Y^[^Zgh
B6M>"76C@
6G:6"INE: B>C>"76C@
H^c\aZ"IjWZ
8A:6C"HI::B
H^c\aZ"IjWZ
9G>"HI::B9Zh^\c<j^YZEV\Z),
&# HiZVb_VX`Zi
The steam jacket is a steam-filled chamber surrounding the inner
dispersion tube to keep it warm and eliminate condensation and
dripping.
'# HiZVbhZeVgVidg
The steam separator removes entrained water droplets and slugs
of condensation.
(# 9Z[aZXidgeaViZ
The deflector plate directs water inside the separator toward the
drain.
)# Bjai^"WV[[aZeaViZ
The multi-baffle plate allows only steam to rise into the upper
region of the separator.
;^\jgZ)-"&/
+
HZXi^dcN"N
& ,
N *
-
M M
N
)
HZXi^dcM"M
8dcYZchViZ
' HiZVb
(
EV\Z)-9G>"HI::B9Zh^\c<j^YZ
*#>ciZgcVaYgn^c\ijWZ
The internal drying tube excludes any remaining moisture
particles, allowing only dry steam to leave the separator.
+#HiZVbkVakZ
The steam valve controls the amount of steam allowed into the
dispersion tube.
,#9^heZgh^dcijWZ
The dispersion tube provides uniform steam dispersion across
the duct width.
-#I]ZgbVa"gZh^cijWZaZi
Unique tubelets extend into the center of the dispersion tube so
only the driest steam is discharged into the air. These tubelets
also have an exceptional ability to trap noise generated by the
valve, making DRI-STEEM’s Steam Injection humidifiers the
quietest in the industry.
.#HiZVbigVe
The steam trap allows only condensate to pass to the condensate
return system.
9G>"HI::B9Zh^\c<j^YZEV\Z).
HiZVb^c_ZXi^dceg^cXêaZd[deZgVi^dc
1. Boiler steam with entrained water enters the humidifier and
flows through a chamber surrounding the inner dispersion tube,
jacketing it with steam to eliminate condensation and dripping.
2. The steam with entrained water slows from entering the larger
space of the separator and from hitting the perimeter deflector
plate, and then begins to spin and separate.
3. The separated steam rises through the slots of the multi-baffle
plate to the upper region of the separator and enters the internal
drying tube that excludes any remaining moisture particles,
allowing only dry steam to leave the separator.
4. Separated condensate drains from the separator to the
steam trap.
5. The steam valve controls the amount of steam allowed into the
preheated dispersion tube. The steam valve is typically controlled
in one of three ways:
• By a humidistat connected to the steam valve
• By another signal, such as a building management system
• By one of DRI-STEEM’s controllers, such as VAPOR-LOGIC3.
6. Steam is discharged uniformly through the tubelets into the
airstream. Any condensate formed while passing through the
steam valve is re-evaporated in the inner tube because of heat
supplied by the outer steam jacket.
;^\jgZ*%"&/
HiZVb^c_ZXi^dceg^cXêaZd[deZgVi^dc
&
*
'
EV\Z*%9G>"HI::B9Zh^\c<j^YZ
=jb^Y^[^ZgbV^ciZcVcXZXdch^YZgVi^dch
LViZg]VgYcZhhYZiZgb^cZhbV^ciZcVcXZgZfj^gZbZcih Hd[iZcZYlViZggZYjXZhbV^ciZcVcXZ
When choosing a humidification system, keep in mind that the I]ZZVh^ZhilVnidVkd^YbV^ciZcVcXZ^c
more minerals in your supply water, the more maintenance your VhiVcYVgYlViZghnhiZb^hidjhZlViZg
system will require. lî]adlaZkZahd[]VgYcZhh#@ZZe^cb^cY
i]VihiVcYVgYlViZghnhiZbhgZfj^gZlViZg
id]VkZXdcYjXi^kînd[ViaZVhi&%%¥H$Xb
BV^ciZcVcXZgZfj^gZbZcih[dghnhiZbhjh^c\9>$GDlViZg '\e\]VgYcZhh[dgi]ZXdcYjXi^kînegdWZ
Humidification systems using DI/RO water require minimal idbZVhjgZlViZgaZkZahVXXjgViZan#
maintenance. Properly processed DI/RO water has no minerals or 6ahd!bdhi9G>"HI::B]jb^Y^[^Zgh]VkZ
other contaminants in the water that cause scale buildup. Therefore, VY_jhiVWaZh`^bYjgVi^dch#>cXgZVh^c\h`^b
maintenance requirements for this type of system are: i^bZlâad[iZchjWhiîjiZ[dgeZg^dY^XYgV^c
VcY[ajh]hZfjZcXZh#
• No regular cleaning (although regular inspections are
recommended)
• No skimming or drain and flush cycles (although end-of-season
draining is recommended)
• Regular inspections to verify that water processing equipment
is operating correctly. The presence of chlorides in improperly
processed DI water eventually causes pitting and failure of the
tank and its components.
BV^ciZcVcXZgZfj^gZbZcih[dghnhiZbhjh^c\ediVWaZlViZg
The best way to determine how often your particular system needs
maintenance is to remove the tank cover and inspect it for mineral
deposits after three months of duty. Potable water carries a variety
of minerals and other materials in a mix that varies from location
to location. This variation in water quality, combined with the
hours of operation and duty cycle, will determine your own unique
maintenance schedule. Use the following maintenance schedules as
guidelines.
• Hard water (more than 12 gpg [more than 205 mg/L] hardness):
– Cleaning frequency determined by use and water quality; the
harder the water, the more cleaning required; inspect at least
every three months
– Regular skimming
– Regular drain and flush cycles; end-of season draining
• Naturally soft (2-12 gpg [35-205 mg/L] hardness) or softened
water:
– Annual cleaning
– Regular skimming
– Drain and flush cycles only as needed; end-of season draining
9G>"HI::B9Zh^\c<j^YZEV\Z*&
8dcigdaa^c\9G>"HI::B]jb^Y^[^Zgh
6eea^XVi^dcYZiZgb^cZhVXXZeiVWaZG=XdcigdagVc\Z
Controlling relative humidity (RH) in commercial and industrial
environments can be easy or challenging, depending on the level
of control required. RH fluctuations of 5% to 7% are common in
commercial or office building environments where the purpose
of providing humidification is primarily to improve occupant
comfort and health. Humans are quite forgiving when it comes to
RH fluctuations, and most would not notice a 5% change in RH.
Materials used in industrial processes, however, are much more
particular about humidity fluctuations. Since most materials are
hygroscopic in nature — they absorb and release moisture — many
processes, such as printing or food processing, require humidity to
be within a set range and to not fluctuate more than ±3%. ASHRAE
publishes tables listing the ideal RH for materials used in industrial
applications ranging from 80% RH for grinding optical lenses to
50% RH for manufacturing abrasives.1 The closer to set point that
RH levels track, the more processing productivity improves.
8dcigdai]ZkVg^VWaZhidXdcigdai]Z]jb^Yîn
Some process environments require extremely tight RH control,
and are the most challenging environments to humidify properly.
Semiconductor and pharmaceutical manufacturing facilities,
cleanrooms, laboratories, and testing facilities typically require RH
control within 1% of set point. To achieve such tight control many
variables must be managed.
The most important variable to control is dry bulb temperature,
for as dry bulb fluctuates so does RH. (A 1 °F drop in temperature
causes a 2-3% increase in RH, and a 1 °C drop in temperature
causes a 3-4% increase in RH.) Key to controlling temperature
is careful attention to air handling system design. Moisture
containment, accomplished with vapor barriers and proper
pressurization, is also important, as are the number of air changes
per hour. As the number of air changes increases, humidifier output
fluctuations become more apparent in the humidified space. Other
variables affecting RH control are controller capabilities, sensor type
and placement, dispersion assembly placement, location of duct
components, and varying duct temperatures. This section of the
Design Guide explains how water type, water replenishment, and
energy source control affect RH control.
CdiZh
& &..*6H=G6:=VcYWdd`!=K68
6eea^XVi^dch!>"E:Yî^dc!eV\Zh&&"'!&&"(#
EV\Z*'9G>"HI::B9Zh^\c<j^YZ
>hdi]ZgbVa]jb^Y^[^ZgWVh^Xh ;^\jgZ*("&/
Isothermal humidifiers use an energy source to boil water into =jb^Y^[^Zglî][adVi"[âakVakZ
steam for dispersion either directly into an occupied space or
KVedg]dhZ
through an HVAC system. All isothermal humidifiers have a dgeêZid
makeup water fill valve, a drain valve for periodic and/or end-of- Y^heZgh^dc
VhhZbWan
season draining, and a water level control mechanism. Our systems
also have a water surface skimmer for reducing particulates at the ;âakVakZ
high-water level. Isothermal humidifiers use a variety of water ;adVi
WVaa
types, from purified water such as deionized (DI) or water filtered Adl"
by reverse osmosis (RO), to softened or tap water. DRI-STEEM lViZg
Xjid[[
humidifiers can use any type of water. ÅdVi
hlîX]
=ZVi^c\
;adVi"[âakVakZVaadlhWZhilViZgXdcigda 9gV^c ZaZbZci
kVakZ
As a humidifier boils off water to supply humidification steam,
that water must be replaced. When makeup water is introduced
into the tank, it stops the boil, and steam output ceases until the
makeup water reaches boiling temperature. However, if water
replenishment modulates to match the rate that steam boils off, ;^\jgZ*("'/
there is no interruption in steam production, and no fluctuation =jb^Y^[^Zglî]XdcYjXi^kînegdWZ
in steam output. Float-fill valves are currently the only humidifier
water level control mechanisms that provide fully modulated water
;âakVakZ KVedg]dhZ
replenishment (see Figure 53-1).
8dcYjXi^kîn dgeêZ
Float-fill valves are not effective in tap or softened water systems egdWZ
because precipitated minerals collect on the float-fill assembly and H`^bbZg

edgi
interrupt float movement. Float-fill valves, therefore, are used only
with DI or RO filtered water systems. =ZVi^c\
ZaZbZci 9gV^c
GZeaZc^h]^c\lViZgaZkZahjh^c\XdcYjXi^kînegdWZh
Conductivity probe systems (used in our standard-water
models) replace boiled-off water periodically and therefore cause
interruption in steam output (see Figures 53-2 and 53-3). ;^\jgZ*("(/
9ZiVâd[XdcYjXi^kînegdWZ
In these systems, a probe with three rods of three lengths detects
water levels. When water reaches the top rod, the fill valve stops
filling; when water reaches the middle rod, the fill valve starts
filling. Once water no longer touches the bottom rod, heaters
are de-energized for low-water protection. The vertical distance
between the ends of the top and middle rods defines how much
water is replaced when the fill valve is on, which corresponds to the
time period of reduced or no steam output. Conductivity probe
systems require a minimum level of minerals in the water to operate
and therefore do not work with DI or RO water.
;âakVakZXadhZh
An advantage of this type of water level control is that it provides
accurate water level readings, allowing a predictable skim cycle ;âakVakZdeZch
for removing precipitated minerals by water surface skimming Adl"lViZgXjid[[
with each fill cycle. Skimming flushes floating precipitates to drain
9G>"HI::B9Zh^\c<j^YZEV\Z*(
DjiejiXdcigdaWVh^Xh and dilutes the mineral concentration in the tank water while
causing a minimal reduction in steam output. Surface skimming
Dc"d[[Xdcigda systems produce a negligible interruption to steam output because
Dc"d[[Xdcigda^hi]Zh^beaZhiXdcigdahX]ZbZ heaters remain on during skimming, and because tanks that are
VcYYdZhZmVXianl]ViîhcVbZ^bea^Zh/i]Z regularly skimmed require minimal or no tank draining and
djiejiYZk^XZijgch[jaandc!i]Zc[jaand[[# flushing. Draining and flushing a tank causes steam output to
GZh^YZci^Va[jgcVXZhVcYV^gXdcYî^dcZgh stop for the entire drain duration, which in some systems can be
d[iZcjhZi]^hineZd[Xdcigda#
as long as 60 minutes. All DRI-STEEM skim durations are user-
>cV]jb^Y^[^XVi^dchnhiZb!Vcdc"d[[ adjustable, allowing operators to change the length of time the tank
]jb^Y^hiVi]VhVY^[[ZgZci^VaWZilZZci]Z skims, as well as the frequency, often eliminating drain and flush
dcVcYd[[hlîX]ed^cih#I]ZY^[[ZgZci^Va^h requirements.
ZhiVWa^h]ZYViVgVc\Zhj[[^X^ZciidegZkZci
djiejih]dgiXnXa^c\#>cdi]ZgldgYh!i]Z
]jb^YînaZkZa]Vhid[VaaVaîiaZWZadl :cZg\nbdYjaVi^dcVahd`ZnidbV^ciV^c^c\Xdch^hiZciG=
hZied^ciWZ[dgZi]Z]jb^Y^hiViXadhZhVcY The other key mechanical aspect of maintaining RH output within
ZcZg\ôZhi]Z]jb^Y^[^Zg#DcXZi]Z]jb^Y^[^Zg a specified range is to provide consistent energy to the heating
^hZcZg\ôZY!i]Z]jb^Y^hiVihiVnhXadhZY components. There are two ways to modulate energy delivery to
jciâi]Z]jb^Yîn^hVaîiaZVWdkZhZi
an isothermal humidifier: full, analog modulation, such as with
ed^ci#I]^hXgZViZhVcdeZgVi^c\gVc\Zi]Vi
a steam or gas valve, or on-off modulation such as with a time-
egZkZcihi]Z]jb^Y^[^Zg[gdbgjcc^c\[dg
kZgnh]dgieZg^dYhd[i^bZ# proportioning electric element system.
BdYjaVi^c\YZbVcYh^\cVaXdcigda KVakZhnhiZbh[VaiZgViadlZcY
Lî]bdYjaVi^c\YZbVcYh^\cVaXdcigda! Steam valves, such as those used in a steam-to-steam humidification
VbdYjaVi^c\]jb^Y^hiVidgVWjâY^c\ system, modulate steam flow to heat exchangers in direct
bVcV\ZbZcihnhiZbhZcYhVh^\cVaidi]Z proportion to demand signals. Theoretically, if the system demand
]jb^Y^[^Zg!l]^X]i]ZcegdYjXZhVY^gZXian is 25%, the valve opens 25%. However, steam delivery is part of a
egdedgi^dcVadjieji#;dgZmVbeaZ!^[V
mechanical system that includes a boiler, valve, actuator, and steam
]jb^Y^hiVideZgVi^c\WZilZZc)b6VcY
trap. So while in theory it would seem that a valve system would
'%b6hZcYhV)b6h^\cVa!i]Z]jb^Y^[^Zg
egdYjXZhcddjieji#6&'b6h^\cVaXVjhZh provide the most directly responsive energy metering, it does not
i]Z]jb^Y^[^ZgiddeZgViZVi*%d[XVeVXîn! due to mechanical limitations of the system’s components.
VcYV'%b6h^\cVaXVjhZhi]Z]jb^Y^[^Zg To provide peak performance, steam valves require supply steam
idgjcVi&%%XVeVXîn#=jb^YînhZied^ci
to be at a consistent pressure. Supply steam can be controlled with
^hVY_jhiZYVii]Z]jb^Y^hiVi[gdblî]^cV
WjâY^c\bVcV\ZbZcihnhiZb!dgWnjh^c\
a pressure reducing valve, which converts an inconsistent supply
i]Z]jb^Y^[^ZgXdcigdaaZg`ZneVY# pressure to a steady, lower pressure, eliminating one source for
steam fluctuation. Steam pressures may drop when a bucket steam
trap empties, reducing steam output. But the main issue with
valves is low-end controllability. If very tight RH control is essential
with a steam valve system, specify a valve with a high turndown
ratio (50:1).
Systems using gas valves cannot burn efficiently when demand
is low. This is why many gas valve systems switch to on-off
modulating control below a certain demand point. For example,
a gas system may be fully modulating until demand reaches 25%,
EV\Z*)9G>"HI::B9Zh^\c<j^YZ
where it begins time-proportioning modulation control – that is, DjiejiXdcigdaWVh^Xh
the burner system turns on for a period of time and then turns
off for a period of time. With a high quality valve and responsive I^bZ"egdedgi^dc^c\bdYjaVi^dcXdcigda
d[ZaZXig^X]ZViZgh
control at low demand, a gas humidifier should be able to provide
steam output rangeability at a ratio of 40 to 1 and, especially in a =jb^Y^[^Zghlî]ZaZXig^X]ZViZghgZhedcY^c\
large capacity system, can yield RH control to ±1%. idVbdYjaVi^c\YZbVcYh^\cVajhZi^bZ"
egdedgi^dc^c\IEbdYjaVi^dcXdcigda#
Lî]IEbdYjaVi^dc!djiejihXnXaZdcVcY
HHGhYZa^kZgZcZg\nbdhiXdch^hiZcian d[[ViVgViZXdggZhedcY^c\idi]ZYZbVcY
Electric resistive heating elements are controlled using on-off h^\cVa#8nXaZi^bZhgVc\Z[gdb&hZXdcYid
&%%hZXdcYh#BZX]Vc^XVaXdciVXidghVgZ
time proportioning modulation control. Heaters cycle on and
ine^XVaanjhZYl]ZcXnXaZi^bZhVgZVWdkZ
off for durations ranging from one second, using electronic
+%hZXdcYh0ZaZXigdc^XXdcigdaaZghhjX]Vh
controllers such as solid state relays (SSRs) or silicon controlled hda^Y"hiViZgZaVnhHHGhdghâ^Xdc"XdcigdaaZY
rectifiers (SCRs), to 100 seconds using mechanical contactors. gZXi^[^ZghH8GhVgZjhZY[dggVe^YXnXa^c\!
Every time the heaters are off, there is an interruption to steam i^\]iXdcigdaVcYfj^ZideZgVi^dc#I]Z[VhiZg
production. However, when cycle times are at or near one second, i]Z]ZViZghXnXaZdcVcYd[[!i]ZXadhZgi]Z
steam interruption is unnoticeable. So, while at first it may seem ]jb^Y^[^ZgdjiejiigVX`h]jb^YînhZied^ci#
counterintuitive that an on-off modulating system provides tighter
L]ZcV]jb^Y^[^Zg]VhbdgZi]VcdcZ
control than a modulating valve system, an electronic system
]ZViZg!]ZViZgYjini^bZ^hh]VgZY#;dg
can cycle heaters at such a rapid rate that the steam interruption ZmVbeaZ!^[V]jb^Y^[^Zg]Vh[djgdjieji
does not impact controllability. In addition, electronic controllers hiV\ZhXdcigdaaZYWn[djgXdciVXidgh!id
operate as accurately at low demand as at high demand. VX]^ZkZV**hnhiZbYZbVcYjh^c\V
+%"hZXdcYXnXaZi^bZ!ildXdciVXidghVgZ
dcZVX]egdk^Y^c\'*d[i]Zdjieji
;adVi"[âakVakZlî]HHGhegdk^YZhi^\]iZhiG=Xdcigda
VcYVi]^gYXdciVXidg^hdc[dg*$'*d[+%
In conclusion, there are many variables that affect isothermal hZXdcYh!dg&'hZXdcYhdcVcY)-hZXdcYh
humidity control, and the tighter the control required, the more d[[#Dc"d[[XnXa^c\Yjin^hine^XVaangdiViZY
variables that must be carefully managed. There are two main idgZYjXZXdciVXidglZVg#Id^cXgZVhZ
humidifier mechanical issues that affect RH control: replenishing i]ZXnXa^c\gViZjeid&hZXdcY!Vh^c\aZ
water and modulating energy. The humidification system type HHGdgH8GXVcWZVYYZYVcYYdVaai]Z
you choose will be defined by the requirements of your particular XnXa^c\i]^h^hXVaaZYHHGbdYjaVi^dclî]
application. But if your goal is to achieve the tightest RH control XdciVXidgh#Dg!Vaa]ZVihiV\ZhXVcWZ
XdcigdaaZYWnHHGhdgH8GhXVaaZY&%%
possible, then for most applications, the preferred humidification
HHGdgH8GbdYjaVi^dc!Vaadl^c\i]Z
system will replenish water levels using a float-fill valve and will
i^\]iZhiedhh^WaZXdcigdaWZXVjhZVaa]ZVi
have electronically controlled electric resistive heating elements. hiV\ZhXVcXnXaZgVe^Yan#
9G>"HI::B9Zh^\c<j^YZEV\Z**
6X]^Zk^c\G=Xdcigdalî]
9G>"HI::BZfjêbZci
IVWaZ*+"&/
G=XdcigdaXdbeVg^hdc
G=Xdcigda :cZg\n 9G>"HI::B :cZg\n
6eea^XVi^dc LViZgineZ
XVeVWâîn hdjgXZ egdYjXi bdYjaVi^dc
HiZVb>c_ZXi^dc/
JAIG6"HDG7
>cYjhig^Va"
EgZhhjgôZY B>C>"76C@
\gVYZXdcigda EgZhhjgôZYhiZVb
hiZVb B6M>"76C@
kVakZ
8gî^XVaegdXZhhZh0 BjaiêaZ"IjWZ
£& H^c\aZ"IjWZ
egZhZgkVi^dc
HHG
bdYjaVi^dc
:aZXig^Xîn K6EDGHIG:6B 9>$GD
lî]E>9
Xdcigda
>cYjhig^Va"
=dilViZg AIH \gVYZXdcigda 9>$GD
kVakZ
KVakZ
lî]]^\]
<Vh <IH 9>$GD
ijgcYdlc
gVi^d
<ZcZgVa >cYjhig^Va"
£( EgZhhjgôZY
bVcj[VXijg^c\0 HIH \gVYZXdcigda 9>$GD
hiZVb
hiVi^XZaZXig^Xîn kVakZ
Xdcigda IEdgHHG
K6EDGB>HI 9>$GD
bdYjaVi^dc
:aZXig^Xîn IEdgHHG
=JB>9>"I:8= 9>$GD
bdYjaVi^dc
IEdgHHG
8GJK 9>$GD
bdYjaVi^dc
EgZhhjgôZY HiZVb>c_ZXi^dc/ 8dbbZgX^Va"
EgZhhjgôZYhiZVb
hiZVb 6G:6"INE: \gVYZkVakZ
6aa9G>"HI::B
£* 8db[dgi0]ZVai] 6cn 6cn 6cn
egdYjXih
CdiZ/
BVcnkVg^VWaZhV[[ZXiG=XdcigdaXVeVWâîn#HZZEV\Zh*'"**[dgbdgZ^c[dgbVi^dcVWdjii]Z[VXidghi]ViV[[ZXi]jb^Y^ÄZgXdcigdaaVWâîn#
EV\Z*+9G>"HI::B9Zh^\c<j^YZ
=dlidYZh^\c[dgegdeZg
]jb^Y^[^XVi^dchiZVbVWhdgei^dc
9gê"[gZZY^heZgh^dc^hedhh^WaZ BjaiêaZijWZh^cXgZVhZ
V^gVcYhiZVbb^m^c\
HVAC engineers often express concerns about steam condensation
on internal duct elements when specifying humidification 6WVc`d[XadhZanheVXZYbjaiêaZY^heZgh^dc
systems. And these concerns are valid, for if severe enough, water ijWZh^h[VghjeZg^dgidVh^c\aZYjXiijWZ#
>ci]ZZmVbeaZh]dlcdci]ZcZmieV\Z!
accumulation from condensation can leak through ducts to cause
i]ZVWhdgei^dcY^hiVcXZd[)-&#'bXVc
damage below. This is an immediate — and easily noticeable
WZgZYjXZYidaZhhi]Vc+&*XbWn
— problem. A less visible and potentially more harmful situation VYY^c\Y^heZgh^dcijWZhVcYVXdcYZchViZ
is condensation causing standing water on duct floors. A warm air ]ZVYZg#Lî]bjaiêaZijWZh!hiZVb^h
handling system containing moist dust is an ideal breeding ground bdgZZkZcanY^hig^WjiZY^cidi]ZV^ghigZVb#
for microorganisms. I]^hXVjhZhVgVe^Y]dbd\ZcôVi^dcd[
i]ZhiZVb$V^gb^mijgZ!l]^X]gZhjaih^cV
But these harmful situations do not need to occur. Understanding [VhiZggZ"ZkVedgVi^dcdghZXdcYX]Vc\Z
the factors that affect absorption, and selecting and maintaining d[hiViZ#6YY^c\VXdcYZchViZ]ZVYZg
the proper equipment, will eliminate moisture problems caused by Vaadlh^cXgZVhZYXVeVXîn#9G>"HI::B]Vh
humidification. VkVg^Zind[hiZVbY^heZgh^dcYZk^XZhi]Vi
VXXdbbdYViZVWhdgei^dcgZfj^gZbZcih
gVc\^c\[gdbi]Zh^beaZhiVeea^XVi^dcidi]Z
;VXidghi]ViV[[ZXiVWhdgei^dc
bdhiY^[[^Xjai#
Absorption is affected primarily by three things:
1. Duct or AHU temperature. Cool air absorbs less than warm air 9ZiZgb^cZi]ZVWhdgei^dcY^hiVcXZ
and requires a longer absorption distance. JhZi]Z\gVe]h^cdjgXViVad\hdgjhZ
When equal amounts of steam are introduced into equivalent 9G>"86A8idXVaXjaViZVWhdgei^dcY^hiVcXZh
ducts but with different air temperatures, the lower temperature WnegdYjXi[dgndjgeVgi^XjaVgVeea^XVi^dc#
systems of 50 °F to 55 °F (10 °C to 13 °C) are more challenging I]ZhZejWa^h]ZYVWhdgei^dcY^hiVcXZhVgZ
\jVgVciZZYhdi]VindjXVcWZXdc[^YZcid[
to ensure absorption than systems with higher temperatures.
XdbeaZiZVWhdgei^dc#
2. Δ RH (the difference between entering and leaving RH). The
more vapor that needs to be dispersed into the airstream, the
longer the absorption distance.
Generally speaking, the higher the relative humidity that must
be produced in the airstream the more challenging the task. The
desired room or space RH enters into this discussion as well.
3. Mixing of air and steam. Uneven airflow, non-uniform mixing
of steam with air, and the number of steam discharge points on
a dispersion assembly affect absorption distance. Also important
is the percentage of the airstream covered by the dispersion
assembly (see Figure 58-1).
EaVXZbZci^cV^ghigZVbXgî^XVa
Absorption or nonwetting distance is the dimension downstream
from the leaving side of the steam dispersion assembly to the
point where wetting will not occur, although wisps of steam may
9G>"HI::B9Zh^\c<j^YZEV\Z*,
be present. Solid objects at duct air temperature, such as coils,
dampers, fans, etc., downstream of this dimension will remain dry.
When installing upstream of high-efficiency filters, visible
condensed steam wisps entering the filter bank can result in a
wetted filter. If you need to install upstream of high-efficiency
filters, consult your representative or DRI-STEEM directly for
special recommendations.
;^\jgZ*-"&/
:kVedgVi^kZhiZVbVWhdgei^dcXdbeVg^hdc
I]ZYgVl^c\hWZadlh]dl]dl^cXgZVh^c\i]ZcjbWZgd[hiZVbY^hX]Vg\Z
ed^cihVcY$dgcjbWZgd[Y^heZgh^dcijWZhh]dgiZchVWhdgei^dcY^hiVcXZ#
H^c\aZ"ijWZY^heZgh^dc
D[i]Zi]gZZZmVbeaZhh]dlc]ZgZ!
i]Zh^c\aZ"ijWZXdkZghi]ZhbVaaZhi
eZgXZciV\Zd[i]ZV^ghigZVbVcY]Vh
i]Zadc\ZhiVWhdgei^dcY^hiVcXZ# Ine^XVaVWhdgei^dcY^hiVcXZ
Veegdm^bViZan)-&#'b
G6E>9"HDG7Y^heZgh^dc
Lî]i]ZhVbZXdcYî^dch!VWhdgei^dc
dXXjgh^cVh]dgiZgY^hiVcXZlî]V
bjaiêaZ"ijWZY^heZgh^dcVhhZbWan
WZXVjhZî]VhbdgZhiZVbY^hX]Vg\Z
ed^cihVcYîXdkZghVabdhiVaad[i]Z Ine^XVaVWhdgei^dcY^hiVcXZ
V^ghigZVb# Veegdm^bViZan&-·)-%#)+b·&#'b
JAIG6"HDG7Y^heZgh^dc
Lî]i]ZhVbZXdcYî^dch!i]^h
Y^heZgh^dcVhhZbWanegdk^YZhi]Z
h]dgiZhiVWhdgei^dcY^hiVcXZ#>i
]VhbjaiêaZijWZh!ildgdlhd[
Y^hX]Vg\Zed^cihdcZVX]ijWZ!VcY
VcVYYî^dcVa]ZVYZg[dgbVcV\^c\ Ine^XVaVWhdgei^dcY^hiVcXZ
XdcYZchViZ!Vaadl^c\^cXgZVhZY Veegdm^bViZan+·')%#&*b·%#+%b
XVeVXîn#
EV\Z*-9G>"HI::B9Zh^\c<j^YZ
=jb^Y^[^XVi^dchnhiZbXdbedcZcih
eaVXZbZci
9ZiZgb^cZ]jb^Y^[^ZgeaVXZbZci EaVX^c\VY^heZgh^dcVhhZbWan^cVc6=J
hZZ;^\jgZ*."&
A humidification system generally consists of a vapor or steam
generator and a dispersion assembly. The proper placement of AdXVi^dc6^hi]ZWZhiX]d^XZ#>chiVaa^c\
these two components is crucial for successful system operation. YdlchigZVbd[]ZVi^c\VcYXdda^c\
Xdâhegdk^YZhaVb^cVg[adli]gdj\]
Usually, there is no single correct placement for a humidifier. Much
i]ZY^heZgh^dcjcî0eajh!i]Z]ZViZY
depends on system design and application. However, the following
V^gegdk^YZhVcZck^gdcbZci[dgWZhi
paragraphs and dispersion assembly placement examples are VWhdgei^dc#JhZVbjaiêaZijWZY^heZgh^dc
presented as guidelines for common situations. jcîidZchjgZXdbeaZiZVWhdgei^dcd[
hiZVbkVedgWZ[dgZ[VcZcign#
;^ghi!X]ZX`VkVâVWaZVWhdgei^dcY^hiVcXZ AdXVi^dc7^hi]ZhZXdcY"WZhiX]d^XZ#
=dlZkZg!^cX]Vc\Z"dkZgeZg^dYh!i]Z
Available absorption distance affects system choice. Dispersed Xdda^c\XdâlâaZa^b^cViZhdbZbd^hijgZ
steam must be absorbed into the airflow before it comes in contact [dg]jb^Y^[^XVi^dc#
with any duct elbows, fans, vanes, filters, or any object that can AdXVi^dc8^hi]Zi]^gY"WZhiX]d^XZ#6^g
cause condensation and dripping. Not all humidification systems aZVk^c\V[Vc^hjhjVaankZgnijgWjaZci
guarantee absorption within a short distance, so it is important to VcYbVnXVjhZkVedgidcdiVWhdgWVi
be aware of the available absorption distance early in your design i]ZZmeZXiZYVWhdgei^dcY^hiVcXZ#6aadl
process. [dgbdgZVWhdgei^dcY^hiVcXZ^[^chiVaa^c\
YdlchigZVbd[V[Vc#
AdXVi^dc9^hi]ZeddgZhiX]d^XZ#I]Z
XddaZgV^gVii]^hadXVi^dcgZfj^gZhVc
^cXgZVhZYVWhdgei^dcY^hiVcXZ#
;^\jgZ*."&/
EaVX^c\VY^heZgh^dcVhhZbWan^cVc6=J
;âiZgh 8dda^c\Xdâ -id&''#)bid(#,b

=ZVi^c\Xdâ
:XdcdbôZg 9jXi]^\]a^bî]jb^YînXdcigda
XdcigdaYZk^XZ [dgY^heZgh^dcadXVi^dch6!7
6^gÅdlegdk^c\hlîX]
Djih^YZV^g
;Vc
EgZ]ZViXdâ
:miZg^dg
WjâY^c\lVaa 9 7 6
BdidgôZY (id* 9^heZgh^dcY^hX]Vg\ZhV\V^chi
V^gYVbeZgh &bid&#*b V^gÅdl
8
GZa^Z[V^g -id&'
'#)bid(#,b 6^gÅdlegdk^c\
hlîX]
9jXi]^\]a^bî]jb^Yîn
Xdcigda[dgY^heZgh^dcadXVi^dc8
GZijgcV^gÅdl HjeeanV^gÅdl
9G>"HI::B9Zh^\c<j^YZEV\Z*.
EaVX^c\VY^heZgh^dcVhhZbWancZVgVcZaWdlhZZ;^\jgZ+%"&
• Location A is the best choice. Better absorption occurs on the
downstream side of an elbow than on the upstream side.
• Location B is the second-best choice. Installing upstream of an
elbow can cause wetting at the turning vanes. In cases where it is
structurally impossible to avoid Location B, use a multiple tube
dispersion unit to ensure complete absorption. Also, since more
air flows along the outside of a turn, better absorption occurs if
the humidifier discharges proportionately more steam in that part
of the airstream.
• At both locations, discharging steam against or perpendicular to
the airstream gives slightly better mixing and absorption than
discharging with the airstream.
;^\jgZ+%"&/
EaVX^c\VY^heZgh^dcVhhZbWancZVgVcZaWdl
9jXi
B^hiXVcXdaaZXi
dckVcZh
6^gÅdl 7
(id*
&bid&#*b
AZhhV^gÅdldc
i]^hh^YZd[ZaWdl
6
-id&'
'#)bid(#,b
9jXi]^\]a^bî]jb^Y^hiVi
6^gÅdl
EV\Z+%9G>"HI::B9Zh^\c<j^YZ
EaVX^c\VY^heZgh^dcVhhZbWan^cVeg^bVgn$hZXdcYVgnhnhiZb
hZZ;^\jgZ+&"&
This type of system is commonly applied to facilities where most
of the building requires one level of humidity (typically to meet
comfort requirements) and part of the building requires additional
humidity. In Figure 61-1, the primary humidification system is
within the main air handling unit. The secondary humidification
system is located close to the point of steam discharge into the
secondary area.
HZchdgVcYigVchbîiZgadXVi^dchVgZXgî^XVahZZ;^\jgZ+'"&dc
cZmieV\Z
Sensor or transmitter location has a significant impact on
humidifier performance. In most cases, we recommend that you do
not interchange duct and room humidity devices. Room humidity
devices are calibrated with zero or little airflow; whereas duct
humidity devices require air passing across them. Recommended
sensor locations (next page):
;^\jgZ+&"&/
EaVX^c\VY^heZgh^dcVhhZbWan^cVeg^bVgn$hZXdcYVgnhnhiZb
Djih^YZV^g :m]VjhiV^g
;âiZgb^m^c\Wdm
7Z[dgZ]jb^Y^ÄZg/
*%;&%8!),G= ,%;'&8!(%G=
Eg^bVgn]jb^Y^ÄZg HZXdcYVgn
Y^heZgh^dcVhhZbWan ]jb^Y^ÄZg
Y^heZgh^dc
6[iZg]jb^Y^ÄZg/ VhhZbWan
*%;&%8!+%G= *%;&%8
+%G= Eg^bVgnVgZV/
,%;'&8!
K6K (%G=
Wdm
*%;&%8!+%G=
HZXdcYVgn HZXdcYVgn
]jb^Y^ÄZY ]jb^Y^ÄZg
VgZV ZkVedgVi^c\
X]VbWZg
GddbigVchbîiZg/
+*;&-8!
*%G=
9G>"HI::B9Zh^\c<j^YZEV\Z+&
A This is the ideal sensing location because this placement
ensures the best uniform mix of dry and moist air with stable
temperature control.
B This location is acceptable, but the room environment may
affect controllability such as when the sensor is too close to air
grilles, registers, or heat radiation from room lighting.
C This location is acceptable because it provides a good uniform
mixture of dry and moist air, but if an extended time lag exists
between moisture generation and sensing, make sure the control
contractor extends the sampling time.
D This location behind a wall or partition is acceptable for
sampling the entire room if the sensor is near an air exhaust
return outlet. This location is also typical of sensor placement
for sampling a critical area.
E These locations are not acceptable because they may not
represent actual overall conditions in the space.
F These locations are not acceptable. Do not place sensors near
windows, door passageways, or areas of stagnant airflow.
G This is the best location for a duct high limit humidistat or
humidity sensor.
;^\jgZ+'"&/
GZXdbbZcYZYhZchdgadXVi^dch
=^\]a^bî]jb^Y^hiVidg
]^\]a^bîigVchbîiZghZiVi
.%G=bVm^bjb[dgK6K
-id&' Veea^XVi^dch
Djih^YZV^g '#)bid(#,b
b^c^bjb
6^gÅdlhlîX]hVâineZ
9VbeZgXdcigda dgY^[[ZgZci^VaegZhhjgZ
hlîX]gZXdbbZcYZY[dg
K6KVeea^XVi^dch
GZa^Z[V^g GZijgcV^g 8 6=J <
KVedgVWhdgei^dc]VhiV`Zc
L^cYdl eaVXZ
Ed^cid[kVedgVWhdgei^dc
9 =jb^Y^ÄZgY^heZgh^dc
: ; VhhZbWan
Ijgc^c\kVcZh
6 7
; : ;
9ddglVn L^cYdl
G=d[[hZidei^dc/EaVXZViZbeZgVijgZXdbeZchVi^dc
igVchbîiZgdci]ZadlZgXdgcZgd[i]Z^ch^YZhjg[VXZd[YdjWaZ"
eVcZl^cYdl\aVhhdccdgi]dgcdgi]ZVhi[VX^c\l^cYdl
EV\Z+'9G>"HI::B9Zh^\c<j^YZ
Eê^c\VcZkVedgVi^kZ
]jb^Y^[^XVi^dchnhiZb
The drawing below shows a typical piping configuration for an

evaporative system. For detailed information about how to pipe a
specific DRI-STEEM evaporative humidifier, see the Installation
Guides available by product in DRI-CALC.
;^\jgZ+("&/
;âa!YgV^cVcYXdcYZchViZgZijgceê^c\[dgVine^XVaZkVedgVi^kZ]jb^Y^[^Zg
Za
aZk HiZVbkVedgdjiaZi
Dei^dcVa iVaa
XdcYZchViZ >ch H]dX`VggZhiZggZXdbbZcYZYidZa^b^cViZlViZg]VbbZg!Wn^chiVaaZg
gZijgc
eê^c\[gdb LViZghjeeana^cZ0lViZgegZhhjgZgVc\Z'*ehîd
Y^heZgh^dc -%eh^&,'ÈVid*-'ÈV0lViZgXdcYjXi^kîn
jcî b^c^bjb&%%¥H$Xb'\e\
6^gkZci
ijWZ
9C'%b^c#YgV^c!h`^bVcYdkZgÅdl
eê^c\gViZY[dg'&';&%%8
='/6^gkZci >ch
iVaa
]Z^\]ibjhi aZk >[gjc^hdkZg&%(b!^cXgZVhZeêZid&
Za
WZZfjVaiddg 9C('
+ \gZViZgi]Vc
&*'bb ='hZZiVWaZ =& EîX] ;adla^cZd[YgV^ceê^c\V[iZgi]ZlViZg
WZadl &
9C'%eêZ & $-$[ hZVabjhiWZWZadli]ZYgV^ckVakZid
i]gZVYY^heZgh^dc i ZchjgZi]Vi]jb^Y^ÄZgYgV^chXdggZXian
jcîXdcYZchViZ
gZijgc^caZi
&'*bbV^g\Ve
DeZcÅddgYgV^c#GZ[Zgid
9C'%b^c^bjb \dkZgc^c\XdYZh[dgYgV^c
XdcYZchViZYgV^ceê^c\ eêZhôZVcYbVm^bjb
gViZY[dg'&';&%%8 iZbeZgVijgZgZfj^gZbZcih#
IVWaZ+("&/
=Z^\]ihgZfj^gZYiddkZgXdbZ]jb^Y^[^Zg^ciZgcVaegZhhjgZ
=&VcY='
Jcîdjieji LViZghZVa]Z^\]i=& 6^gkZci]Z^\]i='
`L aWh$]g `\$] ^cX]Zh bb ^cX]Zh bb
≤ )- ≤&(- ≤+' &' (%* ''#* *,'
)."+) &(."&-( +("-( &* (-& ',#* +..
3+) 3&-( 3-) &- )*, (%#* ,,*
9G>"HI::B9Zh^\c<j^YZEV\Z+(
IVWaZ+)"&/
EîX]d[Y^heZgh^dcijWZhVcY^ciZgXdccZXi^c\eê^c\[dgH^c\aZ"dgBjaiêaZ"IjWZZkVedgVi^kZY^heZgh^dcjcîh
9^VbZiZgd[
IneZd[ EîX]d[ EîX]d[ EîX]d[
8dcYZchViZYgV^c Y^heZgh^dcijWZVcY
^ciZgXdccZXi^c\eê^c\ ^ciZgXdccZXi^c\eê^c\ Y^heZgh^dcijWZh XdcYZchViZYgV^c
^ciZgXdccZXi^c\eê^c\
&9C)%
'$[i&*
KVedg]dhZ idlVgY
]jb^Y^ÄZg
'9C*%
'$[i&*
Lî]djiYgV^c CdYgV^c
idlVgY]jb^Y^ÄZg
&9C)%
&$-$[i&
IjW^c\dgeêZ idlVgY
]jb^Y^ÄZg
'9C*%
&9C)%
'$[i&*
KVedg]dhZ idlVgY
]jb^Y^ÄZg
'9C*% $[i'
&$-$[i&
idlVgYÅddgYgV^cdg
idlVgY
Lî]YgV^c idlVgY]jb^Y^ÄZg^[
XdcYZchViZ
$[i* ]jb^Y^ÄZg^hWZadl
YgV^c
&9C)% idlVgY Y^heZgh^dcjcî
]jb^Y^ÄZg
IjW^c\dgeêZ
$[i'
'9C*% idlVgY
]jb^Y^ÄZg
IVWaZ+)"'/
EîX]d[^ciZgXdccZXi^c\eê^c\!Y^heZgh^dcijWZh!VcY]ZVYZgh[dgG6E>9"HDG7ZkVedgVi^kZY^heZgh^dcjcîh
IneZd[ 9^VbZiZgd[ EîX]d[ EîX]d[ EîX]d[

6^gÅdl
^ciZgXdccZXi^c\eê^c\ ^ciZgXdccZXi^c\eê^c\ ^ciZgXdccZXi^c\eê^c\ Y^heZgh^dcijWZh ]ZVYZg
'$[i&*
KVedg]dhZ &9C)%!'9C*% idlVgY
&$-$[i&
G6E>9"HDG7
KZgi^XVaan idlVgY
=dgôdciVa
eajbW XdcYZchViZ
&9C)%!'9C*%! &$-$[i&
YgV^c
IjW^c\dgeêZ (9C-%!)9C&%%! idlVgY
*9C&'*!+9C&*% G6E>9"HDG7
'$[i&*
KVedg]dhZ &9C)%!'9C*% idlVgY
&$-$[i&
G6E>9"HDG7 '$[i
idlVgY
KZgi^XVa idlVgY
XdcYZchViZ
&9C)%!'9C*%! &$-$[i& ]ZVYZg
YgV^c
IjW^c\dgeêZ (9C-%!)9C&%%! idlVgY
*9C&'*!+9C&*% G6E>9"HDG7
EV\Z+)9G>"HI::B9Zh^\c<j^YZ
IVWaZ+*"&/
BVm^bjbhiZVbXVggn^c\XVeVXînVcYaZc\i]d[^ciZgXdccZXi^c\kVedg]dhZ!ijW^c\!VcYeêZ
8deeZgdghiV^caZhhhiZZaijW^c\
KVedg]dhZ
VcYHX]ZYjaZ)%hiZZaeêZ
BVm^bjbYZkZadeZY
=dhZ>#9# BVm^bjbXVeVXîn BVm^bjbaZc\i] IjWZdgeêZhôZ BVm^bjbXVeVXîn
aZc\i]
^cX]Zh 9C aWh$]g `\$] [i b ^cX]Zh 9C aWh$]g `\$] [i b
& )% &*% +- &% ( & )% &*% +- '% +
' *% '*% &&( &% ( ' *% ''% &%% (% .
( -% )*% '%) -% ')
) &%% ,*% ()% &%% (%
* &'* &)%% +(* &%% (%
+ &*% '(%% &%)( &%% (%
7VhZYdcidiVabVm^bjbegZhhjgZYgde^c]dhZ!ijW^c\!dgeê^c\d[*lX&'))EV
BVm^bjbgZXdbbZcYZYaZc\i][dgkVedg]dhZ^h&%(b#Adc\ZgY^hiVcXZhXVcXVjhZ`^c`^c\dgadlhedih#
Idb^c^bôZadhhd[XVeVXînVcYZ[ÄX^ZcXn!^chjaViZijW^c\VcYeê^c\#

9ZkZadeZYaZc\i]ZfjVahbZVhjgZYaZc\i]eajh*%d[bZVhjgZYaZc\i]idVXXdjci[dgeêZÄii^c\h#

GZfj^gZhÅVc\ZXdccZXi^dc

L]Zcjh^c\kVedg]dhZ!jhZ9G>"HI::BkVedg]dhZ[dgWZhigZhjaih#;^ZaY"hjeea^ZY]dhZbVn]VkZh]dgiZga^[ZVcYbVnXVjhZ[dVb^c\^ci]ZZkVedgVi^c\
X]VbWZggZhjai^c\^cXdcYZchViZY^hX]Vg\ZVii]ZY^heZgh^dcVhhZbWan#9dcdijhZkVedg]dhZ[dgdjiYddgVeea^XVi^dch#
9G>"HI::B9Zh^\c<j^YZEV\Z+*
Eê^c\VhiZVb^c_ZXi^dchnhiZb
EgZhhjgôZYhiZVbeê^c\\j^YZa^cZh
• Size piping in accordance with ASHRAE recommendations.
• The humidifier’s steam supply should be taken off the top of the
steam main (not the side or bottom) to ensure the driest steam.
The main should be dripped and trapped (in accordance with
ASHRAE recommendations).
• The humidifier steam trap(s) must drain by gravity to the return
main having little or no back pressure. If condensate cannot drain
by gravity, then it must be elevated to the return main (see the
next page for instructions).
• If steam pressure is < 15 psi (103.4 kPa), use float and
thermostatic (F&T) traps for the humidifier.
• If steam pressure is >15 psi (103.4 kPa), use inverted bucket traps
for the humidifier.
• If lifting condensate, use an inverted bucket trap. See drawings
and instructions on the next page.
• Condensate from unavoidable heat loss in the distribution
system must be removed promptly to eliminate water hammer,
;^\jgZ++"&/
Eê^c\[gdbWdâZgid]jb^Y^[^Zg

IV`Zd[[WgVcX]a^cZh[gdbi]Zided[i]Z V ^c
b '
X] %#
hiZVbbV^c!egZ[ZgVWanViV)*Vc\aZ! )* Eî g&%
Vai]dj\]kZgi^XVa.%XdccZXi^dchVgZ e Z
VXXZeiVWaZ
Eî
X
eZg ]]jb
[gd &% ^Y^Ä
b % Z Eê^c\hVbZhôZVh
>chjaViZeê^c\ aZh bV^c #) gWgVc ]jb^Y^ÄZg^caZihigV^cZg
hi] id ^[ X]
Vc ]jb Y^hi &$'
&% ^Y VcX
( ^ÄZ Z
#(b g^h
7gV
cX]
igV
b ^[Y eg Id]jb^Y^ÄZg#
6jidbVi^X \gZ V^ci ^hiVc ZXdb >caZihigV^cZgbjhi
lVgb"je/ ViZ d] XZ[ bZ WZlî]^c(&b
gi] jb gdb cYZ
'-,&&bbb^c^bjb# Vc ^Y^Ä Y d[]jb^Y^ÄZg
HjeZgk^hZYlVgb"je/ &% Zg
(# ^h
:cYd[bV^c &#*eêZY^VbZiZg! (b
hiZVbigVe =jb^Y^ÄZg^hdaVi^dckVakZ
-'%(bbb^c^bjb#
Wn^chiVaaZg
>[eêZ^h)9C&%% >chjaViZeê^c\
8dcYZchViZgZijgc dgaVg\Zg!hôZYgê[dg
*%d[i]ZXdcYZchViZ &'(%*bbb^c^bjb
adVYVihiVgi"je#>[eêZ 7gVcX]
^haZhhi]Vc)9C&%%! hiZVb
hôZYgê[dg'*d[ igVe
7adlYdlckVakZ i]ZXdcYZchViZadVYVi Wn^chiVaaZg
Wn^chiVaaZg hiVgi"je# )&%%bbb^c^bjb
8dcYZchViZgZijgc
7adlYdlckVakZWn^chiVaaZg
EV\Z++9G>"HI::B9Zh^\c<j^YZ
degradation of steam quality, and heat transfer capability. Install
drip legs at all low points and natural drainage points in the
system, such as at the ends of mains and at the bottoms of risers,
and ahead of pressure regulators, control valves, isolation valves,
pipe bends, and expansion joints. On straight horizontal runs
with no natural drainage points, space drip legs at intervals not
exceeding 300 (91.4 m) when the pipe is pitched down in the
direction of the steam flow and at a maximum of 150 (45.7 m)
when the pipe is pitched up, so that condensate flow is opposite
of steam flow. These distances apply to systems where valves are
opened manually to remove air and excess condensate that forms
during warm-up conditions. Reduce these distances by about half
in systems that are warmed up automatically.
• Insulate piping well to avoid unnecessary heat loss.
• Pitch return lines downward in the direction of the condensate
flow at ½ per 10 (0.4%).
:aZkVi^c\XdcYZchViZ[gdbVegZhhjgôZYhiZVb]jb^Y^[^Zg
In certain installations, it is not possible to drain the humidifier
steam trap by gravity. The condensate must be lifted. Generally,
lifting condensate is not recommended, but it can be done
successfully by observing the following rules:
• Steam pressure. Theoretically, 1 psi (6.9 kPa) of steam pressure
lifts condensate about 2 (0.6 m). But in practice, because of pipe
friction, pressure drop through a steam trap, and back pressure
in a return line, we recommend that you consider the maximum
lift to be 6 per psi (0.2 m per 6.9 kPa) of steam pressure at the
trap. For example, a steam pressure of 5 psi (34.5 kPa) provides a
;^\jgZ+,"&/
:aZkVi^c\XdcYZchViZ
EîX]eZg&%%#)
:aZkViZYXdcYZchViZgZijgcbV^c
9C&*i]gZVYZY
BVm^bjba^[i2+eZgeh^
%#'beZg+#.ÈVd[hiZVb
egZhhjgZVii]ZigVe!a^[i^c\je
id*&#*bbVm^bjb
8dcYZchViZgZijgcÅdl
>ckZgiZYWjX`ZihiZVbigVe
8]ZX`kVakZ
hl^c\ineZ
9G>"HI::B9Zh^\c<j^YZEV\Z+,
maximum lift of 2.5 (0.76 m). Do not attempt lifts in excess of 5
(1.5 m).
• Steam trap. When lifting condensate, use an inverted bucket type
steam trap. Float and thermostatic (F&T) traps are more prone
to water hammer damage with a flooded trap, which may occur
when lifting condensate.
• Pipe size. The size of the vertical portion of the piping should be
½ (DN15) pipe thread.
• Check valve (swing type). Install a low-pressure differential swing
check-valve adjacent to the trap. This will prevent backflow of
condensate into the humidifier during periods of little or no
steam pressure. Failure to do so could result in the accumulated
backflow discharging from the humidifier when steam pressure is
resumed. Spring type check-valves are not recommended as they
can reduce pressure available for condensate lifts.
:a^b^cVi^c\ZmXZhh]ZVi[gdbegZhhjgôZYhiZVb"_VX`ZiZY
]jb^Y^[^Zgh
In some applications with steam-jacketed humidifiers, the heat
given off by the steam-heated tube (not the sensible heat of the
steam) may be undesirable. While relatively insignificant in a single-
tube unit (usually a rise of less than 2 °F [1 °C]), it can be much
greater in a closely-spaced, multiple-tube installation. This can be
dealt with in several ways:
1. Manually turn off the steam supply valve during nonhumidifying
periods.
2. Insulate the tube exterior. (Note that this enlarges the tube
profile, causing additional resistance to airflow.)
3. Provide an automatic shut-off valve for the jacketing steam
circuit in addition to the modulating control valve. This
;^\jgZ+-"&/
H^c\aZ]jb^Y^[n^c\hiZVbeVi]
=jb^Y^ÄZg^hdaVi^dckVakZ
BdYjaVi^c\XdcigdakVakZ
EV\Z+-9G>"HI::B9Zh^\c<j^YZ
eliminates heat gain during the “off” humidification periods only
(see Figures 68-1 and 69-1). The jacketing steam valve should be
a two-position type, with a minimum Cv of 5, and set to the full-
open position prior to opening the modulating valve.
In Figure 68-1, all of the steam (for jacketing and humidification)
must pass through the jacket steam valve, and it must do so with
very little or no pressure drop across the valve, or maximum
capacity will be reduced. More importantly, with just one supply
source for jacket and humidification steam, the temperature of the
jacket steam may drop below the temperature required to eliminate
dripping. Therefore, the valve must be adequately sized. This is
not significant in a small capacity humidifier. However, in a large
capacity humidifier, the valve of the size required may be quite
expensive. Another option is to install two valves: one sized for
jacket steam and one sized for humidification steam.
Figure 69-1 shows a steam flow that has been divided into two
paths: a humidifying steam path (which passes through the
separator valve assembly) and a jacket steam path. When dividing
the steam path, install a temperature switch as shown in the
drawing to ensure that condensate is not present when the control
valve opens. Install a header trap, as shown, to collect condensation
when the jacket steam is off.
;^\jgZ+."&/
9^k^YZY]jb^Y^[n^c\hiZVbeVi]
?VX`Zi^c\hiZVbdc"d[[kVakZ
BdYjaVi^c\XdcigdakVakZ
IZbeZgVijgZhlîX]
=ZVYZg
igVe
CdiZ/9jZidi]ZegZhhjgZYgdeVXgdhhi]Z
kVakZ!i]ZhiZVbegZhhjgZVii]Z]ZVYZg
9gV^c igVe^hb^c^bVa0i]ZgZ[dgZ!ndjXVccdi
a^[iXdcYZchViZdggZijgcXdcYZchViZidV
egZhhjgôZYgZijgc[gdbi]^higVe#
9G>"HI::B9Zh^\c<j^YZEV\Z+.
HjbbVgn
Designing a humidification system is a straightforward process of:

• Calculating load
• Selecting the energy source
• Choosing a water type
• Understanding humidifier maintenance requirements
• Defining control requirements
• Selecting humidification equipment
• Placing dispersion assemblies to ensure complete absorption
• Piping the humidification system
In tandem with a product catalog, this Design Guide has hopefully

given you the information you need to design a DRI-STEEM
humidification system. If you need more information, your
DRI-STEEM representative is always available to help you (you can
find your local representative by going to www.dristeem.com). Also,
keep in mind that DRI-STEEM provides many educational tools to
help you understand humidification issues. Those tools are listed
on Pages 2 and 3 of this document, and many can be found on our
web site, www.dristeem.com.
EV\Z,%9G>"HI::B9Zh^\c<j^YZ
<adhhVgnd[]jb^Y^[^XVi^dciZgbh
CjbWZghVcYhnbWdah
(E9I¸ three-pole, double throw
¥H$Xb¸ microSiemens per centimeter, a measure of conductivity
6
6¸ ampere, amps, amp
VX¸ alternating current
VY^VWVi^X]jb^Y^[^Zg¸ uses heat from air to convert water into

vapor
6<6¸ American Gas Association
6=J¸ air-handling unit
6CH>¸ American National Standards Institute
VfjVhiVi¸ thermostat designed for use in water
6H8>>¸ American Standard Code for Information Interchange
6H=G6:¸ American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-

Conditioning Engineers
6HIB¸ American Society for Testing and Materials
VidbôZg¸ device that creates a fine spray from a liquid
7
WVaakVakZ¸ valve consisting of a ball resting on a spherical seat
7DB¸ bill of material
7HE¸ British standard pipe
7HEI¸ British standard pipe tapered
7ij¸British thermal unit
8
8¸ degrees Celsius
8:¸Conformité Européen — required marking for selling our

products in Europe
8":IA¸ Electrical Testing Laboratory, Canada
X[]¸ cubic feet per hour
X[b¸ cubic feet per minute
X[h¸ cubic feet per second
9G>"HI::B9Zh^\c<j^YZEV\Z,&
X]ZX`kVakZ¸ a valve allowing fluid flow in one direction only
XdaY"hcVed[[hZiG=igVchbîiZg¸ during periods of very cold

weather, this window-mounted temperature transmitter lowers
the RH control point to permit maximum room RH without
condensation on windows
XdcYZchViZ¸ in humidification, water condensed from steam
XdcYZchVi^dç change of state of a vapor into a liquid by

extracting heat from vapor
XdcYjXi^kîn¸ ability to carry electrical current
XdciVXidg¸ electromagnetic switching device
XdcigdaaZg¸ device that regulates the humidification system
8EK8¸ chlorinated polyvinyl chloride
8H6¸ Canadian Standards Association
8H>¸ Construction Specifications Institute
8"JA¸ Certified by UL in both Canada and the U.S.
8k¸ valve flow coefficient
9
Y7¸decibel
Y76¸ decibel, weighted
YX¸ direct current
9:6:¸ diethylamino ethanol
Y^V#¸ diameter
9>ChiVcYVgY¸ Deutsches Institut für Normung (German Institute

for Standardization)
9>$GD¸ deionized/reverse osmosis (water)
9@¸ DRANE-KOOLER
9Ç diameter nominal — used to describe pipe sizes in metric

literature
9E9I¸ double pole, double throw
EV\Z,'9G>"HI::B9Zh^\c<j^YZ
:
::EGDB¸electrically erasable programmable read-only memory
:B>¸ electromagnetic interference
ZcigV^cZYXdcYZchViZ¸ water droplets transported by steam flow
:DH¸end of season
:E9B¸ ethylene propylene dienemonomer
:IA¸ Electrical Testing Laboratory
;
;¸ degrees Fahrenheit
;IigVe¸ float and thermostatic trap
[ajZeê^c\¸
IneZ7/Double-wall construction with aluminum inner wall

and galvanized steel outer wall
IneZ7"L/ Same as Type B except fabricated in an oval shape
IneZA/ Same as Type B except inner wall is stainless steel
[i¸ foot, feet
[i'¸ square foot, feet
[eb¸ feet per minute
[eh¸ feet per second
<
\e\¸ grains per gallon
\e]¸ gallons per hour
\eb¸ gallons per minute
<IH]jb^Y^[^Zg¸ Gas-to-Steam humidifier
=
]ZViZmX]Vc\Zg¸ a device specifically designed to transfer heat
between physically separated fluids or gasses
=:E6¸ high-efficiency particle arrestor
]e¸ horsepower
]g¸ hour, hours
9G>"HI::B9Zh^\c<j^YZEV\Z,(
]jb^Y^hiVi¸ a regulatory device, actuated by changes in humidity;
used for automatic control of relative humidity
]jb^YînigVchbîiZg¸ a monitoring device that senses humidity
level and provides an output signal based on humidity level
=K68¸ heating, ventilation, air conditioning
]n\gdbZiZg¸ an instrument responsive to humidity conditions of

the atmosphere
=o¸ hertz
>
>6F¸ indoor air quality
>9¸ inside diameter
^ç inch, inches
^c'¸square inch(es)
^c(¸ cubic inch(es)
>DB¸Installation, Operation and Maintenance manual
>"Ejcîh¸ inch-pound units
?
?¸joule
?>8¸ Joint Industrial Council
@
`L¸ kilowatt
`L]¸ kilowatt-hour
@KH¸ valve flow coefficient, Europe
A
A¸litre
aW¸ pound
aWh$]g¸ pounds per hour
aWh$]g$[i¸ pounds per hour per foot (as in vapor hose capacity)
aWh$]g$[i'¸ pounds per hour per square foot
ADÇ local operating network
EV\Z,)9G>"HI::B9Zh^\c<j^YZ
AE¸ liquefied petroleum
AIH]jb^Y^[^Zg¸ Liquid-to-Steam humidifier
B
b6¸ milliampere
bVm¸ maximum
B7¸ megabyte
bW¸ millibar
B7]¸ one thousand Btu per hour
b^Xgdb]d¸ one-millionth of a mho. The micromho is the

practical unit of measurement for conductivity, and is used to
approximate the total dissolved solids content of water. The
preferred term for conductivity is μS/cm
b^XgdH^ZbZch$Xb¸ microSiemens per centimeter (abbreviated
μS/cm); a measure of conductance; see also micromho
C
C:B6¸ National Electrical Manufacturing Association
C>HI¸ National Institute of Standards and Technology
Cd#¸ number
CDm¸ nitrogen oxide
CEI¸ National Pipe Thread
D
dX¸ on center
D9¸ outside diameter
E
E>9¸ proportional, integral, derivative
eeb¸ parts per million
eh^¸ pounds per square inch
EK8¸ polyvinyl chloride
9G>"HI::B9Zh^\c<j^YZEV\Z,*
G
G;>¸ radio frequency interference
G=¸ relative humidity
H
H8G¸ silicon-controlled rectifier
H9J¸ space distribution unit
H>¸ Système International D’unités (International system of units

based on the meter, kilogram, second, ampere, Kelvin, candela,
and mole)
HHG¸ solid state relay
HHI¸ stainless steel
HIH]jb^Y^[^Zg¸ Steam-to-Steam humidifier
I
I¸ temperature
I9H¸ total dissolved solids
IE¸ time-proportioning
J
JA¸Underwriters’ Laboratories
K
K6¸ volt-ampere
KVX — volts alternating current
KYX¸ volts direct current
KA(¸ VAPOR-LOGIC3 controller
KA8¸ VAPORSTREAM’s standard-water model
KA9>¸ VAPORSTREAM’s DI/RO-water model
KB¸ VAPORMIST
L
L¸watt
lX¸water column
li¸weight
EV\Z,+9G>"HI::B9Zh^\c<j^YZ
Form No. DG-0403-global

Humidification System Design Guide

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Humidification System Design Guide

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

=JB > 9> ;> 8 6I> DC H N H I : B

9:H> <C <J> 9 :

"'% '' &, &&

4. V2 = VAH / [(A/B) + 1] '% )% (% '%

; aWh$]g$&%%X[b aWh$]g$&%%X[b aWh$]g$&%%X[b  X[b X[b aWh$]g

"'% '#) · %#%,' 2 '#('- m &, m &'!%%% ½ &%% 2 ),#).

"&% '#) · %#&') 2 '#',+ m &. m &'!%%% ½ &%% 2 *&#-.

% '#) · %#'%- 2 '#&.' m '& m &'!%%% ½ &%% 2 **#')

&% '#) · %#((- 2 '#%+' m '* m &'!%%% ½ &%% 2 +&#-+

'% '#) · %#*)* 2 &#-** m (% m &'!%%% ½ &%% 2 ++#,-

(% '#) · %#-*+ 2 &#*)) m (- m &'!%%% ½ &%% 2 ,%#)&

)% '#) · &#''' 2 &#&,- m *% m &'!%%% ½ &%% 2 ,%#+-

*% '#) · &#,.) 2 %#+%+ m ,* m &'!%%% ½ &%% 2 *)#*)

** '#) · '#&)% 2 %#'+% m &%% m &'!%%% ½ &%% 2 (&#'%

[eb Cdc" Cdc" Cdc" Cdc" Cdc" Cdc" Cdc" Cdc"

b$h Cdc" Cdc" Cdc" Cdc" Cdc" Cdc" Cdc" Cdc"

[eb b$h aWh$]g$[i' `\$]$b' aWh$]g$[i' `\$]$b'

*%% '#* &#% *#& '#% .#-

,*% (#- &#) +#, '#- &(#*

&%%% *#& &#+ ,#. (#% &)#)

&'*% +#) &#+ ,#+ (#& &*#%

&*%% ,#+ &#, -#& (#( &+#%

&,*% -#. &#, -#* (#* &+#.

'%%% &%#' &#- -#. (#+ &,#-

''*% &&#) &#. .#' (#, &-#'

'*%% &'#, &#. .#' (#, &-#'

',*% &)#% &#. .#' (#, &-#'

(%%% &*#' &#. .#' (#, &-#'

^cX]Zh 9C aWh$]g$[i `\$]$b aWh$]g$[i `\$]$b ^cX]Zh bb

& )% %#&* %#'' C$6 C$6 C$6 C$6

& )% %#&& %#&+ %#%'% %#%(% '#% *%

' *% %#&) %#'& %#%'* %#%(, '#% *%

( -% %#'% %#(% %#%(% %#%)* '#* +)

* &'* %#(& %#)+ %#%(* %#%*' (#% ,+

+ &*% %#(+ %#*) %#%(. %#%*- (#% ,+

& )% %#'' %#(( %#%'% %#%(% '#% *%

' *% %#'* %#(- %#%'* %#%(, '#% *%

( -% %#(. %#*- %#%(% %#%)* '#* +)

* &'* %#*. %#-- %#%(* %#%*' (#% ,+

+ &*% %#,% &#%) %#%(. %#%*- (#% ,+

[eb Cdc" Cdc" Cdc" Cdc" Cdc" Cdc" Cdc" Cdc"

b$h Cdc" Cdc" Cdc" Cdc" Cdc" Cdc" Cdc" Cdc"

*%% '#* &#-, &#%) (#+( '#%&

,*% (#- &#++ %#.' (#(' &#-)

&%%% *#& &#)* %#-& '#.% &#+&

&'*% +#) &#&' %#+' '#'' &#'(

&*%% ,#+ &#%% %#** &#., &#%.

&,*% -#. %#.% %#*% &#,- %#..

'%%% &%#' %#-' %#)+ &#+) %#.&

''*% &&#) %#,* %#)' &#). %#-(

'*%% &'#, %#+- %#(- &#() %#,)

',*% &)#% %#+' %#() &#'' %#+-

(%%% &*#' %#*, %#(& &#&' %#+'

'*% &#( %#%&% '#* %#%%* &#' % %

&%%% *#& %#%-% '%#% %#%'* +#' %#%.% ''#%

&'*% +#) %#&'% '.#. %#%(* -#, %#&*% (,#%

&*%% ,#+ %#&,% )'#% %#%*% &'#) %#'&% *'#%

&,*% -#. %#'(% *,#% %#%,% &,#) %#',% +,#%

'%%% &%#' %#(%% ,*#% %#%.% ''#% %#((% -'#%

''*% &&#) %#(-% .*#% %#&&% ',#% %#)'% &%*#%

'*%% &'#, %#),% &&,#% %#&)% (*#% %#*%% &')#%

',*% &)#% %#*,% &)'#% %#&,% )'#% %#+'% &*)#%

(%%% &*#' %#+-% &+.#% %#'%% *%#% %#,)% &-)#%

 Hj^iVWaZ[dgaVg\ZXVeVX^inhnhiZbh (!('- &!*%.

=JB > 9> ;> 8 6I> DC H N H I : B

9:H> <C <J> 9 :

; aWh$]g$&%%X[b aWh$]g$&%%X[b aWh$]g$&%%X[b X[b X[b aWh$]g

'% '#) · %#) 2 &#-** m (% m &'!%%% ½ &%% 2 ++#,-

(% '#) · %#-+ 2 &#)) m (- m &'!%%% ½ &%% 2 ,%#)&

% '#) · &#,.) 2 %#+%+ m , m &'!%%% ½ &%% 2 )#)

%% '# &#% *#& '#% .#-

,% (#- &#) +#, '#- &(#

&'% +#) &#+ ,#+ (#& &#%

&,% -#. &#, -# (#* &+#.

' % %#&) %#'& %#%' %#%(, '#% *%

+ &% %#(+ %#) %#%(. %#%*- (#% ,+

' % %#' %#(- %#%'* %#%(, '#% *%

( -% %#(. %#- %#%(% %#%) '#* +)

* &'* %#. %#-- %#%( %#%*' (#% ,+

+ &% %#,% &#%) %#%(. %#%- (#% ,+

%% '# &#-, &#%) (#+( '#%&

&%%% #& &#) %#-& '#.% &#+&

&,% -#. %#.% %#% &#,- %#..

''% &&#) %#, %#)' &#). %#-(

(%%% &#' %#, %#(& &#&' %#+'

'% &#( %#%&% '# %#%%* &#' % %

&%%% #& %#%-% '%#% %#%' +#' %#%.% ''#%

&'% +#) %#&'% '.#. %#%( -#, %#&*% (,#%

&%% ,#+ %#&,% )'#% %#%% &'#) %#'&% *'#%

&,% -#. %#'(% ,#% %#%,% &,#) %#',% +,#%

''% &&#) %#(-% .#% %#&&% ',#% %#)'% &%*#%

'%% &'#, %#),% &&,#% %#&)% (#% %#*%% &')#%

',% &)#% %#,% &)'#% %#&,% )'#% %#+'% &*)#%

(%%% &#' %#+-% &+.#% %#'%% %#% %#,)% &-)#%

Hj^iVWaZ[dgaVg\ZXVeVX^inhnhiZbh (!('- &!*%.

8]Zb^XVa"[gZZhiZVb &!+%% ,'+

:Xdcdb^XVaWZcZÄihd[\Vh +%% ','

<IH AVg\ZXVeVX^in (!+%%l]Zch^m &!+((l]Zch^m £(

EgZX^hZG=Xdcigda£& '-* &'.

K6EDGHIG:6B >cYjhig^Va\gVYZ &!&)%l]Zc[djg *&,l]Zc[djgjc^ih £&

:Xdcdb^XVal]Zci]ZgZ^hdc"h^iZ]di )% ')

AIH lViZgb^c^bjb')%;P &&*8 R '!&+%l]Zc[djg .-%l]Zc[djgjc^ih £(

Hd[iZcZY N HnhiZbl^i]V '"&'\e\ £(d[hZied^ci 8Vc\djeidild 6hejgZVhi]ZÄaa 6hlViZg]VgYcZhh

7d^aZghiZVb C$6 C$6 C$6 £&d[hZied^ci NZVgan^cheZXi^dc# :[ÄX^Zci!WZXVjhZVc

;^aiZgh 8dda^c\Xd^a -id&''#)bid(#,b

≤ )- ≤&(- ≤+' &' (%* ''#* *,'

3+) 3&-( 3-) &- ), (%# ,,*

IneZd[ 9^VbZiZgd[ EîX]d[ EîX]d[ EîX]d[

& )% &% +- &% ( & )% &% +- '% +

' % '% &&( &% ( ' *% ''% &%% (% .

( -% )*% '%) -% ')

) &%% ,*% ()% &%% (%

&' &)%% +(* &%% (%

+ &*% '(%% &%)( &%% (%

¥H$Xb¸ microSiemens per centimeter, a measure of conductivity

VX¸ alternating current

VY^VWVi^X]jb^Y^[^Zg¸ uses heat from air to convert water into

6=J¸ air-handling unit

6CH>¸ American National Standards Institute

VfjVhiVi¸ thermostat designed for use in water

6H8>>¸ American Standard Code for Information Interchange

6H=G6:¸ American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-

Vidb^oZg¸ device that creates a fine spray from a liquid

7DB¸ bill of material

7HE¸ British standard pipe

7HEI¸ British standard pipe tapered

7ij¸British thermal unit

8:¸Conformité Européen — required marking for selling our

X[]¸ cubic feet per hour

X[b¸ cubic feet per minute

X[h¸ cubic feet per second

XdaY"hcVed[[hZiG=igVchb^iiZg¸ during periods of very cold

XdcYZchVi^dc¸ change of state of a vapor into a liquid by

XdciVXidg¸ electromagnetic switching device

XdcigdaaZg¸ device that regulates the humidification system

8EK8¸ chlorinated polyvinyl chloride

8H6¸ Canadian Standards Association

8H>¸ Construction Specifications Institute

8"JA¸ Certified by UL in both Canada and the U.S.

8k¸ valve flow coefficient

Y76¸ decibel, weighted

YX¸ direct current

9:6:¸ diethylamino ethanol

9>ChiVcYVgY¸ Deutsches Institut für Normung (German Institute