विदेशी ब्राम्हणों कि मातृभूमी 'यूरेशिया' PDF

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{‘{bQ>ar ¶h h‘bm H$a ahr Wr Cg‘| A§J«oOm| H$s {‘{bQ>ar ^r em{‘b Wr&
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^maV na qhgm Ho$ Ûmam H$ãOm {H$¶m hþAm h¡& Bg H$ãOo H$mo ~ZmE aIZo Ho$ {bE
XoeÐmoh H$m ^r H$m‘ {H$¶m h¡, ^maV H$m {d^mOZ Bg ~mV H$m g~yV h¡&
‘yb{Zdm{g¶m| H$s OmJ¥{V …
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h¡ {H$ ~«m÷U h‘§o Jwbm‘ ~ZmH$a aIZm MmhVo h¢& Bg{bE ^maV ‘| ~«m÷U
{damoÜmr OmJ¥{V, g§JR>Z Am¡a Am§XmobZ ~‹T> aho h¡& BZH$mo CbPmZo Ho$ {bE
‘yb{Zdm{g¶mo§ H$mo EZnrAma, EZAmaAmB©gr, grgrE Ho$ AmYma na {dXoer
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Xmo~mam H$mo{ee hmo gH$Vr h¡& Bg n[apñWVr ‘| ‘yb{Zdm{g¶m| H$mo OëX go OëX
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{d^mOZ H$mo nyar VmH$V go amoH$Zo H$s OéaV h¡&
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BVZm hr {bIZm MmhVm hÿ§& ‘wPo {dbmg IamV Zo àñVmdZm {bIZo Ho$ {bE
AZwamoY {H$¶m Am¡a Adga {X¶m Bg{bE {dbmg IamV H$mo YÝ¶dmX!
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AÜ¶m¶ -1
AmH«$‘UH$mar {dXoer ~«m÷Um| Zo {h§gm Ho$ O[a¶o
qgYw gä¶Vm ZîQ> H$s
-ga ‘m°{Q>‘© a pìhba
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1976) do ^maVr¶ nwamVËd gd}jU {d^mJ (Archeological Survey
of India) Ho$ à~§Y {ZXoeH$ (Director General) ^r Wo& BVZm hr Zht
~pëH$ do e¡{jH$, d¡km{ZH$ Ed§ gm§ñH¥${VH$ g§JR>Z (UNESCO) Ho$
Vah-Vah Ho$ àmoO³o Q> H$m à{V{Z{YËd ^r H$a MwH$o h¡& Bggo B{Vhmg Ed§
nwamVËd {df¶ ‘| CZH$s emohaV nyao {díd ‘| ‘ehÿa h¡& CÝhm|Zo hS>ßnm Ed§
‘mohO| moXmamo H$m Z¶o {gao go CËIZZ {H$¶m Am¡a ZB© ImoO H$s& "Civilization
of the Indus Valley and Beyond' 1966 H$m qgYw gä¶Vm na {bIm
J¶m ¶h J«§W nyao {díd ‘| ZdmOm J¶m& CÝhm|Zo Cg‘| g~yVm| Ho$ gmW ¶h
{gÕ {H$¶m {H$, {dXoer ~«m÷Um| Zo qgYw gä¶Vmna h‘bm H$aHo$ ‘yb{Zdmgr
qgYwOZ H$s H$Îmb H$s& qgYw gä¶Vm ¶h {dXoer AmH«$‘UH$mar ~«m÷Um|
H$s qhgm go IË‘ hmo JB© ¶h g~yVm| Ho$ AmYma na gm{~V {H$¶m& CZH$m
H$hZm AmO S>rEZE {dkmZ go à‘m{UV hþAm h¡& {dXoer ~«m÷Um| H$m Xm¡a
CÝhm|Zo B.g.nyd© 2000 df© {XIm¶m Am¡a dhr Xm¡a qgYw gä¶Vm H$s ~~m©Xr
H$m Xm¡a h¡& {dXoer ¶wao{e¶Z ñQ>on ~«m÷Um| Ho$ ^maV ‘| AmZo H$m H$mb ^r
S>rEZE {dkmZ Zo ¶hr Xem©¶m h¡& Bggo pìhba H$s ImoO gË¶ gm{~V hmoVr
h¡& AmaEgEg Ho$ ~«m÷U qeXo H$mo AmJo H$aHo$ pìhba Ho$ Zm‘ go K¥Um H$aVo
h¡& XaAgb pìhba H$m H$hZm hr gË¶ gm{~V hþAm h¡& nmR>H$ dJ© H$mo
pìhba H$s gQ>rH$ ImoO ³¶m Wr BgH$s OmZH$mar Ho$ {bE CZHo$ J«§W H$m
EH$ {hñgm ¶hm± AZwdmX Ho$ én ‘| àH$m{eV H$a aho h¡&)

Z îQ> hmo ahr qgYw g§ñH¥${V H$mo A§{V‘ PQ>H$m H$~ bJm? Hw$N> gmbm|
nhbo hr ‘¢Zo ¶h gwPm¶m Wm {H$, ^maVr¶ CnIÊS> Ho$ CÎma-npíM‘ H$s Amoa Ho$
Am¶© AmH«$‘H$ hr qgYw g§ñH¥${V H$mo ZîQ> H$aZodmbo ‘w»¶ bmoJ Wo& ¶h ~mV AmO
¶{X gm{~V Zht H$a gH$Vo Am¡a ‘¢ ¶h Omo H$h ahm hÿ± dh em¶X JbV ^r hmo
gH$Vm h¡, {H$ÝVw B{Vhmg ‘| Eogm Hw$N> hþAm hr Zht ¶h h‘ Zht H$h gH$Vo&
g¡bm~ Ho$ Ob go qgYw gä¶Vm ZîQ> hmo JB© Wr ¶h {gÕm§V Omo g~H$m ng§XrXm
{df¶ ~Z MwH$m h¡, dh H$moB© qgYw gä¶Vm Ho$ nVZ H$m BH$bm¡Vm H$maU Zht hmo
gH$Vm ³¶m|{H$ hS>ßnm Am¡a ‘moh§oOmoXamo Ho$ Kw‘mdXma ‘rZma (Q>mda) nyar Vah Ob
Ho$ ZrMo Sy>~o Zht Wo& BgHo$ Abmdm ‘w‘{H$Z ¶h h¡ {H$ dV©‘mZ ‘| {Ogo h‘ hS>ßnm
H$hVo h¡, Omo qgYw H$mb H$m h[a¶w{n¶m eha Wm {OgH$m {OH«$ G$½doX ‘| ^r ‘m¡OyX
h¡& G$½doX A{VàmMrZ H$mb Ho$ ‘§Ìm| go âo hþ¶o JrVm| H$s aMZm h¡& {Og‘| Am¶©
Ho$ AmH«$‘U H$m {OH«$ {H$¶m J¶m h¡& Am¶© AmH«$‘H$m| Zo ñWmZrH$ ‘yb{Zdmgr
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Am‘ ZµO[a¶o go gmoMZona ZµOa AmVm h¡ {H$, G$½doX ‘| Omo dU©Z {H$¶m
h¡ dmo qgYw gä¶Vm Ho$ nVZ Ho$ hmbmV go hþ~hÿ ‘ob H$aVm h¡& d¡{XH$ G$MmAm| ‘|
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H$hm J¶m h¡, {Ogo {‘Å>r H$r B©Q>| "H$ƒr ¶m ^yZr hþB© B©Q>|' H$hm J¶m h¡& Am¶m] H$m
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dh qgYw gä¶Vm Ho$ {H$bo ¶m nya Bg Vah ZîQ> H$aVm h¡ O¡go H$s g‘¶ H$n‹S>m| H$mo
OrU© H$a XoVm h¡&
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‘wamS> Am¡a A~ amOñWmZ ‘| H${b~§JZ BZ ñWmZm| go àmá hþ¶o h¡ Am¡a ¶h V‘m‘
ñWb B§Ð Ho$ Xþí‘Z Ho$ Ah‘ ep³VH|$Ð Wo ¶h {XImB© XoVm h¡& Hw$N> ^r hmo, qH$Vw

{dH${gV qgYw gä¶Vm Ho$ bmoJm| Ho$ ~¡ar H$m¡Z Wo ¶h A~ VH$ nhMmZo Zht J¶o&
Xþ…I H$s ~mV ¶h h¡ {H$, ^maV Ho$ CÎma-npíM‘ na AmH«$‘U H$aZodmbo Am¶m]
H$s VmarI A~ ^r V¶ Zht hmo gH$s& Cg ~mao ‘| AmO ^r CbPZ| h¡& {H$ÝVw
Bgdr gZ nyd© Xÿgao ghñÌmãXr Ho$ Xm¡a ‘| Am¶m] Zo ^maV na AmH«$‘U {H$¶m Wm,
¶h g‘PZo Ho$ {bE n¶m©á g~yV h¡§& na B.g.nyd© nhbo ghñÌmãXr Ho$ ‘Ü¶VH$
dh AmH«$‘U Omar ahm ¶h g~yVm| Ho$ AmYma na Zht H$h gH$Vo&
AmH¥${V 87 - nhbo Ho$ ‘moh|OmoXamo ‘| àmá Ztd, Hw$E| BZ na O~ ~mX
Ho$ H$mb ‘§o ‘H$mZ ~Zm¶o J¶o V~ Z¶o {Z‘m©U H$m¶© go do ZrMo JhamB© ‘| X~ J¶|&
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Ho$ H$mb ‘| ~Zm¶o J¶o Wo& {Og Am±JZ ‘| Cgo ImoXm J¶m Wm dhm± na Hw$E| H$m ‘w±h
Iwbm hþAm ZµOa AmVm h¡& (ct III,19) na§Vw Cg Hw$E| H$mo Am¡a JhamB© ‘| IwXmB©
H$aZo na ¶h {XImB© {X¶m {H$, nhbo Kam| na Omo naV| O‘ JB© Wr dhm± na Hw$Am±
ImoXm J¶m Wm {bhmOm dh O‘rZ Ho$ D$na Iwbm hþAm {XImB© XoVm h¡ Am¡a XmoZm|
Ho$ {~M ‘| B©Q>m| Ho$ ‘H$mZ {XImB© XoVo h¡&
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{H$¶m h¡ {H$ÝVw Agb ‘| Cgo Hw$N> ^r Ah{‘¶V Zht h¡ ¶h Zht H$h gH$Vo&
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V‘m‘ H§$H$mb EH$ hr H$mb Ho$ Wo Eogm H$hm OmVm h¡ Am¡a eha H$m dh ZdrZV‘
H$mb Wm ¶h ^r H$hm OmVm h¡& hmbm§{H$ do D$nar gVh go àmá hþ¶o h¡ {’$a CgH$m
H$mb eha Ho$ g§hma H$s ewéAmV H$m H$mb Wm ¶h ZµOa AmVm h¡& Eogm bJVm h¡
{H$ eha Ho$ A§V H$m H$mb ¶hr H§$H$mb Xem©Vo h¡& "DK E[a¶m ‘|' Xmo H§$H$mb
Hw$E| H$s Amoa OmZodmbr gr{‹T>¶m| na nS>o hþ¶o ZµOa AmVo h¡& Vmo Xmo H§$H$mb ~mha
H$s Amoa amñVona n‹S>o hþ¶o ZµOa AmVo h¡& "Vs E[a¶m ‘|' ‘H$mZ Z§. XVIII go
XXXIII Ho$ ~rM H$s Jëbr Ho$ amñVo na 6 ApñW-n§Oam| H$m OËWm ZµOa AmVm
h¡& {Og‘| EH$ ~mbH$ h¡ Am¡a dh ApñW-n§Oa Ka Ho$ ~rMmo-~rM, hmW nm±d

’¡$bmH$a, Am‹T>o-Vo‹T>o {Jao hþ¶o h¢&
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H$s VwbZm ‘| ~mX Ho$ Xm¡a H$s hmoJr&'' ¶h Am‘ Vm¡a na H$hm OmVm Wm& "HB
E[a¶m' Ho$ EH$ H$‘ao ‘| nwéf, ‘{hbmE| VWm EH$ ~mbH$ Hy$b 14 bme| àmá hmo
JB© h¡; CZ‘| go Hw$N> bmoJm| Ho$ ~XZna qgYw gä¶Vm Ho$ JhZo h¡, Cggo CÝh| {h§gm
go ‘mam J¶m Wm Eogm bJVm h¡, ³¶m|{H$ CZ‘| go Xmo H§$H$mbm| H$s ImonS>r na
Hw$ëhmS>r ¶m Vbdma Ho$ Kmd ZµOa AmVo h¡& CZH$m ¶h hmb A~ VH$ g‘P ‘|
Zht Am¶m h¡& BgH$m à{VdoXZ ([anmoQ>©) ~ohX ~o~w{Z¶mX bJVm h¡& "Cnamo³V
H§$H$mb ¶h ‘Ü¶‘ hmbmV I go A§{V‘ n‹S>md III Bg H$mb Ho$ hmo gH$Vo h¡,'
Am{Iar n‹S>md I Ho$ ~mX Ho$ H$mb Ho$ ^r hmo gH$Vo h¡, {H$ÝVw ¶hm± Omo Vgdra|
{XImB© Xo ahr h¢ Cggo CZHo$ H§$H$mb Cnar gVh Ho$ hm|Jo Eogm bJVm h¡&
gå^mdZmE| Hw$N> ^r hmo gH$Vr h¡ {H$ÝVw ¶hm± na Omo Vgdra| ZµOa Am ahr h¢,
Cggo do H§$H$mb D$nar ñVa Ho$ hm|Jo Eogm bJVm h¡&
88, 89 - ‘moho§OmoXamo Ho$ D$nar gVh ‘| nwamVpËdH$ AZwg§YmZ ‘| ~hþV
go ed Bg Vah ~am‘X hþ¶o h¡ O¡go qhgH$ AmH«$‘U go CZH$s ‘¥Ë¶w hmo JB© hmo&
~m¶t Amoa I‹S>o hmbV ‘| Omo Vgdra| h¡ do "HB E[a¶m' Ho$ EH$ H$‘ao ‘| {~Iao
hþ¶o ed h¡& Xm{hZr Amoa H$s Vgdra ‘| CÝht H§$H$mbm| H$s hmbV Xem©B© JB© h¡&
{OZH$m H$Ëb {H$¶m J¶m CZ nr[‹S>V bmoJm| Ho$ ~mao ‘| Vah-Vah Ho$ nwamVpËdH$

[anmoQ>© AmJo Am aho h¡& {Oggo Cn¶w©³V bmem| H$m H$mb ~mX Ho$ H$mb H$m h¡ ¶h
gm{~V H$aZo Ho$ {bE II 89 ¶h EH$ Ah‘ g~yV h¡&
CZ bmem| H$m Xm¡a ~‹S>m hmo gH$Vm h¡ {H$ÝVw ¶{X Cn¶w©³V Vgdra H$mo
g~yV ‘mZm Om¶| Vmo dh bme| D$nar gVh Ho$ hm§oJo Eogm bJVm h¡& Bgr Vah H$s
nm±M bme§o ¶h "HB E[a¶m' Or.Eg.S>obg BÝh| 1964-65 ‘| àmá hþ¶o h¡& Omo
~‹S>o ~‹S>o Kam| Ho$ {~Mmo{~M ‘m¡OyX EH$ nJS>§S>r ‘| ~rg VWm {‘Å>r Ho$ T>oa go àmá
hþ¶o h¡§& do ~mX H$s AdñWm Ho$ hmoH$a nJS>§S>r ‘| Ho$ EH$ H$moZo ‘| {N>nH$a ~¡R>o Wo
Eogm bJVm h¡& "DK E[a¶m' Am¡a EH$ bmem| H$m OËWm àmá hþAm& {Og‘| nm±M
b‹S>Ho$ h¢& do V‘m‘ bme| EH$ Ho$ D$na EH$ Am‹S>r Vo‹S>r aMr hþB© VWm O~aZ JS²>T>o
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H$hVm h¡ {H$, ""g‘PZo Ho$ {bE Cg JS²>T| H$mo H$~a H$m JS²>T>m H$hm J¶m h¡ {H$ÝVw
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{bE {H$gr ämr àH$ma H$m X’$Z{d{Y Zht {H$¶m J¶m Eogm {XImB© XoVm h¡&'' CZ‘|
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H$mo VH$br’$ Zm hmo Bg{bE CZ edm| H$mo Vwa§V hr {‘Å>r Ho$ {ZMo T>§H$m J¶m h¢&

AmH¥${V 90, 91 - ~m¶t Amoa Ho$ Xmo H§$H$mb ‘moho§OmoXamo Ho$ "DK
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H$Mam ¶h AJbo n‹S>md H$m h¡&
*******

AÜ¶m¶ - 2
B{Vhmg Ho$ ~ohX O
µ m{b‘, ~oah‘ bmoJm| H$s OmZH$mar
àmMrZ S>rEZE AZwgY § mZ Ho$ O[a¶o COmJa hmo JB© h¡&
-H$mobrZ ~mamg, ‘mM© 30, 2019
(COFFS COAST OUTLOOK go YÝ¶dmX Ho$ gmW)
5000 ~ag nhbo§ ¶m‘Z¶m Bg d§e Ho$ bmoJ ¶moamon Ho$ {h§gH$ AmH«$‘U
na Hy$M H$a J¶o Wo& CZH$s OmZH$mar hmb hr ‘| AmZwd§{eH$ AZwg§YmZ Ho$ O[a¶o
Xþ{Z¶m Ho$ gm‘Zo Am JB© h¡&
ñQ>moZhoÝO Ho$ {demb, ~‹S>o ~‹S>o nËWa VH$ar~Z 4500 gmbm| nhbo
~Zm¶o J¶o Wo& CZ ñ‘maH$m| H$s ~w{Z¶mX A~VH$ {ddmXJ«ñV hmoZo Ho$ ~mdOyX ^r
A~ h‘| AmZwdm§{eH$ AZwg§YmZ Ho$ O[a¶o g‘P ‘| Am MwH$m h¡ {H$ ¶h ñWb
Ho$db Hw$N> g{X¶m| ‘| hr ZîQ> hmoZodmbo dhm± Ho$ {Zdmgr Ho$ {bE ñ‘maH$ ~Z J¶m&

CgHo$ ~mX, B§½b§S> Ho$ X{jU VQ> go ñH$m°Q>b¢S> Ho$ CÎma-nyd© {H$Zmao VH$ Ho$ àXoe
Ho$ haoH$ {~«{Q>e e™g H$mo AmZodmbo AmH«$‘H$m| Zo ‘ma ‹S>mbm& do bmoH$ BVZr
OëXr ZîQ> H¡$go hþ¶o ¶h A~ VH$ g‘P ‘| Zht Am¶m, {H$ÝVw CÝh| ‘maH$a CZH$m
ñWmZ h{W¶mZodmbo bmoJm| H$s OmZH$mar A~ COmJa hmo ahr h¡&
AmH«$‘U H$aZodmbo bmoJ ¶h newnmbZ H$aZodmbo ¶m‘Z¶m bmoJ Wo,
{OÝhm|Zo H$mbm gmJa go H$m°Ho$eg n~©V Ho$ CÎma H$s Amoa ¶wao{e¶m Ho$ "ñQ>on' àXoe
na H$ãOm {H$¶m Wm& CÝhm|Zo {g’©$ {~«Q>Z na hr AmH«$‘U Zht {H$¶m Wm A{nVw
5000 go 4000 gmbm| nhbo CÝhm|Zo V‘m‘ ¶moamon AnZo H$ãOo ‘| bo {b¶m Wm
Am¡a CZH$s AmZwd§{eH$Vm AmO ^r h‘| Bg àXoe ‘| {XImB© XoVr h¡& CZHo$
AmJ‘Z go ¶moamon ‘| gm‘m{OH$ VWm gm§ñH¥${VH$ joÌ ‘| ~‹S>o n[adV©Z hmo J¶o& ‘¥V
ì¶p³V H$mo O‘rZ ‘| X’$ZmZo H$s naånam ¶H$m¶H$ ~Xb JB©& ¶H$m¶H$ hr b‹S>mHy$
dJ© V¡¶ma hmo J¶m Am¡a CgHo$ ~mX OmZbodm qhgm H$s ‘mÌm ~hþV Á¶mXm ~‹T> JB©&
pñdS>Z ‘| JmoYoZ~J© ‘| ¶w{Zd{g©Q>r ‘| ~mobVo hþ¶o {H«$pñV¶ZgoZ Zo H$hm {H$, ""‘wPo
A~ nyam ¶H$sZ hmo J¶m h¡ {H$, Cg d³V ¶moamon ‘| ~‹S>r ‘mÌm ‘| Zag§hma hmo J¶m
h¡&'' CÝhm|Zo VWm AÝ¶ AZwg§YmZH$Vm©Am| Zo O~ ¶h B{Vhmg BH$Æ>m Omo‹S>Zo H$m
à¶mg {H$¶m, V~ ¶h gdmb h‘oem gVmVm ahm h¡ {H$, ³¶m ¶m‘Z¶m bmoJ
B{Vhmg Ho$ ~ohX Om{b‘ bmoJ Wo?
5000 gmbm| nhbo nwamnmfmU¶wJ ‘| ¶moamon ‘| Eogo bmoJ ahVo Wo, Omo
ñQ>moZhoÝO g‘mZ {demb ñ‘maH$ ~ZmZodmbo bmoJ Wo do eoVr H$aZodmbo bmoJ Wo
VWm {‘bOwbH$a ñQ>moZhoÝO g‘mZ ñ‘maH$ ~ZmZm CÝh| ng§X Wm& ""gm‘y{hH$
qOXJr {~VmZodmbo do bmoJ Wo&'' Eogm {H«$pñb¶ZgoZ Zo H$hm Am¡a CÝhm|Zo CZH$s
{damgV ~‹S>o ~‹S>o nËWa Ho$ ñ‘maH$m| ‘| ~aH$ama aIr h¡ Am¡a do ñ‘maH$ CZH$s H$~«
(‘µOma) Ho$ én ‘| AmO ämr ‘m¡OyX h¡& Hw$N> ‘µOmam| ‘| Vmo 200 go ^r Á¶mXm bmoJ
X’$Zm¶o J¶o h¡&
do bmoJ {µ’$VaV go AÝdofH$ ^r Wo& OmZdam| Ho$ àmMrZ h{È>¶m| Ho$ Z‘yZo
go ¶h ZµOa AmVm h¡ {H$, ‘m¡OyX nmbVy OmZdam| H$m BñVo‘mb {H$g Vah H$a§o

BgH$m CÝh| kmZ Wm, Ed§ CZ OmZdam| H$s ghm¶Vm go ^mar {MO§o {H$g Vah CR>mB©
Om¶o Am¡a T>mo¶m Om¶o BgH$m CÝh| kmZ Wm& em¶X CZHo$ nmg n{h¶m|dmbr Jm{‹S>¶m±
^r Wr Am¡a ¶mVm¶mV Ho$ {bE CÝhm|Zo àma§{^H$ Xm¡a Ho$ amoS> ^r ~Zm¶o Wo& do BH$Æ>o
hmoH$a EH$ ~‹S>o ZJa H$s Vah EH$Ì ahVo Wo& {Ogo {H«$pñV¶ZgZ Zo ""~‹S>r ~‹S>r
~ñVr (Mega settlements)'' H$hm h¡ Amoa EH$ ~‹S>r ~ñVr ‘| VH$ar~Z
15,000 bmoJ gmW ‘| ahVo Wo&
Xÿgao eãXm| ‘| H$hm Om¶o Vmo, àmMrZ nwamnmfmU ¶wJrZ ¶moamon Ho$ bmoJ
¶h gm‘y{hH$ {OÝXJr ~ga H$aZodmbo, {dH${gV VWm em§Vr {à¶ bmoJ Wo& CgHo$
~mX ñQ>on bmoJm| Ho$ AmH«$‘U go g~Hw$N> ~Xb J¶m&
5000 gmbm| ~mX X³IZ nya~ ¶moamon ‘| Omo {hñgm {’$bhmb nya~ Ho$
¶wH«o$Z VWm npíM‘ H$s h§Joar BZ Xoem| Ho$ {~M ‘| h¢& dhm°§ na Z¶o VarHo$ go edm|
H$mo Xµ’$ZmZo H$s naånam ewé hmo JB© Eogm bJVm h¢& edm| H$mo gm‘y{hH$ én go
X’$ZmZo H$s ~µOm¶ haoH$ ‘¥V ì¶p³V H$mo AbJ AbJ Xµ’$ZmZo H$s naånam ewé hmo
JB©& Cgo nwamVmpËdH$ ^mfm ‘| "JT²>T>o H$s H$~«' H$hm J¶m h¡& ‘¥V ì¶p³V H$mo nyar
Vah bmb a§J Ho$ Joé go a§Jm OmVm Wm Am¡a H$~« H$m JÉ>m bH$S>r H$s nÅ>r go T>§H$m
OmV Wm& Cgna Hw$N> ‘rQ>a VH$ D±$Mm {‘Å>r H$m N>moQ>m Q>rbm ~Zm¶m OmVm Wm&
{Ogo "Hw$aJmZ' H$hm OmVm Wm& Bg Vah ‘¥V ì¶p³V H$mo O‘rZ ‘| Xµ’$ZmZo H$s
naånam ñQ>on {d^mJ ‘| {dH${gV hmo JB© Wr Omo {H$ Img Vm¡a na ¶m‘Z¶m bmoJm|
Zo ewé H$s Wr& {’$Zb§S> H$s ¶w{Zd{g©Q>r Am°’$ hobqgH$s ‘| nwamVËd{dX² ìhmobH$a
ho¶S> H$m H$hZm h¡ {H$, ¶moamon Ho$ A{VàmMrZ B{Vhmg H$m dh EH$ Xþ…I âm
hmXgm Wm, {OgZo dhm± H$m gm‘m{OH$ én nyar Vah ~Xb {X¶m&
CgHo$ ~mX {Z‘m©U hþ¶o ~Xbmd go g~Hw$N> {~Ioa J¶m& ~mX Ho$ Hw$N>
XeH$m| ‘| hr ¶m‘Z¶m bmoJm| g‘mZ ~aVmd VWm CZH$s BñVo‘mb H$s {MOo§ 4900
gmbm| nhbo ¶m Amgnmg V‘m‘ ¶moamon IÊS> ‘| ZµOa AmZo bJr Wr& CgHo$ ~mX
"H$m°S>}S> {dAa {nnb' (~V©Zm| na Z³H$mer H$aZodmbo bmoJ) BZH$m ‘Ü¶ VWm
CÎma ¶moamon ‘| ApñVËd ZµOa AmZo bJm Wm& {OÝhm|Zo ~V©Zm| na S>moar (añgr) go

Z³H$mer H$aZo H$s naånam ewé H$s Am¡a {OÝhm|Zo ¶m‘Z¶m bmoJmo§ g‘mZ ~aVmd
H$aZm àma§^ {H$¶m& A~ gdmb ¶h n¡Xm hmoVm h¡ {H$, ¶m‘Z¶m bmoJm| Ho$ ar{V-
[admO BVZo ~‹S>o àXoe na BVZr VoO aµâVma go {H$g Vah ’¡$b JE?
nm±M gmbm| nhbo ~hþV go nwamVËd{dXm| H$s EH$ am¶ Wr {H$, H$ënZm
{dH${gV hmoH$a àgm[aV hmoVr h¢& O¡go {H$, 1990 Ho$ CÎmamY© ‘| Ed§ 2000 Ho$
nydm©Y© ‘| Zmo{H$¶m ‘mo~mB©b Zo nyao ¶moamon H$mo der^yV H$a {b¶m Wm& {H$ÝVw gZ
2015 ‘| AZwd§eemñÌkm| Zo Bgo EH$ d¡{H$ënH$ {dMma {X¶m h¡& hmd©S>© ‘o{S>H$b
ñHy$b ‘| S>opìhS> [aM VWm ¶w{Zd{g©Q>r Am°’$ H$monoZhoJoZ Ho$ BñHo$ {dbañbod BZ
XmoZm| Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd ‘| ‘w³V én go H$m‘ H$aZodmbo emñÌkm| Ho$ Xmo Xbmo§ Zo ({Q>‘) ¶h
ImoO H$s {H$, O‘©Zr Ho$ àmMrZ ‘µOma (H$~«) ‘| Xµ’$Z hþ¶o H$m°S>}S>doAa bmoJm| ‘|
VrZ Mm¡WmB© bmoJm| ‘| ¶m‘Z¶m bmoJm| H$s AmZwd§{eH$Vm àmá hmo JB©& BgH$m
‘Vb~ ¶h hmoVm h¡ {H$, ~mX Ho$ Xm¡a ‘| OZoD$Ymar bmoJ (Corded Ware
People) ¶h Ho$db ¶m‘Z¶m bmoJm| H$m AZwgaU hr Zht H$a aho Wo ~pëH$ do
Vmo ñd¶§ ¶m‘Z¶m bmoJm| Ho$ CÎmam{YH$mar Wo&
{~‘mar, O§J Ed§ ‘m¡V H$m VmÊS>d
~hþV go nwamVËd{dXm| H$mo h‘mar ¶h H$ënZm amg Zht AmB©& ¶wao{e¶Z
ñnoQ> g‘mZ g‘Vb àXoe go X³IZ-nya~ H$s Amoa H$m ¶moamon g‘mZ O§Jbr àXoe
‘| ¶m‘Z¶m bmoJ J¶o hm|Jo Bgna CÝh| EV~ma Zht h¡ Am¡a Cggo ^r Á¶mXm KZo
O§Jb Ho$ ‘Ü¶ VWm CÎma ¶moamon g‘mZ àXoe ‘| do bmoJ AmJo ~‹T> J¶o ¶h CÝh|
hµO‘ hr Zht hmo ahm h¢& {H$ÝVw h‘mao AZwg§YmZ go ¶h gm{~V hmoVm h¡ {H$, BVZo
KZo O§Jbr àXoe ‘| KwgH$a ¶m‘Z¶m bmoJm| Zo dhm± Ho$ ñWm{ZH$ {Zdmgr¶m| H$mo hr
dhm± go {ZH$mbm Am¡a O§Jbr OrdZ e¡br H$m VOw~m© Zm hmoVo hþ¶o ^r dhm± Ho$
ñWm{ZH$ {Zdmgr¶m| H$mo {ZH$mbm Am¡a ¶h g~ CÝhm|Zo Hw$N> hr nwíVm| ‘§o (nr‹T>r)
{H$¶m& BVZr VoO aµâVma go ¶m‘Z¶m bmoJm| Zo AnZm A{VH«$‘U {H$g Vah
H$m‘¶m~ {H$¶m hmoJm BgHo$ ~mao ‘| ho¶S> AmO VH$ gmoM aho Wo& {H$ÝVw {H«$pñV¶ZgoZ
BÝh| ¶{H$Z h¡ {H$ do BgH$m Iwbmgm H$a gH$Vo h¡ Am¡a CZH$s ImoO H$m ñdén ¶h

{~‘mar, O§J, VWm ‘m¡V H$m VmÊS>d Bgna {ZYm©[aV h¡&
nhbr ~mV Ü¶mZ ‘| boZo bm¶H$ ¶h h¡ {H$, ¶m‘Z¶m bmoJm| Ho$ AmZo go
nhbo nwamnmfmU ¶wJrZ ¶moamon àXoe ^r g§H$Q>-pñW{V go JwµOa ahm Wm& dhm± Ho$
IoVr go go Ow‹S>o H$m‘ H$s OmZH$mar nwamVmpËdH$ IwXmB© ‘| àmá namJH$moe Ho$
AÜ¶¶Z go {ZH$mbr JB© Vmo nwamVËd{dXm| Zo ¶h {ZîH$f© {ZH$mbm h¡ {H$, 5300
gmbm| nhbo CÎma VWm ‘Ü¶ ¶moamon H$s OZg§»¶m {g‘Q> ahr Wr& {Xgå~a 2018
‘|, {H«$pñV¶ZgoZ VWm CZHo$ AmZwdm§{eH$s{dX² ghH$‘u¶m| Zo EH$ ñnîQ>rH$aU
{H$¶m h¡& {’$bhmb Ho$ pñdS>Z ‘| 5000 gmbm| nhbo nwamnmfmU ¶wJrZ bmoJm| Ho$
Xm±Vm| H$m AÜ¶¶Z H$aZo na CÝh| dhm± "‘hm‘mar Ho$ OrdmUw' (ßboJ ~°³Q>o[a¶m)
{‘b J¶o, Omo ãb°H$ S>oW> Bg {~‘mar Ho$ nhbo H$m ñdén Wm& AmJo Á¶mXm
ì¶dÀN>oX H$aZo go nVm Mbm {H$, 5700 gmbm| nhbo hr ¶moamon ‘| ßboJ H$m
’¡$bmd hþAm Wm&
X³IZ-nya~ ¶moamon Ho$ {Zdmgr¶m| H$s g§»¶m D±$MmB© na nhþ§±MZo Ho$ ~mX
Bg Vah Ho$ dmµH$¶m hmoVo Wo, Bg‘| H$moB© h¡amZr H$s ~mV Zht h¡, ¶h {H«$pñV¶ZgoZ
Zo H$hm h¡& do bmoJ CZH$s ~ñVr ‘| ‘obOmob ~‹T>mH$a, ~‹S>r ‘mÌm ‘| {^‹S> ~ZmH$a
VWm AñdmñWH$a T>§J go ‘doer¶m| Ho$ gmW ‘| ahVo Wo Am¡a ¶h g§gJ© ßboJ H$mo
nZnZo Ho$ {bE H$m’$s Wm& dhm± go ‘Ü¶ VWm CÎma ¶moamon go g§nH©$ H$aZo Ho$ {bE
CZ bmoJm| Zo n{h¶m| H$s Jm‹S>r VWm amñVo ~Zm¶o Wo {Oggo ßboJ H$m ’¡$bmd dhm±
na ^r AmgmZr go hmo J¶m& ""ßboJ H$s {~‘mar go CZ ~ñVr¶m| H$mo AmJ bJmH$a
Obm¶m OmVm Wm VWm dhm± Ho$ bmoJ dh àXoe N>mo‹S>H$a Mbo OmVo Wo Am¡a ¶h g~
5700 gmb Ho$ ~mX Ho$ Xm¡a ‘| hþAm Wm&'' Eogm {H«$pñV¶ZgoZ Zo H$hm h¡ Amoa
{bhmµOm dh ñWmZ {~‘mar, VWm ‘m¡V H$m H|$Ð ~Zm hmoJm& Am¡a Bgr ‘µO© H$s dOh
go ""5400 gmbm| nhbo do bmoJ dh àXoe N>mo‹S>H$a {ZH$b J¶o Wo&'' Eogm
{H«$pñV¶ZgoZ Zo H$hm h¡& BgH$m ‘Vb~ ¶h h¡ {H$, Hw$N> g{X¶m| ~mX O~ ¶m‘Z¶m
bmoJ ¶moamon ‘|o Am¶o Wo V~ CZHo$ gm‘Zo ‘yb{Zdmgr H$s OZg§»¶m Wr Omo H$s
g§»¶m go H$‘ VWm ep³V go Xþ~©b hmo MwHo$ Wo {bhmµOm O~ do bmoJ Xm{Ib hþ¶o
V~ ¶m‘Z¶m bmoJm| H$m à{VamoY do Zht H$a gHo$& {’$a ^r {H«$pñV¶ZgoZ Zo H$hm
{H$, BgH$m AW© ¶h Zht {H$, ¶m‘Z¶m bmoJ ¶h BVZr ~‹S>r ‘mÌm ‘§o ’¡$b J¶o
Am¡a ¶moamo{n¶Zm§o ‘o§ ‘ob H$aHo$ CÝhm|Zo H$m°S>}S> doAa bmJm| H$mo OZ‘ {X¶m& do H$hVo
h¡ {H$, BVZr ~‹S>r ‘mÌm ‘| ¶m‘Z¶m bmoJm| ‘| Omo ~‹T>moÎmar hmo JB© h¡ dh Ho$db
CZHo$ n[adV©Z{eb VWm AmH«$‘H$ ñd^md H$s dOh go& ¶h ~Vm aho h¡ {H$,
AmH«$‘UH$mar bmoJm| ‘| ¶wdm nwéf Wo Ed§ do Kmo‹S>o na ¶mÌm H$aHo$ Z¶o àXoe ‘|
Xm{Ib hmoVo Wo& ~mX Ho$ H$mb VH$ ^r CZH$s ‘{hbmE| CZHo$ AmH«$‘U ‘| em{‘b
Zht hmoVr Wr&
Bg AZw‘mZ go, 2017 ‘| EH$ {ddmXJ«ñV AmZwd§{eH$ AZwg§YmZ
COmJa hþAm& Cg‘| Cg H$mb Ho$ ¶moamo{n¶Z H§$H$mb Ho$ S>rEZE AZwg§YmZ Zo
ñnîQ> {H$¶m {H$, dhm± nYmao ¶m‘Z¶m g‘yh ‘| EH$ ‘{hbm H$s VwbZm ‘| AmX‘r
H$s g§»¶m 5 go 14 Wr& nwamVmpËdH$ g~yVm| go ¶hr gm{~V hmoVm h¡ {H$, Bg
AmH«$‘U ‘| Á¶mXm go Á¶mXm AmX‘r¶m| H$s hr â‘ma Wr& {‘gmb Ho$ Vm¡a na
CÎma-npíM‘ S>oÝ‘mH©$ go X³IZ-nya~ P§oH$ [apãbH$Z n~©V VH$ ’¡$bo hþ¶o àXoe
‘|o hþB© IwXmB© ‘| AmX‘r¶m| H$s ‘µOma (H$~«) EH$ g‘mZ hr Wr& {H$ÝVw {ñÌ¶m| H$s
‘µOma ‘| ñWm{ZH$ naånam Ho$ ‘wVm{~H$ V~Xrbr Wr& ¶h AZwg§YmZ Bg H$ënZm
go hÿ~hÿ ‘ob ImVm h¡ {H$, AmX‘r VWm CZHo$ d§eO nwÌm| Zo AnZo {nVm Ho$ ñQ>on
àXoe H$s naånam ~aH$ama aIr {H$ÝVw ‘{hbmE| ñWm{ZH$ hmoZo go CÝhm|Zo Cg àXoe
H$s naånam ~aH$~ama aIr, {Oggo CZH$s ‘µOma ‘| ñWm{ZH$ naånam Ho$ ‘wVm{~H$
n[adV©Z nm¶m OmVm h¡&
""Hy$b {‘bmH$a BVZr VoOr go ~Xbmd hmoZo go ¶h gm{~V hmoVm h¡ {H$,
¶m‘Z¶m bmoJ {µ’$VaV go AmH«$‘H$ Wo&''
{H«$pñV¶ZgoZ Ho$ ‘wVm{~H$ ¶m‘Z¶m ñWmZmÝV[aV bmoJ AmH«$‘H$ Wo Vmo
¶moamo{n¶Z bmoJm| Zo CZHo$ AmH«$‘U H$m {damoY {H$¶m hmoJm& BgHo$ g~yV O‘©Zr Ho$
¶wbmD$ Bg ñWmZ go H$m°S>}S> doAa H${~«ñVmZ H$s IwXmB© go àmá hmoVo h¢& Bg ñWmZ
na go J¡a‘m‘ybr H$~« àmá hmo J¶r h¡ Am¡a ha H$~« ‘| Xmo go Mma ed àmá hþ¶o h¡&
VWm CZ‘| Ho$db ‘{hbm Ed§ N>moQ>o ~ƒm| Ho$ hr ed h¢& CZ ‘{hbmAm| Ho$ XmVm| Ho$

Am¶gmoQ>mon Om±M (narjU) go ¶h ZµOa AmVm h¡ {H$, do ‘{hbm ñWm{ZH$ àXoe
H$s Zht Wr ~pëH$ CZ‘| go 13 ‘| go 5 edm| na {h§gm/O»‘m| Ho$ {ZemZ Wo&
{H«$pñV¶ZgoZ Zo BgH$m AW© bJm¶m h¡ {H$, ñWmZmÝV[aV ¶m‘Z¶m bmoJm| Zo
‘{hbmAm| na ~oah‘r go h‘bm H$aHo$ CÝh| OmZ go ‘ma S>mbm hmoJm& Bg ñWmZ na
nwéfm| Ho$ ed àmá Zht hþ¶o h¡ Omo {H$ ¶h gm{~V H$aVm h¡ {H$, nwéf ~mha
‘doer¶m| H$mo MamZo Ho$ {bE ~mha J¶o hmoJo V^r CÝhm|Zo ñWm{ZH$ ‘{hbmAm| na
h‘bm {H$¶m hmoJm Am¡a CZ‘| Hw$N> ‘{hbmE| ‘mar JB© hmoJr Am¡a ^JmB© JB©
‘{hbmAm| H$mo ^r CÝhm|Zo ¶m‘Z¶m Ho$ H$ãOo go Nw>‹S>m¶m hmoJm&
{H«$pñV¶ZgoZ ‘o¶a CZ edm| Ho$ AZwg§YmZ ‘| em{‘b Wo Am¡a AmopñQ>Amo
Am{H©$Amobm°{OH$b [agM© g|Q>a, O‘©Zr ‘| ~mobVo hw¶o CÝhm|Zo H$hm {H$, ZdnmfmU
¶wJrZ ¶moamon ‘| ~‹S>r ‘mÌm ‘| Zag§hma (‘mg {H$qbJ) nyao ¶moamon ‘| A~ VH$ gwZm
Zht Wm& {’$a ^r Cnamo³V g~yV ¶ht gm{~V H$aVo h¡ {H$, 5000 gmbm| nhbo
¶moamon ‘| qhgmMma ~hþV ~‹S>r ‘mÌm ‘| hmoVr Wr& Cgr Vah AÝ¶ g~yV ^r ¶hr
gm{~V H$aVo h¡& CÝhm|Zo H$hm {H$, ""¶moamon H$s IwXmB© ‘| àmá H§$H$mbm| H$s Imon‹S>r
‘| ~‹S>r ‘mÌm ‘| gwamI ~Zm¶o J¶o Wo&'' Bggo {H«$pñV¶ZgoZ H$m H$hZm h¡ {H$, {ga
‘| ~‹S>r ‘mÌm ‘| O»‘ hmoZo go Cgna CnMma Ho$ Xm¡amZ dhm± Ho$ {M{H$ËgH$m| Zo CZ
O™‘r bmoJm| Ho$ {ga na gwamI ~Zm¶o hm|Jo&
Hw$ëhmS>r H$m BñVo‘mb H$aZodmbo bS>mHy$
¶m‘Z¶m bmoJm| Ho$ ^mar ‘mÌm ‘| AmZo go CËnÞ hþ¶o qhgm H$m à{VH$
¶{X CbmD$ h¢ Vmo dhm°§ na Hy$b AmH«$‘U VWm Cggo CËnÞ hþB© qhgm H$m à{VH$
Zht hmo gH$Vr& {H«$pñV¶ZgoZ H$mo g§Xoh h¡ {H$, ¶m‘Z¶m bmoJ ¶h àOmoËnmXZ ‘|
ñWm{ZH$m| go Á¶mXm AmJo hm|Jo {bhmOm CÝhm|Zo ñWm{ZH$m| go {‘bZ H$aHo$ OëX hr
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CÝhm|Zo AmJo H$hm&
*******

AÜ¶m¶ - 3
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Z¶o AZwgY
§ mZ go nwpîQ>!
-Q>mZo r Omog’o $, {X. 13 {gVå~a, 2019
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VH$ar~Z B.g.nyd© 2000 go 1500 Ho$ Xa{‘¶mZ Xm{Ib hþ¶o Wo {OÝhm|Zo AnZo
gmW B§S>mo-¶moamo{n¶Z ^mfm bmB© Wr&''
{n N>br ~ma ‘mM©, 2018 ‘| "X³IZ d ‘Ü¶ E{e¶m H$s AmZwdm§{eH$

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^maV VWm V‘m‘ Xþ{Z¶m ‘| gZgZr ’¡$bm Xr Wr& {OgH$s Ah‘ dµOh Wr dh
boImnÌ, {Ogo AbJ AbJ joÌ Ho$ 92 {X½JO emñÌkm| Zo {bIm Wm Am¡a Cg‘|
CÝhm§|Zo H$hm Wm {H$, B.g.nyd© 2000 go B.g. nyd© 1000 Bg Xm¡a ‘| ‘Ü¶ E{e¶m
Ho$ ñQ>on àXoe go bmoJm| H$m ~‹S>r VmXmX ‘| ñWmZmÝVaU hþAm Wm Am¡a CÝhm|Zo hr
^maV ‘| B§S>mo-¶moamo{n¶Z ^mfm bmB© Wr& Cgr Vah ñQ>on àXoe Ho$ bmoJm| Zo B.g.nyd©
3000 ‘| ¶moamon ‘| ñWmZmÝVaU {H$¶m V~ dhm± na ^r do B§S>mo-¶moamo{n¶Z ^mfm
gmW boH$a J¶o Wo& Xÿgao bµâOm| ‘| H$hm Om¶o Vmo Am¶m] H$m ñWmZmÝVaU ^maV ‘|
hþAm Wm& Bg H$ënZm H$mo Cn¶w©³V AZwg§YmZ Zo d¡km{ZH$ nwpîQ>> Xr h¡& ¶m gm’$
eãXm| ‘| H$hm Om¶o Vmo B§S>mo-¶moamo{n¶Z ^mfm ~mobZodmbo bmoJ Omo ñd¶§ H$mo Am¶©
H$hbdmVo h¡ CZH$m ^maV ‘| ~mha go ñWmZmÝVaU hþAm h¡§&
Cg ImoO ‘| ~hþV gr nhby Eogo h¡§ {H$, Omo H$B© bmoJm| H$mo ng§X Zht
AmE Am¡a {Oggo Cg boImnÌ Ho$ {Ibm’$ Ah‘ {damoY Xe©H$ aMZm ¶h Wr {H$
dh boImnÌ {deofk go g‘r{jV Zht {H$¶m J¶m Am¡a N>nmB© hmoZo go nhbo hr
Cgo Am°ZbmB©Z àH$m{eV {H$¶m& XaAgb dh Vmo gm¶§{Q>{’$H$ [anmoQ>© h¡ Am¡a
Xþ{Z¶m Ho$ ‘ehÿa AbJ AbJ 92 d¡km{ZH$m| Zo {‘bH$a V¡¶ma {H$¶m h¡ Am¡a CZ‘|

~hþV go ^maVr¶ ^r h¡& {H$ÝVw ¶h ~mV CZHo$ {bE ({damoYH$ Ho$ {bE) H$moB©
‘m¶Zo Zht aIVr& Cg boImnÌ ‘| AJ«H«$‘ ‘| dmKre ZaqghZ ¶h hmd©S>©
‘o{S>H$b ñHy$b Ho$ h¡, O~{H$ Hw$‘ma gm‘r W§JamO ¶h g|Q>a ’$m°a gobwba A°ÊS>
‘mobr³¶wba ~m°¶mobm°Or Ho$ H$mo-S>m¶ao³Q>a h¡ VWm gmW ‘| S>opìhS> [aM ¶h hm°d©S>©
‘o{S>H$b ñHy$b Ho$ d¡km{ZH$ h¡, gmW ‘| {~ab gmhZr BpÝñQ>Q>çyQ> ’$m°a n°brAmo
gm¶Ýg Ho$ ZraO am¶ VWm S>o³H$Z H$m°boO Ho$ S>m¶ao³Q>a dg§V qeXo ^maVr¶
d¡km{ZH$ ^r Cnamo³V AZwg§YmZ ‘| em{‘b h¢&
Am¡a ^r A{V[a³V g~yV
I¡a, A~ Vmo [agM© nona (boImnÌ) d¡km{ZH$m| go Om±M H$a ‘ehÿa
OZ©b gm¶Ýg ‘| dh àH$m{eV {H$¶m J¶m h¡& {nN>bo gmb 92 go A~ Cg‘|
d¡km{ZH$m| H$m BµOm’$m hmoH$a 117 hmo MwHo$ h¢& Cg boImnÌ H$m Zm‘ "X{jU Ed§
‘Ü¶ E{e¶m Ho$ ‘mZdr Am~mXr H$s CËnpËV' aIm J¶m& Am¡a Ah‘ ~mV ¶h h¡
{H$ ñQ>on go bmoJm| Ho$ ñWmZmÝVaU Ho$ gdmb na Cg boImnÌ H$m ³¶m H$hZm h¡?
dht ‘wÔo {H$ÝVw Am¡a ^r A{V[a³V g~yVm| Ho$ gmW& ¶hm± na Vwa§V EH$ CÕaU Xo
ahm hÿ± Am¡a dh ‘hO EH$ CÕaU hr Zht h¡ ~pëH$ Cg boImnÌ H$m ‘yb gma
h¢ …-
""523 àmMrZ ‘mZdm| Ho$ {OZmo‘ H$m {g³d|qgJ H$aHo$ goo$ h‘Zo ¶h
{XIm¶m {H$, AmYw{ZH$ X{jU (X³IZ) E{e¶m Ho$ ‘mZdm| Ho$ àmJ¡{Vhm{gH$
AmZwdm§{eH$ ‘mZd Ho$ d§eO ¶h B©amZ Ho$ àmMrZ {eH$mar VWm X{jU E{e¶m Ho$
bmoJ BZHo$ {‘lU go ~Zo hþ¶o d§eO h¢& qgYw g§ñH¥${V H$m AÝV hmoZo Ho$ ~mX dhm±
Ho$ bmoJ X{jU-nya~ bmoJm| go {‘b J¶o& (¶mZo CÎma npíM‘ ^maV H$m X{jU-
nya~ {hñgm Ohm± na qgYw g§ñH¥${V nZn ahr Wr&-g§nmXH$) Am¡a CÝhm|Zo X³IZ
E{e¶m ‘| Xmo ‘| go EH$ AmZwdm§{eH$ Am~mXr V¡¶ma H$a br& ({OÝh| n¡V¥H$
(ancestral) X{jU ^maVr¶ H$hVo h¡-g§nmXH$) {OZH$s d§emJV g§VmZ X{jU
^maV ‘| ahVo h¢& BgHo$ gmW hr do bmoJ ñQ>on n°ñQ>moa°{bñQ> Ho$ bmoJm| Ho$ gmW {‘b
J¶o& do bmoJ VH$ar~Z 4 hOma gmbm| nhbo ‘Ü¶ E{e¶m go ZrMo ~‹T>Vo J¶o Wo
Am¡a CÝhm|Zo ^maV Ho$ Xmo ‘| go EH$ AmZwdm§{eH$ OZg‘yh H$m {Z‘m©U {H$¶m&

(n¡V¥H$ CÎma ^maVr¶ H$hVo h¡-g§nmXH$) X{jU E{e¶m Ho$ ñQ>on AmZwdm§{eH$Vm
H$s g§aMZm ¶h nya~ ¶moamon Ho$ H$m§ñ¶ ¶wJrZ AmZwdm§{eH$Vm g‘mZ hr h¡& {OgH$m
‘Vb~ ¶h h¡ {H$, EH$ hr joÌ go Xmo AbJ AbJ {XemAm| ‘|o ’¡$bo hþ¶o bmoJm|
Zo ¶moamon VWm X{jU E{e¶m BZ XmoZm| joÌm| na à^md S>mbm Am¡a em¶X Bg{bE
B§S>mo-Bam{Z¶Z VWm ~mpëQ>H$-ñbod ^mfm ‘| Ag‘mZ JwU h¡&''
àmapå^H$ ^maVr¶
¶h d¡km{ZH$ AZwÀN>oX {ZaW©H$ ~H$dmX Zm bJo Bg{bE BgH$m AW©
¶h h¡ - X{jU nya~ Am{e¶m Ho$ A{VàmMrZ Kw‘ÝVw {eH$mar ({eH$ma BH$Æ>m
H$aZodmbo bmoJ) A§X‘mZr g‘yhm| H$mo H$hm J¶m h¡& {OgH$m {OH«$ Cnamo³V
boImnÌ ‘| g§{já ‘| AHG (or Andamanese Hunter Gatherers)
{H$¶m hþAm h¡& ¶o dht bmoJ h¡§ {OÝh| AASI (Ancient Ancestral South
Indians) ¶m àmapå^H$ ^maVr¶ H$hm J¶m h¢& àmapå^H$ ^maVr¶ (First
Indians) Bg eãX H$m BñVo‘mb ‘¢Zo ‘oar {H$Vm~ nyd© ^maVr¶ (Early
Indians) ‘| {H$¶m h¡& Zm‘ H$moB©> ^r BñVo‘mb H$amo ’$aH$ Zht n‹S>Vm& CÝh|
X{jU E{e¶m Ho$ Kw‘ÝVw {eH$mar AHG ¶m àmapå^H$ ^maVr¶ H$hmo - {H$ÝVw
VH$ar~Z 65,000 gmbm| nhbo Am[’«$H$m go ^maV ‘| ñWmZmÝVaU {H$¶o hþ¶o
d§eOm| Ho$ do gÝVmZ h¡ Am¡a CgHo$ ~mX do AmJo X{jU E{e¶m, nyd© E{e¶m Am¡a
CgHo$ AmJo ~‹T>Vo J¶o&
AVod, g§jon ‘| H$hm OmE CgH$m Vmo grYm AW© ¶h h¡ … X{jU E{e¶m
Ho$ bmoJm| H$m ‘m¡{bH$ ñÌmoV ¶h àmapå^H$ ^maVr¶ VWm B©amZ Ho$ Kw‘ÝVw {eH$mar
Ho$ {‘lU go hþAm h¡& Bg {‘lU Zo OZg§»¶m go CÎma npíM‘ ^maV ‘| H¥${f
H«$mpÝV H$aHo$ hS>ßnm g§ñH¥${V H$mo OÝ‘ {X¶m& Omo hS>ßnm g§ñH¥${V B.g.nyd© 2000
Ho$ bå~o ‘| gyIo H$s dOh go IË‘ hmo JB© Am¡a CgHo$ ~mX hS>ßnm bmoJm| Zo X{jU
nya~ {Xem H$s Amoa ñWmZmÝVaU {H$¶m (CÎma-npíM‘ ^maV go) dhm± Ho$ àmapå^H$
^maVr¶m| go {‘bH$a n¡V¥H$ X{jU ^maVr¶ (ASI - Ancestral South In-
dian) Am~mXr H$m {Z‘m©U H$aZo {bE, {OZHo$ d§eO {’$bhmb X{jU ^maV ‘|
{Zdmg H$aVo h¢&

bJ^J Cgr d³V hS>ßnm Ho$ bmoJ ‘Ü¶ E{e¶m go AmZodmbo ñQ>on
n°ñQ>moa°{bñQ> BZ bmoJm| {‘b J¶o Am¡a CÝhm|Zo A°ÝgoñQ´>b Zm°W© B§{S>¶Z (ANI) ¶h
g‘yh ~Zm¶m& X{jU E{e¶m VWm nyd© ¶moamon BZ XmoZm| ñWmZm| na H$m§ñ¶-¶wJrZ
ñQ>on AmZwdm§{eH$Vm Ho$ bmoJ àmá hmoZo go ‘Ü¶ E{e¶m go ñQ>on bmoJm| H$m
ñWmZmÝVaU {H$g Vah hþAm ¶h g‘P ‘| AmVm h¡& Am¡a Bgr go B§S>mo-B©am{Z¶Z
Ed§ ~mpëQ>H$ ^mfm ‘| BVZr Á¶mXm g‘mZVm ³¶m| h¡ ¶h gm{~V hmoVm h¢&
ñQ>on bmoJm| H$m ñWmZmÝVaU {H$g Vah hþAm ¶h Cnamo³V AZwg§YmZ ‘|
Am¡a ^r ñnîQ> VarHo$ go ~Vm¶m J¶m h¡& Cg AZwg§YmZ Ho$ boImnÌ ‘| Xÿgam H$WZ
¶h h¡ {H$- ""B.g.nyd© 2000 go 1000 Ho$ Xa{‘¶mZ ‘Ü¶ ñQ>on àXoe Ho$ bmoJ
MLBA (Middle to Late Bronze Age) Bg AmZwdm§{eH$Vm Ho$ bmoJ
X³IZ E{e¶m H$s {Xem H$s Amoa ñWmZmÝV[aV hþ¶o Am¡a B§S>g no[a’o$ar ³bmB©Z Ho$
bmoJm| ‘| {‘bH$a CÝhm|Zo ñQ>on ³bmB©Z ~ZmB©&''
dV©‘mZ AmZwdm§{eH$ AZwg§YmZ Zo Am¶m] Ho$ ñWmZmÝVaU H$m IÊS>Z
{H$¶m Eogm AmnH$mo bJVm hmoJm Vmo Cnamo³V CÕaU AmnH$mo h¡amZ H$a XoJm, {’$a
AmnH$mo Bg ‘m‘bo go {ZnQ>Zm hmoJm ³¶m|{H$, Amn‘| gamga JbV’$h‘r n¡Xm
H$aZodmbo gya Hw$N> A˜~ma, nÌ-n{ÌH$mAm| Zo {ZH$mbo& ñQ>on bmoJm| H$m ^maV ‘|
ñWmZmÝVaU Ho$ ~mao ‘| d¡km{ZH$ AÜ¶¶Z Zo nhbo hr Om±M H$aHo$ Am¡a ämr R>mog
g~yV {X¶o h¢, {H$ÝVw ""Z¶o AmZwdm§{eH$ AÜ¶¶Z Zo Am¶m] Ho$ ñWmZmÝVaU
{gÕmÝV H$mo H$mQ> {X¶m&'' Eogm erf©H$ H$B© A˜~ma Am¡a do~gmB©Q²>g Zo XoH$a
AnZo hmW ItM boZm ng§X {H$¶m&
Vmo H¡$go ^maVr¶ g§Mma ‘mÜ¶‘ (Media) grYr ~mV H$mo Kw‘mH$a
{~bHw$b hr {déÕ ~Zm XoVr h¡? BgH$m Odm~ nmZo Ho$ {bE h‘| Xÿgao AÜ¶¶Z
H$s Amoa XoIZm hmoJm Omo {H$ Cgr d³V àH$m{eV hþAm Wm& 4600 gmbm| nhbo
hS>ßnm H$mb Ho$ amIrJ‹T>r go àmá EH$ àmMrZ ‘{hbm Ho$ S>rEZE H$m dh
AZwg§YmZ h¡ Am¡a dh Cell OZ©b ‘| àH$m{eV hþAm Wm Ed§ 28 d¡km{ZH$m| Zo
{‘bH$a dh AZwg§YmZ {H$¶m Wm {Og‘| W§JamO [aM, ZaqghZ VWm am¶ Wo Am¡a
CZHo$ à‘wI qeXo Wo& Cg AZwg§YmZ H$m erf©H$ {~bHw$b grYm gmYm Wm -

""àmMrZ hS>ßnm H$mb Ho$ {OZmo‘ ‘| ñQ>on n°ñQ>moa°{bñQ> ¶m B©amZr Io{Vha H$s$
AZwdm§{eH$Vm H$s H$‘r&'' {H$ÝVw Bg grYo erf©H$ go nÌH$mam| Zo ¶h {ZîH$f©
{ZH$mbm {H$, ^maV ‘| Am¶m] H$m ñWmZmÝVaU hþAm hr Zht&
¶{X nÌH$ma bmoJm| Zo "gob' Ho$ d¡km{ZH$ AZwg§YmZ Ho$ [anmoQ>© H$m H$‘
go H$‘ gma ^r ‘Z bJmH$a n‹T>m hmoVm Vmo CÝh| BVZo OëX~mOr ‘| Bg Vah H$m
’¡$gbm boZo H$s Zm¡~V Zht AmVr& Cg [anmoQ>© H$m gma grYm-grYm Bg Vah h¡
- ""BZ bmoJm| ‘| ñQ>on n°ñQ>moa°{bñQ> Ho$ ~mao ‘| AmZwdm§{eH$Vm {~bHw$b ^r Zht
{‘br, {OgH$m ‘Vb~ h¡ {H$, AmO {Og ‘mÌm ‘| do X{jU E{e¶m ‘| ‘m¡OyX h¡
Cgr Vah qgYw g§ñH¥${V H$mb ‘| dh X{jU E{e¶m Ho$ CÎma-npíM‘ {hñgo ‘|
‘m¡OyX Zht Wr&'' BgH$m gm’$ AW© h¡ {H$, AmO Ho$ dV©‘mZ H$mb ‘| X{jU
E{e¶m ‘| ñQ>on n°ñQ>moa°{bñQ> AmZwdm§{eH$Vm g~ Va’$ ‘m¡OyX h¡§& {H$ÝVw qgYw
g§ñH¥${V Ho$ H$mb ‘| ‘mÌ dh AmZwdm§{eH$Vm X{jU E{e¶m ‘| Zht ’¡$br Wr&
(AmO Ho$ Xm¡a ‘§o ñQ>on AmZwdm§{eH$Vm X{jU-E{e¶m ‘| g~ Va’$ {H$g Vah h¢?
Z¶o AZwg§YmZ ‘| Bg ~mao ‘| Am±H$S>o ^r ‘m¡OyX h¡ …- ^maV Ho$ Hw$N> OZ g‘yhm| ‘|
ñQ>on AmZwdm§{eH$Vm H$s ‘mÌm 30% VH$ h¢&)
BgH$s EH$ hr gå^mdZm h¡ {H$, hS>ßnm g§ñH¥${V Ho$ nVZ Ho$ ~mX ^maV
‘| ñQ>on bmoJm| H$m AmJ‘Z hþAm Wm Bg‘| H$moB© h¡amZr H$s ~mV Zht h¡ ³¶m|{H$
B.g.nyd© 2000 ~mX ñQ>on àXoe go Am¶m] H$m AmJ‘Z hþAm Eogm g‘Pm OmVm
Wm, {bhmOm {H$gr Zo AnZo {X‘mJ ‘| ¶h gmoM {b¶m {H$, B.g.2600 Ho$
amIrJ‹T>r go àmá H§$H$mb ‘| ¶{X ñQ>on AmZwdm§{eH$Vm H$m A^md nm¶m J¶m
BgH$m grYm ‘Vb~ ¶hr h¡ {H$ Cg d³V do hS>ßnm g§ñH¥${V ‘| Xm{Ib Zht hþ¶o
Wo ~pëH$ ~mX Ho$ H$mb ‘| CZH$m AmJ‘Z hþAm& Xygao eãXm| ‘| H$hm OmE Vmo
hS>ßnm g§ñH¥${V Am¶© nyd© g§ñH¥${V h¡ Am¡a CZH$s ~mobr^mfm ^r Am¶© Ho$ nhbo H$s
hr h¡&
Vmo, Z¶m ³¶m?
"gob' n{ÌH$m, Agb ‘| gM H$h ahr h¡ {H$, B.g. nyd© 2000 Ho$ ~mX
ñQ>on n°ñQ>moa°{bñQ> Ho$ gmW B§S>mo ¶moamo{n¶Z ^mfm ^maV ‘| Am JB© Wr& ¶hm± na ‘¢
Cg n{ÌH$m H$m CÕaU Xo ahm hÿ± {Og‘| ñWmZmÝVaU Ho$ ~mao ‘| EH$ ^r eãX ‘m¡OyX
Zht h¡ {H$, B.g.nyd© 2000 go 1500 Ho$ Xa{‘¶mZ ‘Ü¶ E{e¶m Ho$ ñQ>on àXoe
go ^maV ‘| AmZodmbo bmoJ B§S>mo-¶moamo{n¶Z ^mfm boH$a Am¶o Wo& ""hmbm±{H$, nyd©
¶moamon go ‘Ü¶ E{e¶m H$s Amoa go X³IZ E{e¶m ‘| B.g.nyd© Xÿgar ghòmãXr Ho$
AYmªe ‘| B§S>mo-¶moamo{n¶Z ^mfm H$m àMma hmoZo H$m àmH¥${VH$ ‘mJ© ¶h AmZwdm§{eH$
l¥§Ibm Ho$ àgmaU go ‘ob H$aVm h¡ Am¡a Cgo àmMrZ S>rEZE AZwg§YmZ Ho$
XñVmdoO ‘§o ã¶m¡aodma ñnîQ> {H$¶m h¡& hµH$sH$V ¶h h¡ {H$, X{jU E{e¶m Ho$ ñQ>n
n°ñQ>moa°{bñQ> AmZwdm§{eH$Vm ¶h nyd© ¶moamon Ho$ H$m§ñ¶ ¶wJ H$s AmZwdm§{eH$Vm go
{‘bVr h¡ ({H$ÝVw npíM‘r ¶moamon go Zht)& ¶h OmZH$mar Cnamo³V {gÕmÝV Ho$
{bE A{V[a³V g~yV h¡& ³¶m|{H$ Cg {gÕmÝV ‘| ~mëQ>mo ñbm{dH$ VWm B§S>mo-
B©am{Z¶Z ^mfm go Ow‹S>o hþ¶o Hw$N> {deof JwU gm§Pm {H$¶o h¢&''
CZ‘| go Xmo ‘m¡{bH$ ‘wÔo … hS>ßnZ H$m¡Z Wo Am¡a Am¶© H$m¡Z Wo, Bg
gQ>rH$ nyd©H${WV {ZîH$f© go Z¶o ¶h Xmo Z¶o {df¶ COmJa hmo J¶o h¡& hS>ßnZ bmoJ
do Wo {OÝhm|Zo CÎma-npíM‘ ^maV ‘| H¥${îm H«$mpÝV H$s Wr Am¡a CgHo$ ~mX CÝhm|Zo
hS>ßnm g§ñH¥${V H$m JR>Z {H$¶m {OZ‘| àmapå^H$ ^maVr¶ VWm B©amZr bmoJ Wo Omo
Am¶©nyd© ^mfm ~mobVo Wo& Am¶© ¶h ‘Ü¶ E{e¶m Ho$ ñQ>on n°ñQ>moa°{bñQ> bmoJ h¡ Omo
^maV ‘| VH$ar~Z B.g.nyd© 2000 go 1500 Ho$ Xa{‘¶mZ Am¶o Wo Am¡a ^maVr¶
CnIÊS> ‘| B§S>mo-¶moamo{n¶Z ^mfm boH$a Am¶o Wo& Xmo AZwg§YmZm| ‘| ³¶m ’$H©$ h¡?
Hw$N> ämr Zht& ~pëH$ XmoZm| H$m {ZîH$f© EH$ hr h¢& Bg‘| h¡amZr dmbr ~mV Zht
{H$, XmoZm| hr AZwg§YmZ EH$ hr g‘¶ na àH$m{eV hmo J¶o Wo Am¡a CZHo$ boIH$
^r ~hþV go EH$ g‘mZ hr Wo&
{H$ÝVw CZ Xmo AZwg§YmZm| ‘| go Z¶o AZwg§YmZ ‘o§ Hw$N> AbJ h¡ ³¶m, Omo
h‘| nhbo kmV Zhr§ Wm? hm±, Hw$N> A§e VH$& {‘gmb Ho$ Vm¡a na, X{jU VWm
‘Ü¶ E{e¶m H$s {OZmo{‘H$ g§aMZm Ho$ nyd© AZwg§YmZ ‘| H$hm J¶m h¡ {H$, B©amZ
go ñWmZm§V[aV hþ¶o Am¡a àmapå^H$ ^maVr¶ Ho$ gmW {‘{lV hþ¶o bmoJ H$hVo Wo {H$,
B©amZr bmoJ ^maV ‘| IoVr {dH$mg Ho$ nhbo hr Am¶o Wo ¶m g§gma ‘| newnmbZ
em¶X hr H$hr ewéAmV hmo JB© Wr Cg d³V Am¶o Wo& Xÿgao eãXm| ‘| H$hm OmE

Vmo ¶hr ñWmZm§V[aV bmoJ {eH$mar, Kw‘ÝVw bmoJ Wo {OgH$m ‘Vb~ ¶h h¡ {H$,
CÝhm|Zo AnZo gmW IoVr H$m kmZ Zht bm¶m Wm& ‘oao "Abu B§{S>¶Ýg' Bg {H$Vm~
‘| ‘¢Zo ¶h ~mV COmJa H$s h¡ {H$, IoVr VÝÌ H$m BñVo‘mb ^maV ‘| IwbH$a ewé
hmo MwH$m Wm Am¡a Bg ‘wÔo Ho$ g‘W©Z ‘| ‘¢Zo ¶h gwPm¶m Wm {H$, g§gma ‘| AÝ¶
H$hr§ na ^r Zht ~pëH$ Ho$db ^maV ‘| hr Po~y ‘doer Ed§ nmUr H$s ^¡g H$mo
nmbVy ~ZmZo à{H«$¶m ^maV ‘| ewé hmo JB© Wr&
Am¡a ^r Hw$N> OmZH$mar Bg àmMrZ ñWmZmÝVaU na Am¡a amoeZr S>mb
gH$Vr h¡& {Og ñWmZmÝVaU Zo ^maV H$s OZgm§p»¶H$s (S>o‘moJ«m’$s) ~Xb Xr&
{‘gmb Ho$ Vm¡a na nhbo Ho$ AZwg§YmZH$ËVm©Am| Zo ¶h H$hm Wm {H$, ñQ>on bmoJm|
H$m ñWmZmÝVaU ¶h B.g.nyd© 2000 go 1000 Ho$ Xa{‘¶mZ hþAm h¢& gm¶§g
OZ©b ‘| Z¶o AZwg§YmZ Zo BgH$m Xm¡a B.g.nyd© 2000 go B.g.nyd© 1500 Ho$
{~M ‘| ¶mZo B.g.nyd© Xÿgar ghòmãXr Ho$ nydm©Y© ‘| hr gr{‘V {H$¶m& BgH$m
H$maU ¶h h¡ {H$, B.g.nyd© 1500 Ho$ ~mX ‘Ü¶ E{e¶m H$s OZg§»¶m ‘| nyd©
E{e¶m¶r AmZwdm§{eH$Vm A{YH$ ‘mÌm ‘| àmá hmo JB© {Og na ^maV ‘| Jm¡a Zht
{H$¶m J¶m&
Z¶o AZwg§YmZ ‘| EH$ Am¡a JwJbr S>mbr JB© {H$, "^maV Ho$ ~mha'
ñWmZmÝVaU hþAm h¡& ¶h nhby ^r Jw‘amh H$a ahm h¡& ¶{X h‘ hµH$sH$V H$s Amoa
Bemam H$aVo h¡ Vmo hS>ßnm bmoJ CZHo$ n‹S>mogr gä¶Vm ¶m g§ñH¥${V H$mo A³ga ^|Q>
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(¶h boIH$ ‘Early Indians : The Story of Our Ancestors
and Where We Came From Ho$ ^r aMZmH$ma h¡ …)
********

AÜ¶m¶ -4
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"The Genomic Formation Of South and Central Asia'
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AÜ¶m¶ -5
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h‘oem Cg ImoO Ho$ AW© H$mo CbQ>-nwbQ> H$aHo$ "Arya Migration Theory'

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h¡ B.g.nyd© 2000 go 1500 Ho$ Xa{‘¶mZ do ^maV ‘| nYmao h¢&
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(Mutations) H$hm OmVm h¡& BZ å¶wQ>oeÝg H$s ghm¶Vm go ‘mZdr g‘yh
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h¡& BgHo$ {bE {S´>b H$s ghm¶Vm go noQ´>g ApñW H$m nmdS>a {H$¶m OmVm h¡&
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H$s {’$a GRCh37 Bg hçw‘Z ao’$aÝg Ho$ gmW ‘°qnJ H$s OmVr h¡& CgHo$ ~mX
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Ancestry) ImoO H$s OmVr h¡ Am¡a CgH$s g‘mZVm ~mX ‘| Vah Vah Ho$ ‘mZdr
g‘yhm| Ho$ S>rEZE Ho$ gmW H$s OmVr h¡& Bggo dV©‘mZ Ho$ AbJ-AbJ Om{V Ed§
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dV©‘mZ CÎmam{YH$mar H$~ n¥WH$ hþAm, Bg ‘m‘bo H$mo A~ VH$ {H$VZo ~ag {~V
J¶o h¡, BgH$s gQ>rH$ OmZH$mar àmá hmoVr h¡& Cgr Vah dV©‘mZ Ho$ EH$ OZg‘yh
Ho$ bmoJ H$m¡Zgo àmMrZ AmZwd{§ eH$Vm go h¡ Am¡a CZHo$ Amng ‘| {H$VZo AmZwdm§{eH$
VmëbwH$mV h¡ BgH$s nyar OmZH$mar S>rEZE AZwg§YmZ Ho$ O[a¶o àmá hmoVr h¡&
AZwd§eemñÌ Zo (OoZo{Q>³g) Bg Vah H$s JwËWr gwbPmZo H$m ‘m¡H$m AmYw{ZH$
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ghm¶Vm go ^r ^maVr¶ B{Vhmg H$s KQ>Zm H$mo gwbPmZo H$m à¶mg d¡km{ZH$m| Zo
{H$¶m h¡& {~«{Q>e nwamVËd AZwg§YmZH$ËVm© ga ‘m°{Q>©‘a pìhba BÝhm|Zo 20 dr§ gXr
‘| qgYw gä¶Vm H$m CËIZZ {H$¶m Wm Am¡a dh gä¶Vm {H$VZr {dH${gV Wr Am¡a
Cgo {dXoer AmH«$‘H$ ¶wao{e¶Zm| Zo {H$g Vah ZîQ> H$s ¶h g~yVm| Ho$ AmYma na
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2000 Ho$ Amgnmg ZîQ> H$s h¡& CZHo$ Bg {ZîH$f© H$mo A~ AmYw{ZH$ S>rEZE Zo
nwpîQ> Xr h¡&
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‘m¶Ho$b ~m‘emX Zo {ZH$mbm& CÝhm|Zo h¡Xam~mX Ho$ ‘mobo³¶wba ~m°¶mobm°Or Ho$

d¡km{ZH$m| H$mo gmW ‘| boH$a gZ 1995 go 2000 Ho$ Xa{‘¶mZ ^maV Ho$ S>rEZE
na AZwg§YmZ {H$¶m& BgHo$ {bE CÝhm|Zo ^maV Ho$ AbJ-AbJ Om{V g‘yhm| Ho$
bmoJm| Ho$ IyZ Ho$ Z‘yZo {b¶o Am¡a CZHo$ S>rEZE H$s g‘mZVm H$mbo g‘§Xa ZOXrH$
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Ho$ bmoJm| H$m S>rEZE ¶wao{e¶Z bmoJm| go Á¶mXm ‘ob H$aVm h¡, Cg na ^r ~«m÷Um|
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H$m B{Vhmg aMm h¡&
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_m`Q>moH$m±{S´>`b mDNA h°ßbmoJ«wn. Xþ{Z¶mâ ‘| _m`Q>moH$m±{S´>`b mDNA
h°ßbmoJ«wn H$mo Ah‘ Mma {hñgm| ‘| ~m±Q>m J¶m h¡& L0,L1,L2, Am¡a M7 ¶mZo
Xþ{Z¶mâ H$s ‘{hbmAm| H$m _m`Q>moH$m±{S´>`b mDNA BZ Mma g‘yhm| ‘| ~m±Q>m
J¶m h¢& Cgr Vah Xþ{Z¶mâ Ho$ Y H«$mo_moPmo_ h°ßbmoJ«wn H$mo ^r Mma Ah‘ g‘yhm|
‘| ~m±Q>m J¶m h¡& do g‘yh Bg àH$ma h¡... A, B, CT VWm D. BZ g‘yhm| H$s H$B©
CnemImE| h¢& Xþ{Z¶mâ ‘| O¡go O¡go bmoJm| Ho$ ñWmZmÝVaU hmoVm J¶m d¡go d¡go BZ
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Ho$ B{Vhmg Ho$ gÝX^© H$m h‘ ¶hm± na MMm© H$aZodmbo h¡ Bg{bE DNA
AZwg§YmZ Ho$ AmYma na h‘ ^maVr¶ bmoJ ¶mZo ‘yb{Zdmgr bmoJ BZHo$ B{Vhmg
H$m gÝX^© bo aho h¡& Bg gÝX^© ‘| Hw$N> DNA [anmoQ>© H$m h‘ AÜ¶¶Z H$aZodmbo
h¡& Cgr Vah amIrJ‹T>r H$m DNA [anmoQ>© AmZo Ho$ ~mX Am{Ia H$m¡Zgr {MOm| ‘|
VãXrbr hmo JB© h¡ Bgna nam‘e© H$aZodmbo h¡& Bgr n[aàoú¶ ‘| Bg KQ>H$ na h‘
AÝ¶ ^mfm emñÌr¶, Eo{Vhm{gH$ ¶m nwamVËd emñÌr¶ g~yVm| na Á¶mXm Omoa Zm
XoVo hþ¶o ¶m CÝh| Á¶mXm Ah{‘¶V Zm XoVo hþEo DNA AZwg§YmZ na {Z^©a ^maVr¶
‘yb{Zdmgr bmoJm| H$s ImoO H$aZodmbo h¡&
‘yb{Zdmgr bmoJm| Ho$ DNA AZwg§YmZ Ho$ gÝX^© ‘| H$B© AZwg§YmZ
[anmoQ>© àH$m{eV hþ¶o h¡& CZ g^r [anmoQ>© H$m gÝX^© ¶hm°§ H$aZm ‘w‘{H$Z Zht ¶m
CZH$m {díbofU H$aZm ^r ‘w‘{H$Z Zht h¡& V‘m‘ [anmoQ>© H$m {díbofU H$aZm VWm
CgHo$ ‘wVm{~H$ boIZ H$aZm ¶h EH$ ñdV§Ì {H$Vm~ H$m {df¶ h¡& DNA
AZwg§YmZ Ho$ ~mX ^maVr¶ ¶m Xþ{Z¶mâ Ho$ B{Vhmg boIZ Ho$ {bE EH$ AZyR>m
VWm {demb H«$m{ÝVH$mar Ed§ d¡km{ZH$ gmYZ OwQ> J¶m h¡& ^maV Ho$ B{Vhmg
boIZ ‘| H$B© ~ma g~yVm| H$s {H$ëbV go Hw$N> ~mV| COmJa H$aZm AmO VH$
Zm‘w‘{H$Z hmoVm Wm ¶m ~«m÷UdmXr B{VhmgH$ma ‘m¡OyX g~yVm| H$mo {dH¥$V H$aVo Wo
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H$m ~oB§{Vhm {dH¥${VH$aU {H$¶m h¡& AmO ^r AmYw{ZH$ ¶wJ ‘|, AZwg§YmZ Ed§
~hþV Á¶mXm d¡km{ZH$ g~yV ‘m¡OyX hmoZo Ho$ ~mdOyX ^r B{Vhmg H$m ~‹S>r ‘mÌm ‘|
{dH¥${VH$aU VWm Vmo‹S>-‘amo‹S> H$aZm ewé h¡& {H$ÝVw DNA AZwg§YmZ go E§d
B{Vhmg boIZ Ho$ òmoV A~ ~hþV go ~hþOZm| Ho$ {bE {dÚ‘mZ hmoZo go CÝh|
{dH¥${VH$aU H$aZm Ag§^d h¡ Am¡a {H$¶m ^r Vmo A~ h‘ CZH$m ‘wH$m~bm H$aZo
‘| g‘W© h¡& A~ h‘ ‘yb{Zdmgr ^maVr¶m| Ho$ ‘yb{ZdmgrËd gm{~V H$aZodmbm
nhbm AZwg§YmZ XoIVo h¡&
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'In situ origin of deep rooting lineages of mitochon-
drial Macrohaplogroup 'M' in India (Kumarasamy Thangaraj
, Gyaneshwer Chaubey ,Vijay Kumar Singh ,Ayyasamy
Vanniarajan, Ismail Thanseem Alla G Reddy and Lalji Singh)
15 OwZ, 2006 H$mo BMC Genomics Bg n{ÌH$m ‘| Hw$‘ma
ñdm‘r W§JamO, kmZoída Mm¡~o d AÝ¶ Hw$N> ‘ehÿa AZwg§YmZH$ËVm© H$s ghm¶Vm
go [anmoQ>© à{gÕ hþAm& Cg [anmoQ>© ‘| {OÝhm|Zo Omo ~mV| aIr h¡ CgH$m {hÝXr gma
AmJo {X¶m J¶m h¡... "" ^maV ‘| ‘w»¶ h°ßbmoJ«wn M> Ed§ N> àmá hmoVo h¢& CZ‘|
""^maV
go N na nhbo hr ~hþV AZwg§YmZ hmo MwHo$ h§¡& A~ ~Mm _°H«$moh°ßbmoJ«wn M ¶h

VH$ar~Z 60 ’$sgXr ^maVr¶m| Ho$ _m`Q>moH$m±{S´>`b S>rEZE H$m (mDNA)
J«wn h¡& _°H«$moh°ßbmoJ«wn M Ho$ CJ_ d {dñVma Ho$ ~mao ‘| ~hþV go {ddmX hmo MwHo$
h¡& ¶h J«wn ‘w»¶ én go Am{e¶m ‘| ‘m¡ÁmyX h¡ Am¡a ^maV Ho$ ‘§JmobmBS> Am¡a
AÝ¶ ^maVr¶ bmoJ Á¶mXmVa Bgr J«wn go h¡& Bg gÝX^© ‘| EH$ {gÕmÝV ¶h
aMm J¶m Wm {H$ ¶h J«wn ~hþV ~‹S>r ‘mÌm ‘| B{W¶mo{n¶m go àmá hmoVm h¡
Bg{bE ¶h ‘yb Am{’«$H$Z h¡& ^m¡Jmo{bH$ ÑpîQ> go XoIm OmE Vmo M ¶h J«wn
Ho$db A{’«$H$m VH$ gr{‘V h¡& dh A{’«$H$m go àmá hmoVm h¡ Vmo CgH$m H$mb
~hþV àmMrZ hmoZm Mm{h¶o& ³¶m|{H$ Cgo Am{e¶m ‘| ¶m Xþ{Z¶mâ nhþ±MZo Ho$
{bE ~hþV g‘¶ bJZm Oéar h¡& {H$ÝVw ¶h AÝV{d©amoYr h¡& ^maV H$s 60%
OZg§»¶m ‘| àmá hmoZodmbm M> ¶h J«wn A{’«$H$m ‘| CX¶ hmoH$a Am¡a Ho$db
B{W¶mo{n¶m go àmá hmoZm Am¡a BVZr bå~r Xÿar VH$ ^maV ‘| AmZm Am¡a
A{’«$H$m VWm ^maV Ho$ Xa{‘¶mZ AÝ¶ {H$gr ^r OZg§»¶m ‘| Zm {‘bZm ¶h
‘w‘{H$Z Zht& BgHo$ {bE {b¶m hþAm Oéar g‘¶ Am¡a CgHo$ CnKQ>H$ H$m
{H$¶m hþAm ~±Q>dmam Bggo _°H«$moh°ßbmoJ«wn M Ho$ CX¶ Ed§ àgma H$s {’$a go
aMZm H$aZm Oéar h¡&
AÜ¶¶Z Ho$ AÝV ‘| g~go Ah‘ EH$ ~mV g‘P ‘| AmVr h¡ dh ¶h
{H$, _°H«$moh°ßbmoJ«wn M H$s V‘m‘ emImE| ‘yb ^maV ‘| hr V¡¶ma hmo JB© h¡&
Bg‘| Xÿgar {H$gr ^r ‘Ü¶mdH$me ‘| h°ßbmoJ«wn H$s {‘bmdQ> ¶m {‘lU Zht
hþAm h¡& Bg _°H«$moh°ßbmoJ«wn H$s {gVmao g‘mZ aMZm ¶h {XImVm h¡ {H$, BZ g~
H$m g~J«wn ‘yb ^maV ‘| hr ñdV§Ì VarHo$ go {dH${gV hþ¶o Am¡a g‘X§a {H$Zmao
H$s ghm¶Vm go V‘m‘ ^maVâ ’¡$b J¶m& Bgr Vah {‘bmdQ> Zht hþ¶o _°H$« mohß° bmoJnw«
M H$s Xþ{Z¶m Ho$ AÝ¶ J«wn Ho$ gmW ~am~ar H$aZo Ho$ ~mX ¶h ZµOa AmVm h¡ {H$
¶h J«wn ‘yb X³IZ Am{e¶m Am¡a à‘wIV… go ^maV ‘| CX¶ hþAm VWm Bg J«wn
H$mo {H$gr ^r VarHo$ H$s ^mfm H$m ~§YZ Zhr§ h¡&''
A~ Bg [anmoQ>© ‘| ³¶m h¡ Am¡a CgH$m ³¶m VmËn¶© h¡ BgHo$ ~mao ‘|
n[aMMm© H$aVo h¡& Bg [anmoQ>© Ho$ {bE AZwg§YmZH$ËVm©Am| Zo Hw$N> Ah‘ g§àXm¶m|

H$m DNA narjU {H$¶m& do g§àXm¶ h¢ Ho$ab Ho$ n{Z¶mZ (PANIYAN>) Bg
g§àXm¶ Ho$ bmoJ Ð{dS>r¶Z ^mfm ~mobVo h¡, Amo[agm H$s JS>~m (GADABA)
Bg g§àXm¶ Ho$ EñQ´>mo E{e¶m{Q>H$ ^mfm ~mobVo h¡, JwOamV H$s amVdm (RATWA)
Bg g§àXm¶ Ho$ B§S>m-o ¶moamo{n¶Z ^mfm ~mobVo h¡, H$Zm©Q>H$ H$s a±S>‘ (RANDAM)
Bg g§àXm¶ Ho$ bmoJ Ð{dS>r¶Z ^mfm ~mobVr h¡, JwOamV H$s amVdm (TADAVI)
Bg g§àXm¶ Ho$ bmoJ B§S>mo-¶moamo{n¶Z ^mfm ~mobVo h¡, Am§Y« àXoe Ho$ naYmZ
(PARDHAN) Bg g§àXm¶ Ho$ bmoJ Ð{dS>r¶Z ^mfm ~mobVo h¡ Am¡a A§X_mZ
Q>mny Ho$ Am|J (ONGE) Bg g§àXm¶ Ho$ bmoJ A§Xm‘mZr ^mfm ~mobVr h¡& N>h
AbJ-AbJ ^mfm ~mobZodmbo g§àXm¶ Ho$ bmoJ EH$ hr _°H$« mohß° bmoJnw« go {dH${gV
hþ¶o h¡ Am¡a Cg _°H«$moh°ßbmoJ«wn H$s OZg§»¶m {’$bhmb ^maV ‘| 60 µ’$sgXr h¡&
¶{X h‘ Bg g§àXm¶ H$m ‘wAm¶Zm H$aVo h¡ Vmo do V‘m‘ g§àXm¶ Ho$ bmoJ
Am{Xdmgr go Ow‹S>o h¢& A~ gdmb ¶h h¡ {H$, ¶{X gmR> µ’$sgXr bmoJm| H$mo
_°H«$moh°ßbmoJ«wn EH$ hr h¡ Vmo AmO ^maV Ho$ 60 µ’$sgXr bmoJ Am{Xdmgr h¢ ³¶m?
AmO Am{Xdmgr 60% Zht h¡& ^maV ‘| Am{Xdmgr H$s OZg§»¶m H$ar~-H$ar~
gmV go AmR> µ’$sgXr Ho$ Amgnmg h¡& {H$ÝVw Bg _°H«$moh°ßbmoJ«wn Ho$ bmoJm| H$s
OZg§»¶m Vmo ^maV ‘| 60 µ’$sgXr h¡& BgH$m AW© ¶h h¡ {H$, AmO ^maV ‘|
ahZodmbo 60 µ’$sgXr bmoJm| Ho$ nwaIo _°H«$moh°ßbmoJ«wn M Ho$ Am{Xdmgr h¡& ¶mZo
AmO {OZ ~hþOZm| H$s Om{V Am{Xdmgr Zht h¡ CZHo$ ‘yb Am{Xdmgr hr h¡ ¶mZr
H$s ‘yb{Zdmgr h¢& dU©ì¶dñWm Am¡a Om{V ì¶dñWm {dH${gV hmoZo Ho$ nhbo ¶h
bmoJ EH$ hr ‘yb g‘yh Ho$ Wo ¶h d¡km{ZH$ g~yV h¡&
h‘ g~H$mo EH$ ~mV Vrd«Vm go ‘hgyg hmoVr h¡ {H$, AnZo g‘mO ‘|
Hw$N> Hw$bZm‘ (Surname) ¶m H$ar~-H$ar~ nyao Hw$bZm‘ g^r Om{V¶m| ‘|
{XImB© XoVo h¢& EH$ hr Hw$bZm‘ eyÐ Om{V ‘|, Añn¥í¶ Om{V ‘| Am¡a AmO {Ogo
Am{Xdmgr Kmo{fV {H$¶m J¶m h¡ Cg Om{V ¶m NT, DNT Ed§ {Ogo JwZhJma
Om{V Kmo{fV {H$¶m J¶m h¡ Cg Om{V ‘| àmá hmoVo h¢& {‘gmb Ho$ Vm¡a na "^mogbo'
Hw$bZm‘ H$mo hr XoI bmo& ¶h Hw$bZm‘ ‘hmamîQ´> ‘| eyÐm| H$s g~go ~‹S>r Om{V

"‘amR>o' ‘| ‘m¡OyX h¡, ¶hr Hw$bZm‘ Añn¥í¶ Om{V ‘| ^r h¡, ¶hr Hw$bZm‘
Amo~rgr Om{V ‘| ^r h¡, ¶hr Hw$bZm‘ NT, DNT VWm {Ogo JwZhJmar Om{V
Kmo{fV {H$¶m J¶m h¡ CZ‘| ^r h¡, ¶hr Hw$bZm‘ Am{Xdmgr Ed§ AmO ~rh‹S> ¶m
Im‹S>r ‘| ahZodmbr Om{V ‘| h¡&
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do Om{V¶m± _°H«$moh°ßbmoJ«wn N> Bg J«wn_Üò em{‘b h¡ Am¡a ¶h XmoZm| J«wn ^maV H$s
L3 Bg _yb _m`Q>moH$m±{S´>`b J«wn Ho$ KQ>H$ h¢&
DNA Ho d¡km{ZH$ AZwg§YmZ na {Z^©a ¶h [anmoQ>© EH$ ~mV na gm’$
gm’$ amoeZr S>mbVm h¡ {H$ _°H«$moh°ßbmoJ«wn M> Ed§ _°H«$moh°ßbmoJ«wn N> ¶h {OZ bmoJm|
‘| ‘m¡OyX h¡ do bmoJ ‘yb ^maVr¶ h¡§ Am¡a AmYw{ZH$ ‘mZd O~ go YaVr na ~ñVr
H$aHo$ ahZo bJm V~ go do ^maV Ho$ ‘yb{Zdmgr h¢& {OÝhm|Zo ^maV ‘| ¶hm± H$s
g§ñH¥${V H$s Ztd S>mbr& IoVr-~m‹S>r H$s ewéAmV H$s& ì¶mnma-H$mamo~ma {dH${gV
{H$¶m VËníMmV² {demb eham| H$m {Z‘m©U {H$¶m& Bg nyao Xm¡a ‘| CÝhm|Zo ^maV ‘|
ewéAmV H$m {dñVma g‘§Xa {H$Zmao, VQ> na EH$ hr ‘mJ© go {H$¶m Eogm {XImB©
XoVm h¡& Xÿgar Ah‘ ~mV ¶h$ [anmoQ>© {deof én go Xem©Vr h¡ {H$, ^maV H$s V‘m‘
‘{hbmAm| ‘| ‘m¡OyX ‘m¶Q>moH$m±{S>©¶b mDNA ¶h EH$ hr h¡ Am¡a do L3 Bg
‘yb _m`Q>moH$m±{S´>`b _°H«$moh°ßbmoJ«wn Ho$ h¡& BgH$m Xÿgam AW© ¶h h¡ {H$, ^maV H$s
V‘m‘ ‘{hbmE| EH$ hr ‘yb ñÌr Ho$ d§eO h¡ Am¡a CZ‘| Xygao {H$gr ^r ‘{hbmAm|
Ho$ _°H«$moh°ßbmoJ«wn _m`Q>moH$m±{S´>`b mDNA H$s {‘bmdQ> Zht h¡&
Xþ{Z¶m Ho$ d¡km{ZH$ CZ-CZ$ Xoem| H$s ‘{hbmAm| Ho$ ‘yb ñÌr nyd©O H$mo
_m`Q>moH$m±{S´>`b Bìh ¶h Zm‘ XoVo h¡& ^maV Ho$ àmÀ¶{dÚm n§{S>V eaX nmQ>rb
BZH$m H$hZm h¡ {H$ ^maV H$s ‘yb ñÌr gÎmm MbmZodmbr g~go nhbr ‘yb
‘{hbm h¡ {ZG$Vr& ¶h {gÕmÝV ‘mZ bo Am¡a ^maV H$s àmMrZ ñÌràYmZ gä¶Vm,
ñÌr à‘wI Wr ¶h ‘mZ bo Vmo DNA Ho$ Bg AZwg§YmZ Zo h‘| AnZr à‘wI
{ZG$Vr Xr h¡ Eogm H$hZo ‘| H$moB© EVamO Zht hmoJm Am¡a h‘ {ZG$Vr H$s EH$ hr
_°H«$moh°ßbmoJ«wn L3 Ho$ nyao CÎmam{YH$mar h¡ ¶h H$hZo ‘| H$moB© Amn{Îm Zht hmoZr

Mm{hE&
Bg [anmoQ>© H$s ^mfm-g§~§Yr N>mZ-~rZ H$aZo na EH$ gdmb CâVm h¡
{H$ EH$X‘ H$Ý¶mHw$‘mar go H$mí‘ra VH$ Am¡a H$ÀN> go AéUmMb VH$ nyar
‘{hbmE|, {’$a do {H$gr ^r Om{V H$s hmo ¶m H$moB© ^r ^mfm ~mobZodmbr hmo EH$
hr ‘yb ñÌr Ho$ d§eO h¡& ¶mZr Eggr, EgQ>r, Amo~rgr, ‘m¶Zm°[aQ>r Ed§ Cƒd{U©¶
nwwéf Ho$ Ka ‘| ahZodmbr ‘{hbmAm| H$m DNA g~H$m g‘mZ hr h¡& ¶mZo V‘m‘
‘{hbmE| Bg ^maV Ho$ ‘yb{Zdmgr h¢&
^maV H$s Om{Vì¶dñWm d dU©ì¶dñWm H$m B{Vhmg ¶{X Ü¶mZ ‘|
{b¶m Om¶o Vmo dU©ì¶dñWm AÝVad{U©¶ {ddmh H$mo ‘§Oyar Zhr§ XoVm, ¶h h‘ XoI
MwHo$ h¡& Cgr Vah AÝVaOm{V¶ {ddmh na ^maVr¶ nwéf àYmZ g§ñH¥${V ‘| nm~§Xr
Wr& Bg ÑpîQ> go V‘m‘ Om{V Ho$, C±Mo Om{V Ho$ VWm AZwgy{MV Om{V, Amo~rgr,
‘m¶Zm°[aQ>r BZHo$ Ka H$s ‘{hbmE| VWm Cƒd{U©¶ Om{V H$s ‘{hbmE| ¶h g‘mZ
H¡$go h¡ ¶h gdmb CâVm h¢& do g‘mZ h¡ ¶m g‘mZ d§e H$s ¶h A~ gm{~V hmo
J¶m h¢& Eggr, EgQ>r, Amo~rgr Ho$ Ka H$s ‘{hbmE| ‘yb{Zdmgr h¡§ Bg{bE CZHo$
Ka ‘| h¡ ¶h h‘ ‘mZ gH$Vo h¡ ³¶m|{H$ Eggr, EgQ>r, Amo~rgr Ho$ nwéf Y
H«$mo_moPmo_ ^maV Ho$ ‘yb{Zdmgr h¡ ¶h gm{~V hþAm h¡, Bg{bE dh {~bHw$b
àmH¥${VH$ h¡& {H$ÝVw D±$Mo dU© Ho$ nwéfm| Ho$ Ka H$s, ¶m dU©ì¶dñWm ‘| D±$Mo Om{V
Ho$ Ka H$s ‘{hbmE| eyÐ Om{V H$s ‘{hbm H¡$go hþB© ¶m eyÐ Om{V H$s ‘{hbmAm|
Zo CZHo$ Ka ‘| H¡$go {eaH$V H$s ¶h EH$ JwËWr hr h¡& {H$ÝVw DNA AZwgY§ mZ
Zo ¶h JwËWr ^r gwbP JB© h¡&
Bg ~mao ‘| ã¶m¡aodma nam‘e© h‘ AJbo nhby ‘| ~VmZodmbo h¡ Am¡a
Cnamo³V nhby na h‘ _°H«$moh°ßbmoJ«wn M VWm N ^maV Ho$ ‘yb{Zdmgr h¡ Am¡a
^maV Ho$ VH$ar~Z 60 µ’$sgXr OZg§»¶m _°H«$moh°ßbmoJ«wn M go Ow‹S>r hþB© h¡ ¶h
h‘Zo XoIhr {b¶m& BgHo$ nhbo Ho$ AZwg§YmZ Zo AÝ¶ Omo _m`Q>moH$m±{S´>`b S>rEZE
h¡ do _°H«$moh°ßbmoJ«wn N >Ho$ h¡ Am¡a ¶h XmoZm| J«wn L3 Bg J«wn go {ZH$bo hþ¶o h¡ ¶h
h‘Zo XoI hr {b¶m h¡& Cgr Vah ^maV Ho$ Eggr, EgQ>r, Amo~rgr g‘oV V‘m‘

‘{hbm ‘yb{Zdmgr h¢ ¶h gm{~V hmoVm h¡&
A~ h‘ nwéfm| H$s Am{Ia ³¶m hmbV h¡ ¶h XoIZodmbo h¡& nwéfm| Ho$
S>rEZE H$m B{Vhmg ¶m H$m¡Zgo nwéf H$m JwQ> H$m¡Zgo Xÿgao nwéf go ‘ob H$aVo h¡ ¶m
H$m¡Z go Xmo nwéfm| Ho$ Y H«$mo_moPmo_ S>rEZE EH$ Xÿgao go Ow‹S>Vo h¡§ Bgna CZHo$ nwaIo
H$m¡Z Wo ¶h gm{~V hmoVm h¡ ¶h h‘Zo nhbo hr XoI {b¶m h¡& ^maV Ho$ nwéfm| H$s
g§aMZm Am{Ia ³¶m h¡ Am¡a do Xþ{Z¶m Ho$ H$m¡Zgo nwéf go {‘bVo h¡ ¶h XoIZo Ho$
{bE h‘o§ nwéfm| Ho$ Y H«$mo_moPmo_ bm`ZoO ¶mZo Y H«$mo_moPmo_ H$s d§emdbr XoIZm
Oéar h¡& Bg gÝX^© ‘| EH$ H«$m§{VH$mar AZwg§YmZ 2001 ‘| Genome
Research Zm‘ H$s ‘ehÿa n{ÌH$m ‘| à{gÕ hþAm h¡&
Om{V ‘| ~±Q>o hþ¶o ^maVr¶ H$s CËn{Îm Ho$ g~yV AmZwdm§{eH$ {dkmZ ‘|
Genetic Evidence on the Origins of Indian
Caste Populations
(Michael Bamshad,Toomas Kivisild,W. Scott
Watkins,Mary E. Dixon,Chris E. Ricker,Baskara B. Rao,
Mastan Naidu,B.V. Ravi Prasad,P. Govinda Reddy,Arani
Rasanayagam,Surinder S. Papiha,Richard Villems,Alan J.
Redd,Michael F. Hammer,Son V. Nguyen,Marion L.
Carroll,Mark A. Batzer,and Lynn B. Jorde) ‘Genetic Evidence
on the Origins of Indian Caste Populations’ Bg Zm‘ go _m`Ho$b
~m_emX VWm CZHo$ ghH$‘uAm| Zo ^maV Ho$ V‘m‘ nwéfm Ed§ ‘{hbm Ho$ DNA
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Zo 2001 ‘| ^maV ‘| gZgZr ’¡$bm Xr& Bg AZwg§YmZ H$m gma h‘ XoIZodmbo h¡
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Y H«$mo_moPmo_ Am¡a ‘m¶Q>mH
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(Genetic affinities among the lower castes
and tribal groups of India: inference from Y chro-
mosome and mitochondrial DNA)
(Ismail Thanseem, Kumarasamy Thangaraj,
Gyaneshwer Chaubey,Vijay Kumar Singh, Lakkakula VKS
Bhaskar, B Mohan Reddy, AllaGReddy and Lalji Singh)
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h‘Z| nhbo Ho$ [anmoQ>© ‘| H$s h¡&
A§X‘mZ {ZH$mo~ma Ho$ bmoJ Am¡a ^maV Ho$ V‘m‘ bmoJm| Ho$ S>rEZE
AZwg§YmZ go S>opìhS> [aM Am¡a CZHo$ ghH$‘u H$mo Bg ~mV H$s nwpîQ> hmo JB© Wr
^maV ‘| Xmo VarHo$ Ho$ gwñnîQ> OZg§»¶m H$o JwQ> h¡ EH$ doñQ> ¶wao{e¶Z Am¡a Xÿgam
B©ñQ> E{e¶Z (‘yb{Zdmgr ^maVr¶) BZ Xmo JwQ>m| Ho$ g§Kf© go ^maV H$s OZg§»¶m
V¡¶ma hmo JB© h¡& ¶h H«$mpÝVH$mar AZwg§YmZ boH$a S>opìhS> [aM Am¡a CZHo$ ghH$‘u
{ZH$ n°Q>agZ h¡Xam~mX H$mo W§JamO Ed§ bmbOr qgh go {‘bZo Am¶o& CÝhm|Zo BZ
XmoZm| H$mo AZwg§YmZ Ho$ ZVrOo ~Vm¶o& CgHo$ ~mX Omo nyam dmµH$¶m hþAm Cgo S>opìhS>
[aM Ho$ eãXm| ‘| {ZåZm§{H$V h¡...
""28 A³Vw~a,2018 Ho$ do 24 K§Q>o, ~Vm¡a AZwg§YmZH$ËVm© ‘oao
{OÝXJr Ho$ g~go Á¶mXm VZmdJ«ñV 24 K§Q>o Wo& O~ h‘ XmoZm|, ‘¢ Am¡a ‘oao
ghH$‘u {ZH$ n°Q>agZ h¡Xam~mX H$mo h‘mao AZwg§YmZ Ho$ ZVrOo na W§JamO Ed§
qgJ Ho$ gmW nam‘e© H$aZo Ho$ {bE J¶o Wo& h‘mar 28 A³Vw~a H$mo hþB© ~¡R>H$
MwZm¡VrnyU© Wr& qgJ Ed§ W§JamO ¶h XmoZm| hr nyam àmoOo³Q> ZîQ> H$aZo Ho$ {bE
Y‘H$m aho§ Eogm ‘hgyg hmo ahm Wm& h‘mar ‘rqQ>J Ho$ nhbo h‘Zo CÝh| Bg
AZwg§YmZ H$m gma {XIm¶m Wm& dh gma ¶h H$hVm Wm {H$ AmO H$s ^maV ‘|
Omo OZg§»¶m h¡ dh Xmo ~hþV hr AbJ AbJ OZg§»¶m go V¡¶ma hþB© h¡ Am¡a
CZ‘| go EH$ OZg§»¶m doñQ> ¶wao{e¶Z h¡& qgJ Ed§ W§JamO BÝhm|Zo h‘mao Bg
AZwg§YmZ na EVamO OVm¶m& CZH$m ¶h H$hZm Wm {H$, ¶h AZwg§YmZ ¶h
{XImVm h¡ {H$ doñQ> ¶wao{e¶Z go g‘yh ‘| bmoJ ^maV Am¶o& CZH$m ¶h H$hZm

Wm ¶h ZVrOm {ZH$mbZo Ho$ {bE CZHo$ nmg H$moB© R>mog g~yV Zht h¡& CÝhm|Zo
¶h ^r Xbrb| H$s {H$ hmo gH$Vm h¡ {H$ ^maV go bmoJ ~mha J¶o hmo& AWm©V
CÝh| ñd¶§ H$mo hr gm’$ nVm h¡ {H$ {dJV hOmamo§ gmbm| go ^maV Ho$ ‘yb bmoJ
¶hr§ na ah aho h¡ Am¡a ¶hm± go H$moB© ^r ~mha J¶m Zht h¡ ³¶m|{H$ CÝhm|Zo ñd¶§
CZHo$ ñd¶§ Ho$ _m`Q>moH$m±{S´>`b mDNA AZwg§YmZ goo ¶h gm{~V {H$¶m Wm&
CZHo$ nmg ‘m¡OyX _m`Q>moH$m±{S´>`b mDNA S>mQ>m gmW ‘| V‘m‘ AmZwd§{eH$
S>mQ>m Om±MH$a XoI| ~J¡a ^maV ‘| Bg Vah H$m ¶wao{e¶Z AmH«$‘U hmoZo H$m
{gÕmÝV aMZodmbo AZwg§YmZ ‘| em{‘b hmoZo H$mo do V¡¶ma Zht Wo& CZH$s ~mVm|
go ¶h ZµOa Am ahm Wm {H$, ^maV ‘| doñQ> ¶wao{e¶m go ~‹S>r ‘mÌm ‘| AmH«$‘U
hþAm h¡ ¶h H$hZm ¶h ~mV amOZr{VH$ ZµO[a¶o go ~hþV KmVH$ h¡& do IwbH$a
¶h ~mV| Zht ~mob aho Wo {H$ÝVw ^maV na hþ¶o Bg AmH«$‘U go ^maVr¶ CnIÊS>
‘| Ah‘ ~Xbmd hþ¶o Wo {Oggo ^maVr¶ CnIÊS> H$mo ~ohVmem ~Xbm J¶m Wm
Bggo Om{ha h¡ {H$ ¶h ~mV ~hþV g§OrXm Wr&
"doñQ> `wao{e`Z' Am¡a "^maVr`' BZHo$ VmëbwH$mV ñnîQ> H$aZo Ho$
{bE qgJ Ed§ W§JamO BÝhm|Zo EH$ ZB© n[a^mfm gwPmB©, "OoZo{Q>H$ eoA[a¨J'
AmZwdm§{eH$ ~±Q>dmam O¡go H$s doñQ> ¶wa{o e¶Z Am¡a ^maVr¶ BZ‘| g‘mZ CÎmam{YH$mar
XoZodmbr àmMrZ OZg§»¶m {XImB© XoJr& h‘mam AZwg§YmZ ¶h {XIm ahm Wm {H$
^maVr¶ OZg§»¶m ¶h Xmo ~hþV AbJ AbJ bmoJm| H$m {‘lU h¡ {H$ÝVw CZH$m
¶h H$hZm Wm {H$ Xmo AbJ bmoJm| H$m {‘lU hþAm hr Zht& h‘ gH$Vo ‘| Am
J¶o! Cgr nb ‘wPo Eogm bJm {H$, amOZr{V X~md Vbo h‘| h‘mam AZwg§YmZ
à{gÕ H$aZo go amoH$m Om ahm h¡&
h‘mao H§$nmC§S> Ho$ ~mha {hÝXÿ H$s g~go ~‹S>r Nw>Å>r ‘| go {Xdmbr
Ë¶m¡hma H$s Am{Vf~mOr Mb ahr Wr& N>moQ>o ~ƒo MbVr hþB© Q´>H$ Ho$ ZrMo
ObVr hþB© ’w$bPS>r¶m± ’|$H$ aho Wo& ‘¢ Am¡a ‘oao ghH$‘u n°Q>agZ BÝhm|Zo qgJ Ed§
W§JamO BZHo$ AZwg§YmZ g§ñWm Ho$ JoñQ> é‘ Ho$ H$‘ao ‘| ñd¶§ H$mo ~§X H$a {b¶m
Am¡a gmoMZo bJo H$s Am{Ia hmo ³¶m ahm h¡! h‘mao AZwg§YmZ H$m gm§ñH¥${VH$

ZVrOm eZ¡… eZ¡… h‘mar g‘P ‘| Am J¶m Am¡a ñnîQ> hmo J¶m& {’$a h‘ EH$
~rM H$s n[a^mfm T>±yT>Zo bJo, Omo d¡km{ZH$ ÑpîQ> go ~am~a hmo Am¡a AÝ¶ nyar
~mVm| H$m ämr g§doXZmË‘H$ {dMma H$a gHo$&
Xÿgao {XZ V‘m‘ J«wn {’$a go qgJ Ho$ Am°{’$g ‘| BH$Æ>o hmo J¶o& h‘
{‘bH$a ~¡R> J¶o Am¡a BZ XmoZm| àmMrZ ^maVr¶ JwQ>m| Ho$ {bE Xmo Z¶o Zm‘ Ty>§T>o&
h‘Zo {bIm {H$ ^maV H$s AmO H$s OZg§»¶m Xmo ~hþV AbJ AbJ OZg§»¶m
H$m {‘lU h¡&
ANI ( Ancestral North Indian) A°ÝgoñQ´>b Zm°W© B§{S>`Z
Am¡a A°ÝgoñQ´>b gmCW B§{S>`Z ASI (Ancestral South Indian) Omo
{H$ {‘³g hmoZo go nhbo Xmo AbJ AbJ J«wn Wo& O¡go H$s AmO ¶moamo{n¶Z Am¡a
nyd© E{e¶mB© h¢& ANI Ho$ `moamo{n`Z, _Ü` E{e`mB©, n{ü_ E{e`mB© Ed§
H$m°Ho$eg BZ bmoJm| go VmëbwH$mV h¢& {H$ÝVw h‘Zo CZna gQ>rH$ ñWmZ H$m Xm±dm
Zht {H$¶m ¶m CZH$s ‘mV¥^y{‘ H$m ¶m {H$gr àH$ma Ho$ ñWmZmÝVaU H$m {OH«$
Zht {H$¶m& Omo ASI h¡ Omo {’$bhmb ‘m¡OyX h¡ CZH$m Xþ{Z¶m Ho$ ¶m ^maV Ho$
~mha {H$gr ^r ¶m Xÿgar OZg§»¶m go VmëbwH$ Zht h¡& h‘Zo ¶h {XIm¶m h¡ {H$
ANI Am¡a ASI ¶h ^maV ‘o| ZmQ>{H$¶ T>§J go EH$Xÿgao ‘| {‘{lV hmo J¶o h¢&
BgH$m ‘Vb~ ¶h h¡ {H$ ^maV ‘| A~ H$s OZg§»¶m ¶h doñQ> ¶wao{e¶Z bmoJm|
go Ow‹So bmoJ Ed§ {d{dYVm âo d Am¡a H$ar~r nyd© Am{e¶m¶r bmoJ Am¡a X{jU
E{e¶mB© bmoJ BZH$m H$‘ Á¶mXm ‘mÌm ‘| {‘lU h¢& H$moB© ämr J«wn AmZwdm§{eH$
ÑpîQ> go eyÕ h¡ ¶h Xm±dm Zht H$a gH$Vo&''
¶h AmYw{ZH$ AZwg§YmZ Ho$ B{Vhmg H$s g~go ~‹S>r XµJm~mOr h¡& noedo
Ho$ XâVa H$m AÜ¶¶Z H$aVo d³V EH$ ~«m÷U AÜ¶¶ZH$Vm© H$mo ZmZm ’$S>Udrg
Ho$ aI¡br¶m| H$s Vm{bH$m ~am‘X hmo JB© Wr& dh Vm{bH$m CgZo AnZr Om{V
~§YwAm| Ho$ Hw$H$‘© H$m ¶m M[aÌ{hZVm H$m g~yV AÝ¶ {H$gr Ho$ ^r hmW Zm bJo
Bg{bE dh Vm{bH$m Eh{V¶mV go JQ>H$ br ¶h nVm Wm, {H$ÝVw AmYw{ZH$ H$mb
‘| d¡km{ZH$ AZwg§YmZ H$mo ãb¡H$‘ob H$aHo$ AnZm {dXoernZ {N>nmZo Ho$ {bE

~«m÷U {H$g hX VH$ OmE|Jo Am¡a AnZo H$m¡eë¶ H$m AZwg§YmZ Ho$ ‘yb JyXo H$mo
hr {dH¥$V H$aZo Ho$ {bE BñVo‘mb H$a|Jo BgH$m ¶h CåXm Z‘yZm h¡& Bggo àmMrZ
VWm ‘Ü¶¶wJrZ ^maV Ho$ B{Vhmg Ho$ g~yVm| Ho$ gÝX^© ‘| ~«m÷U B{VhmgH$mam| Zo
{H$VZm {dH¥$VrH$aU {H$¶m hmoJm BgH$s Ho$db H$ënZm hr H$aZm R>rH$ hmoJm&
^maV H$s V‘m‘ OZg§»¶m Ho$ AÜ¶¶Z Ho$ AÝV ‘| {ZH$ n°Q>agZ VWm
[aM S>opìhS> ¶h Xmo d¡km{ZH$ {Og ZVrOo VH$ nhþ±Mo Wo do ZVrOo Eogo Wo {H$ ^maV
H$m B{Vhmg ¶m ^maV H$s AmO H$s OZg§»¶m BZ XmoZm| H$mo gmµ’$ J«wn ‘| ~m±Q>m J¶m
h¢& EH$ B©ñQ> ¶wao{e¶Z Am¡a Xÿgam ‘yb{Zdmgr ^maVr¶& Bg Vah H$s aMZm hmo JB©
hmoVr Omoo ^maV H$s Om{V¶ g§aMZm h¡, Om{V¶ Jwbm‘r h¡, dU©ì¶dñWm ‘| Omo eyÐ
bmoJ h¡ do ‘yb ^maVr¶ h¡ Am¡a {OZ bmoJm| Zo dU©ì¶dñWm bmJy H$s do bmoJ doñQ>
¶wao{e¶Z h¡ ¶h ~mV bmoJm| Ho$ ’$m¡aZ g‘P ‘| AmVr Am¡a ¶hm± go AJbo V‘m‘
AZwg§YmZ ‘| doñQ> ¶wao{e¶Z Am¡a B§{S>¶Z Bg Vah Ho$ Xmo eãX gmµ’$ VarHo$ go
àM{bV hmo J¶o hmoVo& {Oggo ^maV ‘| ¶h Omo g§Kf© B.g.nyd© 2000 go 1500
Ho$ Xa{‘¶mZ hþAm Am¡a AmO VH$ hmo ahm h¡ CgH$m ñdén bmoJm| H$mo gm‘Zo COmJa
hmo J¶m hmoVm& {H$ÝVw B{Vhmg H$s ÑpîQ> go Ed§ AZwg§YmZ H$s ÑpîQ> go ~hþV ñnîQ>
¶h Xmo g§H$ënZm EH$X‘ AñnîQ>, noMrXm, g§{X½Y, Ed§ Jw‘amh H$aZodmbr Bg
Vah H$s g§H$ënZm ‘| ~Xbmd {H$¶m J¶m&
ANI Bg g§H$ënZm H$m h‘ ¶{X {hÝXr ‘| AZwdmX H$aVo h¡ Vmo CgH$m
AW© hmoVm h¡ CÎma ^maVr¶m| Ho$ nwaIo Am¡a ASI Bg g§H$ënZm H$m ¶{X {hÝXr ‘|
AZwdmX {H$¶m Vmo CgH$m AW© hmoVm h¡ X{jU ^maVr¶m| Ho$ nwaIo& Bg{bE ^maV
Ho$ B{Vhmg H$s ¶h XmoZm| g§H$ënZm H$mo O{Q>b {H$¶m J¶m ¶m {dH¥$V {H$¶m J¶m
h¡& BZ XmoZm| eãXm| Ho$ Abmdm Xmo nyU©V¶m gQ>rH$ Ed§ A~ VH$ BñVo‘mb {H$¶o J¶o
eãX ¶hr ghr Wo {H$ÝVw CgH$m {dH¥${VH$aU {H$¶m J¶m& do eãX h‘| {’$a go
V¡¶ma H$aZo hm|Jo Am¡a ¶hm± go AJbm nyam AZwg§YmZ VWm boIZ àMma ANI Ed§
ASI ¶h Xmo eãX {Og ‘yb eãX go ~Zo h¡ Cg ANI = doñQ> `wao{e`Z VWm
ASI=_yb{Zdmgr ^maVr` BZ eãXm| H$m BñVo‘mb H$aZm Oéar h¡& Zht Vmo
¶hm± go AJbo AZwg§YmZ ‘| ¶{X h‘Zo ANI VWm ASI BZ eãXm| H$m BñVo‘mb

{H$¶m Vmo B{Vhmg H$s OZg§»¶m H$m Ed§ {’$bhmb ‘m¡OyX OZg§»¶m Ho$ {ZpíMV
ñWmZ H$m ¶m JwQ> H$m {ZpíMV kmZ Zht hmoJm Am¡a B{Vhmg ‘| Omo XµJm~mOr hmo
MwH$s h¡ dh XµJm~mOr {’$a go XmohamB© OmEJr&
2008 Ho$ ~mX Omo Hw$N> OoZo{Q>H$ AZwg§YmZ àH$m{eV hþE h¡ Cg
àH$m{eV hþ¶o AZwg§YmZ ‘| ANI VWm ASI ¶h Xmo hr n[a^mfm ~Xbr JB© Am¡a
g§XohmË‘H$ eãX àM{bV {H$¶o J¶o Ed§ CÝh| A{YH¥$V {H$¶m J¶m& Bg Vah ‘yb
eãXm| H$m {dH¥${VH$aU H$aHo$ AÝVaamîQ´>r¶ ñVa na d¡km{ZH$ H$mo ãb°H$‘ob H$aHo$
CgH$m én ~XbZo go ¶hm± go AJbo AZwg§YmZ Omo h¡ dh h‘ ¶{X XoIVo h¡ Vmo
Cg‘| doñQ> ¶wao{e¶Z bmoJm| Ho$ {bE ¶m C±Mo dU© Ho$ bmoJ h¡ CZHo$ {bE ANI CÎma
^maVr`m| Ho$ nwaIo Ed§ ASI X{jU ^maVr¶m| Ho$ nwaIo Bg Vah H$s eãXaMZm H$s
JB© h¡& {Oggo gmµ’$ Vm¡a na bmoJm| Ho$ g‘yh H$m ~moY Zht hmoVm h¡&
ANI Am¡a ASI BZ g§H$ënZm H$mo aMZo go Xÿgam EH$ Ah‘ g§Kf© Xoe
‘| {Z‘m©U H$aZo H$s gm{Oe ~«m÷Um| Zo aMr h¡& ¶h g§Kf© h¡ X{jU ^maVr¶ ~Zm‘
CÎma ^maVr¶& Agb ‘| X{jU ^maV Ho$ Eggr, EgQ>r, Amo~rgr Am¡a ‘m¶Zm°[aQ>r
Ho$ bmoJ {’$a do H$moB© ^r ^mfm ~mob aho hmo Am¡a CÎma ^maV Ho$ Eggr, EgQ>r,
Amo~rgr Am¡a ‘m°¶Zm°[aQ>r Ho$ 85% ~hþOZ bmoJ {’$a do H$moB© ^r ^mfm ~mobVo hmo
¶h EH$ hr d§e Ho$ h¡ ¶h {gÕ hþAm h¡& BgHo$ nhbo Xmo-VrZ [anmoQ>© h‘Zo XoI| h¡
Cg [anmoQ>© ‘| h‘Zo XoIm h¡ {H$, L3 Zm‘ Ho$ J«wn ‘| go M VWm N ¶h Xmo J«wn ~Z
J¶o Am¡a ^maV Ho$ V‘m‘ 85 ’$sgXr bmoJBgr J«wn Ho$ CÎmam{YH$mar h¢& {H$ÝVw doñQ>
¶wao{e¶Z Ed§ ‘yb ^maVr¶ (B§{S>¶Z) ¶h g§H$ënZm Wr, ¶h g§H$ënZm {N>nH$a
ANI ¶mZo CÎma ^maVr¶m| Ho$ nwaIo Am¡a ASI ¶mZo X³IZ ^maVr¶m| Ho$ nwaIo BZ
g§H$ënZmAm| H$mo AmJo bm¶m J¶m {Oggo AmH«$‘H$ Am¶© ¶m ¶m‘Z¶m ¶m ñQ>on
n°ñQ>moa°{bñQ> bmoJ B©ñQ> ¶wao{e¶Z h¡ Am¡a ^maV ‘| Ho$db 15 ’$sgXr h¡ Bg ~mV
H$mo AZwg§YmZ ‘| hoam’o$ar H$aHo$ {N>nm¶m Om gHo$& BgHo$ Abmdm CÎma ^maVr¶
bmoJm| ‘| CÝh| {‘{lV {H$¶m J¶m ¶mZo Omo Iy±Ima ¶m‘Z¶m bmoJ doñQ> ¶wao{e¶m go
B.g.nyd© 2000 go 1500 Ho$ Xa{‘¶mZ ^maV ‘| Am¶o CÝh| CÎma ^maVr¶ gmao
bmoJm| ‘| {‘bm¶m J¶m Ed§ Aëng§»¶ bmoJm| H$mo ~hþg§»¶ {H$¶m J¶m& Cgr Vah

85% Eggr, EgQ>r, Amo~rgr bmoJ ¶h ‘yb ^maVr¶ h¡ CZH$m AmYm ~±Q>dmam
H$aHo$ X³IZ ^maVr¶ Ho$ gmW Omo‹S>m J¶m Am¡a CZH$s Am~mXr H$‘ H$s JB©& ^maV
‘| Omo Mb ahm 15% ¶wao{e¶Z ¶m‘Z¶m Am¶© ~Zm‘ 85% ‘yb{Zdmgr g§Kf© h¡
Cg g§Kf© H$mo ^m¡Jmo{bH$ g§Kf© H$m én XoZo H$m à¶mg {H$¶m J¶m h¡&
‘hmamîQ´> Ho$ D$nar {hñgo Ho$ V‘m‘ bmoJ B§S>m-o ¶moamo{n¶Z ^mfm ~mobZodmbo
bmoJ Wo ¶mZo CÎma ^maVr¶ Ed§ ‘hmamîQ´> H$s X{jU {Xem Ho$ Omo V‘m‘ bmoJ h¡ do
Ð{dS>r¶Z ^mfm ~mobZodmbo bmoJ h¡& AmO Ho$ H$mb ‘| CÎma ^maVr¶ bmoJ ¶mZo
B§S>mo-¶moamo{n¶Z ^mfm ~mobZodmbo bmoJ h¡ CZH$s VmXmX Á¶mXm h¢& BgHo$ Abmdm
X{jU ^maV Ho$ gmD$W B§{S>¶Z bmoJ h¡ CZH$s g§»¶m H$‘ h¡& ANI Ed§ ASI go
BZ XmoZm| ‘| g§Kf© bJm¶m J¶m Vmo Omo Aëng§»¶ AmH«$‘UH$mar ~«m÷U h¡ {OÝhm|Zo
àmMrZ ^maVna AmH«$‘U {H$¶m Wm do {N>n OmVo h¢&
¶hr VarH$m amOZr{V ‘| ^r h‘| {XImB© XoVm h¡& {‘gmb Ho$ Vm¡a na
Eggr, Amo~rgr Ho$ V‘m‘ bmoJm| H$mo {hÝXÿ Kmo{fV H$aHo$ ~«m÷U bmoJ CZH$m ZoVm
~ZVm h¡ Am¡a Xoena amO H$aVm h¡ ¶h h‘ {dJV gÎma gmbm| go XoI hr aho h¡&
¶hr g§H$ënZm B{Vhmg ‘| CÝhm|Zo bmJy H$s Am¡a S>opìhS> [aM VWm CZHo$ ghH$‘u
H$mo Omo AZ‘mob AZwg§YmZ {H$¶m Cg AZ‘mob AZwg§YmZ na CÝhm|Zo H$m{bI
nmoV Xr, Cgo {dH¥$V {H$¶m Am¡a Xmo ~hþV Ad¡km{ZH$ Ed§ ~yar Vah go Jw‘amh H$aZo
H$s g§H$ënZm {dH${gV H$s {Oggo àmMrZ ^maV Ho$ B{Vhmg H$m ~hþV ~‹S>o n¡‘mZo
na {dH¥${VH$aU {H$¶m J¶m& ¶h {dH¥${VH$aU amoH$Zo Ho$ {bE h‘| {OZ {MOm| H$m
àMma H$aZm Oéar h¡ dh ANI Bg eãX H$m _yb AW© doñQ> `wao{e`Z `m_Z`m h¡
Am¡a ASI Bg eãX H$m _yb AW© _yb{Zdmgr ^maVr` h¡&
Bg [anmoQ>© ‘| ~«m÷U Ho$db ‘yb [anmoQ>© Ho$ Xmo gQ>rH$ Zm‘ ~XbH$a
g§XohmñnX Zm‘ S>mbZo ‘| H$m‘¶m~ Zht hþ¶o ~pëH$ CÝhm|Zo Bg [anmoQ>© H$mo Á¶mXm
go Á¶mXm g§XohmñnX ~ZmZo H$s nyar H$mo{ee H$s& [aM S>opìhS> BÝhm|Zo CZH$s
{H$Vm~ ‘| Omo dmµH$¶m ~¶mZ {H$¶m h¡ Cggo Am¡a EH$ nhby h‘mar g‘P ‘| AmVm
h¡ {H$ doñQ> ¶wao{e¶Z bmoJ {OÝhm|Zo W§JamO Ed§ CZHo$ J«wnZo ANI Kmo{fV {H$¶m
do Am{Ia H$hm± Ho$ h¡ BgH$m {OH«$ {H$gr ^r VarHo$ go H$aZo na nm~§Xr bJmB© JB©

{Oggo Bg [anmoQ>© ‘| doñQ> ¶wao{e¶Z ¶m‘Z¶m bmoJ ¶h ^maV ‘| {H$g àXoe go Am¶o
BgH$m {H$gr ^r VarHo$ go {OH«$ h‘| ~mX ‘| àH$m{eV hþ¶o [anmoQ>© ‘| {XImB© Zht
XoVm h¡&
C±Mo dU© Ho$ bmJm| ‘| ¶wao{e¶Z ñQ>on ¶m I°±yIma ¶m‘Z¶m bmoJm| H$m
DNA 39% go 77 ’$sgXr àmá hmoVm h¡, BgH$m Cg [anmoQ>© ‘| {OH«$ {H$¶m J¶m
Am¡a AmJo CÝhm|Zo ¶h ^r H$hm {H$ ^maV ‘| A~ H$moB© ^r A{‘{lV d§e Ho$ bmoJ
Zht h¡& H$moB© ^r h‘ EH$ d§e Ho$ bmoJ h¡ ¶h Xm±dm Zm H$ao& ¶h {ZîH$f© XoZo Ho$
{bE S>opìhS> [aM Am¡a AÝ¶ AZwg§YmZH$ËVm© na X~md S>mbm J¶m& {bhmOm ¶h
[anmoQ>© ~«m÷U Am¡a CZHo$ J«wnZo {H$¶m hþAm ãb¡H$‘oqbJ H$mo AmYma ~ZmH$a
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Reconstructing Indian population history
David Reich, Kumarasamy Thangaraj, Nick Patterson,
Alkes L. Price & Lalji Singh
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A genetic chronology for the Indian Subcon-
tinent points to heavily sex-biased Dispersals
Marina Silva, University of Huddersfield, Andreia
Brand, Instituto Portugus de Oncologia,T eresa Rito,
University of Minho, Joana Barbosa Pereira, University
of Porto
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An Ancient Harappan Genome Lacks Ances-
try from Steppe Pastoralists or Iranian Farmers
Vasant Shinde, Vagheesh M. Narasimhan,Nadin
Rohland, Swapan Mallick, Matthew Mah,Mark Lipson, Nathan
Nakatsuka, Nicole Adamski, Nasreen Broomandkhoshbacht,
Matthew Ferry, Ann Marie Lawson, Megan Michel, Jonas
Oppenheimer, Kristin Stewardson, Nilesh Jadhav,Yong Jun
Kim, Malavika Chatterjee, Avradeep Munshi, Amrithavalli
Panyam, Pranjali Waghmare, Yogesh Yadav, Himani Patel,
Amit Kaushik, Kumarasamy Thangaraj, Matthias Meyer, Nick
Patterson, Niraj Rai, and David Reich
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{damgV ~mX Ho$ V‘m‘ X{jU E{e¶mB© bmoJm| ‘| h¢ qgYw g§ñH¥${V H$m DNA
H$m EH$ Z‘yZm ¶m 12 bmoJm| Ho$ Z‘yZo ¶{X Bg g§ñH¥${V Ho$ bmoJ H$m¡Z Wo ¶h
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nmg ¶wao{e¶m Ho$, AZmVmo{b¶m Ho$ VWm B©amZ Ho$ àmMrZ S>rEZE [anmoQ>© h¡& qgYw
g§ñH¥${V Ho$ [anmoQ>© H$m {díbofU H$aVo d³V Xmo nhby COmJa hmoVo h¡& ¶h Omo
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H$s Xÿgao {H$gr ^r mDNA Ho$ gmW {‘bm¶m J¶m Vmo dh ‘ob Zht H$aVm& ¶mZr
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hþ¶o h‘| ZµOa AmVo h¡& {OZ {OZ ñWmZm| na ¶h h§Q>a J°Xaa nhbr ~ma pñWa hmo
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VarHo$ H$m AmYw{ZH$ ‘mZd h‘| {XImB© Zht XoVm& Bg{bE bmoJm| Zo IoVr H$mo H$hm±
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g§gma Ho$ B{Vhmg H$m VWm àmMrZ S>rEZE H$m AÜ¶¶Z H$aZo na h‘|
A~ VrZ VarHo$ Ho$ IoVr Ho$ à‘mU CnbãY hmoVo h¢& nhbm h¡ AZmVmo{b¶Z
{H$gmZ& ¶h Xþ{Z¶m Ho$ nhbo {H$gmZ h¡, CÝhm|Zo AZmVmo{b¶m ‘| IoVr H$s ewéAmV
H$s& CgHo$ ~mX Xÿgar IoVr H$s ewéAmV B©am{Z¶Z {H$gmZ Zo Fertile Crescent
Omo {H$ AmO Ho$ B©amZ VWm BOamB©b H$m {hñgm h¡ dhm± na H$s JB©& h‘Zo O~ qgYw
g§ñH¥${V Ho$ AZwg§YmZ H$m {ZîH$f© XoIm V~ BZ XmoZm| {H$gmZm| Ho$ A§e ¶m
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h‘| Cnamo³V AZwg§YmZ n‹T>Zo na Ü¶mZ ‘| AmVm h¡, dh ¶h {H$ X³IZ E{e¶m ‘|
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H$mo Am{Ia H$hm± na ewéAmV hþB© Wr BgH$m DNA ‘m¡OyX Zht h¡ {’$a ^r dmñVd
‘| H$hm± ewéAmV hþB© Wr ¶h ~VmZodmbm Am{H©$Amobm°{OH$b à‘mU h‘mao nmg h¡&
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hmo gHo$ {’$a ^r Am{H©$Amobm°{OH$b gmYZm| Ho$ O[a¶o do g~yV {gÕ hmo MwHo$ h¡&

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H$s Xÿar na h¡ Am¡a qgYw g§ñH¥${V H$m àmMrZ Jm±d h¡& BgHo$ nhbo V‘m‘ àmMrZ
DNA AZwg§YmZ ¶h ‘mZH$a ¶m g‘PH$a MbVo Wo {H$ AZmVmo{b¶Z ’$m‘©g©
Am¡a B©am{Z¶Z ’$m‘©g© bmoJm| Zo qgYw g§ñH¥${V ‘| IoVr H$s ewéAmV H$s Ed§ BÝhr
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S>rEZE [agM© Zo Im[aO {H$¶m& Cgr Vah Bg DNA AZwg§YmZ Zo Xÿgar EH$
Ah‘ ~mV gm{~V H$s {H$, B.g.nyd© 9000 go ‘ohaJ‹S> ‘| Omo IoVr H$s ewéAmV
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Bg g§ñH¥${V H$m {dH$mg hmoVo hmoVo ZmJar g§ñH¥${V VWm nyar Vah H$mamo~ma-CÚmooJ
BZna {Z^©a H$m°ñ‘monm°{bQ>Z g§ñH¥${V {dH${gV hþB© Eogm h‘| {XImB© XoVm h¡&
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1500 Ho$ Amgnmg qgYw g§ñH¥${V ‘| B§S>mo-¶moamo{n¶Z ^mfm boH$a Am¶o Wo&
{~bHw$b ¶hr H$mb G$½doX ‘| VWm AÝ¶ Am{H©$Am°bm°{OH$b à‘mUm| ‘| Am¶m] Ho$
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g§ñH¥${V na AmH«$‘U H$aZo Ho$ {bE Am¶o Wo ¶h gm{~V hþAm h¡& Bg{bE qgYw
g§ñH¥${V H$m {dH$mg B.g.nyd© 9000 go 1500 Ho$ Xm¡amZ VoO aâVma go hþAm Am¡a
B.g.nyd© 2000 go 1500 Ho$ Xa{‘¶mZ nyd© ¶moamon go ‘Ü¶o E{e¶m ‘mJ© go ñQ>on
n°ñQ>moa°{bñQ> (I°y§Ima ¶m‘Z¶m) bmoJm| Zo ^maVna AmH«$‘U {H$¶m Am¡a qgYw
g§ñH¥${V na h‘bm H$aHo$ ~ohVmem H$ËboAm‘ H$aHo$ qgYw g§ñH¥${V Ho$ ‘yb
Ð{dS>r¶Z bmoJm| H$mo X³IZ H$s Amoa ñWmZmÝV[aV H$aZo H$mo ‘O~ya {H$¶m ¶h
{ZîH$f© A~ gm¡ µ’$sgXr DNA VWm Am{H©$Amobm°[OH$b AZwg§YmZ Ho$ O[a¶o
gm{~V hþAm h¡&
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{ZH$bo& EH$ emIm ¶moamon ‘| AmH«$‘U H$aZo Ho$ {bE JB© Am¡a Xÿgar emIm ämmaV
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(Iy±Ima ¶m‘Z¶m) bmoJm| ‘| VrZ à‘wI J«wn Wo BgH$m {OH«$ ^r ‘arZm {gëdm
BÝhm|Zo AnZo AZwgY§ mZ ‘§o {H$¶m h¡& BgH$m ‘Vb~ ¶h h¡ {H$ O~ ñQ>no n°ñQ>mao {° bñQ>
(I°y§Ima ¶m‘Z¶m) bmoJm| H$s emIm ^maV ‘| AmB© CgHo$ nhbo hr VrZ VarHo$ Ho$
dU© ‘m¡OyX Wo Ed§ ¶hm°§ ^maV ‘| AmZo Ho$ ~mX CÝhm|Zo Mm¡Wm eyÐ H$m dU© V¡¶ma
{H$¶m& A~ ^maV ‘| AmZo Ho$ ~mX CÝhm|Zo eyÐ H$m Mm¡Wm dU© V¡¶ma {H$¶m {H$ÝVw
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dOh h¡ Bg ~mao ‘| kmZdmX H$aVo h¡&
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(Iyy±Ima ¶m‘Z¶m) BZ bmoJm| Zo AmH«$‘U H$aHo$ {H$¶m ¶h h‘Zo XoIm hr h¡& {H$ÝVw
Omo ñQ>on n°ñQ>moa°{bñQ> (I°y§Ima ¶m‘Z¶m) bmoJ ^maVna AmH«$‘U H$aHo$ ^maV ‘|
dU©ì¶dñWm ñWmnZ H$aZo ‘| H$m‘¶m~ hmo J¶o do bmoJ Am{Ia H$hm± Ho$ Wo Am¡a
CZH$m ñdén H¡$gm Wm ¶h XoIZm Oéar h¡&
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8000 {H$bmo‘rQ>a bå~mB© H$m {ÌU‘¶ joÌ h¡& Bg {hñgo ‘| B.g.nyd© 5000 Ho$
Amgnmg EH$ AO~ VarHo$ H$o {‘{lV bmoJ BH$Æ>o hmoZm ewé hmo J¶m& CZ‘| go Hw$N>
B©am{Z¶Z DNA Ho$ Vmo Hw$N> VwamZr DNA Ho$ bmoJ Wo& ¶moamo{n¶Z ñQ>on àXoe ‘|
gmYZ H$‘ VWm {df‘ dm¶w‘ÊS>b H$m {ÌU‘¶ joÌ h¡& ñQ>on n°ñQ>moa°{bñQ> (Iy±Ima
¶m‘Z¶m) bmoJm| Zo Bg àXoe Ho$ [agmog} H$m Á¶mXm go Á¶mXm BñVo‘mb H$aZm ewé
H$a {X¶m& CÝh| dhm± na n{h¶m| dmbr Jm‹S>r, (aW) Ed§ Bg àXoe ‘| g~go VoO
Xm¡‹S>Zodmbm OmZda Kmo‹S>m ¶h Ah‘ g§gmYZ CnbãY hmo JE& BZ bmoJm| ‘|
B.g.nyd© 2000 Ho$ Amgnmg Sintashta Zm‘ H$m EH$ AZyR>m H$ëMa {dH${gV

hþAm& ¶h qgVmñW H$ëMa aW ~ZmZo ‘|, Kmo‹S>o H$mo nmbVy ~ZmZo ‘| Am¡a AmYw{ZH$
VarHo$ Ho$ h{W¶ma ~ZmZo ‘| do ‘m{ha Wo& Kmo‹S>m, aW VWm AmYw{ZH$ h{W¶ma H$s
ghm¶Vm go BZ bmoJm| Zo nyar Vah go ¶moamon ‘| Za g§hma H$m VmÊS>d hr H$a {X¶m&
‘arZm {gëdm BÝhm|Zo CZH$m [anmoQ>© noe {H$¶m h¡ Am¡a h‘ bmoJ D$na CgH$m gmam§e
XoI MwHo$ h¡& Cg [anmoQ>© ‘§o Cg ¶moamon VWm X³IZ E{e¶m BZ na ñQ>on n°ñQ>moa°{bñQ>
(Iy±Ima ¶m‘Z¶m) AmH«$‘U Ho$ Xmo Ah‘ nhby ‘| {^ÞVm {XImB© XoVr h¡ Am¡a dh
Xmo {^Þ nhby H$m¡Zgo h¡ Bg na A~ h‘ MMm© H$aVo h¡&
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AmH«$‘U H$aZm ewé H$a {X¶m& CZH$s EH$ emIm grYo ¶moamon ‘§o JB©& Xÿgar emIm
^maV ‘| Am JB© Am¡a CgZo qgYw g§ñH¥${V Ho$ gmW g§Kf© àmaå^ H$a {X¶m&
¶moamon ‘| JB© hþB© emIm ¶moamon Ho$ nhbo Ho$ ‘yb{Zdmgr {H$gmZm| Ho$ gmW
{^‹S> JB© Am¡a CZHo$ gmW ~ohVmem g§Kîm© hþAm ¶h h‘| aDNA AZwgY§ mZ ‘|
VWm Am{H©$Am°bm°{OH$b g~yVm| ‘| ZµOa AmVm h¢& Am{H©$Am°bm°{OH$b g~yVm| ‘|
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{H$¶m hþAm h¡& Cgr Vah H$m {ZarjU ‘arZm {gëdm BÝhm|Zo ^r AnZo DNA
AZwg§YmZ ‘| XO© {H$¶m h¡ CZH$m H$hZm Wm {H$ ¶moamon ‘| A~ ‘m¡OyXm hmbmVm| ‘|
dhm± Ho$ ‘yb{Zdmgr bmoJm| H$m H«$mo‘moPmo‘ nyar Vah ZîQ> hmo MwH$m h¡& BgH$m AW©
ñQ>on n°ñQ>moa°{bñQ> (Iy±Ima ¶m‘Z¶m) bmoJm| Zo ¶moamon ‘| OmZo Ho$ níMmV² dhm± Ho$
nwéfm| H$m Zag§hma {H$¶m Ed§ dhm± H$s ‘yb{Zdmgr ‘{hbmAm| go g§VmZ CËnÞ
H$aHo$ ‘m¡OyXm ¶moamo{n¶Z OZg§»¶ H$mo OZ‘ {X¶m&
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h¢ BZ bmoJm| ‘| EH$ ˜m{g¶V {XImB© XoVr h¡, ñQ>on n°ñQ>moa°{bñQ> (Iy±Ima ¶m‘Z¶m)
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{nV¥J¥hr VWm {nV¥dm§{eH$ g‘mO ñWmnZ H$a Xr&
BZ bmoJm| Zo ¶moamon ‘| OmZo Ho$ ~mX dU© ì¶dñWm V¡¶ma Zht H$s ³¶m|{H$
¶moamon ‘| ‘m¡OyX VH$ar~Z nyao AmX‘r¶m| H$m CÝhm|Zo H$Îmb H$a {X¶m Am¡a Zag§hma
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Ho$ ñQ>on n°ñQ>moa°{bñQ> (Iy±Ima ¶m‘Z¶m) bmoJ Am‘ Vm¡a na 4000 B.g.nyd© Ho$
Amgnmg Q>mobr go AmZm ewé hmo J¶m Am¡a B.g.nyd© 1500 Ho$ Amgnmg qgYw
g§ñH¥${V H$m eha ZîQ> {H$¶m hþAm ¶m Cg ñWmZ na Zag§hma {H$¶m hþAm h‘| ZµOa
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Zht Wr& ^maV ‘| Cggo ^r Á¶mXm {dH${gV, EH$ Vah go ì¶mnmar VWm ZJar
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bmoJm| H$m ¶hm± Ho$ ‘yb{Zdmgr bmoJm| Ho$ gmW ~ohVmem g§Kf© hþAm& BgH$o ~hþV go
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H$aVm h¡ dh ¶h {H$ ewéAmV ‘| BZ bmoJm| Ho$ AmH«$‘U H$mo ¶hm± Ho$ ‘yb{Zdmgr
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gm§ñH¥${VH$ AZwemgZ ZîQ> {H$¶m& ~‹S>r ‘mÌm ‘| OZg§»¶m ‘| ~‹T>moÎmar hmo JB© Am¡a
AmO h‘| Omo ^maV ‘| ~ohVmem AZwemgZhrZVm, nmOrnZ, Jwbm‘r ZµOa AmVr
h¡ CgH$s ewéAmV d¡{XH$ Y‘© Ho$ ¶mZo ñQ>on n°ñQ>moa°{bñQ> Iy±Ima ¶m‘Z¶m Y‘© Ho$
CX¶ go hwB©& Bg Y‘© Zo 1900 Ho$ Amgnmg dU©ì¶dñWm {dH${gV H$aHo$
‘yb{Zdmgr qgYw gä¶Vm Ho$ {Zdmgr H$mo eyÐ Kmo{fV H$a {X¶m&
\w$bo emhÿ Am§~So >H$ar AmÝXmobZ Ho$ n[aàoú¶ ‘| qgYw g§ñH¥${V
H$m DNA [anmoQ>©
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gdmb Zht ahm& ‘yb{Zdmgr bmoJm| Zo qgYw g§ñH¥${V {dH${gV H$s Am¡a AmO h‘
CgHo$ CÎmam{YH$mar h¡ ¶h V‘m‘ ‘yb{Zdmgr ~hþOZ g‘mO Ho$ amo‘-amo‘ ‘|
A{^‘mZ Ed§ Omoe-ãmoe {Z‘m©U H$aZodmbr ~mV h¡& ’w$bo-emhÿ-Am§~oS>H$a
AmÝXmobZ H$s VWm ‘yb{Zdmgr amîQ´>dmX H$s ewéAmV Á¶mo{Vamd ’w$bo BZHo$

gm{hË¶ Ho$ ‘yb{Zdmgr bmoJm| Ho$ {OH«$ go hþB© h¡& 85% ~Zm‘ 15% ¶h Omo
‘yb{Zdmgr amîQ´>dmX H$m {gÕmÝV h¡ dh 7 {gVå~a Ho$ DNA AZwg§YmZ go ~hþV
‘O~yV hmo J¶m h¡& Bg {gÕmÝV Ho$ AmYma na ^{dî¶ ‘| g‘Vm, ñdVÝÌVm,
~§YwVm, Ý¶m¶ Bgna {Z^©a {dH${gV H$m°ñ‘monm°{bQ>Z gä¶Vm VWm Xþ{Z¶m Ho$ V‘m‘
bmoJm| H$mo g‘mZ Ý¶m¶ XoZodmbr g§ñH¥${V {dH${gV H$aZo H$s Ed§ ‘mZdVmdmXr
ì¶dñWm {dH${gV H$aZo H$s {Oå‘oXmar ‘yb{Zdmgr amîQ´>dmX na, gmW ‘| ’w$bo-
Am§~oS>H$ar AmÝXmobZ na Am MwH$s h¡& h‘ g~ qgYw g§ñH¥${V Ho$ CÎmam{YH$mar h¡
Bg {Oå‘oXmar H$mo ‘O~yV BamXo go nyar H$aVo h¢, ~g BVZr hr Cå‘rX h¡!
-g§{MV g§^mOramd YÝdo
Activistsanchit@gmail.com
**********

AÜ¶m¶ -7
‘yb{Zdmgr amîQ´>dmX go hr Xoe ‘| ˜wehmbr hmoJr!
-àmo. {dbmg IamV
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’w$bo-emhÿ-Am§~oS>H$a ¶h ~«m÷Ur dM©ñd Ho$ {Ibm’$ Wo& ‘hmË‘m
amîQ´>{nVm Omo{Vamd ’w$bo ¶h ~«m÷Um| H$m Am¶© ^Å> B©amZr ~«m÷U H$hH$a AnZo
boIZ ‘| {OH«$ H$aVo Wo& ~«m÷U {dXoer Vmo h¡ hr Ab~Îmm do X§Jm-µ’$gmX ‘|
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¶h AmV§H$dmX Ho$ à{VH$ h¡ Am¡a ~«m÷U CZna ‘Jê$ar OVmVo h¡ Bg ~mao ‘| ämr
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gËd ¶hr Wm {H$, eyÐ-A{VeyÐ ~Zm‘ eoQ>Or, ^Q>Or! ~«m÷U {dXoer h¡&
Bg{bE CÝhm|Zo ñd¶§ H$mo loîR> Kmo{fV H$a {X¶m Am¡a ¶hm± Ho$ ZoQ>rd ¶mZr
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Ab~Îmm ¶h CZH$m ’$ao~ h¡ - gaH$mar H$m‘ na {Z¶w³V hmoVo hr AkmZr OZVm
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hr ‘yb{Zdmgr g‘mO H$s Jwbm‘r H$m H$maU h¡& ‘hmË‘m ’w$bo g‘mO ‘| OmH$a
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{dO¶r Kmo{fV {H$¶m h¡!
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Wo {H$ ""{VbH$ H$mo OJh na hr Jmobr XmµJH$a ‘ma XoZm Mm{h¶o&''4 ‘hmamO Zo
20 ’$adar, 1918 H$mo {‘. H${Q>©g H$mo IV ‘| {bIm Wm {H$ - ""~ohX EhgmZ
µ’$am‘moe VWm gZmVZr hmoVr h¡ ~«m÷U H$s Om{V&'' emhÿ ‘hmamO H$s hË¶m H$aZo
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‘hmamO VWm V‘m‘ ‘amR>m| H$s "eyÐ' H$hH$a H$hH$ho§ bJm¶o& emhÿ ‘hmamO Zo
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Ho$ ~mao ‘| S>rEZE [anmoQ>© ^r à{gÕ {H$¶m Cg‘| ^r AmZwd§eemñÌ Ho$ O[a¶o ¶hr

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WoAar' H$mo ~«m÷Um| Zo à{VamoY ³¶m| Zht {H$¶m ¶m Cgo H$Mao H$s Q>moH$ar ‘| ³¶m|
Zht ’|$H$m BgH$s gQ>rH$ dOh ~VmVo hþ¶o H$hVo h¡ {H$, ""Bg WoAar Ho$ ‘wVm{~H$
Am¶m] Zo ¶hm± na AmH«$‘U H$aHo$ ^maV Ho$ bmoJm| na µ’$Vh hm§{gb H$s, do {dOoVm
Wo Bg{bE Am¶© ~«m÷Um| Zo AÝ¶ ^maVr¶m| go ñd¶§ H$mo loîR> OVmZo Ho$ OµÁ~o H$mo
bmoJm| Ho$ µOohZ ‘| S>mbZo H$m CZH$m ‘µH$gX nyam hmo ahm hmoJm, Bg{bE Bg WoAar
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{~«{Q>em| Zo ^maV N>mo‹S>Vo d³V Jm§Yr VWm Zohé Ho$ gmW Jwá g‘Pm¡Vm
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Ho$ {bE hr ^maV H$m {d^mOZ hþAm h¡& {~«{Q>em| Ho$ gmW ~«m÷Um| Zo g‘¶-g‘¶

na g‘Pm¡Vm {H$¶m h¡& g§ñH¥$V dmL²>‘¶ H$m AÜ¶¶Z {~«{Q>em| Zo H$aZm àmaå^
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dM©ñd H$m AJbm H$X‘ h¡ "{hÝXÿ amîQ´>dmX'&
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àW‘ bmoH$g^m Ho$ H$mbmd{Y ‘| S>m°. ~m~mgmh~ Am§~oS>H$a {X. 28
A³Vw~a, 1952 H$mo n§Om~ amÁ¶ Ho$ bw{Y¶mZm eha ‘| g^m Ho$ {bE J¶o Wo&
bmIm| OZ g‘wXm¶ g‘j CÝhm|Zo H$hm {H$, ~«m÷U ~mha go Am¶o h¡ do {dXoer h¡&

CZHo$ hr eãXm| ‘| XoImo -""O~ Am¶© ^maV ‘| Am¶o V~ dU© ì¶dñWm H$m¶©aV hmo
JB©& bmoJm| H$mo CZHo$ OÝ‘ go gm‘m{OH$ XaOm {X¶m J¶m& {H$gr H$mo ~«m÷U H$hm
J¶m, {H$gr H$mo j{Ì¶, {H$gr H$mo d¡í¶, {H$gr H$mo eyÐ Am¡a AÝ¶ H$mo "Añn¥í¶'
Bg loUr Ho$ ‘wVm{~H$ Añn¥í¶ g~go {ZMbo VWm g‘mO go nyar Vah go nao Wo&
gdU© {hÝXÿ Am¡a Añn¥í¶ BZHo$ VmëbwH$ nm±d Am¡a OwVm Bgr Vah Ho$ h¡& h‘ O~
Ka ‘| Xm{Ib hmoVo h¡ V~ OwVm ~mha hr aIVo h¡& Cgr Vah "ANy>V' bmoJm| H$mo
g‘mO Ho$ ~mha aIm J¶m Am¡a CÝh| {H$gr ^r Vah Ho$ hµH$ Zht {X¶o J¶o& gdU©
{hÝXÿ Ho$ O[a¶o (~«m÷U Ûmam) h‘go {H$¶m J¶m An‘mZOZH$ ~Vm©d h‘Z| g¢H$‹S>m|
gmbm| VH$ ^wJVm h¡ Am¡a A~ ^r gm‘m{OH$, Am{W©H$ Am¡a amOZ¡{VH$ ÑpîQ> go hmo
aho Owë‘ h‘ ^wJV hr aho h¢&''8 S>m°. ~m~mgmh~ Am§~oS>H$a Ho$ ^mfU ‘| ñnîQ>
H$hm h¡ {H$, ""Am¶© O~ ^maV Am¶o'' BgH$m AW© ~«m÷U ~mha Ho$ Wo ¶mZo CZHo$
{bE ^maV Am¶o Bg Vah eãX à¶moJ {H$¶m J¶m h¡& ~«m÷U {dXoer h¡ Am¡a
CÝhm|Zo ¶hm± AmH$a AmH«$‘U {H$¶m Am¡a fS²>¶§Ì aMH$a CÝhm|Zo dU©ì¶dñWm H$m¶‘
H$s Ed§ Cg AmYma na {dXoer ~«m÷Um| H$m dM©ñd H$m¶‘ hþAm&
S>m°. ~m~mgmh~ Am§~oS>H$a H$mo Zohé Zo àW‘ bmoH$g^m MwZmd ‘| KmoQ>mbm
H$aHo$ nam{OV {H$¶m Bg{bE MwZmd Am¶moJ Ho$ {Ibm’$ CÝhm|Zo ‘wH$X‘m ^r Xm¶a
{H$¶m Wm& ^§S>mam g§gX CnMwZmd ‘| do 1954 H$mo Cpå‘Xdma ~Zo& {X. 21
Aà¡b, 1954 H$mo ^§S>mam ‘| Om{ha g^m hþB©& Cg d³V Xmo bmI OZg‘yh CÝh|
gwZZo Ho$ {bE BH$Æ>m hmo J¶m Wm& Cg d³V CÝhm|Zo Zohé H$mo hr {dXoer Kmo{fV H$a
{X¶m& ""n§{S>VOr Ho$ nwaIo 3000 gmbm| nhbo ^maV ‘| Am¶o& {H$ÝVw AmO ^r
CÝh| bJVm h¡ {H$, ‘¢ nhbo H$mpí‘ar hÿ± Am¡a ~mX ‘| ^maVr¶ hÿ±& V~ ‘wPo h¡amZr
hmoVr h¡ {H$, Omo ‘Zwî¶ ñd¶§ H$mo A{^‘mZ go nhbo {hÝXr (^maVr¶) Zht
H$hbdmVm, Cgo ^maV H$m àYmZ‘ÝÌr hmoZo H$m ³¶m hµH$ h¡?''9 Bg {dYmZ ‘|
300 Ho$ AmJo EH$ ímyÝ¶ ah J¶m Wm VËH$mbrZ am¶qQ>J A±S> ñnrMog Ho$ g§nmXH$
har ZaHo$ Zo BgHo$ ~mao h‘mao g‘j JbVr H$~yb H$s Wr& ³¶m|{H$ dhm± Ho$db
300 g§»¶m Wr& Zohé Om{V go H$mpí‘ar ~«m÷U h¡& Zohé Ho$ nwaIo 3000 gmbm|
nhbo ^maV na AmH«$‘U H$aZo Am¶o Wo ¶hr BgH$m grYm AW© h¡& S>m°. ~m~mgmh~
Am§~oS>H$a ~«m÷Um| H$mo {dXoer H$hVo Wo BgH$m Am¡a EH$ R>mog à‘mU h¡!
Bg ~mao ‘| Am¡a EH$ CÕaU XoZm hmo Vmo S>m°. ~m~mgmh~ Am§~oS>H$a Zo
ZmJ ¶h g§H$ënZm ~ma ~ma BñVo‘mb H$s h¢& qgYw gä¶Vm ‘| Omo bmoJ h¡ CÝh| ^r
ZmJ ¶mZo "n{U' Eogm H$hm OmVm h¡& ZmJ ¶h ~«m÷Um| H$mo AnZo eÌy ‘mZVo Wo&
Zmb§Xm, Vj{ebm ZmJm| H$s ñ‘¥{V ‘| ~Zm¶m J¶m h¡& ‘hmamîQ´> Vmo ZmJ^y{‘ hr h¡&
ZmJn§M{‘ ¶h Ë¶m¡hma BÝht ZmJm| Ho$ gå‘mZ ‘| {H$¶m OmVm h¡& ZmJ ¶h Q>moQ>o‘
¶hm± Ho$ ‘yb{Zdmgr bmoJm| Ho$ {bE h¡& {d.H$m.amOdmS>o BÝhm|Zo ^r ¶h ~mV H$~yb
H$s h¡ {H$, ‘hmamîQ´> Ho$ Jm±d doX{damoYr Wo ³¶m§o{H$ do ZmJd§er¶ h¡& H$m|H$U ^r
ZmJm| H$m ‘w»¶ H|$Ð Wm& 23 Hw$bZm‘m| H$s Vm{bH$m g~yV Ho$ Vm¡a na XoH$a
amOdmS>o Zo H$~yb {H$¶m {H$, ""¶mZr Bg Hw$bZm‘ Ho$ H$m|H$U ‘| H$B© ‘amR>o
ZmJd§er bmoJ h¢, Bg {dYmZ H$aZo H$s Amoa ê$PmZ hmoVm h¡&''10 qeXo, ZmJdo,
dÊmdo, VioH$a, ’${UH$a BZ Hw$bZm‘m| ‘| ZmJ bmoJm| H$s {ZemZr h¢& V~ ZmJd§er¶
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JB© h¡& S>m°. Zdb {d¶moJr BZH$s am¶ ‘| V‘m‘ ^maV ‘| ZmJ bmoJm§o H$m ‘µH$m‘ VWm
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H$mo ~«m÷Umo§ go Xÿa H$aVr h¡&
S>m°. ~m~mgmh~ Am§~oS>H$a Zo 14 A³Vw~a, 1956 H$mo ~wÕ Y‘© H$mo
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h¡& CZHo$ hr eãXm| ‘| XoIVo h¡ - ""Bg ñWmZ (ZmJnwa) H$mo MwZZo H$s dOh AbJ
h¡& {OÝhm|Zo ~m¡Õ B{Vhmg H$mo n‹T>m h¡ CZH$s g‘P ‘| AmEJm {H$, ^maV ‘| ~m¡Õ
H$m àMma ¶{X {H$gr Zo {H$¶m h¡ Vmo dh ZmJ bmoJ h¡& ZmJ bmoJ Am¶m] Ho$ ^¶§H$a
Xþí‘Z Wo& Am¶© Ed§ AZm¶© BZ‘| b‹S>mB©¶m± VWm H$monmHw$b ¶wÕ hmo MwHo$ Wo& Am¶©
bmoJm| Zo ZmJm| H$mo ObmZo Ho$ à‘mU nwamUm| ‘| n«má hmoVo h¡& AJpñV ‘wZrZo CZ‘|
go Ho$db EH$ ZmJ ‘Zwî¶ H$mo ~Mm¶m& CZHo$ hr h‘ d§eO h¡& {OZ ZmJ bmoJm| H$mo
BVZm Owë‘ ghZm n‹S>m CÝh| D$na CR>Zo Ho$ {bE {H$gr ‘hmnwéf H$s OéaV Wr,
CÝh| dh ‘hmnwéf Jm¡V‘ ~wÕ ‘| {‘b J¶m& ^JdmZ ~wÕ H$m CnXoe ZmJbmoJm| Zo
g~go nhbo ^maV ‘| àgm[aV {H$¶m& Eogo h‘ ZmJ bmoJ h¡& ZmJ bmoJm| H$s à‘wI
~ñVr ZmJnwa VWm Amgnmg Ho$ BbmHo$ ‘| Wr& Bg{bE Bg eha H$mo "ZmJ-nwa'
¶mZo ZmJm| H$m ZJa Eogm H$hVo h¡& ¶hm± go Hy$b 27 {‘b H$s Xÿar na ZmJmOw©Z H$s
nhm‹S>r h¡& ZO{XH$ hr ~hVr hþB© ZXr h¡ dh ZmJ ZXr h¡& ¶mZo Bg ZXr H$m Zm‘
¶hm± na ahZodmbo bmoJm§o go hr {X¶m J¶m& ZmJmo§ H$s ~ñVr go Omo ZXr ~hVr h¡ dh
ZmJ ZXr h¡& ¶h ñWmZ MwZZo H$s à‘wI dOh ¶h h¡& ZmJnwa Bg{bE MwZm J¶m
h¡&''11 ZmJ ¶h d§e h¡ Bgr AW© go S>m°. ~m~mgmh~ Am§~oS>H$a Zo Cg eãX H$m
BñVo‘mb {H$¶m& ZmJ ¶hr Bg Xoe Ho$ Agbr ‘yb{Zdmgr h¡ Bg AW© go dh eãX
h¡& gÎma Ho$ XeH$ ‘| ^§S>mam {Obo Ho$ ndZr ‘| Omo CËIZZ hþAm dhm± na ZmJ
bmoJm| Ho$ H$B© àmMrZ à{V‘m àmá hþB©& Bg{bE S>m°. ~m~mgmh~ Am§~oS>H$a Ho$
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CZH$m bJmVma ~«m÷Um| go g§Kîm© hmoVm ahm h¡&
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~«m÷U N>mo‹S>H$a gmao bmoJ ZmJd§e Ho$ h¡& ^maV Ho$ B{Vhmg ‘| ~m¡Õ Y‘© ~Zm‘
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Am¶© Ho$ nhbo ^maV ‘| ~ñVr ~ZmB© Wr do Am¶m] go Á¶mXm gwg§ñH¥$V Wo& CZna
Am¶m] Zo µ’$Vh hm§{gb H$s, BVZo na hr Am¶m] H$s g§ñH¥${V CZgo loîR> Zht hmoVr
h¡& Am¶m] Ho$ {OV H$s Am¡a EH$ dOh Wr dh h¡ CZH$m dmhZ& Am¶© Kmo‹S>o na
gdmb hmoH$a b‹S>Vo Wo Vmo ZmJ n¡Xb b‹S>Vo Wo& Am¶©-ZmJm| H$s b‹S>mB© Or-OmZ
go b‹S>r JB©& ‘hm^maV Ho$ ImÊS>d dZ VWm gn©gÌ BZ {H$ñgm| na go ‘ZJ‹T>§V
naV hQ>mB© JB© Vmo BZ Am¶©-ZmJ ¶wÕ H$m ^¶§H$a ñdén COmJa hmoVm h¡& Am¶m]Zo
ImÊS>Z dZ XhZ Ho$ g‘mZ ¶mZr Scorched Earth Policy Ho$ H¥$Ë¶ H$aHo$ ZmJm|
H$mo ZîQ> H$a {X¶m& Bg {dÜd§g go AJñVr Zo EH$ ZmJ H$mo ~Mm¶m, Eogr EH$
H$hmZr h¡& H$hmZr ‘| A{Ve¶mop³V h¡ {’$a ^r ZmJm| H$s ~ñVr nyar Vah ZîQ> H$aZo
Ho$ {bE Am¶© {H$VZr {OÔmoOhX H$aVo Wo ¶h Bggo {XImB© XoVm h¡& nam^d go
ZmJm| Ho$ ‘Z ‘| Am¶m] Ho$ {bE Zµ’$aV Wr& narjrV Ho$ àmU haZodmbm VjH$ ¶h
H$moB© gmn Zht ~pëH$ EH$ ZmJd§ímr ahZw‘m Wm& Am¶© bmoJm| Ho$ ‘Z ‘| ZmJm| Ho$ ~mao
‘| nZn ahr Zµ’$aV H$s {‘gmb H$U© VWm AOy©Z BZHo$ H$Um©Ow©Z ¶wÕ Ho$ nhbo
AZ§V ¶h ZmJd§er¶ ¶moÕm H$U© go {‘b J¶m Am¡a dh AOy©Z Ho$ {Ibm’$ ‘XX
H$aZo H$m AmídmgZ XoZo bJm& H$U© Zo ‘XX ñdrH$ma H$aZo go BZH$ma H$a {X¶m&
³¶m|{H$ H$U© Am¶© Wm Am¡a AZ§V ¶h ZmJ Wm& Am¶m] Zo Amngr ¶wÕ Ho$ {bE
ZmJm| H$s ghm¶Vm boZm d{O©V Wm&''12 BZ V‘m‘ à‘mUm| go S>m°. ~m~mgmh~
Am§~oS>H$a ¶h ~«m÷Um| H$mo {dXoer Ed§ {^Þ d§e Ho$ ‘mZVo Wo ¶h AnZoAmn hr
{gÕ hmoVm h¡&
~«m÷Um| H$s am¶ ‘§o ^r ~«m÷U {dXoer
~«m÷U {dXoer h¡ ¶h ~mV ~«m÷U-~{Z¶m ZH$ma Zht gHo$& ~mb
J§JmYa {VbH$ {MËnmdZ ~«m÷U hmoH$a AmV§H$dmX Ho$ OZH$ h¡& {VbH$ Zo hr
AmYw{ZH$ ^maV ‘| X§Jb H$admB© Wr& {VbH$ na Vah Vah Ho$ X§Jb VWm
hË¶mH$mÊS> H$s VhµH$sH$mV hmoH$a {Mamob Am¶moJ Zo {VbH$ H$mo amîQ´>Ðmohr H$ama
{X¶m Wm& {VbH$ ñd¶§ H$mo noedm ~«m÷Um| H$m CÎmam{YH$mar ‘mZVo Wo& Xÿgao
~mOramd Ho$ gmW CZHo$ ImZXmZ Ho$ bmoJ Wo& {VbH$ Zo 1898 H$mo "Amp³Q>©H$
hmo‘ BZ X doXmO' Bg J«§W H$s aMZm H$s& Am¡a gZ 1903 H$mo àH$m{eV {H$¶m
Wm& {VbH$ ~«m÷Um| Ho$ ‘ybñWmZ Ho$ ~mao ‘| S>§Jo H$s MmoQ> na H$hVo Wo {H$, ""AmO
VH$ Xþ~m}Y ‘mZo J¶o Hw$N> d¡{XH$ H$WZ H$m Z¶o emñÌr¶ ImoO Ho$ ‘wVm{~H$ AW©
{ZH$mbm OmE Vmo d¡{XH$ H$mb Ho$ bmoJm| Ho$ nwaIm| H$s ~ñVr {h‘H$mb Ho$ nyd© CÎma
Y«wd Ho$ ZOXrH$ H$hr Vmo Wr Bg Vah H$s AQ>H$b| Oéa H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡&''13
{VbH$ Zo CZHo$ Cg J«§Ïm ‘| ‘mÝ¶ {H$¶m {H$, Am¶© ~«m÷U Jm¶ ‘maH$a ImV Wo&
B§Ð Zo ~‹S>o ~‹S>o nwa ZîQ> {H$¶o Bg{bE Cgo nwa§Xa H$hVo h¡& B§Ð Zo d¥Ìm na h‘bm
{H$¶m& d¥Ì ¶mZr n{U ¶m ZmJ bmoJ& qgYw gä¶Vm H$m ‘hmZ amOm e§â BZH$s
~«m÷Um| Zo ~oah‘r go hË¶m H$s ¶h H$hVo hþ¶o H$‘mb H$s ˜wer {VbH$ Ho$ Mohao
na Wr& ‘oKd§er (ZmJd§er) d¥Ì H$s hË¶m ~«m÷Um| Zo H$admB© BgH$m {OH«$ doXm| ‘|

h¡ ¶h H$hVo hþ¶o {VbH$ H$mo K‘ÊS> ‘hgyg hmo ahm Wm& ZJam| na h‘bm H$aZo Ho$
nhbo ZXr Ho$ goVw H$mo ~«m÷Um| Zo Vmo‹S> {X¶m CgHo$ ~mX ‘| OmZbodm h‘bm {H$¶m&
{VbH$ Zo ¶h ~mV ‘mZ br {H$, Am¶© ~«m÷Um| Zo qgYwdmgr¶m| na
h‘bm {H$¶m& ""ZB© O‘rZ H$s ImoO ‘| Y«wd go X³IZ H$s Amoa AmVo d³V {OZ
AZm¶© bmoJm| go CZH$s ‘yR>^|Q> hmo JB© CZH$m g§hma H$aHo$ ¶m AnZr OmZ hWobr
na boH$a CÝhm|Zo CZna Omo dM©ñd ñWm{nV {H$¶m {Oggo CZH$s (AZm¶©) ‘yb
Va³H$s C±Mo XO} H$s Wr Eogm Zht H$h gH$Vo&''14 {VbH$ Zo Bemam {H$¶m {H$,
~«m÷Um| Zo qgYwdmgr ‘yb bmoJm| H$m hË¶mH$mÊS> {H$¶m ¶mZo ¶h CZH$m Img hþZa
h¡& CZHo$ Bg {dYmZ go Omo AW© {ZH$bVm h¡ dh ~«m÷Um| Ho$ ÑîH¥$Ë¶ VWm qhgm
H$m IwboAm‘ g‘W©Z hr H$aVm h¡& ~mb J§JmYa {VbH$ H$mo emhÿ ‘hmamO
AmV§H$dmXr ¶y§ hr Zht H$hVo Wo!
‘mohZXmg H$a‘M§X Jm§Yr
¶Ú{n, Jm§Yr Vrgao dU© Ho$ Wo {’$a ämr do ñd¶§ H$mo Am¶© hr H$hVo Wo&
do OZoD$ nhZVo Am¡a MmoQ>r (Topknot) aIVo Wo& Jm§Yr Zo AmYw{ZH$ ^maV ‘|
~«m÷UdmX ‘O~yV {H$¶m& Jm§Yr ¶h d§edmXr Wo do X{jU Am{’«$H$m ‘| H$mbo {ZJ«mo§
go dm§{eH$ ôX H$aVo Wo Am¡a do {~«{Q>em| H$mo ˜V Ho$ O[a¶o BÎmbm ^r H$a XoVo Wo&
Jm§Yr ¶h d§edmXr Wo Bg{bE CÝh| "Zmo~oc àmB©O' ZH$mam J¶m& "The South
Affrican Gandhi' Bg hmb hr ‘| àH$m{eV hþB© {H$Vm~ ‘| ApídZ XogmB© Ed§
Jwbm‘ dmhoX BZ boIH$m| Zo Jm§Yr H$s hµH$sH$V COmJa H$s h¡& Bg J«§W go
~«m÷UdmXr¶m| ‘| Vw’$mZ hr Am J¶m& Cg J«§W ‘| Jm§Yr Ho$ g‘J« dmL²>‘¶ H$m EH$
˜V CX²Y¥V {H$¶m J¶m h¡& dh µ˜V AmO S>rEZE Ho$ AÜ¶¶ZH$Vm© Ho$ {bE
A{V[a³V OmZH$mar hmo JB©& Jm§Yr H$hVo h¡ {H$ - ""B{Vhmg H$hVm h¡ {H$, Am¶m]
H$m ‘yb ñWmZ ^maV Zht ~pëH$ do ‘Ü¶ E{e¶m go ^maV ‘| Am¶o Wo Am¡a CZH$m
EH$ n[adma ^maV ‘| AmH$a ~g J¶m Vmo Xÿgam ¶moamon ‘| ~g J¶m& B{Vhmg
~VmVm h¡ {H$ ^maV gaH$ma Cg d³V ghr ‘m¶Zo ‘| gä¶ ({e{jV) gaH$ma Wr&
Am¶m] H$m V‘m‘ gm{hË¶ CgHo$ ~mX hr {dH${gV hþAm& O~ Xþ{Z¶m ‘| AÝ¶ amîQ´>
V¡¶ma ^r Zht hþ¶o Wo Cg d³V ^maV {dH$mg H$s Ma‘gr‘m na Wm Am¡a ‘m¡OyXm
^maVr¶ CZHo$ CÎmam{YH$mar h¢&''15 Jm§Yr Zo Cg d³V {~«{Q>em| go IwbH$a ñd¶§
H$mo VWm ~«m÷Um| H$mo ¶moamo{n¶Z d§eO H$hm Wm& S>rEZE {dkmZ Zo à‘m{UV {H$¶m
h¡ {H$, ¶moamon ‘| O§Jbr, dher ñQ>on ¶wao{e¶Zm| Zo AmH«$‘U H$aHo$ dhm± Ho$
Am‘Xr¶m| H$m H$Îmb H$aHo$ dhm± H$s ‘{hbmAm| go g§^moJ {H$¶m& ñQ>on ¶wao{e¶Z
¶h ~hþV hr µOm{b‘ VWm dher Wo& CÝhm|Zo ^maV H$s qgYw gä¶Vm na h‘bm
{H$¶m Am¡a CÝhm|Zo ‘hmZ gä¶Vm ZîQ> H$a Xr ¶h ~mV Jm§Yr Ah§H$ma Ho$ gmW
H$hVo h¡& qgYw gä¶Vm ‘hmZ Wr Vmo dher, O§Jbr Ed§ Agä¶ ~«m÷U ~hþV H$‘
CÞV Wo& CÝhm|Zo qgYw gä¶Vm H$m Zme H$aHo$ AnZm Zm‘ Xþ{Z¶m ‘| EH$ ~XZm‘
O‘mV Ho$ Vm¡a na ‘ehÿa H$a {X¶m& ¶h ~mV A~ H$moB© ^r ZH$ma Zht gH$Vo&
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Jm§Yr Zo Vmo AmJo 27 {Xgå~a, 1924 H$mo ¶h ~mV H$m§J«og Ho$ 39 do
amîQ´>r¶ A{YdoeZ ‘| aIr Wr {H$, Am¶m] H$s Vah hr A§J«oO ^r AmH«$‘UH$mar h¡&
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H$mo (H$Xr‘r ~m{eÝXmo) go AJa Á¶mXm ~wam Zht Vmo H$‘ go H$‘ {~ëHw$b d¡gm hr
gbyH$ {H$¶m O¡go {H$ h‘mao A§J«oO AmH«$‘UH$mar AmO h‘mao gmW H$a aho h¢&''
Jm§Yr Zohé Zo {OÝXJrâ A§J«oOm| H$mo AnZm ^mB© H$hH$a CZgo XmoñVr {Z^mB© Wr&
{Mamob BÝhm|Zo CZHo$ Ahdmb ‘| {VbH$ Ho$ ~mao ‘| EH$ ~mV XO© H$s h¡ dh h¡-
""A§J«oO bmoJ gd© gÎmm h‘mao hmW ‘| XoH$a, do Ho$db Zm‘ Ho$ amOm hm|Jo Vmo A~
^r CZHo$ Am¡a h‘mao {~M ‘| gwbh hmo gH$Vr h¡&'' BgH$m AW© ³¶m h¡? ~«m÷Um|
go {‘ÌVm ~‹T>mH$a A§J«Om| Zo Bg Xoe ‘| ahZm h¡& hmo‘éb BgH$m AW© A§J«Om| H$mo
^maV go {ZH$mb XoZm Zht ~pëH$ emgZ àemgZ ‘| ~«m÷Um| H$mo ~am~ar H$m
{hñgoXma ~ZmZm Am¡a A§J«oOm| Zo ^maV ‘| {XK©H$mb VH$ amO H$aZm ¶h h¡& ~«m÷Um|
Zo Mbm¶m hþAm AmµOmXr H$m AmÝXmobZ, AmµOmXr H$m AmÝXmobZ Zht Wm ~pëH$
{dXoer ~«m÷Um| H$m ^maV na H$ãOm àmá H$aZo H$m AmÝXmobZ Wm& Bgr H$ãOo H$mo
hr AmJo ~«m÷Um| Zo "amîQ´>dmX' Zm‘ H$m Z¶m ‘mo‹S> Xo {X¶m!
n§{S>V Odmhabmb Zohé Zo {S>ñH$dar Am°’$ B§{S>¶m Bg J«§W ‘| {bIH$a
aIm h¡ {H$, ~«m÷U {dXoer h¡ Am¡a CÝhm|Zo I¡~a{IÊS> Ho$ amñVo go ^maV ‘|

Xm{Ib hmoH$a AmH«$‘U {H$¶m VWm qgYw gä¶Vm H$m Zme {H$¶m& Zohé Zo B§{Xam
H$mo {bIo hþE ˜V AWm©V² "{nVm H$s Amoa go nwÌr Ho$ Zm‘ ˜V' Bg‘| gm’$ ^mfm
‘| {bIm h¡ {H$, ~«m÷U {dXoer VWm AmH«$‘UH$mar Wo -
""AmAmo XoI| nhco ^maV df© ‘| ³¶m hþAm& h‘ nhco XoI MwHo$ h¡ {H$,
Cg àmMrZH$mc ‘| {‘l H$s Vah ^maV ‘| gä¶Vm ‘m¡OyX Wr& Cg g‘¶ ^maV ‘|
Omo cmoJ {Zdmg H$aVo Wo CZH$m Zm‘ Ð{d{S>¶Z Wm& CÝhr cmoJm| Ho$ d§eO AmO
X{úmU ^maV ‘| ‘Ðmg Ho$ Mmam§o Va’$ ahVo h¢& CÎma go Am¶m] Zo BZ Ð{dS>m| na
AmH«$‘U {H$¶m& àm¶: BZ cmoJm| H$m ‘Ü¶ E{e¶m ‘| EH$ ~hþV ~S>m g‘yh hmoJm&
{OZH$mo ^moOZ Z {‘cZo Ho$ H$maU AÝ¶ Xoem| ‘| ~gZm nS>m&&''16 Zohé ñd¶§ H$mo
Cg AmH«$‘UH$mar ~«m÷Um| H$s gÝVmZ ‘mZVo Wo& Zohé ¶h Zm‘ ^r Zha Bg eãX
go aIm J¶m h¡& ZXr Ho$ {H$Zmao ahZodmbo H$mpí‘ar ~«m÷U! S>m°. ~m~mgmh~
Am§~oS>H$a ^r CÝh| {dXoer ~«m÷U H$hVo Wo&
noedo ~«m÷U na AZwg§YmZ H$aZodmbo Zm.Jmo.MmnoH$a ¶h {MËnmdZ
~«m÷Um| ‘| ~hþV ‘ehÿa ì¶p³V h¡& dOh ¶h h¡ {H$ CÝhm|Zo {MËnmdZ ~«m÷Um| H$m
B{Vhmg {bIm& MmnoH$a Zo ¶h ~mV ^r ‘mZ br h¡ {H$, {MËnmdZ ~«m÷U µOm{b‘
bmoJ h¡& CZH$m Am¡Oma naewam‘ H$s Hw$ëhm‹S>r h¡& BamdVr H$d}~mB© Ed§ ^m§S>maH$a
^r {MËnmdZ H$mo {dXoímr hr ‘mZVo Wo& MmnoH$a {bIVo h¡ {H$ - ""{MËnmdZ
~«m÷U H$ht go ^r Am¶o; do Ohm± go Am¶o dhm± go S>a Ho$ ‘mao ^mJH$a Am¶o Eogm
‘mZ ^r bo Vmo ^r do Am¡aVm| H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a Am¶o hm|Jo Eogm h‘| Zht bJVm& Hw$N>
Am¡aV| Vmo CZHo$ gmW Am¶o hr hm|Jo& Hw$N> EH$ H$mo Am¡aV| Zht hmoJr, Hw$N> H$s ¶hm±
AmVo AmVo amh ‘| hr ‘¥V hmo JB© hmoJr; Eogo AmX‘r¶m| H$mo ¶hm± H$s ‘{hbmAm| go
{ddmh H$aZm Oéar Wm& {MËnmdZ H$s Am¡aV| Jmoao a§J H$s Wr Eogm g~go nhbo
à{gÕ h¡& A§~m H$s Amoa H$s ‘{hbmE| Jmoao a§J Ho$ {bE ‘ehÿa h¡ Eogm Zht bJVm&
JmoH$U© go {ZMo Jmoao a§J H$s ‘{hbmE| ‘m¡OyX h¡& ¶m gmW bmB© JB© Am¡aV| Jmoao a§J
H$s hmoZr Mm{h¶o&'' AmJo MmnoH$a {MËnmdZ ~«m÷Um| H$s ‘¥ImH¥${V dU©Z H$aVo
hþ¶o H$hVo h¡ {H$ - ""{MËnmdZ Jm¡a dÊm© Ho$, gwZhao ~mbm| Ho$ Am¡a ^yao a§J H$s
Am±Io Bg Vah CZH$m dU©Z h¡ Am¡a ¶h emñÌr¶ H$gmoQ>r na Iam CVam h¡&''17

~«m÷U ‘ÊS>br ¶h ~mV IwbH$a H$hVo h¡ {H$, ~«m÷U {dXoer h¡ Am¡a CZH$m d§e
^maVr¶ Zht h¡& {MËnmdZ ~«m÷U Ed§ {~hma Ho$ ^y{‘hma ~«m÷U ¶h XmoZm| hr
~hþV µOm{b‘ {H$ñ‘ Ho$ h¡& CÎma àXoe Ho$ nwamo{hV ~«m÷Um| H$m S>rEZE ¶wao{e¶Z
ñQ>on O§Jbr bmoJm| go 200% {‘bVm h¡ Eogm 117 d¡km{ZH$m| Zo S>rEZE narjU
Ûmam {gÕ {H$¶m h¡&
amhþc gm§ñH¥$Ë¶m¶Z H$s am¶ ‘|
Ho$XmaZmW D$’©$ amhþb gm§ñH¥$Ë¶m¶Z ¶h {hÝXr gm{hË¶ OJV Ho$ ~hþV
hr ‘ehÿa e™g h¡& CÝhm|Zo gZ 1942 H$mo J«§W àH$m{eV {H$¶m Wm& CÝhm|Zo
"‘mZd g‘mO' d "‘Ü¶ E{e¶m H$m B{Vhmg' ¶h J«§W {bIH$a ~«m÷U {dXoímr
VWm AmH«$‘UH$mar h¡ ¶h ~mV nwamVpËdH$ AmYma na ñdrH$ma H$s h¡& ~«m÷U
dmoëJm ZXr go {ZH$bo grYo J§Jm àXoe H$s Amoa h‘bm H$aVo hþE {H$g Vah Am¶o
BgH$m nm±M hOma gmbm| H$m B{Vhmg grYo-gab ^mfm ‘| CÝhm|Zo aMm h¡& "dmoëJm
go J§Jm' Bg J«§W ‘| BVZm gQ>rH$ {H$g Vah {bIm hmoJm Bg{bE gm§ñH¥$Ë¶m¶Z
BÝhm|Zo nm±M IÊS>m| ‘| {bIm hþAm "‘oar OrdZ¶mÌm' {H$Vm~ Ho$ Z¶o {gao go ‘¢Zo
nÞo nbQ>o& CZHo$ OrdZ M[aÌ Ho$ IÊS> 2 ‘| gZ 1930-31 Ho$ Xa{‘¶mZ do
hS>ßnm d ‘moh|OmoXamo XoIZo Ho$ {bE J¶o Wo BgH$m {OH«$ ‘m¡OyX h¡& ga Om°Z ‘me©b
BZH$m CËIZZ H$m¶© Ed§ CZHo$ nwamVpËdH$ Ahdmb Cg d³V ‘ehÿa hþ¶o Wo& qgYw
gä¶Vm H$s Amoa nyar Xþ{Z¶m H$m Ü¶mZ ItMm J¶m Wm& ‘moh|OmoXamo H$s Eo{Vhm{gH$
dmñVw Ho$ ~mao ‘| amhþb gm§ñH¥$Ë¶m¶Z BÝhm|Zo nhbo hr n‹T>m Wm& ’$moQ>moJ«mâg XoIo Wo&
CÝhm|Zo Cg dmñVw H$mo ê$~ê$ XoIm V~ do {bIVo h¡ - ""eha H$s g‹S>H|$, nmZr H$s
Zm{b¶m±, nm±M hOma df© nhbo Ho$ Am¶m] go nwamZo {gÝYw dm{g¶m| Ho$ ZmJ[aH$
OrdZ Ho$ CËH$f© H$mo ~Vbm ahr Wr& CZHo$ BªQ>mo Ho$ Ka, BªQ>mo Ho$ Hy$E±, CZHo$
ñZmZmJma g^r Bg ~mV Ho$ gmjr Wo, {H$ Vm‘«¶wJ ‘§o ^r dhm± Ho$ bmoJ ~hþV g‘¥Õ
OrdZ {~Vm aho Wo&''18 hS>ßnm VWm ‘moh|OmoXamo ZJa Ed§ CZHo$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ dmñVw
gm§ñH¥$Ë¶m¶Z BÝhm|Zo àË¶j XoIZo Ho$ ~mX CgHo$ ~mao ‘| "dmoëJm go J§Jm' ‘| gQ>rH$
dU©Z {H$¶m h¡& Cg dU©Z Ho$ ~mao ‘| ‘m‘bo A~ h‘ XoIZodmbo h¢-
1) Am{Ia Agwa amOm Am¡a CZHo$ nwamo{hV ‘yI© Zht hmoVo, dh h‘
Am¶m}© go Á¶mXm MVwa hmoVo h¡& CZHo$ ZJamo§ O¡gm ZJa ~ZmZo Ho$ {c¶o h‘o CZgo
~hþV grIZm nS>oJm& CZH$s nÊ¶-drer (~mOma), CZHo$ H$‘c-emo{^V gamoda,
CZH$s Cƒ AÅ>m{cH$m¶o, CZHo$ amOnW Eogr MrO§o h¡, {OÝho ewÕ Am¶©-^y{‘¶m|
‘| Zhr§ nm¶m Om gH$Vm& ‘¡§Zo CÎma gm¡draHo$ Aga-n[aË¶³V ZJamo§ H$mo XoIm h¡,
Am¡a Bg Zd nam{OV ZJa H$mo ^r; h‘ Am¶© CZHo$ nwamZo ZJam| H$mo à{V-g§ñH$ma
(‘aå‘V) H$aHo$ ^r Cg én ‘| H$m¶‘ Zht aI gHo$ Am¡a ¶h Z¶m ZJa {Ogo
H$hVo h¡, e~a Zo ñd¶§ ~gm¶m Wm- dh Xodnwa O¡gm h¡&''19
2) ¶wao{e¶Z ~«m÷U O§Jbr d dher Wo& CÝhm|Zo qgYw OZ H$m {b~mg
XoIH$a nhZZm àma§^ {H$¶m -""gwdmñVw ‘| Am¡a Cggo nhco Am¶© H$nmg Ho$ dó
H$m Zm‘ ^r Zht OmZVo Wo {H$ÝVw ¶hm± h‘ cmoJ Cgo nhZVo h¡& J{‘©¶m| ‘| dh gwIX
hmoVm h¡&''20
3) ¶wao{e¶Z ~«m÷Um| Zo qgYw gä¶Vm na ~oah‘r go AmH«$‘U {H$¶m
BgHo$ ~mao ‘| -""Agwa-goZm H$mo Amem Z Wr, {H$ nrV Ho$e EH$mEH$ CZ na Am
Y‘H|$Jo& nrV-Ho$em| Ho$ cå~o ^mbm| Am¡a IS>Jmo§ Ho$ gm‘Zo do Xoa VH$ Z R>ha gH|$,
co{H$Z Am¶©-~c CÝh| {g’©$ nam{OV H$aHo$ Zht N>moS>Zm MmhVm Wm& dh BZ
{Zdm©g H$mco Agwam| H$mo ~VcmZm MmhVm Wm {H$ nrV-Ho${e¶m| na ZOa S>mcZm
{H$VZo IVao H$s ~mV h¡& Agwa goZm H$mo ^mJVo XoI nwéYmZ Zo gmW© H$mo gyMZm
ôOr Am¡a AnZo gdmam| H$mo co nwîH$bmdVr na Am Y‘H$m& Agwa g¡{ZH$m§o H$s
^m±{V CZH$m ZJam{Yn{V ^r BgH$s Amem Zht aIVm Wm& Agya AnZr nyar
e{³V H$mo BñVo‘mc H$aZo H$m ‘m¡H$m Zht nm gHo$, Am¡a AmgmZr go Agya XþJ© VWm
ZJam{Yn{V nrV-Ho$em| Ho$ hmW ‘| Am J¶o& nrVHo$e Agwamo§ Ho$ Bg {dídmgKmV
go ~hþV CÎmo{OV Wo& CÝhmo§Zo ~S>r {ZX©¶Vm-nyd©H$ Agwa nwéfm| H$m dY {H$¶m&
ZJam{Yn{V¶m| H$mo Vmo ZJa Ho$ Mm¡amñVo na bo Om Agwa-àOm Ho$ gm‘Zo EH$-EH$
A§J H$mQ>H$a ‘mam& CÝhm|Zo {ó¶m|, ~ƒmo§ Am¡a ì¶mnm[a¶m| H$mo Zht ‘mam ¶[X Cg
d³V Xmg ~ZmZo H$s BÀN>m hmoVr, Vmo gå^d h¡ nrV Ho$e (Am¶©) BVZm A{YH$
dY Z H$aVo& nwîH$bmdVr Ho$ ~hþV go ^mJ H$mo CÝhm|Zo AmJ cJmH$a Ocm S>mcm&
¶h àW‘ Agwa-XþJ© H$m nVZ Wm&

Agwam| Am¡a nrV-Ho$emo Ho$ ‘hmZ {dJ«h Xodmgwa g§J«m‘ H$m Bg àH$ma
àma§^ hþAm&''21
4) qgYw OZ H$s ^mfm Ho$ ~mao ‘| -
""Am¡a Bg Anma gmJa ‘| Agwa AnZr {demc Zm¡H$mAm| H$mo {Z^©¶
hmoH$a McmVo& dfm}-‘{hZm| Ho$ amñVo OmVo, Am¡a gmJa go ZmZm àH$ma Ho$ aËZ cmVo
h¡& Agwam| Ho$ gmhg Am¡a MVwamB© H$m ¶h ^r EH$ Z‘wZm h¡& ¶hr Zht, EH$ ~mV
Vmo VwZo gwZr ^r Z hmoJr {‘Ì! Agwa {~Zm ‘w°§h go ~moco-~mVMrV H$a gH$Vo h¡&''
""{~Zm ~moco! ³¶m H$hm {‘Ì!! ""hm±, {~Zm ~moco& {‘Å>r, nËWa, M‘S>o
Ho$ Xo Xmo, EH$ Agwa Cg na Hw$N> [MÝh ItM XoJm, Am¡a Xþgam gmar ~mV g‘P
coJm& {OVZm h‘ Xmo K§Q>m ~mV H$aHo$ Zht g‘Pm gH$Vo, CVZm dh nm±M-Xg
[MÝhm| H$mo ItMH$a ~Vcm gH$Vo h¡& ¶h ~mV Am¶m] H$mo H$^r Zht ‘mcy‘ Wt&
A~ h‘mao Am¶© CZ {MÝhm| H$mo grI aho h¡, {H$ÝVw dfm} cJmZo na ^r CZH$m
grIZm nyam Zht hmoVm&'' ""V~, Oéa Agwa h‘go A{YH$ MVwa Wo&''22
BZ V‘m‘ ‘§ÌUm go gm{~V hmoVm h¡ {H$, ¶wao{e¶Z ñQ>on ~«m÷U {H$VZo
O§Jbr, dher Cgr Vah µOm{b‘ ^r Wo& ¶moamon ‘| J¶o hþ¶o ¶wao{e¶Z ñQ>on O§Jbr
bmoJm| Zo dhm± Ho$ AmX‘r¶m| H$m H$ËboAm‘ {H$¶m& dhm± na g‘mO AZwÞV Wm& CÝh|
byQ>m& CZH$s ‘{hbmAm| go g§^moJ {H$¶m Am¡a dhm°§ na ZB© àOm{V H$mo OÝ‘ {X¶m&
{Og ñWmZ na nwamZr gä¶Vm Wr CZH$m Zmím BZ O§Jbr ¶wao{e¶Z bmoJm| Zo {H$¶m&
^maV ‘| CÝhm|Zo qgYw OZ Ho$ nwéfm| H$m H$ËboAm‘ {H$¶m& CÝhm|Zo Bg ñWmZ na
dU©ì¶dñWm {Z‘m©U H$s Am¡a ¶hm± H$s OZVm H$mo eyÐ ~ZmH$a Jwbm‘ {H$¶m& XþJm©
^mJdV VWm ‘YwH$a T>dio BÝhm|Zo Bg Iy±Ima ~«m÷Um| Ho$ XþîH¥$Ë¶ H$m IwbH$a
g‘W©Z {H$¶m h¡& ‘mÌ BZ XmoZm| Zo Om{Vì¶dñWm ¶h qgYw OZm| Zo hr ~ZmB© Eogm
{~Z n|Xo H$m VH©$ àñVwV {H$¶m h¡& dU©ì¶dñWm ¶h ~«m÷Um| H$m CnO h¡ BgH$m
à‘mU G$½doX Ho$ nwéfgw³V ‘| ‘m¡OyX h¡& Bg{bE Bg P§PQ> go ¶h ^Q> ‘ÊS>br
~MH$a {ZH$b Zht gH$Vr& Vmo CÝhm|Zo Om{V ì¶dñWm H$m BbµOm‘ qgYw OZm| na
Wm|n {X¶m, {H$ÝVw Cg‘| Hw$N> ^r hµH$sH$V Zht h¡& Ho$db ~«m÷Um| H$mo ~MmZo H$s
dh {Zî’$b H$mo{ee h¡& T>dbrH$a ¶h S>o³H$Z H$m°boO Ho$ hmoZo go {OÝXJrâ
CÝhm|Zo ~«m÷Um| Ho$ Ma~r H$s hr {MÝVm H$s& godm{Zd¥Îmr Ho$ níMmV² do ^m§S>maH$a
g§ñWm Ho$ gXñ¶ hmo J¶o& ^m§S>maH$a g§ñWm ‘| ¶h V‘m‘ fS²>¶§Ì ¶y§ hr Zht nH$m¶o
OmVo h¡!
~«m÷U {dXoer hmoZo H$m AmaEgEg H$m g~yV
~«m÷U h‘oem Xm±dnoM ~ZmH$a, Vah Vah Ho$ fS²>¶§Ì aMH$a AnZm
dM©ñd ~aH$ama H$aVm h¡& ‘mYd JmobdbH$a Zo ¶h ~mV e§H$a‘R>mMm¶© H$mo {bIo
hþ¶o 20 {Xgå~a, 1964 Ho$ IV ‘| H$hr h¡§ -""Img Vm¡a na Om{V {deof VWm
AmZwd§{eH$ Añn¥í¶Vm H$mo boH$a Omo àjmo^ {Z‘m©U hþAm h¡, dh gd©{d{XV hr
h¡...
g‘mO H$s gwì¶d{ñWV YmaUm H$a g‘mO H$mo gwJ{R>V e{³Vg§nÞ VWm
BhnaÌ go H$ë¶mU-àm{á Ho$ {cE g‘W©Z H$aZodmco Y‘© H$s Hw$N> ar{V¶m| ‘| Bg
cú¶ H$mo Ü¶mZ ‘| aIH$a n[adV©Z H$aZo hoVw ZdrZ ar{V¶m| H$s ñWmnZm H$aZm,
nwamZr AZmdí¶H$ ¶m A{hVmdh ar{V¶m| H$mo N>moS> XoZm {dJVH$mc ‘| Amdí¶H$Vm
Zwgma nydm©Mm¶m} Ûmam {H$¶m J¶m h¡& AmJo ^r XoeH$mc n[a{ñW[V H$mo gmoMH$a
Amdí¶H$ ar{V¶m| H$m ñdrH$ma d AZmdí¶H$ ¶m A{hVH$maH$ ar{V¶m| H$mo Cnoúmm
H$aZo H$s Ñ{ï> go C{MV ì¶dñWm XoZo H$m VËH$mcrZ AmMm¶m} H$m Y‘©JwéAm| H$m
A{YH$ma ^r nyd© gy[a¶m| Zo F${f¶m| Zo ñnï> VWm {ZX}{eV {H$¶m h¡&''23 Bggo ¶h
gm{~V hmoVm h¡ {H$, ~«m÷U dJ© h‘oem Xm±dnoM aMH$a hr fS²>¶§Ì H$aVm h¡&
Xm±dnoM Ho$ VhV hr ~«m÷Um| Zo "{hÝXÿ' eãX H$m ñdrH$ma {H$¶m& dh CÝhm|Zo ³¶m|
ñdrH$ma {H$¶m ¶h h‘ AmJo XoIZodmbo h¡&
~mha-~mha Bñbm‘ d BgmB© Ûof ’¡$bmH$a AZwgy{MV Om{V, OZOm{V
Ed§ Amo~rgr BÝh| "{hÝXÿ' Bg Zm‘ Ho$ VhV BH$Æ>o H$aZm ¶h Hy$Q>Zr{V aMH$a hr
g§K Zo H$m‘ {H$¶m h¡& Aëng§»¶ ~«m÷U ~hþg§»¶ bmoJm| na Bgr{bE amO H$aVm
h¡& g§K n[adma Zo O~ Xoeâ ~‘ {dñ’$moQ> H$aZo H$s ¶moOZm ~ZmB© Cg d³V
CÝhm|Zo OmZ~yPH$a A{^Zd ^maV g‘mZ AmV§H$dmXr g§JR>Z H$s {Z{‘©Vr H$s&
CgH$m Am¡a g§K H$m VmëbwH$ Zht hmoVm Vmo àkm R>mHy$a H$mo ‘Ü¶àXoe ‘| ^mOn
H$m Cpå‘Xdma ~ZmH$a B©ìhrE‘ KmoQ>mbm H$aHo$ MwZH$a bmVo ³¶m? gZ 2008 ‘|
boâQ>Z§Q> H$Z©b àgmX nwamo{hV Zo Omo Jwá ‘rqQ>J aIr Wr CgH$m pìh{S>Amo
aoH$m°{S>ªJ H$aHo$ aIm Wm& O~ ‘hmamîQ´> EQ>rEg Zo CZH$m b°nQ>m°n Oá {H$¶m V~
CÝh| Cg‘| 48 {hñg| (24 pìh{S>Amo Am¡a 24 Am°{S>Amo) àmá hþ¶o& CZ‘| go 4-
5 {hñgm| H$m hr eãXm§H$Z H$aHo$ Cgo MmO©erQ> gmW ‘| H$Mhar ‘| noe {H$¶m
J¶m& ’$arXm~mX ‘| hþ¶o A{^Zd ^maV H$s ‘rqQ>J ‘| g§{dYmZ {damoYr Ed§ Xoe
{damoYr Omo ~hg hþB© dh Bg Vah h¡ -
(A) ‘m¡OyXm amÁ¶KQ>Zm H$mo {‘Q>mH$a CgHo$ ~OmE doXm| VWm ñ‘¥{V na
{ZYm©[aV {hÝXÿ amîQ´> H$s ñWmnZm H$aZm&
1) nwamo{hV (nmZ Z§. 61) … We will fight the Constitution, will
fight the nation, this nation is not ours.
(AWm©V- ¶h H$m¡‘ h‘mam Zht h¡ Bg{bE h‘ Bg H$m¡‘ Ho$ {Ibm’$

Am¡a g§{dYmZ Ho$ {Ibm’$ b‹S>|Jo&)
2) nwamo{hV (nmZ Z§. 64) : We have to fight the Constitution, We
have to fight for our independenc.
(h‘| g§{dYmZ Ho$ {Ibm’$ b‹S>Zm hr hmoJm, h‘| AnZr AmµOmXr Ho$ {bE
b‹S>Zm hr hmoJm&)
3) nwamo{hV (nmZ Z§. 69) : Bg g§{dYmZ H$mo ‘mZZm hr Zht h¡&
Knocking down ¶o EH$hr VarH$m h¡ Oéar&
4) CnmÜ¶m¶ (nmZ Z§. 72) : This Constitution is not applicable

to us, will not be acceptable to us; another Constitution will come into
place; then Hindu Rastra is established.
( ¶h g§{dYmZ h‘mao {bE AZwHy$b Zht h¡, h‘| ñdrH$ma H$aZo bm¶H$
Zht h¡; Xÿgam g§{dYmZ BgHo$ ñWmZ na Am¶oJm Am¡a V~ {hÝXÿ amîQ´> ñWm{nV
hmoJm)
~) {hÝXÿ amîQ´> H$s Z¶o amÁ¶KQ>Zm H$m ñdén …
1) gwYmH$a {ÛdoXr (n¥îR> H«$.67) : ""amÁ¶ì¶dñWm H$m h‘mao ¶hm±
Hw$N> nm¡am{UH$ emó h¡& h‘mar Omo ñ‘¥[V¶m± h¡ dhr h‘mam g§{dYmZ h¡ g‘mO H$s&
Bg g‘¶ 14 ñ‘¥{V¶m°§ h¡ h‘mao Bg Xoe ‘|, CZ gmao H$mo BH$Q²>R>m H$a cr{OE&''
2) nwamo{hV (n¥îR> H«$. 68) : ""Bg Xoe ‘| h‘| doXm| Ho$ ‘wVm{~H$ Omo
~Vm¶m J¶m h¡& gZmVZ qhXÿ Y‘©, d¡{XH$ Y‘©, dmo Mm{hE&''
¶h g~ H$aZo Ho$ {bE AWm©V² ~«m÷Ur amîQ´> H$s ñWmnZm Ho$ {bE
nwamo{hV Zo Cg ~¡R>H$ ‘| ämr ¶hr H$hm Wm {H$, Zonmb, Bòm¶b BZ Xoem| go CZH$m
g‘Pm¡Vm hþAm h¡& Bòm¶b Zo CZH$s Mma eV} ‘mZ br h¡&
H$) A{^Zd ^maV Ed§ AmaEgEg Ho$ Jhao VmëbwH :-
1) S>m°. Ama.nr.qgJ (n¥îR> H«$.70) : ""co{H$Z Xþ^m©½¶ ahm {H$,
CÎmam§Mc ‘| ~hwV à¶mg H$aZo Ho$ ~mX ^r AmO h‘mar gaH$ma (~rOonr gaH$ma)
‘mAmodmXr¶m| H$m Iwcm g‘W©Z H$a ahr h¡& ¶o ~mV ‘¡Zo g§K Ho$ ~S>o A{YH$marAmo§
H$mo ~mocm& ‘m.‘mohZ ^mJdVOrgo ‘¡§ {‘cm Wm; Xmo K§Q>o {‘cHo$ g~ ~Vm¶m Wm&
dhm°§ Ho$ nw{cg Mr’$ gw^mf Omoer H$mo ~mocm Wm& ‘¡§ CZgo {‘cm ^r Wm Xmo ~ma&
h‘mar ~mV cJmVma hmoVr ahVr h¡!''
2) nwamo{hV (n¥îR> 73) :- (~¡R>H hmb hr ‘| Xm{Ib hþ¶o ‘Zwî¶ H$m
n[aM¶ H$admVo hþ¶o) ""BZH$m n[aM¶ ~r.EM.e‘m© ào‘qgJOr& Xmo ~ma Mem-
ber of Parliament (BJP), 1940 go ñd¶§godH$, H$m’$s g§Kf©‘¶ OrdZ
A~VH$&''
3) nwamo{hV (n¥îR> H«$. 89-90) : Variaous Political Govern-
ment and Non-Government Bodies will be infiltrated ‘Vc~ EH$
example h‘oem XoVm h±y& ‘Vc~ EH$ captain ¶m major ~¡R>m Wm {X„r Ho$
A§Xa Omo H$m‘ hmoZo Ho$ {cE VrZ ‘{hZo time cJmVm Wm& EH$ phone call Ho$
D$na hmo J¶m ³¶m|{H$ dmo g§K H$m Wm, ‘¢ g§K H$m Wm& {~Zm OmZo g‘P ‘| Am¶m
H$s, dh g§K ‘| ah MwH$m h¡& ‘¢§Zo Cgo ’$moZ {H$¶m Am¡a H$hm ¶o H$m‘ H$aZm h¡& UP
H$m ì¶{³V Wm& ~mocm ga hmo Om¶oJm& EH$ {XZHo$ A§Xa H$m‘ hmo J¶m&''
Cg ‘rqQ>J Ho$ eãXm§H$Z Ho$ nÞo Wo& dh XñVmdoO H$Mhar ‘| noe {H$¶o

J¶o h¡& CgH$s à‘m{UV à{V{b{n BgHo$ nhbo Am¶Or Eg.E‘.‘w{l’$ go h‘| àmá
hmo JB© Wr& A{^Zd ^maV VWm amîQ´>r¶ ñd¶§godH$ g§K H$m Am¶EgAm¶ ¶h
AmV§H$dmXr g§JR>Z go Ho$db VmëbwH$ hr Zht Wm A{nVw CZgo ~‘ {dñ’$moQ> Ho$
{bE Am{W©H$ ghm¶Vm ^r {‘bVr ahr BgH$s H$~ybr A{g‘mZ§X Zo AnZo H$~ybr
Odm~ ‘| Xr h¡&
""‘wPo ¶h ^r nVm Mcm Wm {H$ gwZrc Omoer, ^maV^mB© Ho$ gmW
ZmJnwa ‘| B§Ðoe Or go {‘co Wo Am¡a B§ÐoeOr Zo ^maV ^mB© Ho$ gm‘Zo gwZrc H$mo
50,000/- én¶o {X¶o Wo& H$Z©c nwamo{hV Zo ^r EH$ ~ma ‘wPo ~Vm¶m Wm {H$,
B§Ðoe Or Am¶EgAm¶ Ho$ EO§Q> h¡ Am¡a BgHo$ nwao S>m°³¶w‘|Q> CgHo$ nmg h¡& co{H$Z
H$Z©c nwamo{hV Zo ‘wPo dh S>m°³¶w‘|Q> H$^r Zht {XImE&'' Bggo ¶hr gm{~V hmoVm
h¡ {H$, B§Ðoe Hw$‘ma, boâQ>Z§Q> H$Z©b àgmX nwamo{hV VWm ^mJdV Ho$ Am¶EgAm¶
Bg AmV§H$dmXr g§JR>Z go Jhao VmëbwH$mV h¡& Bg gÝX^© ‘| Am¡a R>mog g~yV
’$arXm~mX H$s ~¡R>H$ ‘| hr S>m°.Ama.nr.qgJ H$~yb H$aVo h¡ {H$, AnZm AmPmX
M¡Zb H$m H$m‘ Omar h¡ Am¡a CgHo$ {bE Hw$N> n¡go bJ aho h¡ {OgHo$ {bE
A§S>adëS>© H$m S>m°Z XmD$X Zo n¡gm {X¶o h¡& (n¥.89) BgH$m ³¶m AW© h¡?
‘yb{Zdmgr bmoJm| Ho$ amîQ´> na H$ãOm H$aZo Ho$ {bE ~mha Ho$ Xoe go, AmV§H$dmXr
go ghm¶Vm boH$a ¶h Z¶o AmH«$‘U H$s V¡¶mar Vmo Zht h¡? ~«m÷U {dXoer h¡,
nam¶o h¡, AJÝVwH$ h¡ Bg{bE CÝhm|Zo Xoe Ho$ {Ibm’$ H¥$Ë¶ {H$¶m& Bggo ¶hr
gm{~V hmoVm h¡ {H$ 26/11 Ho$ h‘bo ‘| AmaEgEg H$m grYm VmëbwH$ Wm& nyd©
Am¶.Or. ‘w{l’$ BÝhm|Zo g~yVm| Ho$ gmW {H$Vm~ ‘| H$hm h¡& AO‘oa ear’$ ~‘
{dñ’$moQ> ‘| AmaEgEg Ho$ bmoJm| H$mo ‘wO[a‘ H$ama {X¶m J¶m Wm& O¶nwa Ho$
Z°eZb BÝdoñQ>rJoeZ EO|gr (EZAm¶E) Ho$ Img H$Mhar ‘| AO‘oa XaJmh
ãbmñQ> Ho$ ~mao ‘| ‘wH$X‘o H$s gwZdmB© ‘| 3 bmoJm| H$mo ‘wO[a‘ H$ama {X¶m J¶m Omo
grYo AmaEgEg go VmëbwH$ aIVo h¡& do h¡ ^mdoe Xod|Ð Jwám Ed§ g§K H$m nyU©
H$m{bH$ H$m¶©H$Vm© gwZrb Omoer& Omoer H$s$ ~mX ‘| g§K Ho$ bmoJm| Zo hr hË¶m H$s
h¡ Eogm CZHo$ Ka Ho$ bmoJm| Zo A§Hw$e bJm¶m&
coâQ>Z§Q> H$Z©c àgmX nwamo{hVZo ’$arXm~mX H$s AnZr Jwá ~¡R>H$ ‘|

H$~yb {H$¶m {H$, ¶h Xoe ~«m÷Um| H$m Zht h¡ Bg{bE CÝh| amîQ´> Ed§ g§{dYmZ Ho$
{Ibm’$ H$m¶© H$aZm hmoJm& Xoe ‘| ~‘ {dñ’$moQ> H$aHo$ g§{dYmZ Ho$ {Ibm’$
‘mhm¡b ~ZmZm ¶h CgHo$ {nN>o H$m ‘H$gX Wm& ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZ hr ZîQ> H$aHo$
CgHo$ ñWmZ na ‘Zwñ‘¥{V H$mo hr g§{dYmZ ~ZmZm ¶hr CZH$m AO|S>m Wm& {hÝXÿ
amîQ´> ¶h Amo~rgr dJ© H$m g‘W©Z àmá H$aZo Ho$ {bE h¡, Ag{b¶V ‘| doXm| na
{Z^©a ¶mZo dUm©l‘ Y‘© AWm©V² d¡{XH$ Y‘© H$s nwZñWm©nZm H$aZm ¶mZo ~«m÷Um| H$s
H$m¡‘ ^maV ‘| ñWmnZ H$aZm ¶hr CZH$m ‘yb ‘µH$gX h¡& Bg{bE CZHo$ "{hÝXy
amîQ´>dmX' Ho$ {nN>o Jwá ‘µH$gX Bgr ~hmZo h‘mar g‘P ‘| AmVm h¡&
coâQ>ZQ§ > H$Z©c nwamo{hV H$m Agcr AmV§H$dmXr Moham:-
coâQ>Z§Q> H$Z©c nwamo{hV O~ H$mamJa Ho$ ~mha Am J¶m V~ CgZo
‘r{S>¶m Ho$ g‘j Hw$N> Eogm H$hm {H$ dh ‘hmZ Xoe^³V hr h¡& àkm R>mHy$a Ed§
boâQ>. H$Z©b lrH$m§V àgmX nwamo{hV BÝh| ^mOnmZo B©ìhrE‘ KmoQ>mbm H$aHo$ gÎmm
hm§{gb H$aZo Ho$ ~mX [ahm H$a {X¶m& {X. 11 ’$adar, 2011 H$mo "AmOVH$'
VWm AÝ¶ d¥Îmdm{hZr Ed§ A˜~ma ‘| g‘Mma N>nH$a AmE Wo& {OgH$m erf©H$
Wm "H$Z©c nwamo{hV Zo aMr Wr g§K ZoVmAmo§ H$s hË¶m H$s gm{Oe -AmaEgEg'
Cg g‘mMma ‘| H$hm J¶m Wm {H$ -""‘mcoJm§d, AO‘oa Am¡a h¡Xam~mX {dñ’$moQ>
‘m‘c| ‘| gaH$mar Om§M H$mo XþîàMma H$s gm{Oe H$m {hñgm ~VmVo hþE amï´>r¶
ñd¶§godH$ g§K (AmaEgEg) Zo BZ ‘m‘cm| H$s {Zînúm Ed§ nmaXeu T>§J go Om§M
H$aZo Ho$ {cE EH$ ñdV§Ì Am¶moJ J{R>V H$aZo Ho$ dmñVo àYmZ‘§Ìr ‘Z‘mohZ qgh
H$mo nÌ {cIm h¡ Am¡a ‘wcmH$mV Ho$ {cE g‘¶ ‘m§Jm h¡&'' ...
nÌ H$s OmZH$mar XoVo hþE A{Ic ^maVr¶ àMma à‘wI ‘Z‘mohZ d¡Ú
Zo H$hm, ""g§K H$m ñnï> ‘mZZm h¡ {H$ H$Z©c nwamo{hV H$s ^y{‘H$m amOZr{VH$ Wr
Am¡a dh AnZo {ddoH$ Ho$ AmYma na Hw$N> Zht H$a ahm Wm& CgH$s H$mo{ee g§K
Am¡a gh¶moJr g§JR>Zm| ‘| Xama n¡Xm H$aZo H$s Wr& CgZo gag§KMmcH$ ^mJdV
Am¡a B§Ðoe Hw$‘ma H$mo ‘maZo H$s gm{Oe aMr {OgH$m nVm ‘hmamï´> EQ>rEg Ho$
AmamonnÌ go McVm h¡&'' ¶{X boâQ>Z§Q> H$Z©b àgmX nwamo{hV Ed§ àkm R>mHy$a ¶h

‘mohZ ^mJdV, B§Ðoe Hw$‘ma H$mo ‘maZodmbo Wo, Vmo CÝh| H¡$X˜mmZo go ~mha N>mo‹S>Zo
Ho$ ~mX CgH$m {damoY AmaEgEg ¶m ^¡¶mOr Omoer Zo {’$a go ³¶m| Zht {H$¶m?
àYmZ‘ÝÌr Za|Ð ‘moXr H$mo Xþ~mam {MÆ>r ³¶m| Zht {bIr? 2009 Ho$ MwZmd ‘| àkm
R>mHy$a H$mo ^mOnZo {V{H$Q> Xr V~ AmaEgEg Zo CgH$mo à{VamoY ³¶m| Zht {H$¶m?
àkm R>mHy$a VWm AÝ¶ g^r AmV§H$dmXr H$mo ^mOnm, AmaEgEg ‘hmZ Xoe^³V
³¶m| ‘mZ aho h¡? CbQ>o {~M Ho$ H$mb ‘| X³IZ ^maV ‘| g§K Ho$ bmoJ ~‘
{dñ’$moQ> Ho$ gmW nH$‹S>o J¶o Eogr ˜~a| ³¶m| N>nr Wr ³¶m|{H$ dhm± na ^mOnm H$s
gaH$ma Zht Wr Bg{bE AmaEgEg ^mOnm Ho$ bmoJ EEgAm¶ Ho$ gmW Ow‹S>o h¡
Am¡a ˜~a| ~ZmH$a OmZH$mar XoVo h¡ ¶h g‘mMma ^r Am¶m Wm& Img Vm¡a na do
V‘m‘ bmoJ ~«m÷U Wo& ~‘ {dñ’$moQ> ‘| ~«m÷U ‘ÊS>br H$m hr hmW Wm ¶h
{deof! {~M Ho$ H$mb ‘| R>mUo ‘| eñÌ H$m ^ÊS>ma ~am‘X hþAm dh BÝgmZ ^r
~«m÷U hr Wm!
coâQ>Z§Q> H$Z©c àgmX nwamo{hV Am{Ia H$m¡Z h¡ ¶h ~mV EH$ A§J«oOr
A˜~ma "B§{S>¶Z E³gàog' Zo AJñV 2017 H$mo Xmo {XZm| VH$ g‘mMma XoH$a
Om{ha H$s& {H$ÝVw ¶hr ˜~a ^maV Ho$ {H$gr ^r {hÝXr, ‘amR>r ¶m AÝ¶
d¥Îmdm{hZr Zo àgm[aV Zht H$s& nwamo{hV H$m AmaEgEg H$m Agbr AmV§H$dmXr
Moham ~VmZodmbr dh ˜~a {hÝXr ‘| AZwdmX H$aHo$ Cgo O¡go Ho$ d¡go àñVwV H$a
ahm hÿ± Vm{H$ ZH$br amîQ´>dmXr H$m nXm©’$me hmo gHo$&
nhbr ˜~a …-{X. 24 AJñV, 2017 ""Am‘u CZH$s Va’$ go h¡ ¶h
H$Z©b nyamo{hV Zo H$hm& Am‘u Zo ‘Ja CgH$s nmob Imob Xr!''
Xr[á‘mZ {Vdmar, ZB© {Xëbr,
‘mboJm±d ~‘ {dñ’$moQ> 2008 Ho$ à‘wI AnamYr H$Z©b lrH$m§V àgmX
nwamo{hV BÝh| gw{à‘ H$moQ>© Zo ~ob ‘§Oya H$aZo Ho$ ~mX ZB© ‘wå~B© Ho$ VbmoOm H$mamJ¥h
go ~mha {ZH$bVo hþ¶o ZµOa Am aho h¡& H$‘©R> {hÝXÿËddmXr g§JR>Z ‘§o EH$ Omgygr
H$aZodmbo A’$ga Ho$ Vm¡a na dh Cg g§JR>Z ‘| Kyg J¶m Wm Am¡a d¡gr OmZH$mar
^r CgZo CZHo$ d[aîR> A’$ga H$mo Xr Wr Bgr ~mV na H$Mhar ‘| CgH$s µO‘mZV

‘§Oya hmo JB©&
{‘ëQ´>r ‘oar Vaµ’$ go h¡ Eogm CgZo Cg gmjmËH$ma ‘| ~ma~ma H$hm Wm
{H$ÝVw JwáMa {d^mJ gy{MV H$aZo Ho$ ~mX S>m¶ao³Q>a OZab Am°’$ {‘ëQ´>r B§Q>o{bO§g
Zo (S>rOrE‘Am¶) O~ CZH$s VhµH$sH$mV H$s V~ CZHo$ Ü¶mZ ‘§o Am¶m {H$, Om±M
hmoJr BgH$s ˜~a {‘bVo hr CgZo ñd¶§ H$mo ~‘ {dñ’$moQ> Ho$ ‘m‘bo go Xÿa aIZo
H$m à¶mg {H$¶m Am¡a ‘hmamîQ´> EQ>rEg Zo ¶h gmÜdr àkmqgJ R>mHy$a H$mo {hamgV
‘§o boZodmbo h¡ BgH$m nVm bJVo hr CgZo BgH$s Jwá OmZH$mar {ZH$mbZm ewé H$a
{X¶m&
Om±M n‹S>Vmb ‘| ¶h ^r H$hm J¶m h¡ {H$, ""g§~§{YV A’$ga ~hþV
XµJm~mO h¡ Am¡a eñÌ Ho$ J¡aH$mZyZr ‘m‘bo ‘| CbPm hþAm h¡ Am¡a BZ ‘m‘bm| H$mo
X~mZo H$m dh H$m‘ H$a ahm h¡&''
Om±M Ahdmb ‘§o ¶h ^r H$hm J¶m h¡ {H$, CgH$s nËZr AnUm© nwamo{hV
Zo ¶h H$hm h¡ {H$, hmo gH$Vm h¡ {H$, CÝh| Bñbm‘ Ho$ {bE ~hþV K¥Um h¡ Am¡a
Bg{bE do ‘wpñb‘ Ho$ {Ibm’$ J{V{d{Y¶m| ‘§o CbP J¶o&
27 Owb¡, 2011 H$mo noe {H$¶o J¶o Om±M Ahdmb na Cg d³V
ES>rOrE (E‘Am¶) OZab à‘wI (~r) ‘oOa Ho$ XñV˜V h¡& Cg Ahdmb ‘|
H$hm J¶m h¡ {H$, ""Bg Vah H$s J{V{d{Y¶m| ‘| boâQ>Z§Q> H$Z©b nwamo{hV CbPo
hmoZo go àW‘ OmZH$mar Cg d³V Ho$ B§Q>o{bOÝg ã¶wamo Ho$ S>m¶ao³Q>a Zo Bg d³V Ho$
Am‘u Mr’$ H$mo 22 A³Vw~a, 2008 H$mo Xr Wr& Cg d³V n§M‘‹T>r Ho$ EB©gr
Q´>oqZJ H$m°boO ‘| Aa~r ^mfm {gIZo Ho$ {bE nwamo{hV Zo AnZm Zm‘ XO© {H$¶m
Wm& {Og‘| ‘mboJm±d ~‘ {dñ’$moQ> ‘| 8 bmoJ ‘mao J¶o Wo VWm AÝ¶ 80 bmoJ
O˜‘r hmo J¶o Wo, dh {dñ’$moQ> 29 {gVå~a, 2008 H$mo hþAm Wm&
{H$ÝVw E‘Am¶ Ho$ S>m¶ao³Q>a O~ nwamo{hV H$s VhH$sH$mV H$aZo Ho$ {bE
n§M‘‹T>r nhþ±Mo V~ CZH$s ‘wbmH$mV H$s JwËWr Vwa§V gwbP JB©& ³¶m|{H$ nwamo{hV Ho$
nwUo Ho$ Ka na EQ>rEg Zo ‘mao hþ¶o N>mno Ho$ ~mao ‘| VWm gmÜdr àkmqgJ R>mHy$a Ho$
~‘ {dñ’$moQ> ‘| gm±PoXmar Ho$ ~mao ‘§o ‘r{S>¶m Zo [anmo{Q>ªJ H$aZm ewé H$a Xr Wr&

‘Vb~ Hw$N> {ZYm©[aV ‘m‘bm| ‘| AnZr VhµH$sH$mV hmoJr ¶h nwamo{hV
H$s g‘P ‘| Am MwH$m Wm& Bg{bE ~‘ {dñ’$moQ> ‘| em{‘b bmoJm| Ho$ gmW AnZm
Zm‘ Zm Omo‹S> gHo$ {bhmOm CÝhm|Zo AnZo H$ar~r bmoJm| H$mo ‘mo~mB©b ~§X H$aZo H$mo
VWm ’$Ou Zm‘ H$m BñVo‘mb H$aZo Ho$ {bE H$hm&'' Eogm Ahdmb ‘| H$hm J¶m h¡&
AmJo Ahdmb ‘| H$hm h¡ {H$, ""EQ>rEg H$s Amoa go gmÜdr H$mo
{JaµâVma H$aZo H$s nwpîQ> CZHo$ XÿVm| go hmoVo hr CÝhm|Zo EggrEb¶y H§$nZr H$m
Am¶Amo (Xodbmbr) BÝh| ’$moZ H$aHo$ BgH$s OmZH$mar Xr Am¡a gmÜdr àkmqgJ
R>mHy$a H$m hr ‘mboJm±d ~‘ {dñ’$moQ> ‘m‘bo ‘| hmW h¡ ¶h Ahdmb O~bnwa Ho$
grgrEb¶y {Q>‘ H$mo {bIZo Ho$ {bE H$hm&''
Ahdmb ‘| ¶h ^r H$hm h¡ {H$, ""Om±M Ho$ Xm¡amZ CZH$m ~Vm©d ~ohÿXm
Wm Am¡a bJmVma ZXmaX ahZm, ~ohX Y‘mªY {’$VaV aIZm Am¡a n§M‘‹T>r ‘|
ñWm{¶H$ hþ¶o [aQ>m¶S>© EB©gr A’$ga go go‘r AmQ>mo H$ma~mBZ IarXZm Bg Vah Ho$
‘m‘bo Om±M Ho$ Xm¡amZ Iwb J¶o h¡&''
""VhµH$sH$mV H$aZodmbo A’$ga Zo O~ CZH$s nËZr go ‘wbmH$mV H$s
V~ CÝh| ~ohX VmÁOw~ bJm Am¡a CgZo CZna BëOm‘ bJm¶m {H$, Ym{‘©H$
J{V{d{Y¶m| go Xÿa ahZo H$m H$hZona ^r CÝhm|Zo CgH$s EH$ ~mV Zm ‘mZr, AmJo
CgZo ¶h ^r H$hm {H$, CÝh| Bñbm‘ Ho$ à{V ~ohX K¥Um h¡ Am¡a Bg{bE CZHo$
{Ibm’$ J{V{d{Y¶m| ‘o§ do h‘|em {bá ahVo hm|Jo&'' Eogm Ahdmb ‘| H$hm J¶m
h¡&
Om±M ‘| AmJo ¶h ^r COmJa hþAm {H$, nwamo{hV Ho$ nmg AZmoIm
J«§Wmb¶ Wm& {Og‘| {edmOr, Aa~r ^mfm Ed§ N>moQ>o ~ƒm| na {bIr hwB© {H$Vm~|
Wr, ""‘wpñb‘ ÑpîQ>H$moZ ‘| EH$ ‘amR>r boIH$ Zo {bIr hþB© {H$Vm~ H$m CgZo
˜mg H$aHo$ {OH«$ {H$¶m h¡& {hÝXÿ ‘hmg^m H$s (gmdaH$a JwQ>) EH$ {H$Vm~ CgHo$
Ka ‘§o Wr& EH$ ~ÝX n‹S>o hþ¶o J«§Wmb¶ go CgZo {edmOr H$s {H$Vm~ àmá H$s ¶h
~VmZo Ho$ {bE CÝh| ~hþV A{^‘mZ bJVm h¡& EH$ nyamZr Vbdma ^r CZHo$ Ka ‘|
h¡& Omo noedoH$mbrZ ‘amR>m g¡{ZH$ H$s h¡ Eogm CZH$m H$hZm h¡&'' ¶h Ahdmb ‘|
H$hm J¶m h¡&
Ahdmb ‘| H$hm h¡ {H$, ""nwamo{hV Ho$ nmg EH$ Eg¶wìhr JmS>r VWm 6
’$moZ Wo&'' 7 A³Vw~a go 24 A³Vw~a Bg H$mb ‘| CÝhm|Zo BZ ‘mo~mB©b ’$moZ H$m
BñVo‘mb AnZo gmWrXmam| H$mo ’$moZ H$m°b VWm EgE‘Eg Ho$ O[a¶o gyMZm XoZo Ho$
{bE {H$¶m Wm& CgHo$ H$ar~r gm{W¶m| H$m H$m‘ hmoZo Ho$ ~mX Cn¶w©³V ‘mo~mB©b
~§X H$aHo$ Xÿgam Z¶m {g‘ H$mS>© boZo Ho$ {bE CZgo H$hm J¶m Wm Eogm Ahdmb
‘| H$hm h¡& Ahdmb ‘| ¶h ^r H$hm h¡ {H$, nwamo{hV H$mo O~ nwN>m J¶m {H$, ³¶m
CZH$m A{^Zd ^maV Ho$ AnamYr a‘oe CnmÜ¶m¶ Am¡a ^mogbm {‘ëQ´>r AH°$S>o‘r
go VmëbwH$ h¢? Bgna dmo ^‹S>H$ J¶m& Ahdmb ‘| ¶h ^r H$hm h¡ {H$, ~‘
{dñ’$moQ> Ho$ ‘m‘bo ‘| ‘mÌ dh {H$VZr hX VH$ {bá h¡ BgH$m CgZo Oam> ^r nVm
Zht MbZo {X¶m&''
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nwamo{hV Zo ¶h H$~yb {H$¶m {H$, ~«m÷U ¶h ^maV Ho$ Zm hmoZo go do nam¶o, {dXoer
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hmoVm h¡&
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hmo J¶o ¶h XoIH$a 2004 go 2009 H$mo B©ìhrE‘ KmoQ>mbm H$aZo Ho$ {bE {dXoer
~«m÷Um| H$mo OëXr hmo JB©& B©ìhrE‘ KmoQ>mbm ¶h S>rEZE [anmoQ>© Zo ~«m÷Um| H$mo
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H$m§J«og Ed§ ^mOnm-AmaEgEg H$m Omo g‘Pm¡Vm hþAm CgHo$ g~yV Bg S>rEZE
[anmoQ>© Ho$ ahñ¶ ‘| h¡& 8 A³Vw~a, 2013 H$mo gw~«‘Ê¶‘ ñdm‘r Ho$ ‘wµH$X‘o na
H$moQ>© ¶h ~mV ‘mÝ¶ H$aVm h¡ {H$, B©ìhrE‘ ‘| KmoQ>mbm {H$¶m Om gH$Vm h¡& {’$a
^r B©ìhrE‘ ‘erZ Ho$ Abmdm MwZmd ~¡boQ> ~m°³g Ho$ Ûmam ³¶m| Zm {b¶m Om¶o
Eogr Jwhma gw~«‘Ê¶‘ ñdm‘r VWm H$moQ>© Zo ^r ³¶m| Zht bJmB©? 2014 Ed§
2019 Ho$ MwZmd H$m§J«og Ho$ ghH$m¶© go hr ^mOnmZo B©ìhrE‘ KmoQ>mbm H$aHo$ OrVr
Wr& B©ìhrE‘ KmoQ>mbo H$s ~w{Z¶mX ~«m÷Um| Ho$ {dXoernZ ‘§o h¡& AnZm dM©ñd
~aH$ama aIZo Ho$ {bE ~«m÷Um| H$mo gÎmm H$s bmbgm hmoVr h¡& {dXoer ~«m÷Um| Zo
B©ìhrE‘ KmoQ>mbm H$aHo$ A{Z¶pÝÌV gÎmm hm§{gb H$a br Am¡a CgHo$ ^¶§H$a
Xþîn[aUm‘ nyam Xoe ^wJV ahm h¢& hmb hr ‘| ^maV ^yI~br H$s g§»¶m ‘| 117
Xoem| ‘| go 102 ao Z§~a na ¶mZo Aìdb Am MwH$m h¡& nm{H$ñVmZ, ~m§½bmXoe,
MrZ, lrb§H$m ¶h Xoe ^maV go CÞV gm{~V hmo J¶o& CgH$s dOh CZ Xoem| na
CZHo$ hr àOm H$m amÁ¶ h¡ {H$ÝVw ^maV na {dXoer ~«m÷Um| H$m B©ìhrE‘ ‘| KmoQ>mbm
H$aHo$ O~aZ hm§{gb {H$¶m hþAm amÁ¶ h¡! ^maV ‘| d§e ôX hmoZo H$m ‘yb H$maU
~«m÷U {dXoer h¡ Am¡a {dXoer ~«m÷Um| Ho$ hmW ‘| emgZ-gÎmm h¡&
5) amIrJ‹T>r Ho$ H§$H$mbm| go àmá 4700 gmbm| nhbo S>rEZE ¶h
~«m÷Um| go ‘ob Zht H$aVo Vmo do Ð{dS>m| Ho$ gmW ‘ob H$aVo h¡& ³¶m|{H$ 4700
gmbm| ‘o§ ¶wao{e¶Z ñQ>on (~«m÷U) ^maV ‘| AmZo Ho$ hr Wo& {’$a {dXoer ~«m÷Um|
H$mo amIrJ‹T>r [anmoQ>© Ho$ ~mao ‘| {‘Ï¶m àMma H$aZo H$s ~«m÷U-~{Z¶m ‘r{S>¶m H$s
ghm¶Vm go ³¶m| OéaV AmZ n‹S>s? Vmo 117 d¡km{ZH$m| H$s Am¡a EH$ S>rEZE
[anmoQ>© H$m PQ>H$m bJ J¶m Wm& ~«m÷Um| H$mo ¶y± hr ^maV Ho$ ‘yb{Zdmgr Kmo{fV
H$aZo VH$ S>m°. dg§V qeXo g‘mZ Xbmb ì¶p³V H$m°§Q>o ‘| ’§$g J¶m& ñdmW© Ho$ MbVo
qeXo Omo Or ‘| Am¶o ~H$Zo bJo Wo&
BZ gmao {ddmXm| go ~«m÷Um| H$m {dXoernZ Ed§ CZH$m {‘Ï¶m amîQ´>dmX
Z½Z hmo J¶m& S>m°. ~m~mgmh~ Am§~oS>H$a Zo ~«m÷U H$mo Odm~ XoVo hþ¶o H$hm Wm
{H$, ""XþîQ>m| H$m A§{V‘ ghmam amîQ´>dmX hmoVm h¡&'' dhr XþîQ> A~ S>rEZE {dkmZ
go g~yVm| Ho$ gmW {dXoernZ Ho$ gmW nH$‹S>o J¶o& {dXoer ¶wao{e¶Z ~«m÷Um| H$s PyR>o
amîQ´>dmX H$mo Z½Z H$aZo Ho$ ~mX A~ ^maV ‘§o Agbr Ed§ gË¶ EH$ hr amîQ´>dmX
eof ahVm h¡ dh ¶mZr ‘yb{Zdmgr amîQ´>dmX!
‘yb{Zdmgr amï´>dmX :-
~§Omam g‘mO hOmam| gmbm| go ^Q>H$ ahm h¡& CZH$s ‘{hbmAm| H$m
{b~mg qgYw gä¶Vm H$s {ZemZr ~¶mZ H$aVm h¡& Jmoa‘mQ>r (Jmoa~mobr) ^mfm ¶h
^maV ‘| H$‘ go H$‘ 13 amÁ¶m| ‘| EH$ g‘mZ hr ~mobr OmVr h¡& CZHo$ ~oew‘ma
bmoH$JrV h¡ {Og‘| qgYw gä¶Vm H$s g§ñH¥${V Ho$ Adeof Nw>no hþ¶o h¢& CZ‘| go EH$
{‘gmb ...
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‘ma goZmZm¶H$& AmnUB© ‘modZm ZJao‘ H$Zm,
Om¶m ao ‘ma goZmZm¶H$m&
‘modZm ZJaoZ ~miZ ~miZ ImH$,
H$aZmHo$ao ‘ma goZmZm¶H$m&''
‘Vb~ : ""qgYy ZXr Ho$ {H$Zmao qgYy ZXr Ho$ nS>mog ‘| {dXoer ¶wao{e¶m
Ho$ ~«m÷Um| Zo ZmJ cmoJm§o H$s O‘mn§yOr boHo$ JE ao goZmZm¶H$m& ‘moh|Om|Xa>mo ¶m
‘mohZm ZJa H$mo ZoñVZm~yV H$a {X¶m ao goZmZm¶H$m& h‘ cmoJ ‘moh|OmoXamo Am¡a
hS>ßnm ZJa ‘| H$~ Om¶|Jo ao ‘oao Zm¶H$m?'' Bg ~§Omam bmoH$JrV H$mo ZµOaA§XmO
H$aZm C{MV Zht hmoJm& Bg g‘mO H$m ~hþOZ g‘mO na ~hþV ~‹S>m EhgmZ h¡
³¶m|{H$ ¶h ‘hmZ gä¶Vm Aën ¶m AMoV Xem ‘| ³¶m| Zm hmo CÝhm|Zo {OÝXm aIr&
¶moJm ¶h àmMrZ naånam qgYw gä¶Vm ‘| ‘m¡OyX Wr& AmJo MbH$a dhr
naånam ~m¡Õ naånam ‘| ^r Am JB©& qgYw gä¶Vm ‘| Omo Hw$N> àmMrZ àVrH$
~am‘X hþ¶o h¡ do g~ H$s g~ ~m¡Õ Yå‘ ‘| ^r ZµOa AmVr h¡& ñdpñVH$ XmoZm| Amoa
ZµOa AmVm h¡& Cgo hr Zmo~b nW H$hm J¶m h¡& MH«$ ¶h Yå‘MH«$ Ho$ én ‘|
‘ehÿa h¡& g‘«mQ> AemoH$ Zo Cgo amîQ´>àVrH$ ~Zm¶m dhr AmJo g§{dYmZ Zo ñdrH$ma
{H$¶m& ZmJm| H$s naånam ¶h l‘Um| H$s naånam AmJo h‘| {XImB© XoVr h¡& {dXoer
~«m÷Um| Zo O~ qgYw gä¶Vm na h‘bm {H$¶m V~ CÝhm|Zo CZHo$ ‘yb J«§Wm| H$mo ZîQ>

{H$¶m Ed§ doXm| ‘| AmO ^r Zm gwbPZodmbr JwËWr ‘| Hw$N> Eogo eãX h¡ BgH$m
Xm±dm ‘ehÿa B{VhmgH$ma bmb‘{U Omoer BÝhm|Zo CZHo$ emoYJ«§W ‘| {H$¶m h¡& do
AmJo H$hVo h¡ {H$- ""‘moh|OmoXa>mo Am¡a hS>ßnm H$s ‘y{V© H$bm ‘| h‘| {haU, eoa,
Kmo‹S>o, hmWr, ~¡b, J|S>m Am¡a n{dÌ gn© g‘mZ Ym{‘©H$ ÑpîQ> go nyOo OmZodmbo
àmUr {XImB© XoVo h¡& Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$mb H$s ~m¡ÕH$bm Am¡a dmL²>‘¶ ‘| ^r BZ
àm{U¶m| H$mo ~hþV VdÁOmo {X¶m J¶m h¡& BZ àmJ¡{Vhm{gH$ g§ñH¥${V ‘| n{dÌ
Ym{‘©H$ d¥j H$mo ¶mZo AídËW ¶m {nnb d¥j H$mo Ym{‘©H$ nyÁ¶ dñVw H$m ñWmZ
àmá hþAm h¡& ~m¡Õ Yå‘ ‘| dhr§ àVrH$mË‘H$ ~mo{Yd¥j ~Z J¶m& Bggo ^r Á¶mXm
Ah‘ ~mV ¶h h¡ {H$ dhm± na Eogo Mma {eën {XImB© {X¶o h¡ {H$, {Og‘| l‘U
¶m ‘wZr {d{eîQ> VarHo$ go ~¡R>H$a Ü¶mZ H$aVo hþ¶o {XIVo h¡& Bggo doXnyd© H$mb
Ho$ ^maV ‘| ¶moJ Am¡a ¶moJmMma H$m ApñVËd Wm, ¶h {gÕ hmoVm h¡&''25
hS>ßnm ‘moh|OmoXmoamo H$mbrZ àmMrZ ZmJm| H$s g§ñH¥${V H$m B{Vhmg do
~wÕ H$s l‘U naånam H$m B{Vhmg BZ‘| H$‘mb H$r g‘mZVm h¡& ³¶m|{H$ Cg
gä¶Vm H$m ‘µH$gX ‘mZd H$m H$ë¶mU H$aZm ¶hr Wm&
{dXoer ¶wao{e¶Z ~«m÷Um| Ho$ A~ VH$ Ho$ V‘m‘ fS²>¶§Ì H$m AÜ¶¶Z
H$aZo Ho$ ~mX ¶hr am¶ ~ZVr h¡ {H$, do bmoJ H$^r ^r gwYaZodmbo Zht h¡& ^maV
na {dXoer ~«m÷Um| Zo hOmamo§ gmbm| go gÎmm na H$ãOm H$aHo$ CZHo$ {Ibm’$
{OÝhm|Zo {OÝhm|Zo AmÝXmobZ {H$¶m CZ g~H$mo CÝhm|Zo hË¶m H$aHo$ IË‘ {H$¶m Am¡a
CgHo$ ~mX ~«m÷UrH$aU H$aHo$ IË‘ {H$¶m& ‘yb{Zdmgr ~hþOZ ‘hmnwéfm| Zo
‘yb{Zdmgr amîQ´>dmX H$m OVZ g§ñH¥${V Ho$ O[a¶o {H$¶m& A~ h‘| h‘mam Xoe
~MmZm h¡ Vmo ^maV H$m H$ë¶mU H$aZm h¡ Vmo ‘yb{Zdmgr amîQ´>dmX H$m OVZ H$aZm
Mm{h¶o Cg amîQ´>dmX H$m Á¶mXm go Á¶mXm àMma H$aZm Mm{h¶o&
-àm. {dcmg IamV
S>m¶ao³Q>a, S>m°.~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a [agM© g|Q>a, Zdr {X„r
********

g§X^©
1) ‘hmË‘m ’w$co g‘J« dmS²>.‘¶ (Amd¥{Îm- 5 dr, 1991) n¥.497.

2) Cnamo³V, n¥. 461
3) Cnamo³V, n¥. 602.
""gmam§e, eyÐm{X A{VeyÐmg XmgmZwXmg ‘mZUmè¶m Am¶©^Q> ~«m÷U OmVrgh
Ë¶m§À¶m AZw¶m¶m§Mr gwYm ‘mPo edmda d VVg§~§Yr H$arV Agcoë¶m
{dYrda gmdcr gwÕm nSy> Xody Z¶o!'' (AW© -eyÐm A{VeyÐ H$mo Xmg
g‘mZ ‘mZZodmbo Am¶© ^Q> ~«m÷U Om{V VWm CZHo$ AZwJm‘r Ho$ ^r ‘oao
ed na ¶m Cggo Ow‹S>r [aVr [admO na ^r CZH$s naN>mB© VH$ Zm n‹S>Zo
Xmo!)
4) ^Q>‘mÝ¶ {V>iH$ ~Zm‘ emhÿ N>ÌnVr ‘hmamO : EH$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ g§Kf©
coIH$- àm. {dcmg IamV, n¥. 295.
5) Cnamo³V, n¥. 463
6) S>m°.~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a am¶qQ>½O A±S> ñnrMog-I§S>-7, n¥.80
7) ‘Zwñ‘¥Vr- (gZ 1792) -ga {dë¶‘ OmoÝg BZHo$ ‘yb A§Jo«Or AZwdmX
H$m ‘amR>r ^mfm§Va - AZwdmX d g§nmXZ-àm.{dcmg IamV, nw.lr.gXma,
n¥.36
8) S>m°.~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a am¶qQ>½O A±S> ñnrMog I§S>-18, ^mJ-3,
n¥. 257.
9) Cnamo³V, n¥. 380.
10) B{VhmgmMm¶© {d.H$m.amOdmS>o g‘J« gm{hË¶, IÊS>- 7 d 8 (g§¶w³V),
g§nmXZ-S>m°.‘w.~. ehm, n¥.62.
11) S>m°.~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a am¶qQ>½O A±S> ñnrMog. I§S>-18, ^mJ-3,
n¥. 514-515
12) Cnamo³V, n¥. 563.
13) Am¶© cmoH$m§Mo ‘ycñWmZ AWdm CÎma Yw«dm Ho$ H$ar~ Am¶mªo H$s ~ñVr Ho$
~mao ‘| doXm| go à‘mU&
coIH$- ~m.J§.{Q>iH$, AZwdmX-Ho$ed cú‘U AmoJco, (gZ 1910),
n¥.12
14) Cnamo³V, n¥. 316.
15) The South African Gandhi - Strethcher- Bearer of Empire
coIH$-Ashvin Desai, Goolam Vahed n¥.30.
16) Letters from father to his daughter by Jawaharlal Nehru
n¥.112-113
17) {MËnmdZ, coIH$- Zm.Jmo.MmnoH$a. n¥. 291. (J«§W àH$meZ-1938)
18) ‘oar OrdZ ¶mÌm-coIH$-amhþc gm§ñH¥$Ë¶m¶Z, n¥.83.
19) dmoëJm go J§Jm. coIH$-amhþc gm§ñH¥$Ë¶m¶Z, n¥. 84.
20) Cnamo³V, n¥. 92
21) Cnamo³V, n¥. 80
22) Cnamo³V, n¥. 85-86
23) lr JwéOr g‘J« gm{hË¶ I§S>-7, n¥. 38.
24) lr JwéOr g‘J« gm{hË¶ I§S>-9, n¥. 113.
25) Brahmanism, Buddhism and Hinduism
coIH$- cmc‘{U Omoer, n¥. 32.
*********

AÜ¶m¶ -8
‘yb{Zdmgr amîQ´>dmX go hr {díd H$m H$ë¶mU hmoJm!
-S>m.° àVmn MmQ>go
‘m Zdr OrdZ ¶h YaVr na ‘m¡OyX Hw$XaVr gmÜmZ g§n{Îm na {Z^©a h¡&
{H$ÝVw {X³H$V ¶h h¡ {H$ ¶h gmYZ g§n{Îm gr{‘V h¡; BgHo$ {dnarV ‘mZdr
Am~mXr {XZ-~-{XZ ~‹T>Vr VWm {dñVm[aV hmoVr h¡& Cgr Vah ‘mZdr Cå‘rXm|
na ^r gr‘m Zht hmoVr h¡& Bg{bE d³V Ho$ gmW ‘mZdr g‘yhm| ‘| àmH¥${VH$
g§gmYZm| go g§Kf© {Z‘m©U hmoVm h¡&
B{Vhmg XoIm Om¶o Vmo ¶hr g‘P ‘| AmVm h¡ {H$, àmMrZ H$mb go
‘mZdr g‘yhm| ‘| àmH¥${VH$ g§gmYZm| Ho$ {bE g§Kf© hþAm h¡& g§jon ‘| H$hm Om¶o
Vmo, ‘mZdr B{Vhmg Am¡a Hw$N> Zht h§¡ ~pëH$ àmH¥${VH$ g§gmYZm|-g§n{Îm Ho$ {bE
Xmo ‘mZdr g‘yhm| Ho$ {~M hþAm g§Kf© H$m B{Vhmg h¡&
àmH¥${VH$ g§gmYZm| H$m BñVo‘mb C{MV VarHo$ go H$aZo Ho$ {bE AbJ
AbJ g‘yh Ho$ VWm EH$ hr àXoe Ho$ bmoJ EH$ hr ‘µH$gX go VWm g‘mZ
AmZwd§{eH$ gå~ÝY go BH$Æ>o hmoVo h¡ Am¡a dht go amîQ´>r¶Vm Ho$ gmW hr amîQ´> H$m
OZ‘ hmoVm h¡& EH$ amîQ´> Ho$ Vm¡a na do g‘yh CZHo$ àXoe Ho$ g§gmYZm| H$m AnZo
H$ë¶mU Ho$ {bE XmohZ H$aVo h¡ Am¡a Bgr go ñd¶§ H$s VWm V‘m‘ amîQ´> H$s CÞ{V
H$aVo h¡& {H$ÝVw CZ ‘yb{Zdmgr g‘yhm| ‘| Hw$N> {dXoímr d§e Ho$ g‘yh {eaH$V H$aVo
h¡ Am¡a PyR>o N>br amîQ´>dmX H$m ~waIm Amo‹T>H$a ‘yb{Zdmgr g‘yhm| na dM©ñd
ñWm{nV H$aVo h¡ Am¡a d³V Ho$ gmW CZH$m emofU ^r H$aVo h¡&
N>br amîQ´>dmXr g‘yh ¶h Aëng§»¶ {dXoer Kwgn¡R> hmoVo h¡; Bg{bE
ñWm{ZH$ ‘yb{Zdmgr g‘yhm| go do AbJ VWm loîR> h¡ ¶hr {dH¥$V ^mdZm CZ‘|
nhbo go hr hmoVo h¡§, do {dXoer hmoZo go ñWm{ZH$, ‘yb{Zdmgr g‘yhm| go CZH$m Hw$N>
^r boZm-XoZm Zht hmoVm h¡& ‘yb{Zdmgr bmoJ {H$VZo ^r Xþ…Ir, naoemZ hmo J¶o
{’$a ^r BZ {dXoer Kwgn¡R>m| H$mo CZHo$ ~mao ‘| Oam ^r H$éUm ¶m bJmd Zht hmoVm
h¡& ³¶m|{H$ ‘yb{Zdmgr g‘yhm| go CZHo$ {Xb ‘| {~bHw$b ah‘ Zht hmoVm h¡& CbQ>o

do {dXoer Aëng§»¶ bmoJ ‘yb{Zdmgr bmoJm| H$m emofU H$aZo Ho$ {bE AmE h¡
Bg{bE do CZH$m {dZme H$aZo VWm CZH$s {OÝXJr ‘| éH$mdQ>| n¡Xm H$aZo Ho$ {bE
hr BZ {dXoer g‘yhm| H$mo ‘Om AmVm h¡& ñWm{ZH$ ‘yb{Zdmgr bmoJm| go do bJmVma
loîR> aho ¶hr OµÁ~m CZHo$ {X‘mJ ‘| {Za§Va ObVm ahVm h¡& Am¡a Bgr OÁ~o go
do {dXoer bmoJ ‘yb{Zdmgr bmoJm| H$mo bJmVma {ZMo X~mZo H$m à¶mg H$aVo h¡& ‘Z
‘| Ûof VWm VwÀN>Vm Ho$ C‘§J hmoZo go ¶h {dXoer bmoJ ñWm{ZH$ ‘yb{Zdmgr bmoJm|
Ho$ gmW H$^r ^r {‘bH$a ¶m B©‘mZXmar go ~Vm©d Zht H$aVo& ‘yb{Zdmgr H$mo
bJmVma {ZMm {XImZo Ho$ {bE do gm‘, Xm‘, XÊS>, ôX Bg V‘m‘ fS²>¶§Ìm| H$m
VWm Hy$Q>Zr{V H$m ghmam boVo h¡& ñWm{ZH$ ‘yb{Zdmgr bmoJm| Zo CÝh| {H$VZm ^r
AnZm¶m {’$a ^r do {dXoer bmoJ CZgo Xþí‘Z H$s Vah hr ~Vm©d H$aVo h¢&
‘yb{Zdmgr bmoJm| go AnZm AbJnZ ~aH$ama ah| Bg{bE do CZHo$ {dXoer bmoJm|§
Ho$ {bE AbJ ^mfm, AbJ naånam VWm AbJ [aVr [admO AnZo g‘yh Ho$ {bE
{dH${gV H$aVo h¡& ‘yb{Zdmgr bmoJm| Ho$ ~mao ‘| d CZHo$ ‘yb{Zdmgr amîQ´> Ho$ ~mao
‘| {dXoer Kwgn¡R>m| H$mo {~ëHw$b AnZmnZ Zm hmoZo go d³V AmZo na ¶hr bmoJ
{dXoer AmH«$‘H$m| Ho$ gmW hmW {‘bmH$a ‘yb{Zdmgr amîQ´> na AnZm dM©ñd
~aH$ama H$aZo H$s H$mo{ee H$aVo h¡&
N>br amîQ´>dmXr ~Zo hþ¶o {dXoer g‘yhm| Ho$ Bg Xoe {damoYr H¥$Ë¶ go Ed§
ñdmWu àd¥pËV H$s dOh go nyao Xoe ‘| Am{W©H$, gm‘m{OH$, e¡{jH$, amOZr{VH$
BZ V‘m‘ joÌm| ‘| Ag‘mZVm {Z‘m©U hmoVm h¡, {dXoer g‘yhm| H$s {dH¥$V Mmh Ed§
~Vm©d ‘yb{Zdmgr bmoJm| Ho$ ^r Ü¶mZ ‘| AmVr h¡ Am¡a d³V Ho$ gmW emofH$
{dXoer Aëng§»¶ g‘yh {déÕ nr{‹S>V ~hþg§»¶ g‘yh Bg Vah g§Kf© hmoVm h¡&
emofH$ {dXoer Ho$ emofU go "‘yb{Zdmgr amîQ´>dmX' H$m CX¶ hmoVm h¡&
emofH$ {dXoer {JZVr ‘| Aën h¡, {Oggo ~oew‘ma ‘yb{Zdmgr Ho$ {bE
CZHo$ ‘Z ‘| bJmVma ^¶ H$m ‘mhm¡b ~Zm ahVm h¡& ‘yb{Zdmgr bmoJm| ‘| CZH$s
EH$OyQVm> Zm hmo gHo$ Am¡a do CZHo$ {Ibm’$ nyar ep³V go BH$Æ>o Zm hmo gHo$
Bg{bE {dXoer emofH$ g‘yh fS²>¶§Ìm| H$m ghmam boH$a ‘yb{Zdmgr ‘| Om{V Ed§
Y‘© Ho$ Zm‘ na Amngr Xÿar¶m± {Z‘m©U H$aVo h¡§ Am¡a ñd¶§ H$mo ‘h’y$O H$a boVo h¡&
{dXoer g‘yh Ûmam {Z{‘©V ‘yb{Zdmgr Ho$ {~M A§VaH$bh V‘m‘
‘yb{Zdmgr amîQ´> H$mo hr naoemZ H$aVm h¡, {Oggo Bg amîQ´> Ho$ bmoJ Iwehmb,
g‘¥Õ Am¡a g§VwîQ> {OÝXJr ~ga Zht H$a gH$Vo& {Og Vah H¡$Ýga nr{‹S>V ì¶p³V
H$mo Im boVm h¡, Cgr Vah ¶h {dXoer g‘yh ‘yb{Zdmgr amîQ´> H$mo ÜdñV H$aVo h¢&
{Oggo ‘hm‘mar, ^yI‘ar, µJar~r Eogr hr hOmam| {X³H$Vm| go ‘yb{Zdmgr amîQ´>
PybgH$a H$‘Omoa ~ZVm h¡&
emofU H$aZodmbo {dXoer g‘yhm| H$mo ñWm{ZH$ ‘yb{Zdmgr g‘yhm| Zo
CZHo$ ‘yb{Zdmgr amîQ´> go V‹S>rnma {H$¶m h¡§ Am¡a ñd¶§ H$m ‘yb{Zdmgr amÁ¶
ñWm{nV H$aHo$ BZ ‘yb{Zdmgr bmoJm| H$mo ñd¶§ H$mo Ed§ AnZo Xoe H$mo g‘¥Õ
~Zm¶m h¡& {H$ÝVw ^maV g‘mZ Xþ{Z¶m Ho$ Hw$N> Vrgao Xoem| ‘| (Third World
Countries) Aëng§»¶ {dXoer g‘yh AmO ^r O‘H$a ~¡R>o hþ¶o h¡§& ‘yb{Zdmgr
amîQ´> H$s V‘m‘ g§gmYZ, g§n[Îm VWm ep³V H|$Ð na BZ {dXoer¶m| Zo H$ãOm
O‘m¶m h¡ Am¡a CZHo$ H$mZyZ H$m PyR>m VWm N>br amîQ´>dmX {dH${gV H$aHo$ CÝhm|Zo
‘yb{Zdmgr bmoJm| H$mo ^r Cg‘| {namo {X¶m h¡& {dXoer Kwgn¡R> Ho$ BZ N>br
amîQ´>dmX H$m ‘µH$gX Ho$db {dXoer g‘yhm| H$m H$ë¶mU H$aZm Ed§ ñWm{ZH$
‘yb{Zdmgr¶m| H$s {OÝXJr COm‹S>Zm h¡&
‘yb{Zdmgr bmoJ amîQ´>r¶ ñVa na {dMma Zm H$a§o Am¡a do bJmVma CZHo$
amoO‘am© Ho$ {OÝXJr ‘| CbPH$a aho Bg{bE ‘yb{Zdmgr amîQ´>na emgZ H$aZodmbo
{dXoer g‘yh OmZ~yPH$a Am‘ BÝgmZm| Ho$ {OdZ ‘| ‘h§JmB©, XâVam| ‘| noMrXJr
Bg Vah H$s {X³H$V| bJmVma {Z‘m©U H$aVo ahVo h¡& ‘yb{Zdmgr Ho$ ‘yb ‘wÔm| go
Ü¶mZ ^Q>H$mZo Ho$ {bE C±Mo AmohXo na {damO‘mZ {dXoer AmH«$‘H$ g‘yh ‘r{S>¶m
Ho$ O[a¶o ‘yb{Zdmgr Ho$ Bí¶y H$mo Zm°Z Bí¶y ~ZmVo h¡ Am¡a {~Zm dOh Ho$ ‘gbm|
H$mo (Zm°Z Bí¶y H$mo) amîQ´>r¶ MMm© H$m ñdén XoVo h¡& Cgr Vah ‘yb{Zdmgr OZVm
AbJ AbJ H¥${Ì‘ éH$mdQ>m| go AnZo Zr{O ñdmW© H$mo hb H$aZo ‘| ‘gê$’$ ahVo
h¡ Am¡a CZHo$ gmW amîQ´>r¶ ñVa na ³¶m XµJm~mOr hmo ahr h¡ BgH$m CÝh| Oam ^r
Ehgmg Zht hmoVm h¡&
‘yb{Zdmgr bmoJm| H$mo CZHo$ amîQ´> Ho$ ~mao ‘| ào‘ VWm AnZonZ H$m
OµÁ~m hmoZm ~hþV Oê$ar h¡& ‘yb{Zdmgr g‘yhm| ‘| O~ VH$ ‘yb{Zdmgr amîQ´>dmX
H$m OµÁ~m {dH${gV Zht hmoJm, V~ VH$ CÝh| CZHo$ gmW {dXoer emgH$ Omo
XµJm~mOr H$a aho h¡ dh XµJm~mOr g‘P ‘| Zht Am¶oJr& Cgr Vah ‘yb{Zdmgr
amîQ´>dmX Ho$ OµÁ~o Ho$ Abmdm CZHo$ ‘Z ‘| AÝ¶ ‘yb{Zdmgr g‘yhm| Ho$ ~mao ‘|
ghH$m¶© VWm AnZonZ H$m OµÁ~m {Z‘m©U Zht hmoJm& h‘ g~ Bg Xoe Ho$
‘yb{Zdmgr bmoJ h¡ Am¡a EH$ hr d§e Ho$ h¡ Ed§ h‘na emgZ H$aZodmbo {dXoímr
Aëng§»¶ Kwgn¡R> g¢H$‹S>mo gmbm| go h‘mam emofU H$a aho h¡, ¶h {dMma Ed§ ¶h
OµÁ~m ‘yb{Zdmgr OZVm ‘| Ho$db "‘yb{Zdmgr amîQ´>dmX' Ho$ O[a¶o hr {Z‘m©U hmo
gH$Vm h¡&
‘yb{Zdmgr amîQ´> na ‘yb{Zdmgr bmoJm| H$m emgZ hmoZo Ho$ ~OmE {dXoer
Kwgn¡R> g‘yhm| H$m emgZ hmoZm ¶hr§ ‘yb{Zdmgr Ho$ ~oew‘ma {X³H$Vm| H$m ‘yb
H$maU h¡ ¶h gË¶ ‘yb{Zdmgr amîQ´>dmX H$s g§H$ënZm go hr ‘yb{Zdmgr OZVm
H$mo g‘P ‘| Am¶oJm& g§jon ‘| H$hm OmE Vmo, {dXoer g‘yh Ho$ dM©ñd go
‘yb{Zdmgr bmoJm| H$mo ~mha {ZH$mbZo Ho$ {bE Am¡a CZ‘| ‘yb{Zdmgr ~§YwËd,
AmµOmXr VWm ñdm{^‘mZ OmJ¥V H$aZo Ho$ {bE "‘yb{Zdmgr amîQ´>dmX' ¶h g§H$ënZm
~hþV AZ‘mob h¡&
""‘yb{Zdmgr amîQ´>dmX H$m ñdén ‘yb{Zdmgr amîQ´>dmX H$m Om{haZm‘m
Ho$ O[a¶o {ZåZm§{H$V à{gÕ {H$¶m Om ahm h¡&
1) "‘yb{Zdmgr amîQ´>' ¶mZr g‘mZ AmZwd§{eH$Vm, g‘mZ AmMma Ed§ g‘mZ
{dMma aIZodmbo OZg‘yh H$m àXoe&
2) "‘yb{Zdmgr amîQ´>dmX' ¶mZr ‘yb{Zdmgr g‘yhm| ‘o| CZHo$ amîQ´> Ho$ à{V
goë’$ [añno³Q>, goë’$ [añnm°Ýg{~{bQ>r Ed§ goë’$ Am¶S>{| Q>Q>r H$s nhMmZ
{Z‘m©U H$aZodmbm {dMma VWm AmMma h¡&
3) BgHo$ {bE ‘yb{Zdmgr amîQ´>dmX Ho$ Om{haZm‘m Ho$ O[a¶o ¶h Kmo{fV
{H$¶m OmVm h¡ {H$, EH$ hr AmZwd§{eH$Vm go Ed§ EH$ hr ‘µH$gX go
BH$Æ>m hmoZo dmbo g‘yh ¶h "‘yb{Zdmgr amîQ´>' ~ZmVo h¡&
CZgo dm§{eH$Vm go Ed§ ‘µH$gX go {^Þ Aëng§»¶ g‘yh "{dXoer amîQ´>' Ho$
Vm¡a na {JZm OmVm h¡&

4) âU nmofU Ho$ {bE EH$ amîQ´> go Xÿgao amîQ´> ‘| ñWmZmÝV[aV hmoZodmbo
g‘yh ¶h CZ amîQ´> H$s ÑpîQ> go {dXoer hr h¡, {bhmOm ‘yb{Zdmgr
amîQ´>dmX Ho$ Om{haZm‘m Ho$ ‘wVm{~H$ CÝh| AÝ¶ ‘yb{Zdmgr amîQ´> ‘|
godm H$aZo H$m ‘m¡H$m {‘boJm {H$ÝVw CÝh| dhm± na emgZ H$aZo H$m hH$
{~bHw$b Zht {‘boJm&
5) ñWmZmÝV[aV g‘yh H$s "{dXoer' Bg Zm‘ na AbJ go {JZVr hmoJr
Am¡a amîQ´>r¶ ñVa na CZH$s AbJ gyMr hmoJr&
6) ‘yb{Zdmgr amîQ´> Ho$ g‘yh CÝh| CZHo$ g§d¡Ym{ZH$ VarHo$ Ho$ ‘wVm{~H$ do
AnZm amîQ´>r¶ gaH$ma ~Zm¶|Jo Am¡a CZHo$ hr amîQ´> H$m do H$ë¶mU
H$a§oJo& gÎmm ‘| em{‘b hþ¶o ‘yb{Zdmgr gÎmmYmar ¶{X ‘yb{Zdmgr amîQ´>
H$m CÕma H$aZo ‘| Aj‘ hþ¶o Vmo CÝh| {ZMo qIMH$a CZHo$ ñWmZ na
Xÿgao ‘yb{Zdgr ZoVË¥ d H$mo gÎmmYmar ~Zm¶m Om¶oJm& ‘yb{Zdmgr gÎmmYmar
‘| ~Xbmd H$aZo H$m hH$ Ho$db ‘yb{Zdmgr OZVm H$mo hr hmoJm&
7) AÝVaamîQ´>r¶ ñVa na ‘yb{ZdmgrdmX ñWm{nV H$aZo Ho$ {bE (Nativ-
ists International Co-operative Group (NICO Group) V¡¶ma
{H$¶m Om¶oJm&
ha amîQ´> Ho$ ‘yb{Zdmgr g‘yh H$m emofU Zht hmoJm Am¡a CÝh| CZHo$
hr amîQ´> H$s gÎmm, g§n{Îm Ed§ AmµOmXr go Xÿa Zht aIm Om¶oJm BgH$m
Xm{¶Ëd ‘yb{Zdmgr amîQ´> H$m EZAm¶grAmo J«wn boJm& Xþ{Z¶m Ho$ V‘m‘
amîQ´> Bg J«wn Ho$ g^mgX hm|oJo&
8) EH$ ‘yb{Zdmgr amîQ´> H$mo ¶{X Xÿgao ‘yb{Zdmgr amîQ´> Ho$ gmW H$mamo~ma
H$aZm hmo Vmo 40 … 60 Bg gm±PoXmar VËd na {H$¶m OmEoJm& {Og‘|
{Zdoe H$aZodmbo {dXoer amîQ´> H$mo CËnmXZ H$m 60% {hñgm {X¶m
OmEoJm Am¡a ‘yb{Zdmgr {ZdoeH$ amîQ´> H$mo CËnmXZ H$m 40% {hñgm
{X¶m Om¶oJm& Bg Vah Xmohar H$mZyZr H$mamo~ma go EH$ amîQ´> H$mo Xÿgao
amîQ´> na àmH¥${VH$ g§gmYZ Ho$ {bE AmH«$‘U H$aZo H$s ¶m ¶wÕ H$aZo
H$s Oê$aV Zht hmoJr& ha amîQ´> H$m Self-Respect, Self-Idnentity
VWm Self-Creativity ~aH$ama aIm Om¶oJm Am¡a Bgr Vah ‘yb{Zdmgr
amîQ´>dmX Ho$ ‘mÜ¶‘ go OmJ{VH$ ~§YwËd (Universal Brotherhood)
ñWm{nV {H$¶m Om¶oJm& Am¡a hOmam| gmbm| go àmH¥${VH$ g§gmYZ Ho$
{bE Mb ahm ‘mZdr g§Kf© h‘oem Ho$ {bE IV‘ hmo Om¶oJm VWm OJ
ghr ‘m¶Zo ‘| Iwehmb, g‘¥Õ Ed§ g§nÞ hmoJm&
{H$ÝVw ³¶m ‘yb{Zdmgr amîQ´>dmX Xþ{Z¶m Ho$ ha EH$ amîQ´> ‘| BVZr
AmgmZr go ñWmnZ hmoJm? {OZ amîQ´>m| ‘| {dXoer Kwgn¡R> g‘yh g¢H$‹S>mo gmbm| go
gÎmm ‘| ~¡R>o h¡ Am¡a ‘yb{Zdmgr OZVm H$m emofU H$aHo$ ‘Oo ‘| Or aho h¡ ³¶m Eogo
bmoJm CZHo$ H$ãOo H$s emgZ H$s Hw§$Or dhm± Ho$ ‘yb{Zdmgr bmoJm| Ho$ hmWm| ‘|
BVZr AmgmZr go gm¢n X|Jo? {~bHw$b hr Zht!
gÎmm H$s bmbgm ‘| {bá Aëng§»¶ {dXoer g‘yhm| H$mo CZH$s gÎmm
VWm dM©ñd {~bHw$b Ë¶mJZo H$s BÀN>m Zht hmoJr& Eogr naånamJV emgZ,
emohaV Ed§ dM©ñd ~aH$ama aIZo Ho$ {bE do H$‹S>m ‘wH$m~bm H$a gH$Vo h¡&
Bg{bE CZgo b‹S>Zo H$s ep³V VWm ‘mZ{gH$Vm H$s V¡¶ma ‘yb{Zdmgr amîQ´>dmXr
H$mo hr H$aZr hmoJr Am¡a BgHo$ {bE ‘yb{Zdmgr g‘yhm| H$mo EH$OyQ> hmoZm hmoJm
Am¡a CZ ‘wÇ>r â {dXoer emgZH$Vm© Ho$ {Ibm’$ ~JmdV H$m EobmZ H$aZm hmoJm&
V‘m‘ ‘yb{Zdmgr amîQ´>dmXr g‘yhm| H$mo BH$Æ>o hmoH$a OZAmÝXmobZ H$aZm hmoJm&
Ho$db OZAmÝXmobZ H$aZo go hr Zht hmoJm Vmo BgHo$ {bE d³V AmZo na geñÌ
VWm qhgH©$ g§Kf© ^r H$aZm hmoJm Am¡a gÎmmYmar {dXoer g‘yhm| H$mo Xoe go ~mha
^JmZm hmoJm, BgHo$ {bE CÝh| H$m{~b VWm B©‘mZXma ‘yb{Zdmgr ZoV¥Ëd H$mo
{Z¶w³V H$aZm hmoJm, Vmo hr gƒo ‘m¶Zo ‘| ‘yb{Zdmgr amîQ´> H$m {dH$mg hmoJm Am¡a
haoH$ ‘yb{Zdmgr amîQ´> Ho$ ‘yb{Zdmgr g‘yh Iwehmb, g‘¥Õ, AmµOmX VWm g§VwîQ>
hmo Om¶|J&o
‘yc{Zdmgr amï´>dmX {Mam¶y hmo!
-S>m°. àVmn MmQ>go
(B§Q>aZ°eZc H$mo-Am°{S>©ZoQ>a, EZAm¶grAmo J«wn)
********
Cng§hma
~«m÷U Am{Ia {dXoer!
Bg {H$Vm~ Ho$ n[a{eîQ> ‘| Omo‹S>o J¶o OmJ{VH$ XO} Ho$ Xmo S>rEZE
AZwg§YmZ go A~ ¶h gyaO H$s Vah gm’$ hmo MwH$m h¡ {H$, ~«m÷U ämmaV ‘|
{dXoer h¡ Am¡a B.g.nyd© 2000 go 1700 Ho$ Xa{‘¶mZ CÝhm|Zo ^maV na AmH«$‘U
{H$¶m Wm& gob OZ©b ‘| àH$meV hþ¶o amIrJ‹T>r Ho$ AZwg§YmZ go ¶h gm{~V hmo
MwH$m h¡ {H$, B.g.nyd© 2000 Ho$ nhbo ^maV ‘| ~«m÷Um| Ho$ nwaIo Am¶o hr Zht
Wo {Oggo amIrJ‹T>r go ~am‘X hþ¶o H§$H$mbm| goo ~«m÷Um| Ho$ S>rEZE àmá Zht hmo
gHo$& Xþ{Z¶m Ho$ emohaV àmá d¡km{ZH$ S>opìhS> [aM BÝhm|Zo ^r ¶h ~mV CZH$s
{H$Vm~ "Who we are, How We got here' ‘| ¶h ~mV ‘mZ br h¡& Cgr
Vah OmJ{VH$ XO} Ho$ 117 d¡km{ZH$m| Zo {‘bH$a AZwg§YmZ {H$¶m Vmo CÝhm|Zo ^r
CZH$s ImoO H$m ¶hr ZVrOm {X¶m h¡ {H$, ~«m÷Um| Ho$ nwaIo ^maV ‘| ¶wao{e¶Z
ñQ>on Bg àXoe go B.g.nyd© 2000 go 1700 Ho$ Xm¡amZ Am¶o Wo& ^maV Ho$
àñVm{dV ~«m÷U Ed§ CZH$m àñVm{dV ‘r{S>¶m BÝhm|Zo ‘mÌ Bg OmJ{VH$ hµH$sH$V
H$mo X~mH$a aIZo Ho$ {bE nyar Or OmZ go H$mo{ee H$s& amIrJ‹T>r Ho$ AZwg§YmZ
‘| Aìdb ñWmZ na {‘. dg§V qeXo BÝh| gmW ‘| boH$a ~«m÷Um| Zo ñd¶§ H$m
{dXoernZ {N>nmZo H$m à¶mg {H$¶m& {‘. dg§V qeXo ñd¶§ OmJ{VH$ XO} Ho$
AZwg§YmZH$ËVm© Ho$ g‘yh Ho$ gmW amIrJµ‹T>r Ho$ H§$H$mbm| H$m S>rEZE AZwg§YmZ
H$a aho Wo& BVZm hr Zht A{nVw 117 d¡km{ZH$m| H$s Q>r‘ ‘| ^r dg§V qeXo
em{‘b Ïmo& BZ XmoZm| AZwg§YmZ H$m [anmoQ>© gmµ’$ Vm¡a na ~«m÷Um| H$mo {dXoer
gm{~V H$aVm h¡& {H$ÝVw qeXo Zo ‘mÌ [anmoQ>© àH$m{eV hmoZo Ho$ ~mX AZwg§YmZH$ËVm©
H$s Q>r‘ go ~mha {ZH$bH$a ~«m÷U H$mo {damoY H$aZo Ho$ ~OmE AnZr O¡go Wo
hmbmV aIH$a ‘r{S>¶m ‘| ~«m÷U {dXoer Zht h¡ Eogm ~H$ aho Wo& ¶mZo EH$ Va’$
AZwg§YmZH$ËVm© H$s Q>r‘ H$m {hñgm ~ZH$a d¡km{ZH$ ÑpîQ> go ^maV ‘| ~«m÷U
{dXoer h¡ ¶h H$hZm MmhVo Wo Vmo Xÿgar Va’$ ‘mÌ CbQ>m ~H$~H$ H$a aho Wo&
³¶m|{H$ CZH$m ‘m{bH$ AmaEgEg à‘wI ‘mohZ ^mJdV Wm&
‘mohZ ^mJdV dg§V qeXo H$m grYo grYo ~«m÷Ur dM©ñd ^maV ‘|
ñWmnZ H$aZo Ho$ {bE BñVo‘mb H$a aho Wo& {H$ÝVw CgHo$ {Ibm’$ ^maV Ho$ ~hþOZ
H$m EH$ ^r g§JR>Z, AI~ma ¶m ZoV¥Ëd AmJo Zht Am¶m& Eogo d³V {g’©$ Am¡a
Ho$db ~m‘go’$ Ed§ ^maV ‘wp³V ‘moMm© Ho$ amîQ´>r¶ AÜ¶j ‘m. dm‘Z ‘olm‘ BÝhm|Zo
dg§V qeXo H$mo grYo H$mZyZr Zmo{Q>g ôOH$a H$moQ©> ‘| KgrQ> {b¶m Am¡a ‘mohZ
^mJdV Ed§ CZHo$ ~«m÷Ur {nëbm| H$mo CZH$s ghr OJh {XIm Xr& S>rEZE [anmoQ>©
g‘PZo ‘| ~hþV hr p³bîQ> hmoZo go CÝhm|Zo Hw$N> ^r ‘ZJ‹T>§V ~mV| J‹T> Xr Am¡a
‘r{S>¶m Ho$ O[a¶o PyR>m àMma {H$¶m {’$a ^r ^maV Ho$ ~hþOZm| H$s Hw$N> ^r g‘P
‘| Zht Am¶oJm Bgr ˜w‘ma ‘| ahH$a dg§V qeXo VWm ~«m÷U ‘ÊS>br ^maV Ho$
‘yb{Zdgr ~hþOZm| H$mo ~odHy$’$ ~ZmZm MmhVo Ïmo& ‘Ü¶¶wJrZ H$mb ‘| PyR>-‘yR>
H$mën{ZH$ nwamU ‘| {H$ñgo aMH$a {Og Vah ~hþOZm| H$mo ‘wI© ~Zm¶m Cgr Vah
A~ ZB© ^mJdV nwamU aMH$a ~hþOZm| H$mo ‘wI© ~Zm¶m Om gHo$Jm ¶hr {e§Xo VWm
‘r{S>¶m Ho$ H$b‘ H$gmB© ~«m÷U ‘ÊS>br H$m ‘µH$gX Wm& bo{H$Z ~m‘go’$ Ho$
OmJ¥V ZoV¥Ëd go CZH$m ~«m÷Ur nmgm nbQ>m J¶m Am¡a V‘m‘ ^maV ‘| CÝh| Z½Z
H$aZo Ho$ {bE ¶h {H$Vm~ h‘ OZVm Ho$ g‘j Ag{b¶V COmJa H$aZo Ho$ {bE
bm aho h¡&
~«m÷Um| Zo AnZm {dXoernZ {N>nmZo Ho$ {bE Ho$db dg§V qeXo na hr
X~md Zht S>mbm A{nVw OmJ{VH$ XO} Ho$ ‘hmZ S>rEZE AZwg§YmZH$ËVm© S>opìhS>
[aM BZna ^r X~md S>mbm J¶m Wm, ¶h ~mV S>opìhS> [aM BÝhm|Zo ñd¶§ CZH$s
{H$Vm~ ‘| XO© H$s h¡& S>opìhS> [aM BÝhm|Zo "Who we are, How We got
here' Bg {H$Vm~ ‘| n¥ð> H«$. 134-135 na Cg dmµH$¶o H$m {OH«$ IwbH$a
{H$¶m h¡& ¶wao{e¶Z S>rEZE ^maV Ho$ {OZ bmoJm| ‘| (~«m÷Um| ‘|) àmá hþ¶o h¡ CZHo$
{bE S>opìhS> [aM BÝhm|Zo "West Euresians' (doñQ> ¶wao{e¶Ýg) Bg g§km H$m
BñVo‘mb {H$¶m Wm Am¡a emñÌr¶ ÑpîQ> go dh ghr Ed§ gQ>rH$ h¡& ‘Ja CÝh| ¶{X
¶wao{e¶Z bo~b bJ J¶m Vmo ^maV ‘| CZH$m ApñVËd hr IV‘ Zht hmoJm ~pëH$
OmJ{VH$ XO} Ho$ Agbr IbZm¶H$ Ho$ én ‘| do ZµOa Am¶|Jo ¶h S>a ^maV Ho$
~«m÷Um| H$mo gVm ahm Wm& Cgr Vah CZHo$ dM©ñd Ho$ {bE {hÝXþËd Ed§ {hÝXÿ amîQ´>

¶h ‘wÔm ‘| hìdm hmo Om¶oJm& Eogm Hw$N> ^r CbQ>m Zm hmo Bg{bE ^maV Ho$
~«m÷Um| Zo S>opìhS> [aM BZna CZHo$ ^maVr¶ ghH$‘u H$s ghm¶Vm go X~md
S>mbm& Zaqgh‘ Zo S>opìhS> [aM BZH$mo "doñQ> ¶wao{e¶Z' Bg eãX H$mo AZwg§YmZ
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S>opìhS> [aM H$mo gwPm¶m J¶m& d¡km{ZH$ ÑpîQ> go JbV VWm gQ>rH$ eãX N>mo‹S>H$a
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¶h ghr AZwg§YmZ COmJa hmo J¶m Vmo ^maV Ho$ ~«m÷Um| na H$ha ~agoJm BgH$m
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^maVr¶ T>m§Mo ‘| ~¡R>Zodmbm ANI (A°ÝgoñQ´>c Zm°W© B§{S>¶Z) ¶mZo AmZwd§{eH$ CÎma
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BZ Xmo eãXm| H$mo W§JamO Ed§ qgJ Zo gwPm¶§o& doñQ> ¶wao{e¶Z BZ eãXm| Ho$ ~OmE
ANI VWm ASI BZ eãXm| go ~«m÷U ¶h ¶wao{e¶Z Zm ‘mZH$a AmZwd§{eH$ ^maVr¶
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""‘oao AZwg§YmZ H$s {OÝXJr H$m ~ohVmem VZmdJ«ñV g‘¶ A³Vw~a
2008 H$m Wm, O~ ‘oao ghH$mar {ZH$ n°Q>agZ h¡Ðm~mX H$mo ¶mÌm Ho$ Xm¡amZ qgJ
VWm W§JamO go {‘bZo J¶o Wo&
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gmµ’$ {bIm Wm {H$ ^maV Ho$ bmoJ àmMrZ H$mb Ho$ Xmo ~‹S>o g‘yhm| Ho$ {‘lU go
V¡¶ma hþ¶o h¡ Am¡a CZ‘| go EH$ g‘yh "doñQ> ¶wao{e¶m' h¡& qgJ Ed§ W§JamO BÝhm|Zo
h‘mao Bg AZwg§YmZna EVamO OVm¶m ³¶m|{H$ Bggo doñQ> ¶wao{e¶Z bmoJ ~‹S>m
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^r H$hZm ewé {H$¶m {H$, ^maV go ^r nya~ H$s Amoa VWm ¶moamon H$s Amoa bmoJm|
H$m ñWmZmÝVaU hþAm h¡ Eogm CZH$m H$hZm h¡& CÝhm|Zo {H$¶o hþ¶o CZHo$ hr
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‘{hbm H$m ‘m¶Q>moH$m°pÝS´>¶b S>rEZE Bgr CnIÊS> H$m h¡, dh ¶wao{e¶m H$m
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~ZZo H$mo W§JamO VWm qgJ ¶h {~bHw$b ^r V¡¶ma Zht Wo& ¶{X doñQ> ¶wao{e¶Z
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go ¶hr {XImB© Xo ahm Wm {H$, ^maV Ho$ ~mha go ¶wao{e¶m Ho$ (~«m÷Um| H$m)
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go hr hþAm h¡ Eogm bJo& {’$a ^r h‘mao AmZwd§{eH$ AZwg§YmZ go ‘mÌ h‘mar ¶o
g‘P ‘| AmVm h¡ {H$, àmMrZ H$mb ‘| Xmo AbJ AbJ dm§{eH$ g‘yh H$m
g§{‘lU hþAm h¡& {H$ÝVw W§JamO VWm qgJ BZH$s g§H$ënZm ‘mZ boVo Vmo Bg Vah
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AZwg§YmZ COmJa H$aZo ‘| ~mYmE| S>mbr Om ahr Wr&
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h‘mao AZwg§YmZ go ³¶m gm§ñH¥${VH$ Aga hmo gH$Vo h¡ BgH$s h‘| {Yao {Yao
H$ënZm AmZo bJr Wr& Bg{bE h‘Zo Eogm Z¶m eãX Ty>±T>Zm ewé {H$¶m Omo
d¡km{ZH$ ÑpîQ> go C{MV Ed§ B©X©-{JX© Ho$ hmbmVm| H$mo bm^Xm¶H$ hmoJm&
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^maV Ho$ bmoJ ¶h Xmo AbJ-AbJ, {^Þ AmZwd§{eH$Vm go ~Zo hþ¶o h¡& dh
AmZwd§{eH$Vm H$m ¶mZo ""A°ÝgoñQ´>c Zm°W© B§{S>¶Ýg'' (ANI) VWm "A°ÝgoñQ´>c
gmD$W B§{S>¶Ýg'' (ASI) Am¡a ¶h Xmo g‘yh EH$Xÿgao go CVZo hr {^Þ h¡ {OVZo
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^y{‘ H$m¡Zgr h¡ ¶m CZH$m ñWmZmÝVaU {H$g Vah hþAm BgHo$ ~mao ‘| h‘Zo Hw$N> ^r
Zht {bIm& ASI BZ bmoJm| H$m ^maV Ho$ ~mha$ bmoJm| go VmëbwH$ Zht h¡& ANI

Ed§ ASI BZ Xmo g‘yhm| ‘§o ^maV ‘| ¶H$m¶H$ EH$Xÿgao go {‘{lV hmo J¶o Eogm h‘Zo
{bIm& CgH$m Aga ¶h hþAm {H$, dV©‘mZ ^maV H$m ha EH$ BÝgmZ H$‘ Á¶mXm
‘mÌm ‘§o g§{‘l AmZwd§{eH$Vm H$m h¡ ¶h g‘P (JbVµ’$h‘r) ~ZZo ‘| ‘XX hþB©&
^maV Ho$ Hw$N> bmoJ doñQ> ¶wao{e¶Z bmoJm| go Ow‹S>o h¡ Vmo Hw$N> bmoJ B©ñQ> Am{e¶Z
Ed§ gmD$W Am{e¶Z bmoJm| go Ow‹S>o h¡& ^maV H$m H$moB© ^r g‘yh AmZwd§{eH$ ÑpîQ>
go ewÕ Zht ¶h JbVµ’$h‘r BZ Xmo g§H$ënZm go {Z‘m©U hmo JB©& (‘Who we
are and How we got here’, n¥ð> 134-135)
Cnamo³V {ddoMZ go H$B© gZgZrIoO ‘m‘bm§o H$m Iwbmgm hþAm h¡& [aM
S>opìhS> BZH$m Vho{Xb go ew{H«$¶m AXm H$aZm Mm{h¶o ³¶m|{H$ àmo. dg§V qeXo
g‘mZ JÔmar Zm H$aVo hþ¶o ~«m÷Ur X~mdVÝÌ H$m S>Q>H$a gm‘Zm H$aHo$ dmñV{dH$
gË¶ Xþ{Z¶m Ho$ g‘j aIm& [aM S>opìhS> H$s {‘gmb go ¶h gm{~V hmoVm h¡ {H$,
~«m÷Um| Zo {dXoer AZwg§YmZH$ËVm©, B{VhmgH$ma Ed§ boIH$ BZna ^r X~md
S>mbH$a AnZr Amoa ItMZo H$m A~ VH$ à¶mg {H$¶m h¡& {H$ÝVw [aM S>opìhS>
g‘mZ Hw$N> C±Jbr na {JZZo bm¶H$ AZwg§YmZH$ËVm© {dM{bV Zm hmoVo hþ¶o CZH$m
H$m¶© H$aVo ah§o Am¡a ¶hr bmoJ ‘yb{Zdmgr ~hþOZm| Ho$ {bE AmXe© ‘mJ©Xe©H$ ~Z
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‘| g~go nhbo AnZo AZwg§YmZ Ûmam COmJa H$s Wr& ~m‘go’$ Ed§ ^maV ‘wp³V
‘moMm© BZ amîQ´>r¶ g§JR>Z Zo ‘m¶Ho$b ~m‘emX Ho$ AZwg§YmZ na Xoeâ ‘| à~moYZ
{H$¶m Wm& {Oggo ~«m÷Um| Ho$ n¡amo§ Vbo O‘rZ {IgH$ JB© Wr Am¡a {~«{Q>e H$mb
‘| {VbH$, Jm§Yr, Zohé BZHo$ g‘mZ ñd¶§ H$mo {dXoer Kmo{fV H$aZo ‘| hr hf©
‘hgyg H$aVo Wo Am¡a A~ ¶hr ~«m÷U do {dXoer Zht h¡ ¶h OVmZo Ho$ {bE O‘rZ
Amg‘mZ EH$ H$a aho h¡§& CZH$m {dXoernZ {N>nmZo Ho$ {bE gZ 2001 go 2008
Bg H$mb ‘| CÝhm|Zo EH$ fS²>¶§ÌH$mar H$ënZm {dH${gV H$s Wr dh H$ënZm h¡ -
""h‘ ^maV Ho$ ~mha go Am¶o hþ¶o Zht h¡ ~pëH$ ¶ht Ho$ hr ‘yb{Zdmgr h¡& ³¶m|{H$
h‘mao nwaIo àmMrZ H$mb go ¶ht go ¶wao{e¶m ‘| J¶o Am¡a ¶wao{e¶m go ^maV ‘§o

dm{ng Am J¶o& Bg{bE h‘ ^maV ‘| {dXoer Zht h¡&'' nwamU Ho$ {H$dXÝVr¶m|
g‘mZ ¶h ^r ~«m÷Um| H$s Ho$db {H$dXÝVr hr h¡& {H$dXÝVr¶m± aMZo ‘| ‘m{ha
~«m÷U AmO Ho$ VÝÌkmZ Ho$ ¶wJ ‘| ^r ‘yb{Zdmgr ~hþOZm§o H$mo ~odHy$’$ ~ZmZm
MmhVo h¡& CZH$s ¶h {H$dXÝVr d¡km{ZH$ ÑpîQ> go Agbr bJo Bg{bE CÝhm|Zo [aM
S>opìhS> Ed§ {ZH$ n°Q>agZ g‘mZ OmJ{VH$ XO} Ho$ AZwg§YmZH$ËVm© na ^r X~md
bm¶m Am¡a ANI Ed§ ASI g‘mZ eãX S>rEZE AZwg§YmZ ‘| BñVo‘mb H$aZo H$s
{OX H$s&
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àH$m{eV hþ¶o OmJ{VH$ XO} Ho$ S>rEZE AZwg§YmZ ‘| {H$¶m J¶m& Agb ‘| [aM
S>opìhS> BÝhm|Zo ~«m÷Um| Ho$ {bE "doñQ> ¶wao{e¶Z' ¶h gQ>rH$ g§H$ënZm S>rEZE
AZwg§YmZ ‘| bmJy H$s Wr, {OgHo$ O[a¶o ~«m÷Um| H$m {dXoernZ IwbH$a g~Ho$
gm‘Zo COmJa hmo ahm Wm& bo{H$Z 2008 Ho$ fS²>¶§Ì ‘| W§JamO Ed§ qgJ BÝhm|Zo
gwPm¶o hþ¶o ANI Ed§ ASI BZ g§H$ënZm go doñQ> ¶wao{e¶Z ¶h gË¶ g§H$ënZm {nN>o
ah JB©& CgH$m ZVrOm ¶h hþAm {H$, ~«m÷U ^maVr¶ hr g‘Pm OmZo bJm&
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hmo-hëbm ‘Mm¶m {H$, h‘ ^maVr¶ hr ¶mZr AmZwd§{eH$ CÎma ^maVr¶ (ANI)
h¡& ANI Bg eãX go CZH$s ¶wao{e¶Z nhMmZ {nN>o hQ> JB© Am¡a H$mën{ZH$ {H$ñgo
~ZmZo Ho$ {bE ~«m÷Um| H$mo ‘m¡µH$m {‘b J¶m& Bg{bE ANI Bg eãX H$m BñVo‘mb
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H$m Odm~ 117 AZwg§YmZH$ËVm© H$s Q>r‘ Zo {X¶m h¡& {Og‘| CÝhm|Zo H$hm h¡ {H$,
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Ho$ ep³Vembr ‘JY àXoe ‘| Vmo ¶m‘Z¶m {Q>H$ ^r Zht nm¶o& Bg{bE ¶m‘Z¶m
CZH$s ~«m÷UdmXr g§ñH¥${V ^maV ‘| bmJy Zht H$a gHo$& ‘JY Ho$ CÞV Ed§ gä¶
g§ñH¥${V ‘oo§ ¶m‘Z¶m bmoJ Aëng§»¶ {dXoer ~«m÷U H$hH$a nhMmZo OmZo bJo&
‘yb{Zdmgr ^maVr¶m| Zo I°y§Ima ¶m‘Z¶m ~«m÷Um| H$mo H$^r ^r Zht AnZm¶m&
Bg{bE AmO ^r ~«m÷U {dXoer ¶wao{e¶Z Ho$ Zm‘ go hr nhMmZo OmVo h¡& CZHo$
~Vm©d go ^r do Iy±Ima ¶m‘Z¶m Ho$ CÎmam{YH$mar Wo ¶h {gÕ hmoVo h¡§& ¶m‘Z¶m
bmoJ ~ohX Iy±Ima Ed§ O§Jbr Wo& CÝh| {dH$mg Ed§ gä¶Vm ngÝX Zht Wr& {Oggo

{OZ-{OZ ñWmZm| na {dH${gV gä¶Vm ZµOa AmB© CZ-CZ gä¶Vm H$mo CÝhm|Zo
ZîQ> H$a {X¶m Am¡a Xþ{Z¶m Ho$ ‘mZd H$mo nmfmU ¶wJ ‘| ~ma ~ma {nN>o H$s Amoa
qIM {b¶m& ~«m÷Um| H$mo AÝ¶ bmoJm| H$m {dH$mg VWm gä¶Vm ³¶m| ngÝX Zht
h§¡? BgH$s dOh ¶h h¡ {H$, ~«m÷Um| Ho$ CZHo$ IyZ ‘| ‘m¡OyX ¶m‘Z¶m d§e H$s
dM©ñddmXr {’$VaV h¡& ~«m÷Um| H$mo ñd¶§ H$m PyR>m dM©ñd AÝ¶ bmoJm| na bmXZm
ngÝX h¡, BgHo$ {bE do ‘hmZ gä¶Vm H$m ~br XoVo h§¡& Omo bmoJ gä¶ VWm CÞV
hmoVo h¡ do bmoJ {’$VaVZ² A{dH${gV Ed§ O§Jbr bmoJm| H$mo H¡$go VdÁOmo X|Jo?
~«m÷Um| H$mo bJVm h¡ {H$ g^r bmoJm| Zo CZH$m dM©ñd H$~yb H$aZm Mm{h¶o&
dM©ñd OVmZo H$s bm¶H$s Zm hmoZo go H$bm-JwU Ho$ ~bna do ñd¶§ H$mo ‘hmZ
{gÕ Zht H$a gH$Vo& Bg{bE ‘m¡µH$mnañVr Ho$ H$maU do qhgm Ho$ ‘mJ© H$s amh na
MbVo h¡& Xþ{Z¶mâ ‘| ¶m‘Z¶m Ed§ ^maV ‘| CZHo$ CÎmam{YH$mar ~«m÷Um§o H$m
B{Vhmg XoIm Om¶o Vmo nyar Vah go qhgm go hr âm hþAm ZµOa AmVm h¡& ~«m÷Um|
H$m gm{hË¶ ^r qhgmna hr {Z^©a h¡& CZH$m AmXím© naewam‘ ¶h Vmo OmJ{VH$
qhgm H$m Z‘yZm hr h¡ Am¡a ~«m÷U ¶h naewYmar ¶m‘Z¶m Ho$ Agb ‘| CÎmam{YH$mar
h¡ Eogm naewam‘ à{VH$ go {XImB© XoVm h¡& ~«m÷U ¶h ¶wao{e¶Z ñQ>on Ho$ ¶m‘Z¶m
Ho$ hr d§eO h¡ ¶h A~ S>rEZE AZwg§YmZ Ûmam gm{~V ^r hmo MwH$m h¡& Bg{bE
~«m÷U ^maV ‘| {dXoer Vmo h¡ ¶h ~mV A~ gyaO Ho$ g‘mZ gË¶ hmo MwH$s h¡&
³¶m BVZo Iy±Ima Ed§ dher Agä¶ bmoJm| H$mo ^maV g‘mZ gä¶ Ed§
gwg§ñH¥$V Xoe ‘| ahZo H$m hH$ h¡? ^maVr¶m| Zo {nN>bo Mma hOma gmbm| go {dXoer
~«m÷Um| H$s qhgm H$mo ghm h¡& d³V d³V na ‘yb{Zdmgr ^maVr¶m| Zo {dH$mg
{H$¶m Am¡a CZH$m g‘¶ g‘¶ na nVZ H$aZo H$m H$m¶© {dXoer ~«m÷Um| Zo {H$¶m&
~«m÷U ^maV H$mo H$^r ^r AnZm Xoe Zht ‘mZVo h¡§& CÝhm|Zo H$^r ^r ~hþOZm| H$mo
AnZm¶m Zht h¡& ³¶m Bg Vah {dH¥$V Ed§ fS²>¶§ÌH$mar {’$VaV Ho$ qhgH$
AmH«$‘H$m| H$mo ^maV ‘| ahZo H$m hµH$ h¡? BgHo$ ~mao ‘| {d‘e© H$aZo H$s Zm¡~V Am
JB© h¡&
*********

^mJ-2 n[a{eï>
A) ‘yb S>rEZE [anmoQ>©
1) Cell OZ©b H$s [anmoQ>© :
""A{VàmMrZ hS>ßnm g§ñH¥${V H$s AmZwdm§{eH$Vm ‘| ñQ>on àXoe Ho$
Kw‘ÝVw ¶m B©amZr Io{Vha Ho$ JwUgyÌm|
H$m A^md''
coIH$ :- dg§V qeXo, dmKre E‘.
ZaqghZ, Zm{XZ amohc±S>, {ZH$
n°Q>agZ, ZraO am°¶, S>opìhS> [aM.
g§nH©$ nÎmm :-
vasant.shinde@dcpune.ac.in (v.s.)
vagheesh@mail.harvard.edu (v.m.n.)
nirajrai@bsip.ves.in (N.R.)
reich@genetics.med.harvard.edu
(D.R)
g§{já {ddaU :-
qgYw g§ñH¥${V Ho$ ‘mZd g‘yh ¶h X³IZ E{e¶m¶r OZg§»¶m H$m CJ‘
ñWmZ h¡ Am¡a Cg qgYw g§ñH¥${V go ~am‘X hþ¶o H§$H$mb go àmá {OZmo‘ H$mo
AZwg§YmZ Ho$ {bE BñVo‘mb {H$¶m J¶m h¡& qgYw H$mbrZ ‘mZd g‘yh H$m
AmZwd{§ eH$ VmëbwH$ W§S> àXoe Ho$ JwUgyÌ go ¶m A°ZmVmo{b¶Z (dV©‘mZ VwH$© ñVmZ)
Ed§ B©amZr Io{Vha Ho$ JwUgyÌ go Bg AZwg§YmZ ‘| gm{~V Zht hþAm, Bg{bE
npíM‘ H$s Amoa qgYw àXoe Ho$ àmMrZ H$mb Ho$ ‘mZdm| H$m ñWmZmÝVaU Zht hþAm
A{nVw Bg àXoe Ho$ bmoJm| Zo hr qgYw H$mb ‘§o IoVr H$m {dH$mg {H$¶m h¡&
‘w»¶ A§e :-
Bg AZwg§YmZ ‘| BñVo‘mb {H$¶m J¶m H§$H$mb ¶h qgYw H$mbrZ ‘mZd H$m h¡
Am¡a ¶h ‘mZd g‘yh X³IZ E{e¶m Ho$ ‘mZdm| H$m à‘wI CJ‘ òmoV h¢&

* X³IZ E{e¶m Ho$ B©amZ go Ow‹S>s d§emdbr ¶h B©amZr nhm‹S>r go 12 hOma
~agm| nhbo hr OwXm hmo MwH$s h§¡&
* ‘Ü¶ E{e¶m Ho$ CnOmD$ àXoe Ho$ Io{Vha X³IZ E{e¶m Ho$ ~mX Ho$ ‘mZd
g‘yhm| go AmZwd§{eH$Vm H$m {~bHw$b ^r VmëbwH$ Zht Am¡a hmoJm Vmo ^r ~hþV
Aën ‘mÌm ‘|&
Cell (2019) https://doi.org/110-1016/.cell.2019.08.048
Article Cell
""A{V àmMrZ hS>ßnm g§ñH¥${V Ho$ JwUgyÌm| ‘| W§S> nhm‹S>r BbmHo$ Ho$ Kw‘ÝVw
(Steppe Pastoralists) ¶m B©amZr Io{Vha Ho$ JwUgyÌm| H$m A^md''
dg§V qeXo, 1,14, 15 dmKre E‘. ZaqghZ, 2, 14 Zm{XZ amoWc±S>, 2

ñdnZ ‘{„H$ 2,3,4 ‘°Ï¶w ‘mh 2,3,4 ‘mH©$ {cßgZ, 2 ZmWmZ ZH$VgwH$m, 2
{ZH$moc AXmåñH$s$, 2,3 Zg[aZ ~«w‘mÝS> Imoe~mM, 2,3, 10 ‘°Ï¶w ’o$ar 2,3.
AmZ ‘mar cm°gZ 2,3, ‘JZ ‘m¶Ho$c 2,3,11,12 OmoZmg AmoßnoZh°‘a 2,3,13
{H«$pñVZ pñQ>dmS>©gZ 2,3 {Zcoe OmYd 1, ¶m§J OwZ {H$‘1, ‘mc{dH$m M°Q>Ou
1, Ada{Xn ‘wÝer 1, A‘¥Vmd„r nmZMm‘ 1, àm§Ocr dmK‘mao 1, ¶moJoe OmYd
1, {h‘mZr nQ>oc 5, A{‘V H$m¡{eH$ 6, Hw$‘mañdm‘r W§JamO 7, ‘m{W¶mg ‘o¶a
8, {ZH$ n°Q>agZ 4,9 ZraO am¶ 5,7,15, Am{U S>o[ìhS> [aM 2,3,4,15, 16.
1) {S>nmQ>©‘|Q> Am°’$ Am{H©$¶mocm°Or, S>o¸$Z H$m°coO, nmoñQ> J«°Á¶wEQ> A°ÊS> [agM©
BpÝñQ>Q>çwQ>, nwUo- 411006, ^maV
2) {S>nmQ>©‘|Q> Am°’$ OoZo{Q>³g, hmd©S>© ‘o{S>H$c ñHy$c, E‘E-02115, ¶yEgg
3) hmodmS>© øwOog ‘o{S>H$c BpÝñQ>Q>çwQ>, hmd©S>© ‘o{S>H$c ñHy$c, ~moñQ>Z, E‘E-
02115, ¶yEgE.
4) ~«m°S> BpÝñQ>Q>¶wQ> Am°’$ hmd©S>© A°ÊS> E‘Am¶Q>r, H°$å~«rO, E‘E-02142,
¶yEgE

5) {~a~c gmhZr BpÝñQ>Q>çQw > Am°’$ n°{cAmogm¶Ýg, cIZm¡, 226007, ^maV
6) A{‘Q>r BpÝñQ>Q>çwQ> Am°’$ ~m¶moQ>o³Zmocm°Or, A{‘Q>r ¶w{Zd{g©Q>r, ZmoES>m,
201313, ^maV
7) grEgAm¶Ama-g|Q>a ’$m°a goë¶wca A°ÊS> ‘moc³o ¶wca ~m¶mocm°Or, h¡Xam~mX,
500007, ^maV
8) ‘°³g ßc°H$ BpÝñQ>Q>çQw > ’$m°a Bdmoë¶weZar A°ÝW«mn° m° cm°Or, {cn{PJ, 04103,
O‘©Zr.
9) {S>nmQ>©‘|Q> Am°’$ øw‘Z Bdmoë¶weZar ~m¶mocm°Or, hmd©S>© ¶w{Zd{g©Q>r, H$°{~«O,
E‘E-02138, A‘o[aH$m (¶wEgE)
10) dV©‘mZ nVm : {S>nmQ>‘© Qo§ > Am°’$ A°ÝW«mn° m°cm°Or, ¶w{Zd{g©Q>r Am°’$ H$°{c’$mo{Z©¶m,
gmÝVm H«w$P, grE-95064, ¶wEgg.
11) dV©‘mZ nVm : {S>nmQ>©‘|Q> Am°’$ øw‘Z Bdmoë¶weZar ~m°¶cm°Or, hmd©S>©
¶w{Zd{g©Q>r, H°$å~«rO, E‘E-02138, ¶yEgE.
12) dV©‘mZ nVm : ‘°³g ßc°H$ hmd©S>© [agM© g|Q>a ’$m°a Xr Am{M©Amogm¶Ýg
Am°’$ X E[ÝeE§Q> ‘o{S>Q>o[a{Z¶Z, H$°å~«rO, E‘E-02138, ¶wEgE.
13) dV©‘mZ nVm : {S>nmQ>©‘|Q> Am°’$ ~m¶mo‘m°co³¶wca B§{O{ZA[a¨J ¶w{Zd{g©Q>r
Am°’$ H$°{c’$mo{Z©¶m, gmÝVm H«w$P, grE-95064, ¶wEgE.
14) BZ coIH$m| Zo ämr CVZm hr Ah‘ gh¶moJ {X¶m&
15) {cS> H$m°ÝQ´>°³Q>
g§nH©$ :
vasant.shinde@depune.ac.in(v.s.), vaghees@mail.harvard,edu
(v.m.n),nirajrai@bsip.ves.in(N.R.), reich@genetics.med.harvard.edu
(D.R.)
http://doi.org/10.10.16//cell.2019.08.048.
gmam§e :-
qgYw g§ñH¥${V Ho$ àmMrZ {OZmo‘ Ho$ ~mao ‘| Bg AZwg§YmZ Ho$ O[a¶o h‘ ¶hm±
[anmoQ>© Xo aho h¡& Bg AZwg§YmZ ‘| {b¶m J¶m H§$H$mb ¶h àmMrZ B©amZr (¶hm±
g~go Á¶mXm AmZwd§{eH$ JwU {XIVm h¡&) Ed§ X³IZ nyd© E{e¶m¶r {eH$ma BH$Æ>o
H$aZodmbo (Hunter Gatherers) BZHo$ {‘lU go V¡¶ma hþAm Eogm {XImB© XoVm
h¡& ³¶m|{H$ BZ H§$H$mbm| Ho$ JwUgyÌ ¶h B©amZr Ed§ VwH©$‘o{ZñVmZ Ho$ 11 ñWmZm| go
àmá H§$H$mbm| Ho$ S>rEZE go Ow‹S>Vo h¡ Am¡a Bggo qgYw H$mbrZ bmoJm| H$m Bg BbmHo$
go gm§ñH¥${VH$ VmëbwH$ Wo Eogm ZµOa AmVm h¡& BZ V‘m‘ H§$H$mbm| ‘| W§S>o nhm‹S>r
BbmHo$ Ho$ bmoJm| Ho$ JwUgyÌ ~hþV Aën ‘mÌm ‘| àmá hþ¶o h¡, Omo Xem©Vo h¡ {H$,
dV©‘mZ ‘| {Og Vah W§S>o nhm‹S>r BbmHo$ Ho$ (Steppe Pastoralist) bmoJm| H$s
AmZwd§{eH$Vm H$m g§{‘lU ^maVr¶ bmoJm| go hþAm h¡, Cgr Vah qgYw H$mbrZ
H$mb ‘| W§S>o nhm‹S>r BbmHo$ Ho$ bmoJm| go qgYw àXoe Ho$ bmoJm| H$m AmZwd§{eH$
g§{‘lU Zht hþAm Wm& qgYw H$mbrZ bmoJm| ‘| B©amZr d§emdbr Omo {XImB© XoVr h¡,
dh ‘yb B©amZr bmoJm| go AbJ hþ¶o Am{X‘ B©amZr Io{Vha, newnmbH$ Ed§ {eH$mar
g‘yhm| go qgYw H$mbrZ bmoJm| Ho$ dm§{eH$ gå~ÝY go {Z‘m©U hþ¶o h¢ Am¡a Cggo
npíM‘r B©amZr Io{Vha H$m nya~ H$s {Xem go ~‹S>r ‘mÌm ‘| ñWmZmÝVaU hmoZo go
qgYw H$mbrZ bmoJm| ‘| B©amZr JwUgyÌ H$s ‘mÌm {XImB© XoVr h¡& BgHo$ nhbo
{gÕmÝV H$mo Bg AZwg§YmZ go {damoY {Z‘m©U hþAm h¡& {Oggo qgYw àXoe ‘|
npíM‘r B©amZr bmoJm| H$m ~‹S>r ‘mÌm ‘| ñWmZmÝVaU Zht hþAm, IoVr Zm H$aZodmbo
Am¡a {eH$ma VWm Kw‘ÝVw {OÝXJr {~VmZo dmbo AbJ AbJ B©amZr g‘yhm| Zo qgYw
àXoe Ho$ bmoJm| H$m AmZwd§{eH$ gå~ÝY {Z‘m©U hmoZo go CZ‘| go Hw$N> ‘mÌm ‘|
B©amZr dm§{eH$ JwU àmá hmoVo h¡ ¶h Bg AZwg§YmZ go gm{~V hmoVm h¡&
àm³H$WZ :
CÞV qgYw g§ñH¥${V, {Ogo hS>ßnm g§ñH¥${V ^r H$hm OmVm h¡, ¶h g§ñH¥${V
X³IZ Am{e¶m Ho$ CÎma-npíM‘ {hñgo ‘| B.g.nyd© 2600 go 1700 Ho$ Xm¡amZ
{Z‘m©U hmo JB© Wr Am¡a àmMrZ Xþ{Z¶m H$s g~go ~‹S>r ‘mÌm ‘| eharH$aU ‘|
Cn{Zdoe ~gm¶o J¶o Wo Eogr ¶h g§ñH¥${V Wr, {Og‘| eha H$m gw{Z¶mo{OV
BÝVOm‘, CåXm Ob {ZH$mgr BÝVOm‘, AZmO Ho$ ^ÊS>ma Am¡a Vm¡bZo H$s ‘erZ
(VamOy) Ed§ Zmn Vm¡b Ho$ VarHo$ {dH${gV hmo J¶o Wo& qgYw g§ñH¥${V Ho$ bmoJ ZJa
H$s {OÝXJr {OZodmbo bmoJ Wo Am¡a CZ‘| Vah Vah Ho$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ g‘yh hS>ßnm
(n§Om~), ‘moh|OmoXa>mo (qgY), amIrJT>r (h[a¶mUm), Ym¡bm{dam (H$ÀN>/JwOamV)
VWm JZdoardmbm (Mmo{bñVmZ) Eoogo CÞV eha ‘| BH$Æ>o ahVo Wo& (AmH¥$Vr 1A)
(‘wKc, 1990, nmoñgohr 1982, 1990; emH$a d {cMVoZpñQ>Z 1989).
BZ‘| go amIrJ‹T>r ¶h ~‹S>m qgYwH$mbrZ ñWmZ Wm& (AmH¥$Vr 1 ~r d 1 gr) Am¡a
9 go 23 ‘rQ>a JhamB© ‘| 7 OJhm| go àmá H$mo¶bo H$s C‘« B.g. nyd© 2500 go
2300 h¡, Omo qgYw g§ñH¥${V Ho$ {dH$mg AdñWm go Ow‹S>Vr h¡& (qeXo EQ>.Ec.
2018; dmKre EQ>.Ec. 2016) nwamVpËdH$ AZwg§YmZ Ho$ EH$ {hñgo Ho$ Vm¡a
na CËIZZ go àmá ‘mZdr H§$H$mb H$m àmMrZ S>rEZE S>mQ>m h‘Zo AZwg§YmZ Ho$
{bE EH${ÌV {H$¶m h¡&
ZVrOm :
{~bHw$b gm’$ H$‘am| ‘|, amIrJ‹T>r Ho$ H§$H$mbm| Ho$ 61 Z‘yZm| H$m h‘Zo ~wamXm
(nmCS>a) {H$¶m& Cnamo³V ñWmZ àmMrZ amIrJ‹T>r eha go npíM‘ H$s Amoa
VH$ar~Z 1 {H$bmo‘rQ>a Xÿar na h¡& (Q>o~b 51) h‘Zo Cg‘| go S>rEZE AbJ
{H$¶m& (S>mdZo EQ> Ec, 2013; H$moc}{dH$ EQ> Ec 2015) Am¡a CZ Z‘yZm| H$mo
h‘Zo bm¶~«oar ‘| VãXrb {H$¶m& (amohc±S> EQ> Ec, 2015). àmMrZ S>rEZE ‘||
{gñQ>mo{gZ-Qw> ¶wam{gb Ho$ IpÊS>V ñWmZ na JbV ZVrOo AmZo go Cgo H$‘ H$aZo
Ho$ {bE h‘Zo S>rEZE Z‘yZm| na ¶wam{gc S>rEZE ½cm¶H$mog°coQ> (UDG) H$m
{N>‹S>H$md {H$¶m& ‘m¶Q>moH$m°ÝS´>r¶c {OZmo‘ VWm ∼3.000 Q>maJoQ>oS> Ý¶w{³cAa
nmo{OeÝg BZHo$ {g¹o$Ýg Amoìhab°ntJ Ho$ {bE h‘Zo V‘m‘ S>rEZE bm¶~«ar H$mo
g‘¥Õ {H$¶m& (AmobmëS>o EQ> Eb 2018) Am¡a Cg g‘¥Õ bm¶~«ar H$mo EH$ Vmo
Bbw{‘Zm Zo³ñQ>{g¹$ 500 Bg CnH$aU na 2•x76 ~og noAa (~rnr) [aS>g²
~ZmH$a noAa {H$¶m ¶m 2•x150 ~rnr [aS>g²À¶m noAa Bbw{‘Zm hm¶{g¹$ x10
Bg CnH$aU na {H$¶m& A°S>ßQ>ag© H$mo gwì¶d{ñWV H$aHo$ Am¡a H$‘ go H$‘ 15
~rnr Ho$ {g³doÝg Amoìhac°ntJ Omo‹S>H$a, h‘Zo ‘m¶Q>moH$m±{S´>¶c {OZmo‘ rsrs
(AmaEgAmaEg) (~oha EQ> Ec, 2012) d øw‘Z {OZmo‘ ao’$a§g hg19 (br
A°ÊS> S>{d©Z, 2010) BZH$s ‘°ntJ H$s& (Q>o~c 51) pñH$qZJ [aOëQ> H$s Om±M
H$aZo Ho$ níMmV² h‘Zo bm¶~«at Ho$ g~goQ>g² H$mo ∼1.2 {‘{c¶‘ EgEZnr VH$
~‹T>m¶m Am¡a CgHo$ ~mX ~‹T>mB© hþB© bm¶~«ar H$mo {g³doÝg H$aHo$ Cnamo³V S>mQ>m ‘|
gwYma H$aHo$ hg19 Ho$ {bE Ho$db ‘°qnJ H$s JB©& (’w$ EQ> Ec, 2015; hmH$ EQ>
Eb, 2015; ‘°{WgZ EQ> Eb, 2015) OoZ{o Q>H$ Am¶S>{| Q>{’$Ho$eZ H$moS> 16131
Ed§ Am{H©$Amobm°{OH$b ñHo$boQ>b H$moS> RGR7-3, BR-01, HS-02, BZ ~ohX
‘hËdnyU© Z‘yZm| Ho$ {bE (AmH¥$Vr 1 ~r d Eg 1)& h‘Zo nm±M E³ñQ´>°³eZ go
(‘o¶a Eb Eb, 2012; ½bmoH$ d ‘o¶a, 2017; amohb±S> EQ> Eb, 2018;
JZgm¡J EQ> Eb, 2017) Hy$b 109 S>~b VWm qgJb ñQ´>±S>oS> bm¶~«arO H$mo
h‘Zo V¡¶ma {H$¶m, ~‹T>m¶m Ed§ {g¹o$Ýg {H$¶m. (CZ‘| go Ho$db nhbr bm¶~«ar
¶yS>rOr Q´>rQ>oS> Wr)& EH$ E³ñQ´>°³eZ ‘| go 41 bm¶~«arO {ZH$mbZo Ho$ níMmV²
VWm eof 48 bm¶~«arO H$m S>mQ>m CZHo$ gmW Omo‹S>Zo na h‘ EH$ ~ma 86,440
EgEZnr H$ìha H$a nm¶o& CZ 68 bm¶~«arO ‘| go VH$ar~Z g^r bm¶~«at ‘|
øw‘Z ao’$a§g {OZmo‘gmo~V 5' A°ÊS> 3' Ý¶w{³bAmoQ>mB©S>g~m~V {gñQ>mo{gZ-Qw>-
Wm¶{‘Z {‘g‘°M aoQ> ¶h ^r 10% Á¶mXm àmá hþAm; Omo àmMrZ S>rEZE hmoZo
H$m Xm±dm H$aVm h¡& {’$a ^r {g¹o$Ýg b|½W Ho$ ‘wVm{~H$ h‘Zo nyëS> S>mQ>m ñQ´>mQ>r’$mB©S>
{H$¶m V~ h‘| 50 ~rnr go ^r Á¶mXm bå~mB© Ho$ {g¹o$Ýg Ho$ {bE h‘| Img Vm¡a
na S>°‘oO aoQ> H$‘ ‘mÌm ‘| àmá hþ¶o& (AmH¥$Vr 52; ñQ>ma ‘oWS²>g)& Bggo g°ånb
‘| àXyfU (Contamination) hþAm ¶h {XImB© Xo ahm Wm Am¡a Bggo h‘mam
AZwg§YmZ àXþfU H$s dOh go EH$Va’$m ñdén H$m Zht hmoJm ¶h âmogm ~‹T>mZo
Ho$ {bE h‘Zo h‘mam S>mQ>m ‘mobo³¶wëg VH$ hr gr{‘V {H$¶m, {Og‘| àmMrZ
S>rEZE Xem©Zodmbm {gñQ>mo{gZ-Qw> Wm¶{‘Z {‘g‘°M ¶h Img ~mV Wr& Bggo
31,760 EgEZnr VH$ S>mQ>m {ZpíMV hmo J¶m& Y H«$mo‘moPmo‘ na S>°‘oO aopñQ´>³Q>oS>
{g¹o$Ýg ‘°qnJ ¶h Y d X H«$mo‘moPmo‘ na S>°‘oO ao[ñQ´>³Q>oS> {g¹o$Ýg ‘°qnJ g‘mZ
hr Wr, Bggo dh H§$H$mb EH$ ‘{hbm H$m Wm ¶h ñnîQ hmoVm h¡& S>°‘oO-ao[ñQ´>³Q>oS>
{g¹o$Ýgog H$m BñVo‘mb H$aHo$ ‘m¶Q>moH$m±S´>r¶c S>rEZE H$ÝgoÝgg ~ZmH$a h‘| ¶h
{XImB© {X¶m {H$, Cg‘| U2b2 ¶h h°ßcmoJ«wn h¡ Am¡a ¶h h°ßcmoJ«wn g|Q´>b E{e¶m Ho$
VH$ar~Z 400 àmMrZ g°ånb ‘| go ‘m¶Q>moH$m±S´>r¶c {OZmo‘ {g¹o$Ýgog ‘| àmá
Zht hmoVm h¡; ¶h {d{eï> h°ßcmoJ«wn Ho$db X³IZ E{e¶m Ho$ bmoJm| ‘| hr {XImB©
XoVm h¡& (ZaqghZ EQ>.Ec.2019)
qà{gnc-H§$nmoZ§Q> A°Zm{cgrg‘Ü¶o (nrgrE) (AmH¥$Vr 2 E), nhbo {ZpíMV
hþ¶o OoZo{Q>H$ J«°{S>¶§Q²>g ‘| 16113 {XImB© XoVm h¡& ¶h J«°S>rE§Q> g|Q´>c E{e¶m Ho$
Xmo ñWmZm| go àmá 11 ‘mZdr H§$H$mbm| ‘| àmá hþAm h¡, {OgH$m VmëbwH$ qgYw
g§ñH¥${V Ho$ gmW Wm& (dV©‘mZ VwH©$‘o{ZñVmZ Ho$ JmoUwa ‘| 3 H§$H$mb àmá hþ¶o h¡
Vmo nyd© B©amZ‘Ü¶o Xÿa Ho$ eha-E-gmo»Vm go 8 ‘mZdr H§$H$mb àmá hþ¶o h¡&) BZ
Xmo ñWmZm| go àmá g°ånb ‘§o go (Hy$b g°ånb Ho$ 25%) Á¶mXm go Á¶mXm g°ånb
‘| ’$m°‘©b ñQ>°[Q>pñQ>H$b àmo{gOa Ho$ O[a¶o ¶h bmoJ gr‘m àmÝV Ho$ h¡ ¶h nhbo
hr {ZpíMV hþAm Wm Am¡a CÝh| B§S>g no[a’o$ar ³bmB©Z go OmZm OmVm Wm&
(ZaqghZ EQ>. Eb, 2019) Hw$N> ‘mÌm ‘| Wmo‹S>mgm EgEZnr H$ìhaoO N>mo‹S>H$a,
nrgrE‘Ü¶o 16113 Ho$ Baa ~ma H$mo nmo{OeqZJ H$aVo g‘¶ do AË¶ën ZµOa
AmVo h¡ Am¡a Bggo ¶hr ñnîQ> hmoVm h¡ {H$, amIrJT>r go ~am‘X ‘mZdr H§$H$mb ¶h
Aí‘¶wJrZ JmoUya VWm eha-E-gmo»Vm Ho$ àmMrZ bmoJm| H$s d§emdbr go ~hþV
AbJ {XImB© XoVm h¡, BVZm hr Zht Vmo dV©‘mZ X³IZ E{e¶mB© AmZwdm§{eH$
~Xbmd ‘| ¶h H§$H$mb Zht ~¡R>Vm h§¡& h‘mam S>mQ>m h‘Zo 16113 Ed§ 11
AmD$Q>{b¶a B§{S>ìhrOwAëg Ho$ gmW ^r A°S>{‘³íMa V§Ì H$m (A°bo³Pm§S>a EQ>
Eb, 2009) BñVo‘mb H$aHo$ Om±M H$aZo na h‘| nhbo O¡gm ³bm{bQ>oQ>rd
[aOëQ²>g àmá hmo J¶o& {H$ÝVw BZ 11 bmoJm| ‘| go EH$ ^r BÝgmZ ‘| ""A°ZmVmo{c¶Z
’$m‘©a-[aboQ>oS>'' (A°ZmVmo{c¶Z (VwH$s©) Io{Vha d§emdbr) àmá Zht hþB©&
""A°ZmVmo{b¶Z ’$m‘©a-[aboQ>So > A°ÝgoñQ´>r'' ¶h g§H$ënZm A°ZmVmo{b¶mVrc Io{Vha
go Ow‹S>r 7 dr§ ghòmãXr go àmá àmMrZ {OZmo‘ Ho$ ~mao ‘| BñVo‘mb H$s OmVr Wr&
(‘°{WgZ EQ> Eb, 2015) B.g.nyd© 12 dr ghómãXr go 8 dr ghómãXr VH$
B©amZr newnmbH$ ¶m {eH$mar ì¶p³V go àmá V‘m‘ àmMrZ {OZmo‘ ‘| AZmVmo{b¶Z
Io{Vha d§emdbr àmá Zht hþB©, CbQ>o "B©amZr bmoJm| go Ow‹S>o' X³IZ E{e¶mB©
bmoJm| H$m Omo g§{‘lU d§e{‘lU àmá hmoVm h¡ dhr§ A°ÝñQ>oñQ´>r àmo’$mB©b amIrJ‹T>r
Ho$ H§$H$mbm| go ^r àmá hmoVm h¢ (~«mD$emH$s, EQ> Eb, 2016; bmPmar{Xg, EQ>
Eb, 2016)
{d{dYVm ‘| ~hþVm¶V OZg§»¶m Ho$ {bE h‘Zo 9pAdm BñVo‘mb {H$¶m, Omo
16113 g°ånb Omo {^Þ npíM‘ Ed§ X³IZ ¶wao{e¶Z g‘yh Ho$ {bE ‘w»¶ òmoV
h¡ CgHo$ {bE ’$m¶Xo‘ÝX hþAm& (ZaqghZ EQ> Eb 2019)& BZ‘| go H$moB© ^r
OZg§»¶m Bg Q>oñQ> ‘| ’$sQ> Zht ~¡R>r {’$a ^r dh ‘w»¶ òmoV h¡ Eogm CgH$m AW©
Zht hmoVm; BgHo$ CëQ>o BgH$m AW© hmoVm h¡ {H$, {Og OZg§»¶m ‘| ‘yb òmoV
‘m¡OyX hmo, Cg‘| H$moB© ^r g§{‘lU Zht hmoVm h¡ dh d¡gr hr d§e naånam go
~aH$ama ahVr h¡ O¡go dh OZg§»¶m àmMrZ H$mb Ho$ hOmam| gmbm| nhbo EH${OZgr
d§emdbr go ~Zr Wr& g§{‘l d§emdbr H$m AÜ¶¶Z H$aZo Ho$ {bE XþV’$m© g§{‘lU
H$m ‘m°S>ob Ho$ Vm¡a na EH$ g‘yh ¶mZo B©amZ Ho$ npíM‘r PmJ«mog n~©V ‘mbm ‘| go
Kw‘ÝVw newnmbH$ H$m EH$ g‘yh Am¡a Xÿgam ¶mZr {eH$mar BH$Æ>m H$aZodmbm
A§X‘mZr bmoJm| H$m EH$ g‘yh h¡& (73% + 6% B©amZr-go Ow‹S>r d§emdbr; Hy$b
‘m°S>ob Ho$ {bE nr=0.103; nr= 0-24) (Agb ‘| Cnamo³V XmoZm| g‘yh
g§{‘l d§emdbr Ho$ {bE C{MV h¡ Am¡a do ¶hr Xem©Vo h¡ {H$, Bgr Vah Ho$
AmZwdm§{eH$ VmëbwH$mV ¶h 16113 Ho$ J¡a npíM‘r ¶wao{e¶Z g‘yh go Ow‹S>Vr h¡
Am¡a ¶h d³V Ho$ gmW hþ¶o d§e Ho$ {‘lU go hþAm h¡&) B§S>g no[a’o$ar ³bmB©Z
Xem©Zodmbo 11 AmD$Q>{b¶g© H$mo {ZpíMV H$aZo Ho$ {bE ¶hr ‘m°S>ob nhbo ämr
BñVo‘mb {H$¶o J¶o& (ZaqghZ EQ>.Eb. 2019) Am¡a gM ‘|, 16113 ¶h Eogr
OoZo{Q>H$ ³bmS> ‘| ‘m¡OyX h¡& {Og‘| 9pAdm (nr = 0-42) H$s ‘mÌm ‘| Cg
ì¶p³V ‘| B§S>g no[a’o$ar ³bmB©Z H$m nyb àmá hmoVm h¡& AbJ AbJ g~yV ¶hr
{gÕ H$aVo h¡ {H$, 16113 Bg amIrJ‹T>r Ho$ ì¶p³V H$m B§S>g no[a’o$ar ³bmB©
ì¶p³V go AmZwdm§{eH$ g‘mZVm (Genetic Similarity) XoImB© XoVr h¡ Am¡a ¶h
g‘mZVm X{jU E{e¶m go CÎma-npíM‘ {Xem H$s Amoa {OZ âbmo (AmZwdm§{eH$
àdmh) hmoZo go {Z‘m©U hþB© h¡& nhbr ~mV, JmoUya Ed§ eha-E-gmo»Vm H$m CåXm
{H$ñ‘ H$m àmá S>mQ>m 44 ì¶p³V ‘o§ go Ho$db 11 bmoJm| H$m S>mQ>m (25%) ‘|
Cnamo³V VarHo$ H$m A°ÝgoñQ´>ràmo’$mB©b àmá hmoVm h¡; ¶h ‘mÌ h¡amZr H$s ~mV h¡
{H$, Bg Vah H$m A°ÝgoñQ´>ràmo’$mB©c (Ancestry Profile) h‘| amIrJ‹T>r Ho$
H§$H$mbm| go ^r àmá hþAm h¡ Am¡a dh ì¶p³V Cg àXoe go ñWmZmÝV[aV ì¶p³V
hmoZm ~hþV Xÿa H$s ~mV h¡& Xÿgar ~mV ¶mZo, eha-E-gmo»Vm Ho$ VrZ BÝgmZm| ‘|
{Og Vah AmZwdm§{eH$ H$‹S>r àmá hþB© Omo X{jU E{e¶m Ho$ ~bw{MñVmZ go Ow‹S>Vo
h¡ Am¡a do V‘m‘ IVC Cline Ourliers (qgYw g§ñH¥${V Ho$ Xm¶ao Ho$ àXoe ‘| go)
ì¶p³V h¡ Am¡a X{jU E{e¶m go ~mha H$s {Xem ‘| ñWmZmÝVaU {H$¶m Wm ¶h
Xem©Vr h¡ (ZaqghZ, EQ> Ec, 2019)& Vrgar ~mV ¶mZo IVC Cline ì¶p³V
Ed§ amIrJ‹T>r Ho$ ì¶p³V ‘| dV©‘mZ X{jU E{e¶m¶r bmoJm| H$m AmZwdm§{eH$
g§{‘lU h¡& (¶h d§emdb A§X‘mZr Kw‘ÝVw {eH$mar bmoJm| go Á¶mXm ‘ob H$aVr
h¡&), {H$ÝVw ¶h AmZwdm§{eH$Vm eha-E-gmo»Vm Ho$ Cgr Vah dhm± Ho$ H$m§ñ¶¶wJrZ
VwH©$‘o{ZñVmZ Ed§ CP~o{H$ñVmZ Ho$ H§$H$mbm| Ho$ Z‘yZmo§ go Zht Ow‹S>Vr, {OgHo$ Ûmam
¶h AZw‘mZ {ZH$bVm h¡ {H$, X{jU E{e¶m go eha-E-gmo»Vm Ed§ JmoUya H$s
Amoa dm§{eH$ àdmh (gene flow) J¶m h¡& {H$ÝVw h‘mao AZwg§YmZ ‘| ‘mÌ Bg
Vah H$m {OZ âbmo àmá Zht hþAm& Bg Vah Ho$ AbJ AbJ g~yVm| go ¶h
AZw‘mZ {ZH$bVm h¡ {H$, amIrJ‹T>r Ho$ 16113 BZ ì¶p³V go àmá A°ÝgoñQ´>r
àmo’$mB©b qgYw g§ñH¥${V Ho$ nyao ñWmZ na ’¡$br hþB© Wr Am¡a Bggo ¶hr {gÕ hmoVm
h¡ {H$, B§S>g no[a’o$ar ³bmB©Z go àmá 11 ì¶p³V qgYw g§ñH¥${V Ho$ {Zdmgr Wo Am¡a
qgYw àmÝV Ho$ ~mha ñWmZmÝV[aV hþ¶o Wo& (ZaqghZ EQ> Eb, 2019)& 12
BÝgmZm| H$o g§¶w³V goQ> go àmá OoZo{Q>H$ J«°{S>E§Q> H$mo h‘Zo “IVC Cline” ¶h
Zm‘ {X¶m h¡ Am¡a 16113 H$s Vah hr Bg ³bmB©Z H$m Á¶mXm ‘mÌm ‘| ‘m¡OyX
bmoJm| Ho$ g°ånb BñVo‘mb H$aHo$ BZ A°ÝgoñQ´>r àmo’$mB©b H$m CåXm VarHo$ H$m
‘m°S>ob h‘ ~ZmZodmbo h¡&
X{jU E{e¶m Ho$ dV©‘mZ Ho$ Vah Vah Ho$ dm§{eH$ àdmh ‘m¡OyX bmoJm| Ho$ {bE
IVC Cline H$s VarHo$ na Qy>-do ‘m°S>b BñVo‘mb H$aHo$ CZH$s AmZwdm§{eH$Vm
Om±Mr JB© (ZaqghZ, EQ> Eb, 2019)& h‘| ¶h {XImB© {X¶m {H$, nrgrE go
Cå‘rX {H$¶m hþAm ZVrOm àmá hþAm {H$, X{jU E{e¶m Ho$ g§{‘l g‘yhm| Ho$ {bE
¶h ‘m°S>ob Qy>-do {‘³gMa Ho$ Vm¡a na bmJy Zht hmo ahm& ³¶m|{H$ B©amZr go Ow‹S>r
AmZwdm§{eH$Vm H$s VwbZm ‘| ñQ>on n°ñQ´>moam{bñQ> [aboQ>oS> A°ÝgoñQ´>r (WÊS>o nhm‹S>r
BbmH$o H$s AmZwdm§{eH$Vm) CZ‘| ‘m¡OyX Zht h¡& (Qy>-gmB©S>oS> 2 Q>oñQ> Ho$ ~mao ‘|
nr=0.018) qgnba Qy-do A°S>{‘³ea ‘m°S>ob H$m BñVo‘mb H$aHo$ IVC Cline
na {Z^©a {H$¶o ‘m°S>oqbJ {gpñQ>‘ ¶h ewéAmV ‘| WÊS>o nhm‹S>r BbmHo$ H$s
AmZwdm§{eH$Vm (Steppe Pastoralist devived ancestry) ¶h 11 outliners
go ‘ob H$aVr Wr& (ZaqghZ, EQ>.Eb, 2019) {H$ÝVw 16113 ¶h ì¶p³V
B©amZr-dm§{eH$ àdmh go Á¶mXm H$ar~r h¡, {Oggo ¶h ñnîQ> hmoVm h¡ {H$, B©amZ go
Ow‹S>r AmZwdm§{eH$Vm ¶h Ho$db B©amZ VWm ‘Ü¶ E{e¶m Ho$ B©X©-{JX© Ho$ àXoem| VH$
hr gr{‘V Zht Wr Vmo qgYw g§ñH¥${V Ho$ A{V nyd© H$s Amoa àXoem| VH$ nhþ±M JB©
Wr& Bg AmZwdm§{eH$Vm H$s VmXmX ¶h X{jU ^maV Ho$ dV©‘mZ bmoJm| go nya~ Ho$
Am{Xdmgr g‘yhm| ‘| Á¶mXm Wr, {Oggo ¶h ñnîQ> hmoVm h¡ {H$, qgYw g§ñH¥${V Ho$
H$mb go X{jU E{e¶m Ho$ àXoem| H$s Amoa {OZ âbmo hmoVm J¶m Am¡a amIrJ‹T>r ¶h
ñWmZ CÎma-npíM‘ (ñQ>on A°ÝgoñQ´>r H$mo Omo‹S>Zodmbm) Ed§ X{jUnyd© (X{jU
^maV Ho$ Am{Xdmgr g‘yhm| H$mo Omo‹S>Zodmbm) Bg Vah à‘wI ñWmZ h¡& amIrJ‹T>r
Ho$ ì¶p³V H$m Omo AmZwdm§{eH$ àmo’$mB©b h‘Zo V¡¶ma {H$¶m h¡ Cg‘| h‘| WÊS>
nhm‹S>r BbmHo$ H$s AmZwdm§{eH$Vm (Steppe Pastoralist-related ancestry)
àmá Zht hþB©, ~pëH$ B©amZ go Ow‹S>r AmZwdm§{eH$Vm (Iranian-related ances-
try) Á¶mXm ‘mÌm ‘| àmá hmo JB© h¡ Am¡a Bgr Vah H$s AmZwdm§{eH$Vm X{jU
E{e¶m ¶m B©amZ Ho$ dV©‘mZ bmoJm| ‘| àmá Zht hmoVr h¡, Omo ¶hr gm{~V H$aVm h¡
{H$, amIrJ‹T>r Ho$ ì¶p³V ‘| h‘| Omo AmZwdm§{eH$ S>mQ>m àmá hþAm h¡ dh àmMrZ
S>rEZE h¡&
IVC Cline ‘| B©amZ-go Ow‹S>r d§emdbr H$s Á¶mXm OmZH$mar boZo Ho$ {bE
h‘ IVC Cline go Ow‹S>r Indus Periphery-West ì¶p³V Ho$ Z‘yZm| H$mo "H$mo-
‘m°S>ob' Ho$ Vm¡a na AÜ¶¶Z Ho$ {bE {b¶m& ({Og‘| B©amZ go Ow‹S>r d§emdbr
Á¶mXm ‘mÌm ‘| ‘m¡OyX h¡&) CgHo$ gmW hr, B©amZr BbmHo$ Ho$ Kw‘ÝVw {eH$mar Ed§
Io{Vha àmMrZ g‘yhm| H$mo AÜ¶¶Z H$o {bE {b¶m& CZ‘| go Ab~moñQ>© nhm‹S>m| Ho$
VH$ar~Z B.g.nyd© 10000 Ho$ H$mb Ho$ ~oëQ> Ho$ìh Ho$ ì¶p³V H$m H§$H$mb, B©amZ
Ho$ PmJ«mog n~©V Ho$ J§O S>oaoh Bg ñWmZ H$m B.g.nyd© 8000 Ho$ H$mb newnmbH$
H$m {OZ gå~ÝY, PmJ«mog n~©V Ho$ hmOr {H$éO B.g. nyd© 6000 Ho$ Amgnmg
H$m Io{Vha H$m ({H$gmZm§o H$m) {OZ gå~ÝY Am¡a ‘Ü¶ B©amZ Ho$ B.g.nyd© 4000
Ho$ H$mb H$m Io{Vha H$m {OZ gå~ÝY 9pGraph VÝÌ H$m BñVo‘mb H$aHo$
(n°Q>agZ EQ> Ec, 2012) h‘Zo Cnamo³V V‘m‘ JwQ>m| H$s d§emdbr H$s Q>oñQ> B©amZ
go Ow‹S>r AmZwdm§{eH$ d§emdbr Ho$ gmW H$s, {OgHo$ Ûmam dm§{eH$ g§{‘lU
(admixtures) g‘P ‘| Am J¶m& (A°ZmVmo{b¶Z Io{Vha go Ow‹S>r dm§{eH$
g§{‘lU hmOr {’$éO Ed§ Q>ono {hgma Ho$ ì¶p³V go àmá hþAm Vmo qgYw g§ñH¥${V Ho$
g‘yhm| ‘| (IVC Cline) A§X‘mZr Kw‘ÝVw-{eH$mar H$m dm§{eH$ g§{‘lU àmá
hþAm) (AmH¥$Vr S3)& Om±Mo hþ¶o ‘m°S>ob g°ånb ‘| acceptance Criterion
BñVo‘mb H$aZo na Observed Ed§ expected t-statistics Ho$ Maximum (2)
Score 3 go H$‘ (L3) Wm Vmo Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) ¶h
4 Ho$ Amgnmg Wm& (~¶hm‘ A°ÊS> A±S>agZ, 2004)& h‘oem Ho$ {bE bmJy hþ¶o
‘m°S>ob go ¶h ñnîQ> hmo J¶m h¡ {H$, B©amZr BbmHo$ Ho$ g‘yhm| ‘| Omo Xmo JwQ> hmo MwHo$
h¡ CZ‘| go qgYw g§ñH¥${V go Ow‹S>o g‘yh Zo IVC Cline ‘| dm§{eH$ BOmµ’$m {H$¶m&
(AmH¥$Vr 3 ‘| Bg Vah Ho$ ‘m°S>ob h‘mao S>mQ>m go {‘bVo h¡&) BZ ZVrOo na h‘Zo
{g‘oQ´>r Q>oñQ> BñVo‘mb H$aHo$ nwpîQ> H$s h¡& Omo h‘Zo nhbr ~ma pñQ>‘wboQ>oS> S>mQ>m Ho$
gmW ‘| bmJy {H$¶m& (AmH¥$VrS4) Am¡a CgHo$ ~mX B©amZ go Ow‹S>r AmZwdm§{eH$Vm
Ho$ gmW ‘m¡OyX VmëbwH$mV H$m ‘yë¶m§H$Z {H$¶m, Eogm H$aVo hþ¶o h‘Zo AZmVmo{b¶Z
Io{Vha go Ow‹S>o, A§X‘mZr {eH$mar-Kw‘ÝVw Ho$ ~mao ‘| Am¡a doñQ> gm¶~o[a¶Z
{eH$mar Kw‘ÝVw Ho$ ~mao ‘| AmZwd§{eH$ g§{‘lU H$mo XþéñV {H$¶m& (ñQ>moa ‘oWS²>g)&
h‘| ¶h ZµOa Am¶m {H$, IVC Cline ‘| 94% d§emdbr Zo B©amZ go Ow‹S>r
AmZwdm§{eH$Vm Xem©B© Am¡a AÝ¶ AmZwdm§{eH$Vm go ¶h d§emdbr {^Þ Wr Am¡a
¶h ZVrOo h‘mao ‘m°S>oqbJ [aOëQ> Ho$ gmÏm Ow‹S> aho Wo&
h‘mam AZwg§YmZ ¶h H$hVm h¡ {H$, AnZo B©amZ Ho$ ‘yb ñWmZ go AbJ hmoZo
Ho$ ~mX Am{X‘ B©amZr Kw‘ÝVw-{eH$mar, newnmbH$ Ed§ Io{Vha ¶h B©amZ H$s
nhm‹S>r na Ed§ X{jU Am{e¶m ‘| ñWmZmÝV[aV hmoZo go CZH$s AmZwdm§{eH$Vm
X³IZ E{e¶m go àmá hmoVr h¡ Am¡a BgHo$ à‘mU àmMrZ Ed§ AmYw{ZH$ Z‘yZm| Ho$
S>mQm> go àmá hmoVo h¡§& B©amZ Ho$ ~oëQ> Ho$ìh Ho$ ì¶p³V VH$ar~Z B.g. nyd©
10,000 H$m h¡ Am¡a B©amZ ‘| IoVr H$m {dH$mg hmoZo Ho$ nhbo H$m ¶h H§$H$mb
{ZpíMV hr h¡& Bggo ¶h gm{~V hmoVm h¡ {H$, B©amZ ‘| IoVr H$m {dH$mg hmoZo go
nhbo hr qgYw g§ñH¥${V ‘| ‘mZdm| ‘|o (IVC Cline ‘|) B©amZ go OwS‹ >r AmZwdm§{eH$Vm
(Iranian-related ancestry) {‘{lV hmo JB© Wr& (AmH¥$Vr 3) ~oëQ> Ho$ìh Ho$
ì¶p³V ‘| ¶{X B©amZr AmZwdm§{eH$Vm H$‘ ‘mÌm ‘| {XImB© Xr, {’$a ^r h‘mam
{díbofU ¶hr Xem©Vm h¡ {H$, qgYw g§ñH¥${V H$s d§emdbr ‘| B©amZr AmZwdm§{eH$Vm
{‘bZo go nhbo 8000 B.g. nyd© Ho$ J§O Xaoh ì¶p³V Ho$ H$mb nhbo hr IVC
Cline Ho$ ì¶p³V CZHo$ B©amZ Ho$ ‘yb bmoJm| go OwXm hmo J¶o Am¡a B©amZ ‘| B.g.nyd©
7000 go 6000 Ho$ Amgnmg IoVr H$m {dH$mg B©amZ Ho$ nhm‹S>r BbmHo$ ‘| hmoZo
go nhbo Omo bmoJ B©amZ Ho$ PmJ«mog n~©V na ahZo bJo Wo&
g§jon ‘| H$ho Vmo IVC Cline (qgYw bmoJm| H$s d§emdbr ‘|) Ho$ d§eOm| ‘|
B©amZ go Ow‹S>r AmZwd§{eH$Vm ¶h npíM‘ B©amZ Ho$ nhm‹S>r Ho$ Am{X‘ Io{Vha Ed§
Kw‘ÝVw newnmbH$ BZHo$ g§{‘lU go {Z‘m©U hþB© h¡& EH$ AmµOmX AZwg§YmZ ‘| ¶h
ñnîQ> hþAm h¡ {H$, Aí‘¶wJrZ Ed§ H$m§ñ¶¶wJrZ H$mb Ho$ B©amZ Ho$ nhm‹S>r BbmHo$
Ho$ IoVr H$aZodmbo Io{Vham| ‘| AZVmo{b¶Z {H$gmZm| go Ow‹S>r AmZwd§{eH$Vm Wr
Omo CgHo$ nhbo Ho$ npíM‘r PmJ«mog àXoe Ho$ newnmbH$ bmoJm| ‘| Zht Wr&
(ZaqghZ EQ> Eb, 2019) BZ‘| npíM‘r PmJ«mog BbmHo$ Ho$ {H$gmZ (VH$ar~Z
59% AZmVmo{b¶Z Io{Vha go Ow‹S>r AmZwdm§{eH$Vm B.g.nyd© 6000 Ho$ Amgnmg
hmOr {’$éO Bg ñWmZ go àmá hþB©) Am¡a nhbo Ab~moñQ>© Io{Vha Wo& ({OZ‘§o
AZmVmo{b¶Z Io{Vha go Ow‹S>r AmZwdm§{eH$Vm H$s ‘mÌm ¶h B.g.nyd© 4000 Ho$
Amgnmg Q>ono {hgma Bg BbmHo$ ‘o§ 30% BVZr àmá hþB©)& Omo {H$ IVC Cline
Ho$ 12 ì¶p³V Ho$ Z‘yZm| go ‘mÌ AZmVmo{b¶Z Io{Vha go Ow‹S>r AmZwdm§{eH$Vm
Zm‘ Ho$ {bE hr àmá hþB©, Am¡a ¶h EH$ ñdVÝÌ à‘mU h¡& (BgHo$ gmW hr B©amZ
go Ow‹S>r AmZwdm§{eH$ {^ÞVm ‘| go ¶h AmZwdm§{eH$Vm àmMrZ B©amZr {OZmo‘ Ho$
A~VH$ Ho$ AZwg§YmZ go àmá Zht hþB©) Bggo ¶hr gm{~V hmoVm h¡ {H$, B©amZr
IoVr H$aZodmbo {H$gmZm| go Ow‹S>r A°ÝgoñQ´>r àmo’$mB©b go dhm± Ho$ d§eO Zht ~Zo h¡&
(ZaqghZ EQ> Eb, 2019) {’$bhmb X³IZ E{e¶m Ho$ bmoJm| ‘| AZmVmo{b¶Z
Io{Vha go Ow‹S>r AmZwdm§{eH$Vm ñQ>on n°ñQ>moam{bñQ> ñQ>on (WÊS>m nhm‹S>r BbmHo$ Ho$

Kw‘ÝVw) BZgo {‘bVr OwbVr h¡ Amoa CÝhm|Zo dh g§{‘l AmZwdm§{eH$Vm B.g.nyd©
2000 go 1500 Ho$ Xm¡amZ X³IZ E{e¶m ‘| ’¡$bmB© Wr& (ZaqghZ, EQ> Eb,
2019)
n[aMMm© :-
Cnamo³V AZwg§YmZ ¶hr gm{~V H$aVm h¡ {H$, ¶moamon H$s Vah X³IZ E{e¶m
‘| ^r CnOmD$ nhm‹S>r BbmHo$ Ho$ bmoJm| Zo nhbo IoVr H$m {dH$mg Zht {H$¶m& CëQ>o
¶moamon Ho$ ~mao ‘| nhbo AZmVmo{b¶m Ho$ Kw‘ÝVw {eH$mar bmoJm| Zo (’o$ëS>‘Z EQ>
Eb, 2019) Am¡a X³IZ E{e¶m Ho$ narjU Zm {H$¶o hþ¶o ñWmZm| na dhm± Ho$
ñWm{ZH$ bmoJm| Zo ~mhar bmoJ AmZo Ho$ nhbo hr IoVr H$s ewéAmV H$s Wr& BgH$m
AW© ¶h Zht hmoVm h¡ {H$, ~mX Ho$ H$mb ‘| IoVr Ho$ AW©H$maU H$mo bmoJm| Ho$
ñWmZmÝVaU H$m bm^ Zht hþAm; {‘gmb Ho$ Vm¡a na àmMrZ S>rEZE AZwg§YmZ Zo
¶h gm{~V {H$¶m h¡ {H$, npíM‘ AZmVmo{b¶m Ho$ Am{X‘ Kw‘ÝVw {eH$mar Ho$
CÎmam{YH$mar npíM‘ AZmVmo{b¶m Ho$ {H$gmZ BÝhm|Zo VH$ar~Z B.g.nyd© 6500
Ho$ Amgnmg ¶moamon ‘| IoVr H$m àgma {H$¶m Wm& (’o$ëS>‘Z EQ> Eb, 2019)
{~bHw$b Cgr Vah, X³IZ E{e¶m ‘| ^r IoVr H$aZodmbo g‘yh H$m {dñVma hþAm
Am¡a CÝhmoZ§o CZ-CZ joÌm| ‘| Am{W©H$ VoOr Ed§ OZg§»¶m {dñVma ‘| hmW ~‹T>m¶m&
^yVH$mb ‘| Bgr Vah Ho$ KQ>ZmH«$‘ hþ¶o Wo ³¶m BgH$m n[ajU hmoZm ~mH$s h¡ Am¡a
¶h narjU X³IZ ämmaVr¶ IoVr Ho$ {dH$mg go nhbo ~Xbmd hþ¶o ¶m ~mX ‘| ¶h
àmMrZ S>rEZE Om±M go IwbZodmbm h¡&
h‘| Omo ZVrOo àmá hþ¶o h¡ Cgo ^mfm H$m ^r AmYma h¡& {’$bhmb nyao X³IZ
E{e¶m ‘| ’¡$bo hþ¶o BÊS>mo-¶moamo{n¶Z ^mfm Ho$ CJ‘ Ho$ ~mao ‘| Ah‘ {gÕmÝV
""AZmVmo{b¶Z hm¶nmoWogrg' h¡, {Og‘| ¶h H$hm J¶m h¡ {H$, AZmVmo{b¶m Ho$
bmoJm| H$m ñWmZmÝVaU B©amZ Ho$ nhm‹S>r BbmHo$ go X³IZ E{e¶m ‘| IoVr Ho$
{dH$mg Ho$ gmW hmoZo go BÊS>mo-¶moao{n¶Z ^mfm H$m {dñVma ^r Bg ñWmZmÝVaU Ho$
gmW hr hþAm& {’$a ^r h‘mao Bg AZwg§YmZ ‘| h‘Zo ¶h ñnîQ> {H$¶m h¡ {H$, B©amZ
Ho$ Am{X‘ Io{Vha Ed§ newnmbH$ H$s VwbZm ‘| (qgYw àXoe Ho$) IVC Cline ‘|

X³IZ E{e¶m Ho$ àmMrZ Io{Vha AmZwdm§{eH$Vm ‘| àmMrZ AZmVmo{b¶Z Io{Vha
Ed§ B©amZ go Ow‹S>r AmZwdm§{eH$Vm H$s ‘mÌm {~bHy$b ‘m‘ybr h¡& Am{X‘ OZOm{V¶
g‘yhm| ‘| ^mfm H$m {dñVma ¶h bmoJm| Ho$ ñWmZmÝVaU Ho$ gmW hmoZo go (~ocdyS>,
2013) B©amZ Ho$ n~©Vr¶ BbmHo$ Ho$ O[a¶o X³IZ E{e¶m H$s ^mfm ‘| hþAm Wm
Bg AZw‘mZ Ho$ Cnamo³V H$WZ ‘| {H$VZr {déÕVm Wr& (ho½JmQ>u, 2019) {’$a
^r X³IZ E{e¶m ‘| ^mfm Ho$ àMma Ho$ {bE B.g.nyd© Xÿgao ghòmãXr ‘| X³IZ
E{e¶m ‘| ‘Ü¶ E{e¶m ‘mJ© go nyd© ¶moamo{n¶ ^mfm H$m ¶h EH$ àmH¥${VH$ ‘mJ© Wm,
Am¡a Bg Vah H$m {dñVma hþAm Wm ¶h àmMrZ S>rEZE AZwg§YmZ go àmá
AmZwdm§{eH$ l¥§Ibm go gm{~V hmoVm h¡& hµH$sH$V ¶h h¡ {H$, X³IZ E{e¶m Ho$
Steppe Pastoralist Ancestry WÊS> nhm‹S>r àXoe H$s AmZwdm§{eH$Vm) ({Ogo
h‘ ~«m÷U AmZwdm§{eH$Vm H$h gH$Vo h¡-gånmXH$) ¶h AmZwdm§{eH$Vm H$m§ñ¶¶wJrZ
nyd© ¶moamon H$s AmZwdm§{eH$Vm go ‘ob H$aVr h¡ ({H$ÝVw dh npíM‘r ¶moamon H$s
AmZwdm§{eH$Vm go ‘ob Zht H$aVr) (S>r ~mamoO S>°‘JmS>© EQ> Eb, 2018;
ZaqghZ EQ> Eb, 2019) Am¡a ¶h AZw‘mZ h‘mao {gÕmÝV H$mo Am¡a ‘O~yVr
àXmZ H$aVr h¡& ³¶m|{H$ ~mëQ>mo-gmpëdH$ Ed§ BÊS>mo-B©am{Z¶Z ^mfm ‘| Hw$N> R>mog
g‘mZVm h¡& ¶h Bg {gÕmÝV go (theory go) ñnï> hmVm h¡&
qgYw g§ñH¥${V Ho$ (IVC) EH$ amIrJ‹T>r Ho$ ì¶p³V go h‘§o Omo S>mQ>m àmá hþAm
h¡ Am¡a CgH$s VwbZm ‘| qgYw g§ñH¥${V Ho$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ VmëbwH$mV Ow‹S>o hþ¶o n‹S>mogr
‘wëH$ ‘| AZwg§YmZ hþ¶o nhbo Ho$ 11 ì¶p³V ‘| Omo S>mQ>m CnbãY h¡; ¶h XmoZm|
hr S>mQ>m ¶hr Xem©Vo h¡ {H$, qgYw g§ñH¥${V H$s CÞ{V Ho$ H$mb ‘| ^maVr¶ CnIÊS>
Ho$ CÎma-npíM‘ H$s Amoa {~Iaoo hþE àXoe ‘| Omo AmZwdm§{eH$ T>bmZdmbm H«$‘
nr‹T>r Xa nr‹T>r dhm± Ho$ Io{Vham| ‘| CVaVo hþ¶o Am¶m h¡ Am¡a CZ‘| ñQ>on n°ñQ>moa°{bñQ>
(WÊS> nhm‹S>r BbmHo$ Ho$ Kw‘ÝVw (¶wao{e¶Z ~«m÷U-g§nmXH$)) ¶m npíM‘r B©amZr
Io{Vha ({H$gmZ) ¶m newnmbH$ BZH$s AmZwdm§{eH$ ‘mÌm ‘m‘ybr h¡ Am¡a qgYw
g§ñH¥${V H$s AmZwdm§{eH$Vm go hr (IVC Cline ‘| go hr) ~mX Ho$ H$mb Ho$
X³IZ E{e¶mB© {dH${gV hþE h¢& qgYw g§ñH¥${V H$m (IVC H$m) ¶hr AmZwdm§{eH$
àmo’$mB©c (AmZwdm§{eH$ g§aMZm) Wr ¶h {gÕ H$aZo Ho$ {bE h‘mam AZwg§YmZ hr

~hþV hmoJm& {H$ÝVw Ho$db EH$ Z‘yZm ¶m IVC Ho$ 12 Z‘yZm| H$m AÜ¶¶Z H$aHo$
h‘ A{V{demb àmMrZ gånyU© qgYw g§ñH¥${V H$m AZw‘mZ Zht {ZH$mb gH$Vo&
BgHo$ {bE IVC Ho$ V‘m‘ {dñVma H$s Á¶mXm go Á¶mXm àmMrZ bmoJm| H$m S>rEZE
AÜ¶¶Z h‘| H$aZm hmoJm Am¡a Bggo qgYw g§ñH¥${V Ho$ AmZwdm§{eH$ àgma H$m
{dñVmarH$aU {H$g Vah hþAm Ed§ Cg d³V ‘mZdr g‘yhm| H$s g§aMZm {H$g Vah
Wr ¶h g‘PZo ‘§o ‘XX hmoJr Am¡a ^{dî¶ Ho$ AZwg§YmZ Ho$ {bE ¶hr ‘mJ© C{MV
hmoJm&
*********

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LEAD CONTACT AND MATERIALS AVAILABILITY
This study did not generate new unique reagents. Further information
and requests for resources should be directed to and will be
fulfilled by the Lead Contact, David Reich
(reich@genetics.med.harvard.edu).
EXPERIMENTAL MODEL AND SUBJECT DETAILS
We attempted to generate genome-wide data from skeletal remains of
61 ancient individuals from the IVC site of Rakhigarhi. Only a
single sample yielded enough authentic ancient DNA for analysis:
I6113, Rakhigarhi, Haryana, India (n = 1). We report the archeological
context dates for this burial in Method Details. The skeletal samples
from Rakhigarhi were excavated by the archaeological
team led by V.S. at the Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research
Institute in Pune India and sampled by the ancient DNA group
led by N.Ra. at the Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences in Lucknow
India. Analysis using the methods implemented by the ancient
DNA group led by D.R. at Harvard Medical School in Boston USA

was approved by a Memorandum of Understanding between Deccan
College and Harvard Medical School executed in February 2016.
METHOD DETAILS
Contextual date for individual I6113
The collagen preservation for the human bones at Rakhigarhi cem-
etery is so poor that Accelerator Mass Spectrometry radiocarbon dating
on skeletal remains is very difficult; multiple attempts showed a carbon-
to-nitrogen ratio outside the range appropriate for dating, including five
attempts we made specifically on skeletal elements from I6113.
However, the cemetery can be securely dated based on archaeologi-
cal context. First, the only evidence of human occupation of the site is in
the Harappan period and hence all the excavated remains are likely to
belong to that period. Second, all the characteristic features of the
Harappan burial customs and features are present in the cemetery, in-
cluding a separation from the main habitation area (about 1 km), and
typical Harappan artifacts including pottery (Figure S1), beads made of
semi-precious stones, and bangles of copper, shell or terracotta, all of
which are indistinguishable from artifacts found in the main habitation
area. As discussed in the text, the main habitation area has 7 radiocarbon
dates based on charcoal spanning 2800-2300 BCE, largely falling within
the mature IVC (Shinde et al., 2018; Vahia et al., 2016).
Ancient DNA Data Generation

Table S1 presents details of genetic results on the 252 libraries we
generated on 61 distinct samples. To represent I6113, we generated data
from 109 libraries (27 double-stranded (Rohland et al., 2015) and 82
single-stranded (Meyer et al., 2014; Gansauge et al., 2017), and then
filtered out 41 single-stranded libraries (all the libraries from a single
extraction) that tended to have much lower coverage. For the remaining
68 libraries, we restricted the data to sequences with evidence of charac-
teristic ancient DNA damage in the final nucleotide using PMDtools
(Skoglund et al., 2014).
Assessing samples for authenticity of ancient DNA

We prioritized individual I6113, who yielded appreciable amounts of
DNA as well as a relatively high rate of cytosine-to-thymine mismatches
to the reference sequence in the final nucleotide of the libraries, for addi-

tional library preparation and sequencing (Table S1).
For I6113 we generated a total of 27 double-stranded libraries
(Rohland et al., 2015) (1 UDG-treated and 26 not UDG-treated) using
powder from both the otic capsule and semicircular canals of the petrous
bone, and also generated an additional 82 single-stranded libraries (all
non-UDG-treated) using powder from the semicircular canal and one of
two different extraction procedures (Glocke and Meyer, 2017; Rohland
et al., 2018). Out of these 109 libraries, nearly all of the 41 made from
single-stranded libraries prepared using the extract made with Buffer G
(Glocke and Meyer, 2017) had low coverage (< 100 targeted SNPs cov-
ered) and low damage in the final nucleotide (Table S1), consistent with
the extreme sensitivity of extracts made using this buffer to inhibition
especially for singlestranded libraries (Glocke and Meyer, 2017; Rohland
et al., 2018). We therefore removed all libraries prepared from this ex-
tract from analysis and proceeded with the remaining 68.
The number of DNA sequences obtained from each library of I6113
was insufficient for assessment of contamination on a perlibrary basis.
We therefore pooled data across the 68 libraries for I6113, and found
that 208,111 SNPs were covered by at least one sequence. Examining the
number of sequences mapping to the Y chromosome as a fraction of that
mapping to both the X and Y, we found a ratio of 0.047. On data for
many other ancient individuals subject to 1.2 million SNP enrichment,
we have empirically found that this ratio is less than about 0.03 for un-
contaminated libraries from females, and above 0.35 for uncontaminated
males. Thus, I6113 has evidence of a mixture of human DNA from both
males and females, and thus contamination.
To identify subsets of the molecules that are highly likely to be au-
thentic, we analyzed the fraction of sequences that retained typical sig-
natures of ancient DNA damage based on a characteristic cytosine-to-
thymine mismatches to a reference sequence at their ends (Meyer et al.,
2014; Skoglund et al., 2014), stratified by the lengths of the molecules
(Figures S2A and S2B). We carried out this analysis not only for I6113,
but also for a previously published ancient DNA sample from Southeast
Asia from a similar time period (I4011) comprised of a merge of data
from 21 UDG-treated double-stranded libraries (Lipson et al., 2018).
The librariesfrom I6113 have high rates of damage (up to 50%) indica-
tive of a high proportion of genuine ancient DNA. The rate of damage
for I6113 decreases dramatically for lengths greater that 50 bp, suggest-

ing that longer molecules are more likely to be contaminated. We further
found that sequences that were damaged on one end of the ancient DNA
molecules (showing cytosine-to-thymine (C-to-T) mismatches relative
to the reference sequence) also had an enhanced chance of damage on
the other, as expected if damage restriction enriches for authentic DNA
in single-stranded (Meyer et al., 2014) (Figure S2C).
The resulting dataset contains sequences covering 31,760 SNPs at
least once. Its ratio of Y chromosome sequences to X+Y chromosome
sequences is 0.026, consistent with being an uncontaminated female (and
the anthropological determination).
Autosomal Contamination Estimates

We estimated contamination using an algorithm based on breakdown
of linkage disequilibrium (Posth et al., 2018). This software measures
contamination levels by comparing the haplotype distribution of a tested
sample to the haplotype distribution of an external reference panel. We
used Sri Lankan Tamils sampled from the United Kingdom (STU) from
the 1000 Genomes Project (Auton et al., 2015) as the reference panel.
The algorithm was run in the usually conservative ‘‘uncorrected’’ mode
to attain maximal power.
QUANTIFICATION AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

ADMIXTURE clustering analysis
We pruned the data using PLINK2 to retain only sites for which at
least 70% of individuals had a non-missing genotype (Chang et al., 2015).
We then ran ADMIXTURE (Alexander et al., 2009) with 10 replicates
and report the replicate with the highest likelihood. In Figure 2, we show
the results for clustering using K = 6 components.
f-statistics We computed f-statistics using the packages in
ADMIXTOOLS (Patterson et al., 2012). To test for admixture we ran f3-
statistics using the inbreed:YES parameter with an ancient population as
a target. To estimate the ancestry proportion for a test population given a
set of source populations and a set of outgroups, we used the qpAdm
methodology (18) in ADMIXTOOLS.
Hierarchical modeling
To model a given sample as part of an established genetic cline deter-
mined by a set of other populations, we used an approach described in

(Narasimhan et al., 2019), where the Supplemental Materials give the
full details. We begin by obtaining ancestry proportions for a set of samples
on a genetic cline, and jointly model these in a single generative model
taking advantage of the fact that the proportions for the three ancestral
sources must sum to 1. We estimate the mean and covariance of these
sources using a bivariate normal distribution via maximum likelihood.
We evaluate if the test population can be fit as deriving from the same
original three sources as those we just modeled on the genetic cline using
qpAdm, and if there is a fit, evaluate if the observed ratios of the ancestry
proportions of the test population fit with the expected values from the
generative model established by the cline. We compute a p value based
on the empirically determined covariance matrices.
Determination of the phylogeny of Iranian-related ancestry

We wished to examine the relationship of the Iranian-related ancestry
present in the IVC Cline to that of ancient Iranian plateau groups re-
ported in the ancient DNA literature.
We first focused on a set of populations chosen to represent a diverse
group of early hunter-gatherers and farmers from across the geographic
area of present-day Iran. Our approach was to identify a set of phylog-
enies consistent with the data and then, based on the known dates of the
samples, to make inferences on minimum split times between lineages.
The individuals or groups of individuals we examined were:

1. Belt_Cave_M (BC) (n = 1) – A Mesolithic individual from the
Alborz mountains of Central Iran. Due to the evidence of contamination
in the data from this individual, we used a damage-restricted version of
this dataset resulting in 30,722 SNPs.
2. Ganj_Dareh_N (GD) (n = 8) – Early goat herders from the Zagros
Mountains of western Iran. The highest coverage individual has data from
938,523 SNPs.
3. Hajji_Firuz_C (HF) (n = 5) – Late Neolithic and early Copper Age
individuals from the Zagros Mountains of Western Iran. The highest cov-
erage individual has data from 916,581 SNPs.
4. Tepe_Hissar_C (TH) (n = 12) – Copper Age and Early Bronze Age
individuals from the Central Iranian Plateau. The highest coverage indi-
vidual has data from 745,066 SNPs.

5. Indus_Periphery_West (IP) (n = 1) – Member of the IVC Cline
which includes the Rakhigarhi individual I6113. We represent the Ira-
nian-related ancestry in this cline with I8728, an individual with one of
the highest proportions of Iranian-related ancestry who also happens to
have the highest coverage of all individuals on this cline.
As documented in ref. (Narasimhan et al., 2019), the Hajji Firuz and
Tepe Hissar pools of individuals have evidence of admixture related to
Anatolian farmers while the Indus Periphery Cline individuals = have
significant proportions of ancestry related (deeply in time) to southeast
Asian hunter-gatherers.
Building scaffolds of all possible topologies of Iranian-related

ancestry
We were interested in understanding the relationships among the Ira-
nian-related lineages contributing to these 5 populations, treating the non-
Iranian-related components such as the Anatolian farmer-related ances-
try as nuisances that we need to model out assuming a topology in which
the lineages leading to Tepe Hissar (PTA) and Hajji Firuz (PHA) formed
a separate clade from Anatolian farmers (in the next sub-section we show
that our results are robust to the choice of the topology relating the
Anatolian farmer-related lineages).
There are 3 distinct topologies according to which these 5 popula-
tions could be related, which we call ‘‘Serial Founder’’ (Figure S3A),
‘‘Single Outgroup’’ (Figure S3B), and ‘‘Two Clades’’ (Figure S3C). Within
these topologies there are multiple permutations for how the 5 individual
populations could relate, depending on how the 5 Iranian-related popu-
lations fit into ‘‘slots’’ on the topology.
We used qpWave (Patterson et al., 2012) to evaluate all 120 possible
ways for the 5 populations to be grafted onto each of the open ‘‘Slots’’ or
positions, taking care to account for the correct admixing source for the
populations that were admixed. In some topologies the assignment of
populations to the slots did not alter the graph topology (when two popu-
lations were a clade with respect to the others. Therefore, there were
only 30, 15 and 60 different models that were unique for the Serial
Founder, Single Outgroup and Two Clades phylogenies respectively,
though in our results we show all 120 possibilities for the assignment of
a ‘‘Slot’’ to a population.

Methodology for model selection of admixture graphs
In the previous section we described the assignment of populations to
‘‘Slots’’ and the creation of a large number of admixture graphs.
For each admixture graph produced there are two metrics that we
used to evaluate fit. The first is a list of residuals above a particular Z-
score and the second is a score for the weighted error for the fitted statis-
tics based on the graph in comparison to the empirically observed statis-
tics, S(G) = -1/2(g - f) 0Q1(g - f). Here f is the vector of observed f-
statistics. g is the corresponding vector of statistics fit on the graph with
the specified topology, and Q is an estimated covariance matrix deter-
mined empirically (Patterson et al., 2012).
As a first screen for a working model, we begin by selecting models
that have their largest residual with an absolute Z-score below 3. This is
a standard approach in the literature and while this may provide a practi-
cal threshold for rejecting models, this alone is not sufficient to adjudi-
cate between two models whose worst fitting residuals are both close to
the threshold. We wanted to compare how similar two models were with
respect to their statistical likelihood. If our admixture graph models were
nested within one another, we could do this using a Likelihood Ratio Test
as described in (Lipson and Reich, 2017). In this approach, the log-like-
lihood of two models, one involving admixture from a certain population
and one without were compared and their difference can then be com-
pared using a chi-square test.
However this approach cannot be applied in the present setting as the
models we are testing are not nested within one another and the number
of parameters of all of the models are the same. To enable us to deter-
mine the level of support one particular model has when compared to
another we use Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) as a measure of model
fit. Since the number of parameters between two models remains the
same, the actual computed score remains the same whether we use AIC
or a Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC).
We used a set of guidelines outlined in (Burnham and Anderson, 2004)
for performing model selection using AIC. Specifically we computed di
= AICi - AICmin where AICi is the AIC of the i-th model, and AICmin is
the lowest AIC obtained among all the models we tested across all to-
pologies (SO, SF and TC). The models can then be compared using the

following guidelines from (Burnham and Anderson, 2004):
1. di < 2, the i-th model is nearly as plausible as the best fitting model;
2. 2 < di % 4, the i-th model is consistent with the data but consider-
ably less probable than the best fitting model;
3. 4 < di < 7, the i-th model is much less likely than the best fitting
model;
4. 7 < di , the i-th model has essentially no support.
Based on this published set of criteria we chose to accept all models
for which the difference in AIC was < 4.
Among the samples we analyzed was a Mesolithic individual from
Central Iran, Belt_Cave_M, which after restricting to damaged sequences
(to address the evidence of contamination in this individual) reflects data
from just 30,722 autosomal SNPs, and thus comodeling with this indi-
vidual restricts the number of SNPs available for admixture graph fit-
ting. To address this, we repeated the admixture graph fitting removing
this particular individual which improved our SNP coverage by more
than 10-fold, allowing us toremove models that were plausible simply
because of a lack of data and ensuring that the fit of a particular admix-
ture graph was not due to our inability to reject it at lower coverage. As a
further criterion for model selection, we restricted to the intersection
between the fitting models analyzed with and without the Belt Cave indi-
vidual.
Results from the model selection of tested admixture graphs
In Table S3A, we observe that all working models exclude the ‘‘Two
Clades’’ topology, regardless of how populations are assigned to
‘‘slots.’’We also observe that all fitting populations have
Indus_Periphery_West or Hajji_Firuz as an outgroup with respect to all
other groups at the AIC < 4 threshold, with only models with
Indus_Periphery_West if we use AIC < 2.
Robustness of the model selection procedure

We explored if modifying the topology relating the South Asian hunter-
gatherer-related components (Table S3B) and that relating the Anatolian
farmer-related components (Table S3C) changes our inferences and found
that they did not except in one notable way.
Previously our model selection criterion had not been successful at
distinguishing the earliest diverging of the Iranian-related populations.

i.e., either Indus_Periphery_West or Hajji_Firuz_C, but under a differ-
ent topology of the Anatolian farmer-related component in Hajji_Firuz_C
we see that models with Indus_Periphery_West as the earliest diverging
split are strongly supported over the other working models.
We also exploring allowing all the five populations to be admixed
with all source populations thereby allowing a much freer model.
We find that our results showing that the Indus_Periphery_West be-
ing the first to split are robust to this perturbation (Table S3D).
Taken together, this analysis shows a clear branching structure that
involves the Indus_Periphery_West ancestry as the first to split, followed
by the others which are not distinguishable. There are two marginally
fitting models in which Hajji_Firuz is the first to split (Table S3A), but
even if these models are correct they do not change the inference that the
Iranian-related ancestry in Indus_Periphery_West split from the lineages
leading to those in Belt Cave, Tepe Hissar, and Ganj Dareh before they
separated from each other, which is the only inference we need for our
main conclusions.
Alternative approaches to determining phylogeny

The major confounder when inferring trees and examining their to-
pology as determined by shared drift amongst different populations is
admixture. In analyses described above, we dealt with this by modeling
known admixtures into populations, which showed that the changing of
the topology of the admixing sources does not affect the inference we
obtain about the internal phylogeny of the Iranian related component of
the ancestry of the test populations. As an alternative approach to explor-
ing these issues, we obtained unbiased estimates of the allele frequencies
for the Iranian-related component in each of the samples by subtracting
the expectation from the admixing sources, and then performed symme-
try tests to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships.
Prior to implementing this procedure on real data, we began by con-
firming that if the relevant admixing source populations or populations
related to those source populations were available and the proportion of
their admixture known, then it was possible to recover the internal phy-
logeny of the populations even though there is significant admixture
present in the data.
To verify this we simulated the phylogeny described in Figure S4

using the msprime coalescent simulator (Kelleher et al., 2016). We used
standard mutation and recombination rates and sampled 1 million posi-
tions in 10 individuals from each population. We converted these to hap-
loid genotypes by random sampling.We were interested in whether we
could recover the internal phylogeny of the pp5 node. The choice of this
particular topology and set of admixing populations mirrors the structure
of the admixture graph that we think may be a reasonable match to our
real data.
In the first step of the process, we computed the allele frequencies
per SNP for the populations for which we were interested in obtaining a
phylogeny, namely 3, 4, 5 and 6. We then subtracted the relevant allele
frequencies of the admixing populations which were known in this set-
ting. For example, we subtracted the allele frequency of population 8
from population 6, weighted by the admixture proportion 50%. Wethen
computed all statistics of the form f4(0,A,B,Test), where A, B and Test
could be any of the populations 3, 4, 5 and 6.
In Table S3E, we show that for samples without admixture correction
there are no simple trees that are compatible with the data (at the jZj>3
level). However, after subtacting the allele frequencies in the appropriate
manner, we obtain passing symmetry statistics for exactly the pairs of
populations we expected based on the simulated topology (Table S3F).
This suggests that if we account for the correct admixing population as
well as the proportion of admixture, it is possible to recover the phylog-
eny of a set of populations even though they might be admixed even to
levels of 50% as was the case in simulations. In the next section, we
apply this procedure to the admixture graph that we constructed using
the real data.
Applying this approach to real data, we estimated admixture-corrected
allele frequencies fo the Iranian-related ancestry in four populations car-
rying it: Ganj_Dareh_N, Hajji_Firuz_C, Tepe_Hissar_C and
Indus_Periphery_West (we dropped Belt_Cave_M as it was too low in
coverage to produce meaningful results). As part of our inference we
needed to infer proportions of non-Iranian-related ancestry in these popu-
lations, and to do this we utilized the qpAdm framework developed in
(Narasimhan et al., 2019), to estimate the proportions of AHG- and
Anatolia_N-related ancestry in each. This produced admixture point es-
timates that were in line with our admixture graph fits as well as a cova-

riance matrix measuring uncertainty.
To account for uncertainty, we carried out this procedure sampled
1000 times from the point estimates and covariance matrix of admixture
proportions and produced 1000 samples. For each of these samples we
subtracted the allele frequencies in AHG and Anatolia_N (weighting by
the admixture proportion), related ancestries and computed all possible
triplets of f4-statistics as we had done for the simulated data. We com-
puted f4-statistics using a jZj>3 threshold to determine whether there
continued to remain significant evidence of admixture relating the popu-
lations. Unlike with the simulated data where we knew a priori the exact
mixing proportions and admixing sources, uncertainty about the true ad-
mixture proportion in this context reduced power. We observed 465 cases
where the inferred tree was (IP,(GD,(HF,TH))), 29 cases where the in-
ferred tree was (IP,(HF,(GD,TH))), and 506 cases where no tree fit. Thus,
using this procedure we only observe two viable tree topologies, both of
which involve Indus_Periphery_West as the population splitting first,
mirroring the topology produced using the admixture graph methodol-
ogy.
DATA AND CODE AVAILABILITY

All newly reported sequencing data are available from the European
Nucleotide Archive under accession number ENA: PRJEB34154.
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
The Supplemental Data includes an Excel spreadsheet listing results
on all 252 libraries generated for this study, an Excel spreadsheet listing
all 61 samples for which attempts were made to extract ancient DNA,
and an Excel spreadsheet reporting other statistics described in the pa-
per.

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AmZwdm§{eH$ CJ‘ H$m g§{‘lU h‘ Cgo ‘m°S>ob Ho$ Vm¡a na BñVo‘mb H$a gH$Vo h¡&
(Am‘Vm¡a na {OZ g‘yhm| H$m S>mQ>m CnbãY h¡ CZgo hr BZHo$ VmëbwH$mV h¡&
{H$ÝVw Hw$N> ‘m‘bm| ‘| ¶h ‘wÔm Á¶mXm ZOXrH$s H$m h¡&)
* "AZmVmo{c¶Z H¥${f go Ow‹S>r' : npíM‘r AZmVmo{c¶Z {H$gmZm| go
B.g.nyd© 7 dr ghómãXr Ho$ Xm¡amZ go Ow‹S>r&
* "npíM‘ ¶moamo{n¶Z {eH$mar g‘yh go Ow‹S>r (WHG)' : Aí‘¶wJrZ
npíM‘r ¶moamo{n¶Z bmoJm| H$mo Xem©Vm h¡& (5, 10, 15, 16)
* "B©amZr Io{Vham| go Ow‹S>r' : B©amZ Ho$ PmJ«mog n~©V H$s B.g.nyd© 8 hOma
Ho$ H$mb Ho$ Kw‘ÝVw g‘yhm| H$mo Xem©Vr h¡&
* "nyd© ¶wamo{n¶Z {eH$mar g‘whmer g§~§{YV' : nyd© ¶moamon Ho$ {^Þ
ñWmZm| go {eH$mar g‘yhm| H$mo Xem©Vr h¡& (5,6).
* "npíM‘ gm¶~o[a¶Z-{eH$mar g‘yh go Ow‹S>r (West + Siberian
HG)'' : ¶wao{e¶Z d§emdbr H$s ~hþV ZOXrH$s Ed§ Z¶o {gao go àH$m{eV hþE 3
g°ånc BgHo$ O[a¶o Xem©¶m h¡&
* "nyd© Am{e¶m Ow‹S>r' : ¶h g‘yh Bg AZwg§YmZ ‘| hmZ Mm¶ZrO Ho$ Vm¡a
na {XIm¶m hþAm h¡&
* "àmMrZ AmZwdm§{eH$ X³IZ ^maVr¶m| go Ow‹S>r (AASI)' : ‘mZr hþB©
X³IZ E{e¶m H$s {eH$mar d§emdbr go Ow‹S>r O‘m{V Omo {’$bhmb A§X‘mZ Ûrn
H$s ‘yb{Zdmgr h¡& (19).
haoH$ J«wn Ho$ {bE àm°p³P‘c ‘m°S>oc H$s nhMmZ hmoZo Ho$ {bE AënH$m{bH$
ñdén H$s g§{‘l à{H«$¶m Ho$ Vm¡a na h‘Zo 9pAdm VarHo$ H$m BñVo‘mb {H$¶m&
Bg S>mQ>m Ho$ {bE g‘mZ ‘mÌm ‘| AÀN>m VarHo$ H$m H$B© AbJ AbJ ‘m°S>oëg H$mo
OmZZo Ho$ {bE ¶h à{H«$¶m H$maJa h¡& Bg A°Zm{b{gg H$s à{H«$¶m Oê$a H$maJa
Wr ³¶m|{H$ CgHo$ O[a¶o h‘ ¶h n°Q>Z© Ty>±T> gH$Vo Wo Omo V‘m‘ ‘m°S>oëg ‘| JwUdÎmm
H$s ÑpîQ> go g‘mZ à‘mU ‘| Wo& CgHo$ ~mX Omo {d‘e© {H$¶m J¶m h¡ Cg‘| BZ
AbJ AbJ A°Zm{b{gg à{H«$¶m na {d‘e© {H$¶m J¶m h¡, Vmo gßbr‘|Q> ‘Q>[o a¶ëg
‘| ~hþV ã¶m¡aodma OmZH$mar Xr JB© h¡& h‘mao A°Zm{b{gg ‘| Omo Hw$N> Ah‘
OmZH$mar AmJo AmB© h¡ dh Q>o~b 1 ‘| g§H${bV H$aHo$ aIr h¡&
B©amZ/VwamZ :
nhbo àH$m{eV hþ¶o S>mQ>m Ho$ gmW h‘Zo h‘mao AZwg§YmZ go COmJa {H$¶m Z¶m
S>mQ>m Om±MH$a XoI {b¶m Am¡a CgHo$ Ûmam B.g.nyd© 7000 Ho$ Xa{‘¶mZ B©amZ go
nya~ H$s Amoa IoVr H$m {dñVma hmoVo hþ¶o AmZwdm§{eH$ àgmaU (20, 21) h‘mao
A°Zm{b{gg ‘| ¶o gm’$ hþAm {H$, B©amZ Ho$ PmJ«mog n~©V Ho$ {H$gmZm| ‘| AbJ hr
Var Ho$ Ho$ npíM‘ ¶wao{e¶Z AmZwdm§{eH$Vm ‘m¡OyX h¡& (17, 18) ({’$Ja 1) {’$a
^r Cg Xm¡amZ {dñV¥V ^m¡Jmo{bH$ àXoe ‘| ~mX Ho$ H$mb Ho$ g‘yhm| ‘| Bg {H$ñ‘
H$s AmZwdm§{eH$Vm ‘o| Ed§ àmMrZ AZmVmo{b¶Z Io{Vha H$s AmZwdm§{eH$Vm ‘|
g§{‘lU hþAm Wm& Bg nona ‘| "Io{Vha' ¶h eãX h‘Zo IoVr H$aZodmbo Ed§
newnmbZ H$aZodmbo BZ XmoZm| g‘yhm| Ho$ {bE BñVo‘mb {H$¶m h¡& Am¡a ¶h eãX
h‘Zo PmJ«m§g n~©V Ho$ bmoJm| Ho$ {bE BñVo‘mb {H$¶m h¡& ³¶m|{H$ do bmoJ IoVr Ho$
gmW gmW ~H$ar H$mo ^r nmbVo Wo (17, 22, 23)& Bg AZwg§YmZ ‘| h‘Zo {gÕ
{H$¶m h¡ {H$, npíM‘ go nya~ H$s Amoa OmVo hþ¶o AZmVmo{b¶Z Io{Vha go Ow‹S>r
AmZwdm§{eH$ g§{‘lU H$‘ hmoVr JB©& ewédmV Ho$ Aí‘¶wJrZ AZmVmo{b¶m Ho$
AZmVmo{b¶Z Io{Vha go Ow‹S>o dm§{eH$ g§{‘lU 70% VH$ àmá hþAm h¡& AmJo nyd©
B©amZ ‘| do 33% Ho$ Amgnmg Wm Vmo nyd© VwamZ ‘| dh H$ar~Z 3% VH$ Wm&
({’$Ja 1 A{V[a³V gm{hË¶)& Bg Vah Ho$ AmZwdm§{eH$ l¥§Ibm H$m Xm¡a Johþ Ed§
~mOam (Owdma) BZHo$ npíM‘ go nya~ H$s Amoa àgma Ho$ H$mb go ‘ob H$aVm h¡&
(B.g.nyd© 7000 go 6000 ‘|), ¶hr ñnîQ> H$aVm h¡ {H$, AZmVmo{b¶Z d§e Ho$
bmoJm| go IoVr Ho$ AW©H$maU H$m àgma Ho$db npíM‘ {Xem go ¶moamon H$s Amoa Zht
hþAm ~pëH$ nya~ go B©amZ H$s {Xem ‘| ^r hþAm& (21, 24,25) nhbo ZmVw{’$¶Z
{eH$mar g‘yh H$s VwbZm go boìhmëQ> Ho$ ‘yV© H$m‘ H$aZodmbo Io{Vham| ‘| AZmVmo{b¶Z
H¥${f go Ow‹S>r AmZwdm§{eH$Vm Á¶mXm àmá hmoZo go h‘mao Bg {gÕmÝV H$mo Á¶mXm

~b {‘bVm h¡& {’$a ^r ‘ogmonmoQ>o{‘¶m Ho$ àmMrZ {H$gmZ BZ‘| AZmVmo{b¶Z/
B©am{Z¶Z IoVr go Ow‹S>r AmZwdm§{eH$Vm H$m {dñVmarH$aU {H$g Vah hþAm BgH$m
S>mQ>m g‘Po ~J¡a CZ àXoem| ‘| AmZwdm§{eH$ l¥§Ibm {H$g Vah V¡¶ma hþB© ¶h g‘P
‘| Zht Am¶oJm& Bg AmZwdm§{eH$ l¥§Ibm Ho$ A{V nya~ Ho$ àXoem| ‘| ^r (nyd© B©amZ
Ed§ VwamZ) h‘| West + Siberian HG go Ow‹S>r AmZwdm§{eH$ g§{‘lU h‘| àmá
hþ¶o h¡& Omo ¶h gm{~V H$aVm h¡ {H$, CÎma ¶wao{e¶Z AmZwdm§{eH$ g§{‘lU go
¶m‘Z¶m gå~pÝYV ñQ>on n°ñQ>moa°{bñQ> (Kw‘ÝVw ¶wao{e¶Z) (Steppe EMBA) ¶h
AmZwdm§{eH$Vm àgm{aV hmoZo go nhbo VwamZ ‘| CÎma ¶wao{e¶Z AmZwdm§{eH$ g§{‘lU
go ~hþV Á¶mXm Aga S>mbm Wm&
H$m§ñ¶¶wJrZ VwamZ ‘| ~°p³Q´>¶m ‘mJ© H$mo Am{H©$Am°cm°Or H$m°åßco³g (BMAC)
Ed§ CZHo$ B©X©-{JX© Ho$ CÎmam{YH$mar BZgo Ow‹S>o Mma ehar ñWmZm| go B.g.nyd©
2300 go 1400 Ho$ Xm¡amZ 69 àmMrZ ì¶p³V Ho$ Z‘yZo h‘Zo àmá {H$¶o& CZ‘| go
~hþV go ì¶p³V H$s AmZwdm§{eH$ JwU g‘mZ Vmo h¡§ hr {H$ÝVw do EH$XÿOo Ho$ ~hþV
ZOXrH$ h¢& Am¡a VwamZ ‘| CZHo$ nhbo ahZodmbo g‘yhm| ‘| go ~‹S>r ‘mÌm ‘| àmá
hmoZdmbo àmMrZ B©amZr H¥$fH$ go Ow‹S>r AmZwdm§{eH$Vm (BMAC ‘| VH$ar~Z
60%) Am¡a AZmVmo{b¶Z H¥$fH$ go Ow‹S>r AmZwd§{eH$Vm VH$ar~Z 21% Ed§
West Sibrain HG go Ow‹S>r AmZwdm§{eH$Vm VH$ar~Z 13% H$s VwbZm go CZH$s
AmZwdm§{eH$Vm ZOXrH$ hr h¡& Omo ¶h Xem©Vm h¡ {H$, BMAC go Ow‹S>r gm‘w{hH$
AmZwdm§{eH$Vm ¶h VwamZ Ho$ eharH$aU go nhbo Ho$ g‘yhm| go {Z‘m©U hþB© h¡& (Omo
B©amZ ‘| nhbo go nya~ H$s Amoa ’¡$bVo hþ¶o g‘yhm| go {Z‘m©U hmoZo H$s gå^mdZm
bJVr h¡&) Steppe EMBA go Ow‹S>r AmZwdm§{eH$Vm H$s BMAC g‘yhm| H$s J¡a
hm{Oar Omo dV©‘mZ ‘| X³IZ E{e¶m ‘| g~ Va’$ ’¡$br hþB© h¡& CgHo$ gmW hr
X³IZ Am{e¶m H$s AmZwdm§{eH$Vm ‘| BMAC ¶h ‘yb Zht Eogm 9pAbm
A°Zm{c{gg go {gÕ hmoZo go (AmH¥$Vr 3A)- ¶h ñnîQ> hmoVm h¡ {H$, ~mX Ho$
H$mb ‘| X³IZ E{e¶m ‘| Omo ^m¡Jmo{bH$ ~Xbmd H$m Aga BMAC Bg
AmZwdm§{eH$Vm na hþAm Wm& CgH$m Aga ~mX ‘| X³IZ E{e¶m Ho$ g‘yhm| na
hþAm Wm& (‘Ü¶ go ~mX Ho$ H$m§ñ¶¶wJrZ ñQ>on n°ñQ>moa°{bñQ> BZHo$ (¶wa§{e¶Zm| Ho$)
X³IZ H$o ñWmZmÝVaU H$s OmZH$mar AmJo Xr JB© h¡&) {H$ÝVw ¶h Aga Bg J«wn
Ho$ bmoJm| Zo ~m¶nmg {H$¶m Wm& ³¶m|{H$ do ~hþV Aën ‘mÌm ‘| BMAC g‘yh go
{‘b J¶o Wo& Am¡a BgHo$ CëQ>o do CgHo$ {ZMo X³IZ H$s Amoa bmoJm| Ho$ gmW ~‹S>r
‘mÌm ‘| {‘b J¶o Wo& Agb ‘| h‘mam S>mQ>m H$hVm h¡ {H$, X³IZ E{e¶m Ho$
g‘yhm| na BMAC Ho$ g‘yh Zo ‘mZdd§e emñÌ H$s ÑpîQ> go Á¶mXm Aga Zht
S>mbm& Vmo CgHo$ {dnarV dhm± na ~‹S>r ‘mÌm ‘| CbQ>r {Xem go AmZwdm§{eH$ àdmh
({OZ âbmo) hþAm Wm& ³¶m|{H$ CgHo$ nhbo VwamZ Ho$ g‘yhm| H$s VwbZm Zo BMAC
AmZwdm§{eH$ g‘yh Wmo‹S>mgm AbJ h¡& {Og‘| AASI go AmZwdm§{eH$Vm VH$ar~Z
5% BVZr ZµOa AmB© h¡&
h‘Zo ~mhar BÝgmZm§| Ho$ ^r H$B© ñWmZm| go Om±M narjU {H$¶m h¡& {Og‘§o
CZH$m Amngr VmëbwH$ h¡ ¶h ñnîQ> hþAm h¡& {H$ÝVw g°ånb H$s ~‹S>r ‘mÌm ‘| Om±M
{H$¶o ~J¡a CgHo$ ~mao ‘| h‘ Á¶mXm AZw‘mZ {ZH$mb Zht gH$Vo&
nhbo B.g.nyd© 2300 Ho$ Amgnmg VwamZ ‘| JmoUwa Ho$ BMAC gmB©Q>na h‘|
Xmo ~mhar Z‘yZo àmá hþ¶o, {Og‘| nhbo Ed§ ~mX Ho$ ghòmãXr Ho$ H$PmH$ñVmZ Ho$
H$B© ñWmZm| ‘| West Siberian HG go Ow‹S>r Omo AmZwdm§{eH$Vm àmá hþB© dhr§
Cnamo³V Xmo Z‘wZm| ‘| ^r àmá hþB© h¡& BgHo$ ~mao ‘| ~hþV C{MV Iwbmgm H$a gH$Vo
h¡ {H$, Cnamo³V AmZwdm§{eH$Vm ¶h Ho$ëQ>o{‘Zma g§ñH¥${V Ho ‘yb{Zdmgr g‘yhm| Ho$
~mao ‘| h¡& Ho$ëQ>o{‘Zma g§ñH¥${V Ho$ ‘yb{Zdmgr g‘yh ¶h Cg àXoe Ho$ {eH$mar
g‘yh Wo, {OÝhm|Zo BMAC Ho$ nhbo ‘Ü¶ Am{e¶m H$m ~‹S>o BbmH$o na H$ãOm
{H$¶m Wm& (26)& AmJo H$hZm hmo Vmo Ho$ëQ>o{‘Zma go Ow‹S>m àmMrZ S>rEZE CnbãY
hmoZo Ho$ ~mX hr V¶ H$a gVo h¡ {H$, Ho$ëQ>o{‘Zma bmoJm| H$s AmZwdm§{eH$Vm West
Siberian HG go Ow‹S>Vr h¡ ¶m Zht& ‘Vb~ B.g.nyd© 3000 ‘| ¶m‘Z¶m go Ow‹S>o
{Og‘| ñQ>on n°ñQ>moa°{bñQ> H$s AmZwdm§{eH$Vm ‘m¡OyX hmo Eogm EH$ ^r BÝgmZ VwamZ
àXoe ‘| àmá Zht hþAm& BgH$m AW© ¶h {H$, Steppe EMBA ¶h AmZwdm§{eH$Vm
VwamZ Ho$ àXoím ‘| Cg d³V VH$ ’¡$br Zht Wr&
Xÿgar ~mV ¶mZo B.g. nyd© 2100 go 1700 Ho$ Xm¡amZ h‘| Cnamo³V VrZm|
ñWmZm| Ho$ BMAC AmD$Q>{c¶g© ‘| Steppe EMBA ¶h AmZwdm§{eH$Vm Img
H$aHo$ g§{‘l ñdén ‘| àmá hþB© Am¡a Amoa ‘Ü¶ H$mb Ho$ ~mX ‘| do CgHo$ ~mX
H$m§ñ¶¶wJrZ ñQ>on g‘yhm| Ho$ (Steppe MLBA) bmoJ boH$a J¶o Wo& Bggo ¶h
gm{~V hmoVm h¡ {H$, ñQ>on g‘yhm| H$s AmZwdm§{eH$Vm H$s hbMb X³IZ {Xem go
Bg àXoe ‘| hþB© Wr& Am¡a CgH$m Aga B.g.nyd© Xÿgao ghòmãXr ‘| ~‹S>r ‘mÌm ‘|
{XImB© {X¶m&
Vrgar ~mV ¶mZo B.g.nyd© 3100 go 2200 h‘| BMAC Ho$ JmoUya ñWmZ na
Cgr Vah nyd© B©amZ Ho$ eha-E-gmo»Vm Bg ñWmZ na Xmo AmD$Q>{bAa àmá hþ¶o
Am¡a Bg V‘m‘ AmD$Q>{bAa H$m AmZwdm§{eH$ àmo’$mB©b ¶h CÎma nm{H$ñVmZ go
àmá 41 àmMrZ ì¶p³V g‘mZ hr Wm& Omo bmoJ CÎma Ho$ qgYw g§ñH¥${V ‘| ñdmV
Bg ñdVÝÌ OJh na VH$ar~Z EH$ hOma gmbm| ~mX ahZo Ho$ {bE J¶o Wo& (B.g.
nyd© 1200 Vo 800)& BZ BÝgmZm§o H$s AmZwd{§ eH$Vm ‘| AASI go OwS‹ >r AmZwdm§{eH$Vm
H$r ‘mÌm 14 go 42% BVZr Wr& Am¡a eof à‘mU àmMrZ B©amZr Io{Vha Ed§
West Siberian HG BZHo$ AmZwdm§{eH$Vm go OwS‹ >r Wr& B©amZ/VwamZ Ho$ g‘H$mbrZ
Ed§ àmMrZ g°ånb g‘mZ hr Bg g°ånb ‘| ^r h‘| ñQ>on n°ñQ>moa°{bñQ> (¶wao{e¶Z)
go Ow‹S>r AmZwdm§{eH$Vm ‘m¡OyX hmoZo Ho$ g~yV àmá Zht hþ¶o& B©amZ/VwamZ Ho$ AÝ¶
V‘m‘ g°ånb H$s VwbZm ‘| BZ BÝgmZm| ‘o§ ^r AZmVmo{b¶Z Io{Vha go Ow‹S>r
AmZwdm§{eH$Vm H$s ‘mÌm h‘| ~hþV Aën ‘mÌm ‘| àmá hþB©, Omo ¶h Xem©Vr h¡ {H$,
AZmVmo{b¶Z Io{Vha AmZwdm§{eH$Vm H$s ‘mÌm H$‘ hmoVr JB© A{V nya~ H$o ^mJm|
go ¶h bmoJ Bg àXoím ‘| ñWmZmÝV[aV hþ¶o hmoJo& qgYw g§ñH¥${V Ho$ S>m¶ao³Q> g°ånb
{H$¶m hþAm S>rEZE {’$bhmb h‘mao nmg Zht h¡& {H$ÝVw (a) CgH$s CÎma H$s Amoa
BMAC Ed§ nya~ H$s Amoa eha-E-gmo»Vm (27) BZ àXoem| go {H$¶o hþ¶o boZ-
XoZ go Ow‹S>o Omo nwamVpËdH$ g~yV àmá hþ¶o h¡ Cg AmYma na& (b) qgYw g§ñH¥${V
Ho$ CÎma H$mbrZ ñdmV KmQ>r Ho$ BÝgmZmo§ H$s g‘mZVm AJbo go³eZ ‘| ñnîQ> H$s
JB© h¡& (27), Cgr Vah (c) BZ g°ånb ‘| {ZUm©¶H$ ‘mÌm ‘| (AASI) g§{‘l
AmZwdm§{eH$Vm H$s ‘mÌm àmá hþB© h¡, {Oggo ¶h bmoJ X³IZ Am{e¶m go
ñWmZmÝV[aV hmoZo H$m Iwbmgm h¡& Am¡a (d) hµH$sH$V ¶h h¡ {H$, 9pAdm ‘m°S>oc
Ho$ {’$bhmb ^maVr¶ J«wn H$s àmMrZ dm§{eH$ g‘yhm| Ho$ gmW Cnamo³V BÝgmZm| ‘|
AmZwdm§{eH$Vm hÿ~hÿ ‘ob H$aVr h¡& Bggo h‘ Bg ZVrOo na nhþ±Mo h¡ {H$, ¶h
AmD$Q>{b¶a bmoJ qgYw g§ñH¥${V Ho$ àXoe go hmb Ho$ dfm] ‘| hr ñWmZmÝV[aV hþ¶o

Wo& qgYw g§ñH¥${V Ho$ àXoe ‘| X’$ZmE hþE {H$gr BÝgmZ H$m àmMrZ S>rEZE O~
VH$ ~am‘X Zht hmoVm V~ VH$ BZ AmD$Q>{b¶a BÝgmZm| H$m J«wn h‘Zo B§S>g
noar’o$ar (gr‘m H$s Amoa H$m {hñgm) J«wn Eogm H$hm h¡& dh J«wn dmµH$B© ‘| qgYw
àXoe H$m hr ^mJ Wm Eogm h‘ Zht H$h gH$Vo ³¶m|{H$ qgYw àXoe CÎma H$s Amoa
Xmo‘w±hm VH$ gr{‘V Wm& Am¡a Bggo qgYw nXoe Ho$ V‘m‘ bmoJm| H$s Zw‘mB§XJr ¶h
VrZ AmD$Q>{b¶a bmoJ H$a aho h¢, Eogm h‘ Zht H$h gH$Vo& Agb ‘| qgYw
g§ñH¥${V Ho$ bmoJm§o ‘| AmZwdm§{eH$ {d{dYVm Wr& ³¶m|{H$ B§S>g noar’o$ar Ho$ ì¶p³V¶m|
‘| EH$ ‘| VH$ar~Z 42% AASI AmZwdm§{eH$Vm H$s ‘mÌm àmá hþB© h¡, Vmo Xÿgao
Xmo ì¶p³V¶m| ‘| VH$ar~Z 14 go 18% AASI AmZwdm§{eH$Vm H$s ‘mÌm àmá hmo
JB©& ({H$ÝVw CZ‘| AASI AmZwdm§{eH$Vm Ho$ Xmo à‘wI Ed§ g‘mZ òmoVm| H$m B©amZr
Io{Vha go Ow‹S>o AmZwdm§{eH$Vm go h‘oem g§{‘lU hþAm h¡ {XImB© XoVm h¡&) {’$a
^r BZ AZwg§YmZ H$m {ZîH$f© ¶hr {XImVm h¡ {H$, B§S>g noar’o$ar ¶h AmZwdm§{eH$
J«wn J«wn B.g.nyd© 3000 go 2000 Ho$ H$mb H$m {dñV¥V qgYw àXoe Ho$ bmoJm| H$s
Ah‘ AmZwdm§{eH$ l¥§Ibm {XImVr h¡& ³¶m|{H$ h‘Zo AmJo ñnîQ> {H$¶m hr h¡ {H$,
Bg J«wn Ho$ bmoJm| Zo X³IZ E{e¶m Ho$ ~mX Ho$ H$mb go OZg§»¶m ~‹T>mZo Ho$ {bE
{H$VZr Ah‘ ^y{‘H$m {Z^mB© h¡&
àmMrZ {OZmo‘ g§{‘lU H$m Xm¡a Ty>±T>Zo Ho$ {bE h‘Zo Z¶o VarH$m {dH${gV
{H$¶m h¡& ({OZmo‘ ‘§o EH$ Xÿgao Ho$ n‹S>mogr JwUgyÌ H$s Omo‹S>r go AmZwdm§{eH$Vm
nhMmZZo Ho$ {bE nhbo Omo VarH$m BñVo‘mb {H$¶m OmVm Wm Cgo AnZmH$a
H$aHo$; (A{V[a³V gm‘J«r) h‘Zo dh Xm¡a Bg Vah {ZpíMV {H$¶m h¡ {H$, B§S>g
noar’o$ar Ho$ VrZ g°ånb ‘| go B©amZr Io{Vha go Ow‹S>r AmZwdm§{eH$Vm Ed§ AASI
AmZwdm§{eH$Vm H$m 53 + 15 {n‹T>r go nhbo ¶mZo EH$ nr‹T>r Ho$ {bE 28 gmb
¶h Xm¡a g‘Pm Om¶o Vmo (28) CgH$m Xm¡a B.g.nyd© 4700 go 3000 Ho$ Xm¡amZ
hmoVm h¡ ¶h Xm¡a 95% H$m°pÝ’$S>Ýg BÝQ>adb go ‘ob H$aVm h¡& Cnamo³V Xmo Var Ho$
d§em| ‘| EH$X‘ nhbr ~ma hr g§{‘lU hmoZo H$s ¶h H$‘ go H$‘ H$mbmd{Y H$s
{JZVr hmo gH$Vr ho&
ñQ>no (WÊS>> nhm‹S>r BbmH$m)
VrZ BÝgmZ npíM‘ gm¶~o[a¶m Ho$ O§Jbr BbmHo$ Ho$ (West Siberian
Forest Zone) àXoe go h¡& Am¡a CZH$m Xm¡a B.g.nyd© 6200 Vo 4000 Ho$ Xm¡amZ
H$m hmoZo go Bg AZwg§YmZ go CZH$s ^y{‘H$m ~hþV Ah‘ h¡, ³¶m|{H$ BgHo$ nhbo
Ho$ AZwg§YmZ ‘| Bg AmZwdm§{eH$Vm Ho$ ~mao ‘| nhbo {dMma Zht {H$¶m J¶m& {OÝh|
h‘Zo West Siberian HG ¶h Zm‘ {X¶m h¡& Cg‘| : EHG go AmB© hþB©
AmZwdm§{eH$Vm VH$ar~Z 30% h¡, CÎma ¶wao{e¶Z Ho$ CÎmam{YH$mar go VH$ar~Z
50% AmZwdm§{eH$Vm AmB© h¡ (B.g.nyd© 2200 go 1500 Ho$ Xm¡amZ gm¶~o[a¶m
Ho$ A{V àmMrZ bmoJm| go Ow‹S>m hþAm (CÎma Yw«d) (28, 30) Am¡a dV©‘mZ nyd©
E{e¶m¶r AmZwdm§{eH$Vm Ho$ VH$ar~Z 20% Ow‹S>r h¡& hr AmZwdm§{eH$Vm X³IZ
ñQ>on Ed§ VwamZ BZ‘| ^r ‘m¡OyX Wr ³¶m|{H$ B.g.nyd© 3000 Ho$ Xm¡a ‘| Bg
AmZwdm§{eH$Vm Zo ñQ>on àXoe ‘| 80% VH$ nhþ±M JB© Wr& Omo S>mbr, H$PmH$ñVmZ
BZ àXoem| ‘| Kw‘ÝVw »mo{Vha Ed§ VwamZ àXoe Ho$ B.g.nyd© 2000 Ho$ Xm¡a ‘| H$B©
AmD$Q>{b¶a BÝgmZm| ‘| ‘m¡OyX h¡& ({’$Ja-2)
àmMrZ S>rEZE go Ow‹S>r H$m§ñ¶nyd© H$mbrZ J«wn Ho$ gmW hr West Siberian
HG H$m BñVo‘mb H$aHo$ B.g.nyd© 2000 go 1400 Am Xm¡amZ nyd© ¶moamn Ed§
Q´>mÝg Cab ñQ>on Bg {dñV¥V BbmHo$ ‘| VH$ar~Z EH$ {OZgr AmZwdm§{eH$Vm Ho$
bmoJ ahVo Wo& (Steppe MLBA) (17)& Bg àXoe Ho$ AbJ AbJ g‘yhm| ‘|
go eof ì¶p³V ~hþVgo ì¶p³V Ho$ Z‘yZo Ed§ AÝ¶ BñVo‘mb Ho$ gm{hË¶ gyaZm¶m,
noQ´>moH$m, qgVñWm Am¡a A°ÝQ´>moZmohmo H$m°ånbo³g Bg ñWmZ ‘| àmá hþE h¡ Am¡a Cg
g~Ho$ {~M Steppe EMBA AmZwdm§{eH$Vm Ed§ ¶moamon H$s ‘Ü¶ Aí‘¶wJrZ
Io{Vha AmZwdm§{eH$Vm BZ XmoZm| go {‘bH$a g§{‘l AmZwdm§{eH$Vm àmá hþB© h¡&
(Europe MN) ¶h AZwg§YmZ nhbo Ho$ AZwg§YmZ Ho$ {bE A{V[a³V
OmZH$mar h¡& {Og‘| H$hm J¶m h¡ {H$, ewéAmV ‘| nyd© ¶moamo{n¶Z g‘yhm| Ho$ npíM‘
{Xem go J{V{d{Y hmo JB© Wr& Am¡a ¶moamon Ho$ ñWm{ZH$ Io{Vha Ho$ gmW {‘bH$a
CgHo$ ~mX CÝhm|Zo Cab Ho$ nao {’$a nya~ {Xem go dm{ng ñWmZmÝVaU Mmby {H$¶m
Wm& (6,16,31) h‘mao Z¶o S>mQ>m goQ> go h‘| ¶h g‘PZm Am¡a ^r AmgmZ hmo
J¶m {H$, dV©‘mZ Ho$ H$PmH$ñVmZ Ed§ CgHo$ nya~ H$m a{e¶m {‘ZyqgJ KmQ>r ‘|
Steppe MLBA Bg AmZwdm§{eH$ g‘yh H$m {dñVma g‘PZm AmgmZ hmo J¶m
Am¡a Eogm H$aVo hþ¶o BgHo$ nhbo Zm Om±Mo J¶o ~hþV go ñWmZm| H$s ImoO boZo ‘| h‘|
ghm¶Vm hmo JB©& BgHo$ nhbo AZwg§YmZ ‘| Omo Hw$N> g°ånb BñVo‘mb {H$¶m J¶m
h¡ do V‘m‘ Steppe MLBA West Bg AmZwdm§{eH$ J«wn ‘| ‘m¡OyX h¡& {Og‘|
Europe MN Bg AmZwdm§{eH$Vm H$m VH$ar~Z 26% ‘mÌm ‘m¡OyX h¡, Vmo
Steppe EMBA Bg AmZwdm§{eH$Vm H$s ‘mÌm VH$ar~Z 74% h¡& nhbo {dMma
‘| Zm {b¶o hþE Steppe MLBA East Bg g‘yh H$mo ^r h‘Zo h‘mao Z¶o S>mQ>m Ho$
AmYma na noe H$a gH$Vo h¡& ¶h g‘yh West Siberian HG go OwS‹ >r AmZwdm§{eH$Vm
go VH$ar~Z 8% go {^Þ h¡& (P= 7 x 10-6 9pAdm ‘wVm{~H$) Am¡a AÝ¶ d§e
Ho$ gmW ‘mÌ ¶h J«wn BVZm {^Þ Zht h¡& {Oggo ¶h {XImB© XoVm h¡ {H$, Steppe
MLBA West ¶h AmZwdm§{eH$Vm dhZ H$aZodmbo bmoJ nya~ H$s Amoa {IgH$Vo
hþ¶o West Siberian HG go Ow‹S>r AmZwdm§{eH$ g‘yh Ho$ gmW OmH$a {‘b J¶o&
VwamZ/B©amZ g‘mZ Bg {hñgo H$s gr‘m àmV Ho$ ì¶p³V (AmD$Q>{bAa ì¶³Vr)
BgHo$ ~mao ‘| Á¶mXm OmZH$mar Xo gH$Vo h¡&
nhbo qgVñWm g§ñH¥${V Ho$ H$m‘oZ¶r A§~a V X’$Z^y{‘ ‘| Z¶o {gao go àmá
50 ì¶p³V Ho$ S>rEZE AZwg§YmZ go nhbo 40 ì¶p³V H$s AmZwdm§{eH$ JwQ> Ho$
gmW AmD$Q>{bAa Ho$ (gr‘m àmÝV Ho$) 3 J«wn COmJa hþ¶o h¡& Cg AmD$Q>boAg©
‘| Steppe EMBA, West Siberian HG ¶m East Asian go Ow‹S>r
AmZwdm§{eH$Vm H$r ‘mÌm ~‹S>r ‘mÌm ‘| nmá hþ¶o h¡& (Am¡a CgH$m Xm¡a AÝ¶ ì¶p³V
Ho$ g‘H$mbrZ h¡&), BgH$m ‘Vb~ ¶h h¡ {H$, Bg CnOmD$ ñWmZm| na AbJ
AbJ dm§{eH$Vm Ho$ bmoJ gmW gmW ahVo Wo&
AJbm ‘wÔm ¶h h¡ {H$, ñQ>on X³IZ Ed§ nya~ H$s Amoa B.g.nyd© 1600 go
1500 Ho$ Xm¡amZ VrZ ñWmZm| go (XmñVrH$moPr, VmbS>m¶gr Ed§ {H$P~wbH$)
g°ånb ¶h Xem©Vm h¡ {H$, CZ‘| B©amZr Io{Vha go Ow‹S>r AmZwdm§{eH$Vm H$m
g§{‘lU ~‹S>r ‘mÌm ‘| Wm& BgH$m AW© ¶h h¡ {H$, VwamZ go ñQ>on àXoe ‘| CÎma
{Xem ‘| AmZwdm§{eH$ àdmh hþAm h¡ Am¡a BgHo$ gmW hr Steppe MLBA
AmZwdm§{eH$Vm Ho$ bmoJmo H$m ñWmZmÝVaU VwamZ go X³IZ E{e¶m ‘| hþAm h¡&
AZwg§YmZ ‘| COmJa hþ¶o Hw$N> ~mV| ¶hr ñnîQ> H$aVr h¡ {H$, AÝ¶ E{e¶m
‘mD$ÝQ>oZ, H$m°[aS>moa (AÝVa E{e¶m¶r n~©Vr¶ ‘hm‘mJ©) Bg ‘mJ© go CÎma Ed§
X³IZ BZ XmoZm| {Xem go ñQ>on àXoe go ‘mZdr g‘yh H$m ~‹S>r ‘mÌm ‘§o ñWmZmÝVaU
hþAm h¡& (32, 33)
Vrgam ‘wÔm B.g.nyd© 1700 go 1500 Ho$ Xm¡amZ H$B© ñWmZm| Ho$ gånb h‘mar
Om±M ‘| Iao CVao h¡& (‘¡VmZ, H¡$amZ, Amo¶ Pm¶bmD$ Ed§ Podm{H$ÝgH$s) Omo
g°ånb ¶h Xem©Vo h¡ {H$, CZ‘| go VH$ar~Z 25% BVZr AmZwdm§{eH$Vm Bg ‘w»¶
òmoV go ~Zr Wr {Og òmoV Ho$ d§eO dV©‘mZ nyd© E{e¶mB© (B©ñQ> E{e¶Ýg) Ed§
eof Steppe MLBA d§e Ho$ bmoJ h¡& Bg Vah AmZwdm§{eH$ T>m±Mm (Ancestry
Profile) ¶h CÎmaH$mbrZ H$m§ñ¶¶wJ {dñV¥V àXoe ‘| ’¡$bm hþAm Wm, Omo h‘Zo
Om±Mo hþ¶o Podm{H$ÝgH$s Ed§ AÝ¶ ñWmZm| na B.g.nyd© 1500 go 1000 Bg H$mb
Ho$ g°ånb go ñnîQ> hmoVm h¡ Am¡a dh bmoh¶wJH$mbrZ gm¶emog‘m©WrZ Xm¡a go ^r
‘ob H$aVm h¡ (34)& h‘mam {ZarjU Bg ~mV go BÝH$ma H$aVm h¡ {H$, B.g.nyd©
1000 go gZ 1000 Bg Xm¡a ‘| eH$, Hw$fmU Ed§ hÿZ BÝhm|Zo dV©‘mZ Ho$ X³IZ
E{e¶m Ho$ bmoJm§o H$s AmZwdm§{eH$Vm ‘| ñQ>on AmZwdm§{eH$Vm (¶wao{e¶Z ~«m÷Um|
H$s AmZwdm§{eH$Vm bmB© Wr Eogm Omo nhbo g‘Pm OmVm Wm CgH$m {ZnQ>mam hmoVm
h¡& Am¡a Cg‘| nyd© E{e¶mB© AmZwdm§{eH$Vm h‘mao AÜ¶¶Z ‘| AË¶ën ‘mÌm ‘|
àmá hþB© h¡& Eogm hmo gH$Vm h¡ {H$, ‘Ü¶ E{e¶m Ho$ Hw$N> g°ånb Zm àmá hmoZo go
g‘yhm| Ho$ AË¶ën ‘mÌm ‘| nyd© E{e¶mB© bmoJm| go g§{‘lU hmoH$a do ~mX ‘| X³IZ
Am{e¶m ‘| ñWmZmÝV[aV hþ¶o hm|Jo& {’$a ^r X³IZ Am{e¶m Ho$ ñQ>on n°ñQ>moa°{bñQ>
A°ÝgoñQ´>r (Kw‘ÝVw ¶wao{e¶Z H$s AmZwdm§{eH$Vm) BgH$m ‘yb ¶h B.g.nyd© 2000
‘| ñQ>on àXoe go X³IZ H$s Amoa ñWmZmÝV[aV hmoZodmbo bmoJm| H$s AmZwdm§{eH$Vm
‘| {N>nm h¡& ³¶m|{H$ h‘Zo h‘mao AZwgY§ mZ ‘| ¶h gm’$ {H$¶ h¡ {H$, ¶h AmZwdm§{eH$Vm
ñdmV KmQ>r H$s B.g.nyd© 1000 Ho$ Amgnmg bmoh¶wJrZ ì¶p³V ‘| àmá hþB© h¡&
(Bgna {Z^©a Á¶mXm {d‘e© {ZåZm§{H$V h¡&)
X³IZ E{e¶m :-
BgHo$ nhbo Bg AZwgY§ mZ ‘| ¶h {XIm¶m J¶m Wm {H$, ^maVr¶ AmZwdm§{eH$Vm
¶h npíM‘r ¶moamon H$s AmZwdm§{eH$Vm H$m X³IZ Am{e¶m H$s AmZwdm§{eH$Vm Ho$
gmW AbJ AbJ ‘mÌm ‘| g§{‘lU hmoH$a ^maVr¶ AmZwdm§{eH$Vm V¡¶ma hþB© h¡-
BgH$s ‘mÌm àmMrZ g‘yhm| H$m gm§p»¶H$s¶ nwZa©MZm Xmo {hñgm| ‘| H$aHo$ Bg Vah
Ho$ ‘m°S>ob ‘| ~Vm¶m J¶m Wm& (ANI d ASI- AWm©V E{e¶m¶r CÎma ^maVr¶ Ed§
E{e¶mB© X³IZ ^maVr¶) Am¡a CZH$m g§{‘lU em¶X B.g.nyd© 2000 Ho$ ~mX
hþAm Wm Eogm H$hm J¶m h¡& (35,36) àmMrZ S>rEZE AZwg§YmZ Zo BgHo$ ^r
AmJo OmH$a ¶h OmZH$mar ~mha {ZH$mbr h¡ {H$, ^maVr¶ d§e Ho$ bmoJm| go
AmZwdm§{eH$Vm Agb ‘| H$‘ go H$‘ 3 àmMrZ dm§{eH$ g‘yhm| go {Z‘m©U hþB© h¡&
(17) Am¡a àmMrZ B©amZr Io{Vha Steppe EMBA Ed§ Onge BZ g‘yhm| go
^maVr¶ bmoJ AmZwdm§{eH$Vm go Ow‹S>o h¢&
dm§{eH$ g§{‘lU hþ¶o Cnamo³V ‘m‘bm| na amoeZr S>mbZo Ho$ {bE H$‘ go H$‘
VrZ àmMrZ AmZwdm§{eH$ g‘yh Ho$ Xmo g‘yhm| ‘o§ (ANI Ed§ ASI) BZ Xmo g‘yhm§o
‘| {H$g Vah VãXrbr hmo JB© BgH$s N>mZ~rZ H$aZo Ho$ {bE h‘Zo 9pAdm Bg
VÝÌ H$m BñVo‘mb {H$¶m -AASI B©amZ/VwamZ BZ g‘yhm| go Ow‹S>o V‘m‘ àmMrZ
g°ånb Am¡a g^r àmMrZ J«wn Ho$ g°ånb BgH$m 9pAdm Bg VÝÌ H$s ghm¶Vm
go CJ‘ Ho$ g‘yh H$mo ImoOZm ewé {H$¶m& ³¶m|{H$ h‘mao AZwg§YmZ Ho$ ‘wVm{~H$
VrZ J«wn X³IZ E{e¶m Ho$ bmoJm| H$m CJ‘ñWmZ h¡& X³IZ E{e¶m Ho$ Q>oñQ>
nmß¶wboeZ Ho$ Vm¡a na Adm©MrZ ANI EH$ ^maVr¶ {Og‘| AmZwdm§{eH$Vm ‘m¡OyX
hmo Cline Group {b¶m (n§Om~r-DG), AË¶m{YH$ ASI AmZwdm§{eH$Vm H$m
¶h EH$ J«wn {b¶m (Mala DG) Ed§ nyd© cmoh¶wJrZ ñdmV ìh°cr Ho$ g°ånc {b¶o
(Swat Protohistoric Grave Type-SPGT), Am¡a àmMrZ Eo{Vhm{gH$ ñdmV
ìh°cr Ho$ g°ånc (Butkara IA) {b¶o& {’$Ja 3A ¶h Xem©Vr h¡ {H$, Cnamo³V
Mmam| E{e¶Z J«wn Omo Bg AZg§YmZ Ho$ {bE {b¶o J¶o h¡ do ASI, Indus
Periphery Ed§ Steppe MLBA Bg AmZwdm§{eH$Vm H$m g§{‘lU h¡& (AJbo
A°Zm{c{gg ‘| Bg{bE h‘Zo Steppe MLBA H$mo {‘bm¶m& X³IZ E{e¶m Ho$
bmoJm| ‘| ñQ>on A°ÝgoñQ´>r Ho$ Á¶mXm ‘mÌm ‘| dm§{eH$ òmoV h¡& (Steppe MLBA)
¶h Y H«$mo‘moPmo‘ Cnamo³V g~yVm| go ñnîQ> hmoVm h¡& ³¶m|{H$ Z93 g~Q>mB©~ na
R1a ¶h h°ßcmoJ«wn dV©‘mZ Ho$ X³IZ Am{e¶m ‘| Am‘Vm¡a na àmá hmoVm h¡&
(37,38) Am¡a Img ~mV ¶h h¡ {H$ Steppe MLBA Bg AmZwd§{eH$Vm ‘| dh
Á¶mXm ‘mÌm ‘| àmá hmoVm h¡& (68%) (16) {H$ÝVw Steppe EMBA BZ‘|
{~bHw$b àmá Zht hmoVm h¡& (h‘mao S>mQ>m ‘| CgH$s ‘mÌm eyÝ¶ h¡&)&
V‘m‘ ^maVr¶ d§e H$s Á¶mXm ‘mÌm ‘| OmZH$mar àmá hmo Bg{bE X³IZ
E{e¶m Ho$ AbJ AbJ dm§{eH$ {^ÞVm Ho$ 246 J«wn H$m nhbo hr àH$m{eV hþAm
{OZmo‘dmB©O S>mQ>m ghm¶Vm Ho$ {bE {b¶m& (II)& CZ‘| go 140 J«nw Bg AZwgY§ mZ
Ho$ {bE h‘Zo MwZ {b¶o Omo ^maVr¶ d§e H$mo (Indian Cline) Xem©Vo h¡& (AÝ¶
J«wn ^maVr¶ d§e go ‘ob Zht H$aVo, ³¶m|{H$ do EH$ Vmo Am{’«$H$s ¶m nyd© E{e¶mB©
AmZwdm§{eH$Vm go Ow‹S>o h¡ ¶m CZH$s g°ånb gmB©O N>moQ>r h¡ ¶m CZ‘| AbJ AbJ
AmZwdm§{eH$Vm Ho$ bmoJ h¡&) BZ VrZ J«wn H$s AmZwdm§{eH$Vm H$s ‘mÌm Ty>±T>Zo Ho$
{bE àr-J«wn 9pAdm Bg V§Ì H$m BñVo‘mb H$aZm gm§p»¶{H$¶ ÑpîQ> go noMrXm
hmoZodmbm h¡, Bg{bE h‘Zo Z¶m VarH$m {dH${gV {H$¶m, {Oggo V‘m‘ ^maVr¶
g‘yhm| Ho$ AmZwdm§{eH$ S>mQ>m M‹T>Vo H«$‘ Ho$ ñdén ‘| BH$Æ>o h‘ aM gH$Vo h¡& h‘ma
A°Zm{b{gg ¶h à‘m{UV H$aVm h¡ {H$, ^maVr¶ d§e Ho$ V‘m‘ J«wn ‘| go Á¶mXmVa
J«wn Xmo g‘yhm| Ho$ g§{‘lU go BH$Æ>o ‘m°S>b Ho$ Vm¡a na {XIm gH$Vo h¡& Am¡a CZHo$
A°Zm{b{gg CZHo$ ^rVa dm§{eH$ VmëbwH$ H¡$go g{H«$¶ Ïmo BgH$m AZw‘mZ Cggo
{ZH$mb gH$Vo h¡& ASI ‘| B§S>g noar’o$ar Ho$ H$‘ go H$‘ ‘mÌm Om±MZo Ho$ {bE
Steppe MLBA H$m H$‘ go H$‘ ‘mÌm eyÝ¶ VH$ boZo go h‘| VH$ar~Z 39%
¶h ZVrOm àmá hþAm& ANI ‘| Indus Periphery AmZwdm§{eH$Vm H$m Á¶mXm go
Á¶mXm ‘mÌm Ty>§T>Zo Ho$ {bE AASI H$s ‘mÌm H$‘ go H$‘ eyÝ¶ {H$¶m Vmo h‘|
ZVrOm VH$ar~Z 72% àmá hmo J¶o& Agb ‘| Indus Periphery go Ow‹S>r
AmZwdm§{eH$Vm Ho$ nmg J{UVr¶ ÑpîQ> go Á¶mXm go Á¶mXm ZµOXrH$r X³IZ ^maV
Ho$ Mma OZOm{V¶ g‘yh (n{„¶ma, C„mXmZ, ‘cm¶‘d Am{X¶mZ) BZ Mma
g‘yXm¶m| ‘| àmá hþAm& Am¡a CÎma nm{H$ñVmZ (Hw$bW Ho$) bmoH$g‘yh ‘| h‘|
CgH$s ‘mÌm ~hþV hr Aën àmá hþAm& BgH$m AW© ¶h h¡ {H$, dV©‘mZ X³IZ
E{e¶m ASI Ed§ ANI ¶h Xmo g‘yh ñdVÝÌ Wo Ed§ do AmZwdm§{eH$ ÑpîQ> go
{OgH$m g§{‘lU Zht hþAm Eogo bmoJm| Ho$ Xmo AbJ AbJ JwQ> h¡&
9pGraph H$mo-‘m°S>qcJ BñVo‘mb H$aHo$ h‘ EH$ g§{‘l J«m’$ n{„¶ma (ASI
Ho$ àm{V{Z{YH$ cmoH$) Am¡a OwAm§J (^maV Ho$ AmñQ´>mo E{e¶m{Q>H$ ^mfm ~mobZodmbo
g‘yh {OZ‘| npíM‘ ¶wao{e¶Z dm§{eH$Vm H$s ‘mÌm ~hþV Aën h¡&) BZ XmoZm|
g§{‘l J«m’$ H$m g§¶w³V AÜ¶¶Z H$aZo na ¶h ZµOa AmVm {H$, ASI ‘| B©amZr
Io{Vha go Ow‹S>r AmZwdm§{eH$Vm VH$ar~Z 27% Am¡a OwAm§J BZ‘| ‘mÌ B©amZr
g§{‘lU Zht hþAm CZ‘| Ho$db AASI H$s hr AmZwdm§{eH$Vm ‘m¡OyX h¡& ({’$Ja-
3) ¶h ‘m°S>c ¶h ^r Xem©Vm h¡ {H$, àmMrZ B©amZr Io{Vha AmZwdm§{eH$Vm ‘|o
AASI AmZwdm§{eH$Vm H$m g§{‘lU H$‘ aIm {’$a ^r ¶h ‘m°S>b A°S>{‘³gMa
J«m’$ go ‘ob H$aVm h¡ Am¡a {Oggo BgH$m ‘Vb~ ¶h hmoVm h¡ {H$, ¶h AmZwdm§{eH$
n°Q>Z© h‘| XoIZo H$mo {‘bVm h¡ dh CÎma go X³IZ E{e¶m ‘| {OZ H$m âbmo hmoZo
go {Z‘m©U hþ¶o h¡& Am¡a CbQ>o {Xem go ‘mÌ {OZ âbmo Zht hþAm ({’$Ja-3)
A{V[a³V ah J¶m& ^maV Ho$ {bE {~bHw$b {‘bVm OwbVm C{MV A°S>{‘³gMa
J«m’$ ^r ¶hr Xem©Vm h¡ {H$, ^maV Ho$ A{VàmMrZ dm§{eH$ g‘yh ‘yb{Zdmgr
{eH$mar OZOm{V ^r àmMrZ E{e¶mB© ‘mZd Ho$ dm§{eH$ emIm h¡& Omo B©ñQ>
E{e¶Z Onge VWm Am°ñQ´>o{c¶Z ‘yc{Zdmgr nwaIm| Ho$ dm§{eH$ emIm EH$Xÿgao go
O~ OwXm hmo JB© Wo Cgr d³V ¶h emIm ^r EH$Xÿgao go {d^³V hmo JB© Wr& Bg
AZwg§YmZ ‘| ¶h OmZH$mar BZ ‘m°S>oëg H$s ^r {‘bVr OwbVr hmo gH$Vr h¡,
{Og‘| E{e¶mB© bmoJm§o H$m gm‘y{hH$ nya~ H$m {dñVma hmoVo d³V CZgo dV©‘mZ Ho$
V‘m‘ nyd© E{e¶m Ho$ Ed§ X³IZ E{e¶m Ho$ (npíM‘ ¶wao{e¶Z cmoJm| Ho$ gmW
AmZwdm§{eH$ g§{‘lU hmoZo go nhbo {~bHw$b H$‘ g‘¶ ‘| CÝhm|Zo AASI, B©ñQ>
E{e¶Ýg Ed§ Onge Ed§ Am°ñQ´>o{c¶Ýg BZ dm§{eH$ g‘yhm| H$s {Z{‘©Vr H$s& (19)
A°S>{‘³gMa qcHo$O {S>gB³dr¶cr ~«r¶‘ Bg V§Ì H$m BñVo‘mb H$aHo$ X³IZ
^maVr¶ npëb¶ma Bg g‘yh Ho$ bmoJm| Ho$ gmW B©amZr Io{Vha Ed§ AASI
AmZwdm§{eH$Vm Ho$ bmoJm| H$m AmZwdm§{eH$ gå~ÝY ¶h 107 +11 BVZr nr‹T>r Ho$
nhbo hþAm h¡, ¶{X EH$ nr‹T>r H$s C‘« 28 ~ag ‘mZ bo Vmo ¶h Xm¡a B.g.nyd©
1700 go 400 Bg H$mb go 95% ‘ob H$aVm h¡& (28)& ¶h Xm¡a BgHo$ nhbo
H$be Ho$ ì¶p³V Ho$ gmW Omo‹So$ J¶o 110+12 nr‹T>r Ho$ nhbo Xm¡a go Ow‹S>Vm
h¡& (39) ¶h {ZîH$f© ¶h ^r H$hVo h¡ {H$, B.g.nyd© 2000 ‘| ASI Ed§ ANI
Eogo Hw$N> J«wn Zht Wo& Am¡a ¶h AZwg§YmZ ¶h ^r H$hVm h¡ {H$, B.g.nyd© 3000
Ho$ ewéAmV ‘| npíM‘ E{e¶mB© bmoJm| H$m {dñVma ^maVr¶ ‘hm{Ûn ‘| hmoVo d³V
ASI ¶h J«wn V¡¶ma hmo J¶m& ({Og‘| ¶h bmoJ ñWm{ZH$ bmoJm| go {‘bH$a X³IZ
^maV ‘| ewéAmV H$mo Io{Vhma go Ow‹S>r AW©ì¶dñWm H$s ewéAmV H$s& (40) ¶m
qgYw g§ñH¥${V H$m nVZ hmoZo Ho$ ~mX dhm± Ho$ bmoJm| H$m nya~ {Xem H$s Amoa
ñWmZmÝVaU hmoZo go ^r ¶h J«wn V¡¶ma hmo J¶m hmoJm Eogm h‘ H$h gH$Vo h¡& (41)
AmJo Am¡a ^r g~yV ¶h ñnîQ> H$aVo h¡ {H$, ASI H$m H$m§ñ¶¶wJ ¶h h‘mao
AZwg§YmZ ‘| OwAm§J g‘mZ ^maV Ho$ AmñQ´>mo E{e¶m{Q>H$ ^mfm g‘yh ~mobZodmbo
bmoJm| Zo Koa {b¶m h¡& {OZ‘| ASI H$s VwbZm ‘| AASI H$s ‘mÌm B©amZr Io{Vha
AmZwdm§{eH$Vm H$s ‘mÌm go ^r A{YH$ h¡& ({’$Ja 3 A{V[a³V gm‘J«r) B.g.nyd©
3000 Ho$ Amgnmg X³IZ E{e¶m ‘| Am¶o ‘mZdr g‘yhm| ‘| go AmñQ´>mo-
E{e¶m{Q>H$ ^mfm ~mobZodmbo bmoJ {dH${gV hw¶o& ({hb H$ëQ>rdoeZ {gñQ>r‘ Ho$
gmW Am°ñQ´>mo-E{e¶mQ>rH$ ^mfm Ho$ {dñVmana ¶h AZw‘mZ {Z^©a h¡&) (20) Am¡a
h‘mam AmZwdm§{eH$ {ZîH$f© ¶h Xem©Vm h¡ {H$, O~ AmñQ´>mo-E{e¶m{Q>H$ ^mfm
~mobZodmbo bmoJ Am¶o V~ do B©amZr Io{Vha AmZwdm§{eH$Vm H$s VwbZm go AASI
AmZwdm§{eH$Vm Á¶mXm ‘mÌm ‘| {‘{lV hmo JB©& Omo Xem©Vm h¡ {H$, Cn‘hm{Ûn ‘|
ASI ¶h bmoJ V~ VH$ g~go Á¶mXm ‘mÌm ‘§o ’¡$bo Zht Wo&
AÝV ‘| H$hZm hmo Vmo ñdmV KmQ>r H$m Xm¡a B.g.nyd© 1200 go BgdrgZ H$m
nhbm gmb ¶h h‘mao AZwg§YmZ H$m Xm¡a hþAm& {’$a ^r JmoUya Ed§ eha-E-
gmo»Vm BZ ñWmZm| na B§S>g noar’o$ar Ho$ g°ånb H$s AmZwd§{eH$Vm ¶h àmMrZ
g°ånb Ho$ g‘mZ hr (SPGT) nmB© JB©& {H$ÝVw CZ‘| Steppe MLBA
AmZwdm§{eH$Vm H$s ‘mÌm H$‘ àmá hþB©& (VH$ar~Z 22%) ¶h {ZîH$f© grYm-
grYm ¶h à‘mU Xo ahm h¡ {H$, Steppe MLBA ¶h AmZwdm§{eH$Vm X³IZ
E{e¶m Ho$ bmoJm| Ho$ gmW B.g.nyd© Xÿgar ghòmãXr ‘| {‘{lV hþB©& Am¡a Steppe
MABA Bg AmZwdm§{eH$Vm Ho$ bmoJm| ‘| VwamZ ‘m’©$V X³IZ {Xem H$s Amoa
ñWmZmÝVaU ^r Bgr d³V hþAm& Am¡a ¶hr ñWmZmÝVaU B.g.nyd© 2000 go
1500 Ho$ Xm¡amZ Ah‘ MABA ßcñQ>a Ho$ ñdén ‘| AmD$Q>coAa Ho$ O[a¶o
hþAm& ñdmV àXoe Ho$ ~mX Ho$ H$mb Ho$ g°ånc B.g.nyd© n{hbo ghómãXr H$m
hmoH$a CZ‘|o Steppe AASI AmZwdm§{eH$Vm à‘mU Á¶mXm h¡ Am¡a ¶h à‘mU
^maVr¶ AmZwdm§{eH$Vm ‘| ^r Bgr Vah ZµOa AmVm h¡& Omo ¶h Xem©Vm h¡ {H$,
~mX Ho$ H$mb ‘| ñQ>on AmZwdm§{eH$Vm Ho$ bmoJm| H$m Bg àXoe ‘| ~‹S>r ‘mÌm ‘|
ñWmZmÝVaU hþAm Am¡a CZH$m ~mX Ho$ H$mb ‘| ASI AmZwdm§{eH$Vm Ho$ bmoJm| go
g§{‘lU hþAm&
nwamVÎdemór¶ Ed§ ^mfm emór¶ AmYma :-
h‘mam AZwg§YmZ ¶h H$hVm h¡ {H$, B©amZr Io{Vha Ed§ X³IZ E{e¶mB©
{eH$mar d§e Ho$ bmoJ (Indus Periphery) ¶h B.g.nyd© 3 ar ghómãXr ‘| qgYw
àXoe ‘| ñWm{nV hmo J¶o Wo Am¡a CZ‘| B©amZr Io{Vha AmZwdm§{eH$Vm H$m Ed§
AASI AmZwdm§{eH$Vm Ho$ bmoJ ¶h Am‘Vm¡a na B.g. nyd© 4700 go 3000 Ho$
Xm¡amZ OmH$a {‘bo& Omo ¶h Xem©Vm h¡ {H$, B©amZr Io{Vha go Ow‹S>o bmoJ ¶h qgYw
g§ñH¥${V ‘| B.g. nyd© 4 Wr ghómãXr ‘| OmH$a ~go Wo& {’$a ämr X³IZ E{e¶m
‘| BgHo$ nhbo B©amZr Io{Vha go Ow‹S>r AmZwdm§{eH$Vm ~‹S>r ‘mÌm ‘| ’¡$br hmoJr
³¶m§o{H$ B.g.nyd© 7 dr ghòmãXr go X³IZ E{e¶m ‘| Johÿ§ Ed§ ~mOam H$s IoVr
Am¡a BgHo$ gmW hr ô‹S> ~H$ar nmbZ H$s nÕ{V ^r {dñVm[aV hmo JB© Wr& ¶h
qgYw g§ñH¥${V Ho$ Amgnmg Ho$ ‘ohaJ‹T> g‘mZ nhm‹S>r BbmHo$ go ñnîQ> hmoVm h¡&
(20,21) Am¡a Bg Vah H$s Kaobw OrdZ e¡br CZ bmoJm| Zo AnZo ñWmZmÝVaU
Ho$ gmW AbJ AbJ {Xem ‘| ’¡$bmB© hmoJr& IoVr ì¶dñWm go Ow‹S>r BZ ‘mZd
g‘yh H$m B{Vhmg Hw$N> ^r hmo OoZo{Q>H$ S>mQ>m ¶hr {XImVm h¡ {H$, Indus
Periphery go Ow‹S>r AmZwdm§{eH$Vm Zo ANI Ed§ ASI BZ Xmo g‘yhm| H$mo ~‹S>r
‘mÌm ‘| ~‹T>m¶m h¡& Am¡a ¶h XmoZm| g‘yh B.g.nyd© 2 ar ghòmãXr ‘| qgYw g§ñH¥${V
Ho$ nVZ Ho$ níMmV² VWm CZHo$ ~mX ^maVr¶ CnIÊS> ‘| CÎma ^maV Ho$ goQ>b‘|Q>
n°Q>Z© ‘| ~‹S>o n¡‘mZo na ~Xbmd hmoZo go V¡¶ma hþAm h¡& (41) EH$ AOr~moJar~
n[aH$ënZm ¶h h¡ {H$, Steppe MLBA Bg d§e Ho$ bmoJ X³IZ H$s Amoa Am¶o
Ed§ qgYw g§ñH¥${V Ho$ nVZ Ho$ g‘¶ Indus Periphery d§e Ho$ g‘yh Ho$ gmW
{‘{lV hmo J¶o Am¡a CÝhm|Zo ANI (E{e¶m{Q>H$ Zm°W© B§{S>¶Ýg) ¶h J«wn V¡¶ma
{H$¶m, ~mX ‘| Indus Periphery Ho$ d§e H$m g‘yh Am¡a AmJo X³IZ H$s Amoa
Ed§ nya~ H$s Amoa {IgH$Vo hþ¶o J¶o Am¡a ^maVr¶ Cn{Ûn Ho$ AASI g‘yh Ho$
gmW {‘{lV hmoH$a ASI (E{e¶m[Q>H$ gmD$W B§{S>¶Ýg) ¶h J«wn V¡¶ma {H$¶m& ¶h
{dMma Bggo nw»Vm {H$¶m OmVm h¡ {H$, qgYw g§ñH¥${V bmoJm| H$m X³IZ H$s Amoa
{dñVma hmoZo go CÝhm|Zo Ð{dS>r ^mfm Ho$ bmoJmo§ H$mo {ZMo YHo$b {X¶m (42, 44)

{H$ÝVw X³IZ H$s Ð{dS>r ^mfm ¶h à‘wIVm go ^maVr¶ CnIÊS> H$s qgYw nyd©
H$mbrZ ^mfm go {dH${gV hmoZo go Cnamo³V {dMma gh‘V hmo gH$Vo h¡, ³¶m|{H$
ASI AmZwdm§{eH$Vm ¶h ^r à‘wIVm go AASI AmZwdm§{eH$Vm go hr {dH${gV
hþB© h¡&
^maV Ed§ ¶moamon ‘| ~mobo OmZodmbo B§S>mo-¶moamo{n¶Z ^mfm g‘yhm| Ho$ CJ‘ Ho$
gdmb na ^r h‘mam AZwg§YmZ amoeZr S>mbVm h¡& (45) ¶h Ü¶mZ ‘§o boZo bm¶H$
h¡ {H$, B§S>mo-¶moamo{n¶Z ^mfm ~mobZodmbo bmoJ dV©‘mZ ‘| ¶moamon Ed§ X³IZ
E{e¶m ‘| Á¶mXm ‘mÌm ‘| ahVo h¡ Am¡a CZ‘| ¶m‘Z¶m ñQon n°ñQ>moa°{bñQ> (Steppe
EMBA) Bg AmZwdm§{eH$Vm H$s ‘mÌm ^r CZ‘| Á¶mXm h¡& ¶h Omo Xem©Vm h¡ {H$,
""coQ> àmoQ>mo-B§S>mo-¶wamo{n¶Ýg'' (CÎmaH$mcrZ àmW{‘H$ B§S>mo-¶wamo{n¶Ýg ^mfm)-
¶h ^mfm V‘m‘ B§S>mo-¶wamo{n¶Z ^mfm g‘yh H$s àmW{‘H$ ^mfm h¡& Am¡a ¶h
¶m‘Z¶m ^mfm h¡& (46) {H$ÝVw {d{^Þ S>rEZE AZwg§YmZ Zo ‘mÌ ñQ>on nXoe Ho$
dhm± Ho$ bmoJm| H$s ñWmZmÝVaU H$s {Xem npíM‘ H$s Amoa Xem©B© h¡& {Oggo ¶h
AmZwdm§{eH$Vm ¶moamon ‘| ’¡$b JB©& (5,31) {H$ÝVw X³IZ E{e¶m ‘| ‘mÌ Bg
Vah H$s AmZwdm§{eH$ àgma H$m g~yV àmMrZ S>rEZE AZwg§YmZ go àmá Zht
hþAm& B.g.nyd© Xþgar ghòmãXr ‘| Steppe MLBA g‘yh H$s AmZwdm§{eH$Vm H$s
‘mÌm h‘mao AÜ¶¶Z ‘| ~‹S>r ‘mÌm ‘| àmá hþB© h¡& Am¡a ¶h ~mV nwamVpËdH$ g~yVm|
go {gÕ hþB© h¡ {H$, ‘Ü¶H$mbrZ go CÎma H$mbrZ H$m§ñ¶¶wJ H$o ñQ>on àXoe Ho$
H$PmH$ ‘| g§ñH¥${V Ed§ ^maV H$s àmMrZ d¡{XH$ g§ñH¥${V BZ‘| VmëbwH$ h¡ ¶h
AmJo {X¶m J¶m h¡& (46)
ñQ>on AmZwdm§{eH$Vm Ed§ B§S>mo-¶moamo{n¶Z H$ëMa BZHo$ VmëbwH$mV Ho$ ~mao ‘|
h‘mao AZwg§YmZ ‘| ^r EH$ AbJ hr amoeZr S>mbr JB© h¡& B§{S>¶Z AmZwdm§{eH$
JwQ> ‘| V‘m‘ 140 bmoJm| H$m S>mQ>m O~ h‘Zo ANI Ed§ ASI BZH$m g§{‘lU
Om±MZo Ho$ {bE 9pAdm Q>oñQ> H$m BñVo‘mb {H$¶m V~ CZ‘| go 10 J«wn ‘| h‘|
Indus Periphery AmZwdm§{eH$Vm H$s VwbZm ‘| Steppe MLBA Bg
AmZwdm§{eH$Vm H$s ‘mÌm Img Vm¡a na ~‹T>r hþB© ZµOa AmB© Am¡a {ZYm©[aV ‘m°S>oëg
H$s ÑpîQ> go ~hþV Á¶mXm BñVo‘mb {H$¶m Wm& (Z > 3)& ~«m÷U {Vdmar (P=2 x
10-5) Ed§ Brahmin UP (P= 4 x 10-5) BZ‘| h‘| ñQ´>m±J {g½Zb àmá hþ¶o Am¡a

Am‘Vm¡a na CÎma ^maV Ho$ nmaånm[aH$ nwamo{hV Ho$ J«wn ‘| ^r Bgr Vah ~‹T>moÎmar
{XImB© Xr& (Z>3) ~«m÷U ¶m ^y{‘hma BZH$o J«wn VbZm go CÎma ^maVr¶m| Ho$ J«wn
go H$‘ ¶mZo 74 BVZo Ed§ AZwnmV ‘| Ho$db 11% BVZm hr h‘mar Om±M ‘| Wm&)
Ab~Îmm C³IZ ^maV Ho$ J«wn Ho$ ~«m÷U Ed§ ^y{‘hma BZ‘| ñQ>on AmZwd§{eH$Vm
H$m à‘mU àVrH$mË‘H$ nm¶m J¶m, ³¶m|{H$ ¶h XmoZm| hr bmoJ g§ñH¥$V ‘| {bIo J¶o
J«ÝW Ho$ aIdmbXma h¡& BgH$m Iwbmgm Bg Vah H$a gH$Vo h¡ {H$, B.g.nyd© Xÿgar
ghòmãXr ‘| Steppe MLBA AmZwdm§{eH$Vm Ho$ bmoJ O~ X³IZ Am{e¶m ‘|
Am¶o V~ CÝhm|Zo ~‹S>s-~‹S>r OZg§»¶m Ho$ AbJ AbJ g‘yh (J«wßg) ~Zm¶o
{Og‘| ñQ>on AmZwdm§{eH$Vm H$s ‘mÌm H$‘ Á¶mX Wr& {H$ÝVw CZ‘| go ñQ>on
AmZwdm§{eH$Vm H$m ~hþV Á¶mXm ‘mÌm Ho$ EH$ g‘yh Zo àmMrZ d¡{XH$ g§ñH¥${V
’¡$bmZo ‘| Ah‘ ^y{‘H$m {Z^mB© h¡& X³IZ E{e¶m ‘| gJmoÌr¶ {ddmh H$s ‘mÌm
~hþV Á¶mXm hmoZo go Bg VarHo$ go hOmam| gmbmo§ nhbo ^maV Ho$ g‘yhm| H$mo n‹S>mog-
n‹S>mog ‘| ahZo Ho$ ~mdOyX ^r EH$Xÿgao go AbJ aIm& (35) Bgr Vah H$s
g§aMZm ^maVr¶ bmoJm| ‘| A~ ^r ~aH$ama h¡&
AÝV ‘| ¶wao{e¶m Ho$ Xmo CnIÊS> Ho$ àmMrZ B{Vhmg H$s g‘mZVm Ho$ Ah‘
OmZH$mar h‘ àñVwV H$aZodmb h¡& … do Xmo CnIÊS> h¢ X³IZ E{e¶m Ed§ ¶moamon&
BZ XmoZm§o ^mJm| ‘| npíM‘ E{e¶m¶r V§ÌkmZ H$m CJ‘ B.g.nyd© 7 dr go 6 dr
ghòmãXr ‘| nya~ go hþAm h¡& ({’$Ja 4)& X³IZ E{e¶m ‘| IoVr H$m àMma B©amZr
nhm‹S>r Ho$ amñVo go hþAm h¡ Am¡a ¶moamon ‘| npíM‘ AZmVmo{b¶m ‘mJ© go hþAm h¡
Am¡a BZ XmoZm| H$m àgma bmoJm| Ho$ ñWmZmÝVaU go hþAm h¡& Bgr Vah AmZodmbo
Io{Vha VWm ñWm{ZH$ {eH$mar g‘yhm| H$m g§{‘lU hmoH$a {‘{lV Am~mXr V¡¶ma
hmo JB©& X³IZ E{e¶m ‘| CgH$m Aga ¶mZo Indus Periphry AmZwdm§{eH$Vm
Ed§ ASI AmZwdm§{eH$Vm {Z‘m©U hmo JB©& Vmo ¶moamon ‘| ‘Ü¶ Aí‘¶wJrZ OoZo{Q>H$
³bñQ>a go ~Zr hþB© Europe MN ¶h AmZwdm§{eH$Vm V¡¶ma hmo JB©& ¶moamon Ed§
X³IZ E{e¶m BZ XmoZm| ñWmZm| go Cnamo³V VarHo$ go Io{Vha Ed§ {eH$mar g‘yhm|
H$m Amng ‘| g§{‘lU hmoZo Ho$ ~mX ¶m‘Z¶m ñQ>on n°ñQ>moa°{bñQ> (¶m‘Z¶m Zm‘ H$m
ñQ>on àmÝV Ho$ Kw‘ÝVw ¶wao{e¶Z bmoJ) ¶h bmoJ Cnamo³V XmoZm| hr ñWmZm| na Am
J¶o Am¡a ñWm{ZH$ OZg‘yhm| ‘| {‘bH$a CZH$m g§{‘l g‘yh V¡¶ma {H$¶m& Am¡a
Cg g§{‘l g‘yhm| Zo nhbo Ho$ ñWm{ZH$ Io{Vha g‘yhm| Ho$ gmW {‘bH$a AmZwdm§{eH$
g‘y{hH$aU {H$¶m Am¡a Omo h‘H$mo ¶moamon ‘| ^wZo hþ¶o ~V©Z Ed ‘Ü¶ ¶moamon ‘| Bell
Baker g‘mZ gm{hË¶ {Z‘m©U {H$¶o& Vmo X³IZ E[e¶m ‘| ANI OZo{Q>H$ ³cñQ>a
{Z‘m©U {H$¶o& X³IZ E{e¶m Ho$ bmoJm| Ho$ gmW Ed§ ^mfm H$s $ÑpîQ> go Ow‹S>r B©amZr
OJV Ho$ ~mao ‘| ^{dî¶ ‘| Am¡a ^r AZwg§YmZ hm|Jo& Am¡a do Bg {df¶na Á¶mXm
amoeZr S>mb|Jo VWm Bg AZwg§YmZ Zo Omo ‘m°S>b àñVwV {H$¶m h¡ Cggo Am¡a ^r
Á¶mXm OmZH$mar {‘boJr&
* {’$Ja Ho$ ~mao ‘| OmZH$mar :-
{’$Ja 1-àmMrZ S>rEZE S>mQ>m H$s N>mZ-~rZ
(A) h‘mao A°Zm{c{gg ‘|o {b¶o J¶o Z¶o Z‘yZm| H$s g§»¶m Ed§ CZH$m
H$mbmd{Y Xem©¶m hþAm h¡&
(B) CZH$m ñWmZ A°Zm{c{gg J«wqnJ ‘| H$ca H$moS go Xem©¶m hþAm h¡&
(C) dV©‘mZ Ho$ ¶wao{e¶Zm| H$mo Ü¶mZ ‘| aIH$a àmMrZ g°ånb Ho$ àmoOo³eZ
nrgrE na A°p³gg na {X¶m J¶m h¡&
(D) A°S>{‘³gMa A°Zm{c{gg Ed§ CZHo$ H§$nmoZ§Q> West Siberian HG,
AZmVmo{c¶Z Io{Vha, B©amZr¶Z Io{Vha, ‘yc{Zdmgr {‘p³g¨J E{e¶Z Ed§ WHG
BÝh| {gb{gbodma {Zbm, Zma§Jr, ^yam, bmb Ed§ ham BZ a§Jm| ‘| Xem©¶m J¶m h¡&
E Y H«$mo‘moPmo‘ h°ßcmoJ«wn {XIm¶m J¶m h¡&
N- Aí‘¶wJrZ, C- ‘Ü¶ Aí¶‘¶wJrZ, BA- H$m§ñ¶¶wJrZ, IA- cmoh¶wJrZ,
H-Eo{Vhm{gH$, E/M/1- àmMrZ ‘Ü¶H$mcrZ-CÎma H$mcrZ, O-AmD$Q>{c¶a
(gr‘màmÝV)
{’$Ja 2- ‘m°S>oqcJ Ho$ ZVrOo-
(A) Xÿa Ho$ gmV g‘yhm| H$m g§{‘lU boH$a AmYw{ZH$ ^maVr¶ AmZwdm§{eH$Vm
Omo hþB© h¡ Cgo ¶hm°§ ^moJmo{bH$ ÑpîQ> go Z³eo ‘| {XIm¶m J¶m h¡& XþV’$m© (Cline)
Vah Ho$ AmZwdm§{eH$ g§{‘lU g‘H$moZ ‘| {XIm¶m J¶m h¡& Vmo VrZ ‘mJ© H$m
g§{‘lU (Clouds) AÊS>mH$ma ‘| {XIm¶m J¶m h¡&

(B) Xÿa Ho$ gmV g‘yhm| go V¡¶ma hmoZodmbr AmYw{ZH$ ^maVr¶ AmZwdm§{eH$Vm
d¥ËVmÝV H$m CåXm ‘m°S>ob Ho$ ñdén ‘| ^m¡Jmo{bH$ ÑpîQ> go V¡¶ma {H$¶m h¡& (C)
9pAdm V§Ì H$m BñVo‘mb H$aHo$ g‘yhm| Ho$ g§{‘lU H$s ‘mÌm {H$VZr h¡ ¶h A
Ed§ B Ho$ ñdén ‘| Xem©B© JB© h¡&
{’$Ja 3- ^maVr¶m| H$m AmZwdm§{eH$ CJ‘-
(A) {nN>bo Hw$N> hOma ~agm| ‘| X³IZ E{e¶mB© AmZwdm§{eH$Vm Ho$ Mma J«wn
à{V{Z{Y Ho$ Vm¡a na UpAdm Bg VÝÌ H$m BñVo‘mb {H$¶m& (Punjabi. DG,
Mala DG, SPGT Ed§ Butkara IA) ¶h J«wn ONGE, B©amZ/VwamZ
AmZwdm§{eH$Vm Ed§ ñQ>on AmZwdm§{eH$Vm BZH$m ¶h J«wn g§{‘lU Amho Am¡a CZHo$
{ZîH$îm© ‘| H$‘ go H$‘ P ìh°ë¶y àmá hþB© h¡& gH«$s¶ ‘m°S>oëg‘Ü¶o Ho$db Indus
Periphery Ed§ Steppe MLBA BZH$s AmZwdm§{eH$Vm H$m g§{‘lU àmá hþAm
h¡& (Steppe MLBA West Bg J«wn ‘| Sintashta MLBA Ed§ Srubnya
¶h Xmo Cn JwQ> h¢&
(B) Hy$b 140 Cline J«wn Ho$ {bE h‘Zo Maximum A Posteriori Fits
¶h ‘m°S>oc {b¶o& CZ‘| go {g¾r{’$H§$Q> AmD$Q>coAg© (1>1>2) {XIm¶o J¶o h¡&
Am¡a CZ‘| go ~«m÷U Ed§ ^y{‘hma (nyao âo hþ¶o d¥ËV ~«m÷Um| Ho$ {bE Vmo nyao âo
hþ¶o Mm¡ag ^y{‘hma bmoJm| Ho$ {bE Z³eo ‘| gm§Ho${VH$ én ‘| {XIm¶o J¶o h¡&)
³¶m§o{H$ ~«m÷U Ed§ ^y{‘hma BZ‘| AÝ¶ J«wn H$s VwbZm ‘| ñQ>on n°ñQ>moa°{bñQ> go Ow‹S>r
AmZwdm§{eH$Vm ~hþV Á¶mXm h¡ Am¡a dh npíM‘r ¶wao{e¶Z bmoJm| ‘| dm§{eH$Vm H$s
à‘mU ‘| h¡&
(C) A°S>{‘³gMa J«m’$ {’$Q> ¶h Z³e B©amZr Io{Vha AmZwdm§{eH$Vm H$m
X³IZ Am{e¶m ‘| g§{‘lU Xem©Vm h¡ {H$ÝVw AASI go Ow‹S>r AmZwdm§{eH$Va
àmMrZ B©amZ ‘| g§{‘lU hþAm Wm ¶h Zht {XImVm h¡& Bg Z³eo Ho$ S>mQ>oS> cmB©Ýg
¶h g§{‘lU H$~ hþAm ¶h Xem©Vr h¡&
{’$Ja 4 A- XmoZ CnIÊS> Ho$ ‘m‘b| :-

X³IZ E{e¶m Ed§ ¶moamon BZ XmoZm| IÊS> H$m àmMrZ B{Vhmg g‘mZ hr h¡&
³¶m|{H$ BZ Xmo CnIÊS>m| na EH$ Ho$ {nN>o EH$ ‘mZdr ñWmZmÝVaU hþ¶o h¡& nhbm
ñWmZmÝVaU B.g.nyd© 7 hOma ‘| nya~ go Io{Vha bmoJm| H$m hþAm Omo ñWm{ZH$
{eH$mar g‘yhm| ‘| {dbrZ hmo J¶m Ed§ Xÿgam ñWmZmÝVaU B.g.nyd© 3000 ‘|
B§S>mo-¶moamo{n¶Z ^mfm ~mobZodmbo ñQ>on bmoJm| H$m hþAm& VWm ‘mJ© ‘| AmZodmbo
bmoJm| Ho$ gmW g§Kf© H$aHo$ do CZ‘| {‘{lV hmo J¶o& BZ XmoZm| g§{‘lU go dV©‘mZ
X³IZ E{e¶m Ed§ ¶moamon ‘| g§{‘l AmZwdm§{eH$Vm {Z‘m©U hmo JB© h¡& (^maV go
¶moamon ‘| ñWm{ZH$ {eH$mar g‘yhm| go Ow‹S>r AmZwdm§{eH$Vm H$m à‘mU A{YH$
~XbVo hþ¶o ñdén H$m h¡&) dhm°§ H$m ^m¡Jmo{bH$ hmbmVm| go {‘bVo-OwbVo h¡&
Cnamo³V Z³e ‘| Omo {~ÝXþAm| H$s aoIm {XImB© JB© h¡ CgHo$ nya~ go IoVr H$m
{dñVma {H$g Vah hþAm ¶h {XIm¶m h¡& ‘mZdr ñWmZmÝVaU Ed§ g§{‘lU VWm
AmZwdm§{eH$ g§{‘lU, BgHo$ gmW hr ^mfm H$m àMma Bg Z³eo ‘| ~mU go
{XIm¶m J¶m h¡&

Ah‘ ‘wXX² o H$m gma
Q>o~c- BamZ/VwamZ :
1) Aí‘¶wJrZ Ed§ H$m§ñ¶¶wJrZ Xm¡a ‘| ¶wao{e¶m Ho$ Xa{‘¶mZ AmZwdm§{eH$Vm
H$m àMma npíM‘ H$s Amoa go nya~ H$s Amoa {XImB© XoVm h¡ Am¡a npíM‘ H$s Amoa
go AZmVmo{b¶Z Io{Vha go Ow‹S>r AmZwdm§{eH$Vm Á¶mXm nmB© OmVr h¡ Vmo nya~ H$s
Amoa go West Siberain HG ¶m AASI Bggo Ow‹S>r AmZwdm§{eH$Vm Á¶mXm nmB©
OmVr h¡ Am¡a BZ XmoZm| hr AmZwd§{eH$Vm ‘yb A{V àmMrZ PmJm}g Ho$ Io{Vha
AmZwdm§{eH$Vm go Ow‹S>r h¡& AZmVmo{b¶Z AmZwdm§{eH$Vm Ho$ {dñVma Ho$ gmW IoVr
VÝÌ H$m {dñVma ^r Bg àXoe ‘| hþAm h¡& {Oggo ¶h {XImB© XoVm h¡ {H$,
AZmVmo{b¶Z d§e Ho$ bmoJm| Zo IoVr n¡Xmdma Ed§ V§ÌkmZ H$m nyd© Ed§ npíM‘ Bg
XmoZm| hr {XIm go ’¡$bm¶m& {’$a ^r B§S>g noar’o$ar g°ånb ‘| AZmVmo{b¶Z Io{Vha
go Ow‹S>r AmZwdm§{eH$Vm àmá Zht hmoVr& Bggo ¶h ZµOa AmVm h¡ {H$, Ab~Îmm
AZmVmo{b¶Z bmoJm| Zo IoVr H$s g§H$ënZm nya~ Ho$ B©amZ VH$ hr gr{‘V aIr {’$a
^r CZH$o Io{V{df¶H$ {dMma X³IZ E{e¶m Ho$ A{V nya~ Ho$ àXoe ‘| nhþ±Mo Wo&
2) BMAC Ho$ àmW{‘H$ nm°ß¶wcoeZ ¶h ~‹S>r ‘mÌm ‘§o BgHo$ nhbo ñWm{ZH$
Aí‘¶wJrZ bmoJm| go ~Zr Wt Am¡a dV©‘mZ X³IZ E{e¶m ‘| Omo ñQ>on n°ñQ>moa°{bñQ>
Omo AmZwdm§{eH$Vm {XImB© XoVr h¡ dh CZ bmoJm| ‘| ‘m¡OyX Zht Wr& X³IZ E{e¶m
‘| àgm[aV hmoZo Ho$ Abmdm BMAC Ho$ bmoJm| ‘| X³IZ E{e¶m H$s AmZwdm§{eH$Vm
H$m {‘lU hþAm&
3) AmD$Q>{bAa bmoJm| H$m A°Zm{b{gg ¶h {XImVm h¡ {H$, B.g.nyd© 2100
nhbo BMAC Ho$ Amgnmg Ho$ àXoe ‘| ñQ>on n°ñQ>moa°{bñQ> AmZwdm§{eH$Vm Zht
Ïmr& {H$ÝVw B.g.nyd© 2100 go 1700 Ho$ Xm¡amZ BMAC Ho$ g‘yh Ho$ B©X©-{JX©
ñQ>on n°ñQ>moa°{bñQ> AmZwdm§{eH$Vm Ho$ bmoJ {Z‘m©U hmo MwHo$ Wo&
4) qgYw g§ñH¥${V Ho$ ZOXrH$s gm§ñH¥${VH$ VmëbwH$mV aIZodmbo Xmo ñWmZm| go
h‘Zo AbJ AbJ Ed§ ñnîQ> Xmo AmZwdm§{eH$Vm H$mo àñVwV {H$¶m ho& do h¡ 58%
go 86% B©amZr Io{Vha g§{‘lU hþB© Ed§ Wmo‹S>r ‘mÌm ‘| AZmVmo{b¶Z Io{Vha

g§{‘lU hþB© AmZwdm§{eH$Vm Am¡a 14% go 42% AASI AmZwdm§{eH$Vm& EH$
hOma ~agm| ~mX h‘| Bg Vah H$s AmZwdm§{eH$Vm qgYw g§ñH¥${V Ho$ nVZ níMmV²
{Z‘m©U hþ¶o ñdmV KmQ>r ‘| ZµOa AmB©& Omo qgYw g§ñH¥${V H$s B§S>g no[a’o$ar Ho$ én
‘| ~mX Ho$ H$mb ‘| Xem©Vr h¡ Am¡a ¶h g§{‘l AmZwdm§{eH$Vm B.g. nyd© 4700 go
3000 Bg Xm¡a ‘| V¡¶ma hmo JB© h¡&
*ñQ>on :-
(1) ‘Ü¶H$mbrZ go CÎma H$brZ H$m§ñ¶ ¶wJ ‘| H$PmH$ ñQ>on Ed§ {‘ZwqgJ
KmQ>r ‘| doñQ>Z© ñQ>on (Steppe MLBA West) Bg AmZwdm§{eH$Vm Ho$ bmoJ
BgHo$ nhbo West Siberian HG AmZwdm§{eH$Vm Ho$ bmoJm| go CZH$m g§{‘lU
hþAm Am¡a Cggo Steppe MLBA East ¶h AmZwdm§{eH$ g‘yh V¡¶ma hþAm&
(2) AmD$Q>coAa A°Zm{c{gg ¶h {XImVr h¡ {H$, B.g. nyd© 1600 ‘| ‘Ü¶
go CÎma H$mbrZ H$m§ñ¶¶wJrZ H$PmH$ ñQ>on ‘| ~hþV go bmoJ Cg d³V Eogo Wo {OZ‘|
VwamZ H$s AmZwdm§{eH$Vm H$m g§{‘lU hþAm Wm& ¶h AmZwdm§{eH$ g~yV ¶h {gÕ
H$aVm h¡ {H$, Cg d³V VwamZ go ñQ>on ‘| CÎma {Xem go bmoJm| H$m ñWmZmÝVaU hþAm
h¡&
(3) B.g.nyd© 1500 Ho$ Amgnmg H$PmH$ g§{‘{lV hþ¶o ~hþV go bmoJ àmá
hmoVo h¡ Am¡a Bgr Vah H$s AmZwdm§{eH$Vm eH$ H$mb ‘| ^r ~‹S>s ‘mÌm ‘| g~ Va’$
{XImB© XoVr Wr& (34) Bg Vah H$s AmZwdm§{eH$Vm X{jU Am{e¶m Ho$ ANI Ed§
ASI Bg J«wn‘Ü¶o {XImB© Zht XoVr h¡& Omo ¶h Xem©Vm h¡ {H$, ~mX Ho$ H$mb ‘|
X{jU E{e¶m ‘| Omo ñQ>on AmZwdm§{eH$Vm g~ Va’$ ~‹S>r ‘mÌm ‘| ’¡$br hþB© {XImB©
XoVr h¡ CgH$s Ah‘ dOh h¡ ñQ>on AmZwdm§{eH$Vm Ho$ bmoJm| H$m X{jU H$s Amoa
hþ¶m ñWmZmÝVaU h¡&
* X{jU E{e¶m :-
1) àmMrZ X{jU E{e¶m Ho$ Ed§ dV©‘mZ ‘m°S>ob H$m ~hþV JhamB© go AÜ¶¶Z
H$aZo Ho$ ~mX h‘| Bg Vah H$m EH$ Img ‘m°S>ob CnbãY hþAm h¡ Omo ^m¡Jmo{bH$
ÑpîQ> go Ed§ Hw$N> d³V Ho$ {bE X³IZ E{e¶m H$mo bmJy hmoVm h¡& dh ‘m°S>b ¶mZr
AASI, Indus Periphery Ed§ Steppe MLBA X³IZ E{e¶mB© Ho$ {bE
BMAC ¶h AmZwdm§{eH$ CJ‘ H$m à‘wI ómoV h¡ Bggo h‘ BZH$ma H$aVo h¡&
2) {OZ OZg§»¶m go B§S>g noar’o$ar Ho$ g°ånb {b¶o Wo, CZH$s X³IZ
E{e¶m ‘| ANI Ed§ ASI ¶h Xmo J«wn V¡¶ma H$aZo ‘| CÝhm|Zo Ah‘ {H$aXma {Z^m¶m
h¡& ^maVr¶ AmZwdm§{eH$Vm Ho$ ¶h Xmo {gao B§S>g noar’o$ar Ho$ g§{‘lU Ho$ Xmo {hñgo
h¢& dh ¶mZo ASI ‘|o 39% Ed§ ANI ‘|o 72% A~ dV©‘mZ X³IZ Am{e¶m ‘|
Eogo J«wn h¡ {OZH$s AmZwdm§{eH$Vm ANI VWm ASI g‘mZ hr h¡&
3) B.g.nyd© Xÿgar ghòmãXr ‘| ANI d ASI H$m {Z‘m©U hþAm h¡& ‘Vb~
qgYw g§ñH¥${V Ho$ nVZ Ho$ ~mX Omo Hw$N> J{V{d{Y¶m± hmo JB© Wr CZ‘| go ANI Ed§
-ASI ¶h Xmo g‘yh V¡¶ma hþ¶o Wo&
4) ASI AmZwdm§{eH$Vm Ho$ bmoJ X³IZ E{e¶m Ho$ nhbo {eH$mar bmoJm| go
Ow‹S>o Zht h¡ (AASI) {H$ÝVw CZ‘| B©amZr Io{Vha H$s AmZwdm§{eH$Vm ~‹S>r ‘mÌm ‘|
àmá hmoVr h¡& Am¡a ¶h AmZwdm§{eH$Vm CÝh| qgYw g§ñH¥${V Ho$ O[a¶o {‘br hmoJr&
********

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Ancient DNA Laboratory Work We prepared powder from
human skeletal remains either at field sites using a method for
extracting petrous bone powder by drilling directly from the cra-
nial base (47), or in dedicated clean rooms at Harvard Medical
School, University College Dublin, or the Max Planck Institute
for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig Germany.
All the molecular work except for that of a single sample (Darra-
i-Kur) was carried out at Harvard Medical School (HMS). At HMS,
we extracted DNA using a method that is optimized to retain small
DNA fragments (1, 2). We converted the DNA into a form that
could be sequenced using a double-stranded library preparation
protocol, usually pre-treating with the enzyme Uracil-DNA
Glycosylase (UDG) to reduce the characteristic cytosine-to-thym-
ine errors in ancient DNA (4). For some libraries, we substituted
the MinElute columns used for cleaning up reactions with mag-
netic beads, and the MinElute column-based PCR cleanup at the
end of library preparation with SPRI beads (48, 49). We enriched
the libraries both for sequences overlapping mitochondrial DNA
(50), and for sequences overlapping about 1.24 million nuclear
targets after two rounds of enrichment (5, 17 6, 8). We sequenced
the enriched products on an Illumina NextSeq500 using v.2 150
cycle kits for 2×76 cycles and 2×7 cycles, and sequenced up to
the point that the expected number of new SNPs covered per 100
additional read pairs sequenced was approximately less than 1.
To analyze the data computationally, we separated read pairs
into individuals based on searching for the expected two indices
and two barcodes, allowing up to one mismatch from the expected
sequence in each case. We removed adapters and merged together
sequences requiring a 15 base pair overlap (allowing up to one
mismatch), using a modified version of Seqprep (https://
github.com/jstjohn/SeqPrep), which takes the highest quality base
in the merged regions.
We mapped the resulting single-ended sequences were mapped

to the GRCh37 human reference (from the 1000 Genomes project)
using the samse command of the Burrows-Wheeler Aligner tool
(BWA) (version 0.6.1) (51). We trimmed two nucleotides from
the end of each sequence, and then randomly selected a single
sequence at each site covered by at least one sequence in each
individual to represent their genotype at that position (“pseudo-
haploid” genotyping). For each sample we generated “pseudo-
haploid” calls at the 1.24 million target sites, selecting sequences
that have a minimum mapping quality of MAPQ=10, restricting
to nucleotides with a minimum base quality of 20, and trimming 2
base pairs from each end of the reads.
It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International
license. (which was not peer-reviewed) is the author/funder, who
has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity.
bioRxiv preprint first posted online Mar. 31, 2018; doi: http://
dx.doi.org/10.1101/292581. The copyright holder for this preprint
26 For Darra-i-Kur, we prepared a single-stranded DNA library
(L5082) at the Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropol-
ogy (MPI-EVA) in Leipzig, Germany, as part of a previous project
(52).
The previous study only analyzed mitochondrial DNA, and for
the current study, the library was enriched for molecules overlap-
ping target the same panel of 1.24 million nuclear targets using
two rounds of hybridization capture (5, 6, 8). We sequenced the
enriched libraries on 2 lanes of an Illumina HiSeq2500 platform
in a double index configuration (2x76 cycles) (53), and we called
sites using FreeIbis (54). We merged overlapping paired-end and
trimmed using leeHom (55). We used BWA to align the captured
data to the human reference genome (GRCh37 from the 1000 Ge-
nomes project) (51). Only sequences showing a perfect match to
the expected index combination were retained for downstream
analyses.
We assessed evidence for ancient DNA authenticity by mea-

suring the rate of damage in the first nucleotide (flagging indi-
viduals as potentially contaminated if they had a less than 3% cy-
tosine to thymine substitution rate in the first nucleotide for a UDG-
treated library and less than 10% substitution rate for a non-UDG-
treated library). We used contamix to determine evidence of con-
tamination based on polymorphism in mitochondrial DNA (56),
and ANGSD to determine evidence of contamination based on
polymorphism on the X chromosome in males (57).
Principal component analysis (PCA) We carried out PCA us-
ing the smartpca package of EIGENSOFT 7.2.1 (13). We used
default parameters and added two options (lsqproject:YES and
numoutlieriter:0 options) in order to project our ancient samples
onto the PCA space. We used two basis sets for the projection: the
first based on 1,340 present-day Eurasians genotyped on the
Affymetrix Human Origins array, and the second based on a sub-
set of 991 present-day West Eurasians (5, 10, 58). These projec-
tions are shown repeatedly in the Supplementary Materials, and
the whole-Eurasian projection is shown in Fig. 1. As part of this
analysis, we also computed the FST between groups using the
parameters inbreed:YES and fstonly:YES.
ADMIXTURE clustering analysis Using PLINK2 (59), we first
pruned our dataset using the geno 0.7 option to ensure that we
only performed our analysis on sites that had at least 70% of
samples with a called genotype. We then ran ADMIXTURE (14)
with 10 replicates, reporting the replicate with the highest likeli-
hood. We show results for K=6 in Fig. 1, as we found in practice
that this provides the most resolution for disambiguating the sources
of pre-Chalcolithic ancestry in our newly reported samples.
f-statistics We used the qp3pop and qpDstat packages in
ADMIXTOOLS 69 to compute f3-statistics and f4-statistics. We
used the inbreed:YES parameter to compute f3-statistics as a test

for admixture with an ancient population as a target, with all pub-
lished and newly reported ancient genomes as sources. Using the
f4Mode:YES parameter in qpDstat, we also computed two sets of
f4-symmetry statistics to evaluate if pairs of populations are con-
sistent with forming a clade relative to a comparison population.
The first is a statistic where we compare all possible pairs of newly
reported ancient groups (Reported1 and Reported2) to a panel of
Test populations that encompass diverse pre-Chalcolithic and more
widespread genetic variation (Test is one of
Iran_Ganj_Dareh_Neolithic, Karelia_HG, Han, Onge, LBK_EN,
AfontovaGora3, Ukraine_Mesolithic). Thus, we compute a statis-
tic of the form f4(Reported1, Reported2; Test, Mbuti African
outgroup). The second is a comparison of each newly reported
group in turn against all possible pairs of Test populations, using
statistics of the form f4(Test1, Test2; Reported, Mbuti).
Formally modeling admixture history We used the qpAdm meth-
odology (5) in the ADMIXTOOLS package to estimate the pro-
portions of ancestry in a Test population deriving from a mixture
of N ‘reference’ populations by exploiting (but not explicitly mod-
eling) shared genetic drift with a set of ‘Outgroup’ populations.
We set the details:YES parameter, which reports a normally dis-
tributed Z-score for the fit (estimated with a block jackknife).
Hierarchical model of the Indian Cline We used qpAdm as de-
scribed above to obtain estimates for the proportion of Steppe-
related, Iranian agriculturalist-related and AASI-related ancestries
and their relevant covariance matrices for each population on the
Indian cline. We then jointly modeled these estimates using a bi-
variate normal model (since the three proportions sum to 100%)
and inferred the mean and covariance of the two parameters across
all samples on the Indian cline using maximum likelihood estima-
tion. Then, using this inferred matrix, we tested whether the cline
could be modeled by a mixture of two populations, the ANI and
the ASI, in two ways. First, we examined whether the covariance
matrix is singular, implying that knowledge of one estimated pro-

portion of ancestry of one of the ancestry components revealed
knowledge of the other two, as expected in a two-way mixture.
Second, if we were able to establish that this was the case, we
examined the difference between the expected and observed ra-
tios of the ancestry proportions of individual populations in this
generative model obtained from fitting all the populations simul-
taneously.
This process resulted in a handful of populations deviating from
expectation, as discussed in the main text and Supplementary Ma-
terials.
Supplementary 102 Materials:
Materials and Methods
Online Tableau Server for visualizing data.
Data S1-S3
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tional license.

Acknowledgments: We are grateful to Richard Meadow and
Ajita Patel for critical comments. We are grateful to the Minusinsk
Regional Museum of N. M. Martyanov for sharing some of the
skeletal samples analyzed in this study. We are grateful to Orazak
Ismagulov and Ainagul Ismagulova for facilitating access to some
of the Kazakh material. Funding: N.P. carried out this work while
a fellow at the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard
University. P.M. was supported by a Burroughs Wellcome Fund
CASI award. N.N. is supported by an NIGMS (GM007753) fel-
lowship. T.C. and A.D. were supported by the Russian Science
Foundation (project no. 14-50-00036). D.P., S.S. and D.L. were
supported by European Research Council ERC-2011-AdG 295733
grant (Langelin). M.R. acknowledges support from RFBR grant ?
18-09-00779. Radiocarbon work supported by the NSF
Archaeometry program BCS-1460369 to D.J.K. and B.J.C. and
by the NFS Archaeology program BCS-1725067 to D.J.K. and
T.Ha. K.T. was supported by the Council of Scientific and Indus-
trial Research (CSIR), Government of India, New Delhi. N.B.,
A.N., and Z.M. were supported by the Max Planck Society. D.R.
was supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation HOMI-
NID grant BCS-1032255, the U.S. National Institutes of Health
grant GM100233, by an Allen Discovery Center grant, and is an
investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Competing
interests: The authors declare no competing interests. Data and
materials availability: All sequencing data are available from the
European Nucleotide Archive, accession number XXXXXXXX
[to be made available on publication]. Genotype data obtained by
random sampling of sequences at approximately 1.24 million ana-
lyzed positions or at approximately 600,000 positions (when
merged with genotyping data from diverse present-day individu-
als) are available to researchers who write David Reich

(reich@genetics.med.harvard.edu) a signed letter containing the
following text: “For the data that is indicated as “signed letter
only”
(a) I will not distribute the data outside my collaboration;
(b) I will not post the data publicly;
(c) I will make no attempt to connect the genetic data to per-
sonal identifiers for the samples;
(d) I will use the data only for studies of population history;
(e) I will not use the data for any selection studies;
(f) I will not use the data for medical or disease-related analy-
ses;
(g) I will not use the data for commercial purposes.’’

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BZ àXoem| ‘| ^r AZmVmo{b¶Z go Ow‹S>r d§emdbr Ed§ IoVr H$m {dH$mg hþAm&
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{H$ÝVw VH$ar~Z 9 hOma ~agm| nhbo àmMrZ B©amZr {H$gmZ Ed§ {eH$mar O‘m{V
BZgo EH$ AmZwdm§{eH$ g‘yh {d^³V hþAm Wm& Cg g‘yh H$s B©amZ go Ow‹S>r
AmZwdm§{eH$Vm AZwg§YmZH$ËVmAm| H$mo qgYw H$mbrZ bmoJm| ‘| àmá hmo JB©&
Bggo AZwg§YmZH$ËVm© Zo ¶h {ZîH$f© {ZH$mbm {H$, npíM‘ Ho$ IoVr-~m‹S>r
H$aZodmbo bmoJm| Zo qgYw àXoe ‘| AmH$a ¶hm°§ na IoVr H$m {dH$mg Zht {H$¶m,
~pëH$ ñWm{ZH$ bmoJm| Zo hr qgYw H$mb ‘| IoVr H$m {dH$mg {H$¶m h¢§&
""npíM‘ H$s Amoa IoVr Ho$ {dH$mg H$m H$maU AZmVmo{b¶Z go Ow‹S>r
AmZwdm§{eH$Vm AZwg§YmZH$ËVm©Am| H$mo {g§Yw H$mbrZ bmoJm| ‘| àmá Zht hmo gH$s&
{H$ÝVw CZ‘| ^r B©amZr¶Z go Ow‹S>r AmZwdm§{eH$Vm àmá hmo JB© h¡ Am¡a ¶h
AmZwdm§{eH$Vm ~hþV àmMrZ H$mb go B©am{Z¶Z {H$gmZ Ed§ {eH$mar g‘yh EH$Xÿgao
go {d^³V hþ¶o CZgo CÝh| àmá hþB© h¡ '' ¶h ~mV Bg AZwg§YmZ ‘| Img H$aHo$
àmá hþB© Eogm AZwg§YmZH$ËVmAm| H$m H$hZm h¡&
""Mma hOma gmbm| nhbo B§S>mo-¶moamo{n¶Z ^mfm boH$a AmZodmbo ñQ>on
n°ñQ>moa°{bñQ> (¶wao{e¶Z) BZ bmoJm| Ho$ AmJ‘Z go nhbo X³IZ E{e¶m ‘| ~‹S>r
‘mÌm ‘| ñWmZmÝVaU hmoZo H$m à‘mU àmá Zht hmoVm h¡&'' ¶wZm¶Q>oS> ñQ>oQ²>g ‘|
{’$bhmb ahZodmbo Ed§ AZwg§YmZ Ho$ ghboIH$ Am¡a AZwd§eemñÌk S>opìhS> [aM
BÝhm|Zo ¶h ~mV ~VmB©&

5) {X.7 {gVå~a, 2019- amOñWmZ n{ÌH$m : ~S>m Iwcmgm-
""h[a¶mUm Ho$ amIrJT>r ‘| {‘co 6 hOma gmc nwamZo Adeof H$m AÜ¶¶Z-
Am¶m] Zo ^maV na Zht {H$¶m Wm AmH«$‘U, do ¶ht Ho$ ‘yb{Zdmgr Wo!''

6) {X. 15 {gVå~a, 2019- amOñWmZ n{ÌH$m- ~mS>‘oa g§ñH$aU
B{Vhmg H$m dV©‘mZ : gmB§g OZ©c ‘| àH$m{eV hþAm 117 d¡km{ZH$m| H$m
AÜ¶¶Z, hmc hr ‘| Xm±dm {H$¶m J¶m Wm {H$ Am¶© ^maV Ho$ ahZodmco Wo-
""ZE emoY go 2018 Ho$ emoY H$s {’$a nw{ï>, Am¶© ~mha go hr ^maV
‘| AmE Wo!''

7) {X. 7 {gVå~a, 2019-X¡{ZH$ OmJaU-à¶mJamO g§ñH$aU-
""{dXoer Zht, ^maV Ho$ ‘yc{Zdmgr Wo Am¶©''
ZB© {X„r :
Am¶© Z Vmo {dXoer Wo Am¡a Z hr CÝhm|Zo H$^r ^maV na AmH«$‘U {H$¶m& Am¶©
^maV Ho$ ‘yb{Zdmgr Wo& h[a¶mUm Ho$ {hgma {Obo Ho$ amIrJT>r ‘| nwamVËd {d^mJ
H$s IwXmB© ‘| {‘bo Xmo ‘mZd H§$H$mbm| (EH$ ‘{hcm d EH$ nwéf) H$s S>rEZE
[anmoQ>© Ho$ AÜ¶¶Z Am¡a H$B© g°§nb go OwQ>mE JE Am{H©$¶mobm°{OH$c d OoZo{Q>H$
S>oQ>m Ho$ {dícofU go d¡km{ZH$ Bg {ZîH$f© na nhþ§Mo h¢& VrZ gmb go ¶h emoY
{H$¶m Om ahm Wm& [anmoQ>© Ho$ ‘wVm{~H$ Am¶© Am¡a Ð{dS> EH$ hr Wo&
amIrJT>r hS>ßnm gä¶Vm Ho$ g~go ~S>o H|$Ðmo ‘| go EH$ h¡& H$ar~ 300 EH$S>
‘| df©-2015 ‘| nwamVËd{dXmo§ Zo IwXmB© ewé H$s Wr& amIrJT>r gmBQ> H$s [agM©
Q>r‘ Ho$ gXñ¶ Am¡a nwUo {ñWV S>o¸$Z H$m°coO S>råS> ¶w{Zd{g©Q>r Ho$ nyd© dmBg
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d¡km{ZH$m| Zo ^r nw»Vm ‘mZm h¡& àmo.qeXo Z ~Vm¶m {H$ amIrJT>r ‘| Mb ahr
hS>ßnm H$mbrZ gä¶Vm H$s IwXmB© ‘| nm§M hOma gmc nwamZo Xmo ‘mZd H§$H$mb
{‘co Wo& BZH$s S>rEZE Om§M Ho$ {cE g±nb OwQ>mE JE& AÜ¶¶Z ‘| nVm Mcm {H$
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Ï¶moar JcV gm{~V hmo OmVr h¡& qeXo Zo H$hm dh ^maV gaH$ma go AZwamoY H$a|Jo
{H$ B{Vhmg H$s nwñVH$mo ‘| BZ ZE VÏ¶m§o H$mo em{‘b {H$¶m OmE&
~XcoJm B{Vhmg …
* {hgma Ho$ amIrJT>r Jm±d H$s IwXmB© ‘| {‘bo Xmo ‘mZd H§$H$mbm| H$s S>rEZE
[anmoQ>© go gm‘Zo Am¶m gM
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bmoJm| Ho$ nyd©O EH$ hr Wo&
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H$ht MmoQ> ¶m Kmd Ho$ Eogo {ZemZ Zht {‘bo h¡, {OZgo Zag§hma H$s ~mV gm{~V
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H¥${f, ~mJdmZr, ‘Ëñ¶nmcZ H$s ^maV ‘| hþB© Wr ewéAmV :

emoY Ho$ ‘wVm{~H$ H$ar~ gmT>o Zm¡ hOma gmb nhbo ^maV Ho$ bmoJm| Zo hr
H¥${f, ~mJdmZr d ‘N>br nmcZ ewé {H$¶m Wm& BgHo$ ~mX ¶o B©amZ d BamH$ hmoVo
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h¡& àmo. qeXo Zo ~Vm¶m {H$ amIrJT>r ‘| AbJ-AbJ AmH$ma d AmH¥${V Ho$ hdZ
Hw§$S> {‘bo h¡& CZHo$ nmg H$mo¶bo Ho$ Adeof {‘bo h¡& Bggo gm{~V hmoVm h¡ {H$
H$ar~ nm§M hOma gmb nhco ^r ^maV ‘| hdZ hmoVm Wm& gañdVr ZXr Ho$ {H$Zmao
^r hS>ßnm gä¶Vm Ho$ {ZemZ {‘bo h¢, ¶o cmoJ gañdVr H$s nyOm ^r H$aVo Wo&

8) {X. 7 {gVå~a, 2019- X¡.cmoH$‘V-""S>¸o $Z H$m°cO o H$m AZwgY § mZ
S>rEZE Ûmam Xm±dm - Am¶© ‘yb ^maVr¶!''
nwUo : Am¶© ~mha go Am¶o Am¡a CÝhm|Zo hS>ßnm g§ñH¥${V H$m {dH$mg {H$¶m ¶h
{~«{Q>e Ed§ Hw$N> ^maVr¶ B{VhmgH$mam| Zo Wmonr hþB© g‘P H$mo S>o³H$Z H$m°boO
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^maVr¶ hr Wo Am¡a CÝhm|Zo hS>ßnm g§ñH¥${V {Z‘m©U H$s BgHo$ R>mog g~yV S>rEZE
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{díd{dX²¶mb¶ Ho$ Hw$bJwé S>m°. dg§V qeXo Zo {H$¶m&
Am¶© ‘yb ^maVr¶ Wo ¶m ~mha go Am¶o Wo, Bgna dmX-{ddmX hmoVo Wo&
hS>ßnm g§ñH¥${V Ho$ H$mb ‘| X³IZ E{e¶m ‘| ~mha go ñWmZmÝVaU hþ¶o& ¶h Xm±dm
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àmMrZ B©amZr {H$gmZm| ‘| ‘m¡OyX h¡ ¶h Xm±dm ^r Z¶o S>rEZE AZwg§YmZ Zo {‘Ï¶m
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Ho$ hmd©S>© ñHy$b Am°’$ ‘o{S>grZ {d^mJ Ho$ àmo. S>opìhS> [aM BÝhm|Zo àmMrZ S>rEZE
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Am¶o Wo'' H$mo {ZañÌ H$aVm h¡&
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{H$¶m Bg g‘P H$mo ZH$maZo Ho$ {bE g~yV àmá hmo J¶o h¡& ‘moh|OmoXamo Ho$ J‹T> Ho$
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Sy>~H$a ‘a J¶m ¶h {gÕ hþAm h¡&

9) {X.4-10-2019- X¡.A‘a COmcm-""^maV ‘| ‘yc{Zdmgr àý
I‹S>m H$aZm {dXo{e`m| H$s gm{Oe&''
dmamUgr : ^maV _| _yb{Zdmgr H$m àý I‹S>m H$aZm {dXo{e`m| H$s gm{Oe
H$m n[aUm_ h¡& Bg_| ^maV H$s Hw$N> Am{Xdmgr Om{V`m| H$mo _yb{Zdmgr H$hm
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H$s Amoa Bemam H$aVo h¢& Cº$ {dMma àmo. kmZoœa Mm¡~o Zo ì`º$ {H$E& dh Jwédma
H$mo ~rEM`y Ho$ ^maV AÜ``Z H|$Ð _| ^maV H$m dmbm AmZwdm§{eH$ gË`
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MQ>Ou, S>m°. AemoH$ gmoZH$a, S>m°. JrVm `moJoe ^Å> Am{X _m¡OyX aho&

10) {X. 1 A³Vw~a, 2019- X¡.^mñH$a (AH$mocm Amd¥Îmr)-""g§K
à‘wI ‘mohZ ^mJdV Zo H$hm-^maV qhXÿ amï´> h¡, Bg gM H$mo H$moB© Zht
~Xc gH$Vm&''
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h¡&

11) {X.11 A³Vw~a, 2019 - X¡. cmoH$‘V(OmcZm g§ñH$aU)-
S>m°.dg§V qeXo : AÝVaamîQ´>r¶ OZ©b ‘| AZwg§YmZ à{gÕ; ^maVr¶ hmoZo
H$m R>mog g~yV - ""hS>ßnm g§ñH¥${V Ho$ Am¶mªo H$m W«r-S>r Moham V¡¶ma''
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