Arranque de Motores

DIgSILENT Stability Course - Motor Starting 1

Introducción

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 Modelado de la
máquina asincrónica

DIgSILENT Stability Course - Motor Starting 3

Modelo Máquina Asincrónica

Estado estacionario
R1 jX S1 R2 jX S 2

I1 I2  1− s 
U1 jX h R2  
 s 

U1 = ( R1 + jX S1 ) ⋅ I1 + jX h ⋅ ( I1 + I 2 )
U2 R 
= jX h ⋅ ( I1 + I 2 ) +  2 + jX S 2  ⋅ I 2
s  s 
 1− s 
Pmec = I 2 2 ⋅ R2  
 s 
•Todas las magnitudes referidas a la frecuencia de sincronismo
DIgSILENT Stability Course - Motor Starting 4

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Modelo Máquina Asincrónica
Estado estacionario
R' 1 jX ' S1 R2 jX S 2 jX h
U '1 = U1 ⋅
I2  1− s  R1 + j ( X S1 + X h )
U '1 R2  
 s  jX h ⋅ ( R1 + jX S1 )
R' 1 + jX '1 =
R1 + j ( X S1 + X h )

 1− s 
Pmec = I 2 2 ⋅ R2  
 s 
P p' R 2 2
M mec = mec = ⋅ P = p' ⋅ 2 ⋅ ( I 2 ) ∼ ( I 2 )
ω mec ω1 (1 − s ) mec s ⋅ ω1
2
R2 ( )
U '1 2
M mec = p' ⋅ ⋅
s ⋅ ω1  ' R2 2 2
( )
∼ U '1
( '
 R 1 +  + X 1 + XS2
 s 
)

DIgSILENT Stability Course - Motor Starting 5

Característica Torque-Resbalamiento

2
R U1 ( )
'
2
M mec '
=p⋅ 2 ⋅
s ⋅ ω1  ' R2  2
2
( )
∼ U '1
'
 R 1 +  + X 1 + X S2
 s 
( )

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Resistencias Rotóricas

2
R2 U '1 ( ) 2
M mec =p⋅ '
⋅
s ⋅ ω1  ' R2 2 2
( )
∼ U '1
'
(
 R 1 +  + X 1 + X S2
 s 
)

DIgSILENT Stability Course - Motor Starting 7

V12 Modelo dinámico

(simulación RMS, Type 2 Model).

Rs Xs

− jω r t
U Xm Ur Ur'= e Ur Zrot

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V12 Modelo Dinánico
(Type 2 Model)

Rotor de jaula simple:

RrA0 XrA0

RrA RrA1 RrA2

Ur' Ur'

XrA XrA1 XrA2

DIgSILENT Stability Course - Motor Starting 9

V12 Modelo Dinámico

(Type 2 Model)

Rotor de ranuras profundas (doble jaula):

Xrm RrA0 XrA0

RrB RrA1 RrA2

Ur'

XrB XrA1 XrA2

DIgSILENT Stability Course - Motor Starting 1

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Ecuaciones mecánicas

Ecuación Diferencial: Jωɺ = Te − Tm

Pn Pn
Torque nominal: Tn = =
ωn (1 − sn )ω 0

Usanso la constante de tiempo de aceleración:

J (1 − sn )ω 0
ω 0 nɺ = Tag nɺ = me − mm
Pn
DIgSILENT Stability Course - Motor Starting 1
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Aspectos generales del modelado

DIgSILENT Stability Course - Motor Starting 1

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Estabilidad/EMT

Se usan diferentes modelos:

Estabilidad: V = jωL I I = jωCV

di dv
EMT: v=L i=C
dt dt

DIgSILENT Stability Course - Motor Starting 1

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Simulación RMS
DIgSILENT

1.125 1.0E+3

8.0E+2
1.000

6.0E+2
0.875

4.0E+2

0.750
2.0E+2

0.625
0.0E+0

0.500 -2.0E+2
-1.000 1.198 3.395 5.593 7.791 [s] 9.989 -1.000 1.198 3.395 5.593 7.791 [s] 9.989
415V Machines: Voltage, Magnitude in p.u. Motor 315kW : Total Reactive Power in kvar

1.25 1.50

1.00 1.20

0.75 0.90

0.50 0.60

0.25 0.30

0.00 0.00

-0.25 -0.30
-1.000 1.198 3.395 5.593 7.791 [s] 9.989 1.00 3.50 6.00 8.50 [s] 11.00
Motor 315kW : Speed Motor 315kW : Electrical Torque in p.u.
Motor 315kW : Mechanical Torque in p.u.

DIgSILENT Stability Course - Motor Starting 1

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Simulación EMT

DIgSILENT
1.125 1.0E+3

8.0E+2
1.000

6.0E+2
0.875

4.0E+2

0.750
2.0E+2

0.625
0.0E+0

0.500 -2.0E+2
-1.000 1.198 3.395 5.593 7.791 [s] 9.989 -1.000 1.198 3.395 5.593 7.791 [s] 9.989
415V Machines: Voltage Phasor, Magnitude in p.u. Motor 315kW: Power Phasor, Reactive Part in kvar

1.25 1.50

1.00 1.20

0.75 0.90

0.50 0.60

0.25 0.30

0.00 0.00

-0.25 -0.30
-1.000 1.198 3.395 5.593 7.791 [s] 9.989 1.00 3.50 6.00 8.50 [s] 11.00
Motor 315kW: Speed Motor 315kW: Electrical Torque in p.u.
Motor 315kW: Mechanical Torque

DIgSILENT Stability Course - Motor Starting 1

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Métodos de arranque de motores

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Métodos de arranque

Arranque directo

Arranque estrella-triángulo

Resistencia variable de rotor

Autotrafo con tap variable

Softstart (electrónica de potencia)

Variador de velocidad (con convertidores, no hay

conexión sincrónica entre el motor y la red)

DIgSILENT Stability Course - Motor Starting 1

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Arranque directo
Z’’n
IG’’
S rG
V0 X’’ ∆u = Z n'' I G'' = k i
S n''

Caída de tensión debido a la reactancia transitoria del

motor

Corrientes altas (reactivas) durante el arranque

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Arranque directo

DIgSILENT
1.125 1.0E+3

8.0E+2
1.000

6.0E+2
0.875

4.0E+2

0.750
2.0E+2

0.625
0.0E+0

0.500 -2.0E+2
-1.000 1.198 3.395 5.593 7.791 [s] 9.989 -1.000 1.198 3.395 5.593 7.791 [s] 9.989
415V Machines: Voltage, Magnitude in p.u. Motor 315kW: Total Reactive Power in kvar

1.25 1.50

1.00 1.20

0.75 0.90

0.50 0.60

0.25 0.30

0.00 0.00

-0.25 -0.30
-1.000 1.198 3.395 5.593 7.791 [s] 9.989 1.00 3.50 6.00 8.50 [s] 11.00
Motor 315kW: Speed Motor 315kW: Electrical Torque in p.u.
Motor 315kW: Mechanical Torque in p.u.

DIgSILENT Stability Course - Motor Starting 1

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Métodos para reducir corriente de

arranque

Autotrafo con tap variable -> reducción de la tensión

aplicada

Softstart (electrónica de potencia) -> reducción de la
tensión aplicada

Conexión estrella-triángulo -> incremento de la
impedancia presentada por el motor

DIgSILENT Stability Course - Motor Starting 2

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Arranque estrella-triángulo

DIgSILENT
1.000 625.00

500.00
0.975

375.00

0.950

250.00

0.925

125.00

0.900
0.00

0.875 -125.00
0.000 3.9995 7.9991 11.999 15.998 [s] 19.998 0.000 3.9995 7.9991 11.999 15.998 [s] 19.998
415V Machines: Voltage, Magnitude in p.u. Motor 315kW: Total Reactive Power in kvar

1.25 1.25

1.00 1.00

0.75 0.75

0.50 0.50

0.25 0.25

0.00 0.00

-0.25 -0.25
0.000 3.9995 7.9991 11.999 15.998 [s] 19.998 1.00 5.00 9.00 13.00 17.00 [s] 21.00
Motor 315kW: Speed Motor 315kW: Electrical Torque in p.u.
Motor 315kW: Mechanical Torque in p.u.

DIgSILENT Stability Course - Motor Starting 2

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Softstarter
DIgSILENT

1.25 250.00

1.00 200.00

0.75 150.00

0.50 100.00

0.25 50.00

0.00 0.00

-0.25 -50.00
0.00 1.997 3.994 5.990 7.987 [s] 9.984 0.00 1.997 3.994 5.990 7.987 [s] 9.984
415V Machines: Line-Ground Positive-Sequence Voltage, Magnitude in p.u. Motor 315kW: Reactive Power in kvar
Motor 315kW: Line-Ground Positive-Sequence Voltage, Magnitude in p.u.

4.00 1.50

1.20
3.00

0.90
2.00

0.60
1.00
0.30

0.00
0.00

-1.00 -0.30
0.00 1.997 3.994 5.990 7.987 [s] 9.984 2.13 22.13 42.13 62.13 82.13 102.13
Motor 315kW: Positive-Sequence Current, Magnitude in p.u. x-Axis: Motor 315kW: Slip in %
Motor 315kW: Mechanical Torque in p.u.
Motor 315kW: Electrical Torque in p.u.

DIgSILENT Stability Course - Motor Starting 2

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Métodos para incrementar el
torque de arranque

Aumento del torque de arranque mediante

resistencias rotóricas:

Impedancia de rotor adicional (máquina con anillos

rozantes)

A nivel de diseño del motor: rotores con doble jaula

DIgSILENT Stability Course - Motor Starting 2

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Resistencia variable de rotor

DIgSILENT

1.50

1.20

Rotor Resistance
0.90

0.60

0.30

0.00

-0.30
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
x-Axis: Motor 315kW: Speed in p.u.
Motor 315kW: Electrical Torque in p.u.
Motor 315kW: Electrical Torque in p.u.
Motor 315kW: Electrical Torque in p.u.
Motor 315kW: Electrical Torque in p.u.

DIgSILENT Stability Course - Motor Starting 2

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Rotores con doble jaula

DIgSILENT
1.50

1.20

Double Cage
0.90

0.60

Single Cage
Mechanical Torque
0.30

0.00

-0.30
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
x-Axis: Motor 315kW: Speed
Motor 315kW: Electrical Torque in p.u. - Single Cage Machine
Motor 315kW: Electrical Torque in p.u. - Double Cage Machine
Motor 315kW: Mechanical Torque in p.u.

DIgSILENT Stability Course - Motor Starting 2

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