Chemistry distributed in the sample and can thus

be physically identified.
Module 1
SEPARATING MIXTURES
PROPERTIES OF MATTER
Decantation – a process of pouring-off the
Property - is a distinguishing characteristic of
liquid and leaving the settled particles in the
a substance that is used in its identification and
container. 
description. Each substance has a unique set
of properties that distinguishes it from all other Filtration – a process of separating the
substances. insoluble solid called residue from the liquid
substance by allowing the liquid called the
Two general types of Properties of Matter:
filtrate to pass through a porous material such
1. Physical property - is a characteristic as a filter paper.
of a substance that can be observed
Centrifugation – a process that speeds up the
without changing the basic identity of
settling of the precipitate using a motor driven
the substance. Common physical
apparatus called centrifuge machine. 
properties include color, odor, physical
state (solid, liquid, or gas), melting point, Distillation – a process that involves the
boiling point, and hardness. evaporation and condensation of volatile liquid.
2. Chemical property - is a characteristic
Evaporation – a process that allows the
of a substance that describes the way
volatile liquid to escape, letting the solute
the substance undergoes or resists
particles to be collected on the surface of the
change to form a new substance.
container.
Extensive or extrinsic properties such as
Crystallization – employs the lowering of
mass, length, size, and volume depend on the
temperature so that the more
amount of matter. This means that the more
insoluble component crystallizes out first and
matter there is, the greater is its mass, volume,
the more solid is removed by filtration.
or any one of its extensive properties.
Chromatography – a process of separating
Intensive or intrinsic properties depend on
mixtures by encouraging different parts of the
the type of matter. These include density,
mixture to move through an absorbing material
color, physical state, melting, boiling, and
at different rates. 
freezing points, and thermal conductivity.
Intensive properties may also be used to Magnetism - which uses magnets to remove
identify a substance. magnetic solids from the nonmagnetic
component of a mixture.
Matter is everything around you.
ATOMS
Two classification of Matter:
- Are the basic building blocks of matter.
Pure substance is characterized by an
They are the smallest units of an
unchanging or specific composition.
element that can combine with other
Two types of pure substance: elements.
- Subatomic particles is smaller than
 Element is the simplest type of matter
atom.
that is composed of only one kind of
atom. NAMING AND WRITING FORMULAS OF
 Compound is composed of two or more COMPOUNDS
elements combined chemically in
IONS - an electrically charged particle formed
definite proportions.
when atoms lose or gain one or more electron.
Mixture - is composed of different pure
CATION
substances that are physically combined in
variable proportions. - positively charged particle formed by losing
electron.
Two types of mixture:
- metallic elements
 Homogeneous mixture, like saltwater
and air, exist in a single phase. This ANION
means that the appearance, properties,
and composition are uniform throughout - negatively charged particle formed by gaining
the sample. electrons.
 Heterogeneous mixtures is a mixtures - non-metallic elements
whose components are not evenly
MONOATOMIC IONS
- Composed of a single atom
POLYATOMIC IONS
- Composed of more than one atom
CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND EQUATIONS
Chemical reaction is the process in which a
substance (or substances) is changed into one
or more new substances.
Chemical equation uses chemical symbols to
show what happens during a chemical
reaction. This is what we use to represent that
reaction and it shows us both our reactants
and our products.
Reactants are substance that takes part in and
undergoes change during a reaction. These
substances are written on the left side of the
equation before the arrow.
Products are the species formed in a chemical
reaction. These are written on the right side of
the equation after the arrow symbol.
Reactant Arrow Product
C + O2 → CO2
BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
Balancing chemical equation conforms with
the law of conservation of mass. It requires that
there must be exactly as many atoms among
the combined products of a chemical reaction
as in its combined reactants.
Steps on how to balance a chemical equations:
1. Write the chemical equations. Be sure
your formulas are correctly written.
2. Balance the number of atoms of each
kind by using coefficients. Write the
coefficients on the left side of the
substance.The coefficients in a
balanced chemical equation are always
the smallest set of whole numbers that
will balance the equation.
3. Check the chemical equation if it
conforms with the Law of Conservation
of Mass.
Ex.
CH4 + O2 → CO2 + H2O
= CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O
Module 2
THE MOLE
Mole - is as a unit of quantity used to indicate
very small species that make up matter like
atoms, ions, or molecules. One mole of an
element always has 6.02 x 1023 number of
atoms.
Molar mass - is the mass in grams of one
mole of a substance.
Steps on finding the molar mass of a
compound:
Step 1 Determine the number of atoms of each
element in the molecule.
Step 2 Obtain the atomic masses of each
element from the periodic table and multiply
the atomic mass of each element by the
number of atoms of that element.
Step 3 Add together the masses to give the
molecular mass.
Ex.
PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION
- The concept of percentage in chemistry
is used to describe the composition of
elements in a compound.
Steps on finding the percentage of a
compound:
Step 1 Write down the chemical formula of the
compound. The formula gives the number of
moles of each element in the compound.
Step 2 Find its molar mass.
Step 3 Express the total mass of each element
as a percentage of the molar mass.
Remember, the sum of the percentage must be
100.
Ex.
Empirical Formula: GASES
A gas is one of the three states of matter.
Unlike a solid and a liquid, gases have neither
a definite shape nor volume.
PRESSURE
Pressure is the defined as the force exerted
per unit area. This is expressed as P = F/A
Atmospheric pressure – gasses from the
atmosphere.
Barometer measure the atmospheric
pressure.
Manometer or pressure gauge measures the
pressure in a closed system.

Molecular Formula:
Step 1 Find the mass of the empirical unit. (If
the percentage composition is given, determine
the empirical formula first.)
Step 2 Figure out how many empirical units
are in a molecular unit. (Divide the compound's
molar mass by the empirical formula's molar
mass.)
Step 3 Write the molecular formula.
Ex.

Reaction stoichiometry is the study of the

quantities of materials consumed and
produced in chemical reactions.
Ex.