Judgment and

Prepositions
Judging
- form of opinion or conclusion about
v. present participle of “judge”
n. the act of making a judgment

Judgment
- is the evaluation of evidence to
make a decision
4 Distinct Uses of Judgment
- informal
- informal and psychological
- legal

- religious
Informal
- opinions expressed as facts

Informal and Psychological

- used in reference to the quality of
cognitive faculties and adjudicational
capabilities of particular individuals
- wisdom or discernment
Legal
- used in the context of legal trial
to refer to a final finding, statement,
or ruling, based on a considered
weighing of evidence - adjudication

Religious
- used in the concept of salvation to
refer to the adjudication of God in
determining Heaven or Hell for all beings
Personality Judgment
- a psychological phenomenon of a
person forming opinions of other people
Elements of Judgment
1. Understanding of each of the ideas
about which a judgment is to be made.
2. Comparison of the two ideas.

3. Mental act/mental expression.

Sentence
- conveys a statement, question,
exclamation, or command, and
consisting of a main clause and
sometimes one or more subordinate
clauses
- three basic elements:
subject = noun/pronoun
verb = helping verb
predicate = object
Sentence Structure
Independent Clause
- can stand alone as a sentence
- contains a subject and a verb
and is a complete idea

I like spaghetti.
s v p

He reads many books.

s v p
Sentence Structure
Dependent Clause
- not a complete sentence
- must be attached to an independent
clause to become complete
- aka subordinate clause

Although I like spaghetti,…

Because he reads many books,…

Subject
- A person, animal, place, thing, or
concept that does an action.
- answerable by “who” or “what” questions

I like spaghetti.
s

He reads many books.

s
Verb
- expresses what the subject does
- answerable by “what happened?”
I like spaghetti.
v
He reads many books.
v
The movie is good.
v
- linking verbs (be, is, are) links the
subject to the predicate of the sentence
Predicate
- a noun that receives the action
- answerable by “to whom/for whom?”

I like spaghetti.
p

He reads many books .

p
Prepositional Phrase
- a phrase that begins with a preposition
and modifies a word in the sentence
- answerable by many questions:
“Where? When? In what way?”
I like spaghetti for dinner.
pp

He reads many books in the library.

pp
 Preposition
- a word used to link nouns,
pronouns, or phrases to other words
within a sentence

Rules of Prepositions
1. Use specific prepositions to make
sentences clear.
2. Prepositions are generally followed
by nouns or pronouns.
Types of Prepositions
1. Preposition of Time
2. Preposition of Place
3. Preposition of Movement
4. Preposition of Manner
5. Preposition of Agent
6. Preposition of Measure
7. Preposition of Source
8. Preposition of Possession
Preposition of Time
- used when there is a need to
indicate when a particular event
happened
- in, on, at, since, for, during
I was studying in the morning.
She was born on 5 t h of July.

I will be there at 6 o’clock.

Preposition of Place
- used to illustrate the location of
nouns or pronouns in a sentence
- in, on, at, between, behind, under,
over, near

The cat is on the tree.

John lives near his workplace.
He is in his room.
Time Place
centuries general/bigger country
decades
years months
weeks
in city
neighborhood

on
more specific
street
days weekends avenue
very
specific

at
hours address
specific location
Preposition of Movement
- used to describe the movement of one
noun or pronoun towards another noun
or pronoun
- to, into, towards, through

1. I went to the book store.

2. The swimmer jumped into the pool.

3. The dog was coming towards him.
Preposition of Manner
- used to describe the ways or means
by which something happened or happens
- on, in, with, by, like
1. He to work by train.

2. I came there in a taxi.

3. The boy speaks like an old man.
Preposition of Agent
- used to indicate that an action
conducted on a noun is caused by
another noun
- by, with

1. This was made by him.

2. I opened my closet with a key.
Preposition of Meas ure
- used to connect the quantity
of the noun with the noun itself
- of, by

1. I bought a pound of cheese.

2. The shop sells cloth by the yard.
 Preposition of Source
- used when it is needed to convey
that one noun or pronoun has
originated from another noun or pronoun
- from, by

1. The Earth receives light from the Sun.

2. This design is made by me.
Preposition of Pos ses sion
- used when it is needed to indicate
that one noun or pronoun owns another
noun or pronoun
- in, with, of
1. I met the boy with red hair today.
2. She is the epitome of beauty.
Types of Grammatical Sentences
1. Declarative
2. Interrogative
3. Imperative
4. Exclamative
Declarative Sentence
- makes a statement
- it tells us something
- word order: subject + verb…
I like coffee.

Interrogative Sentence
- ask a question
- it asks us something
- (wh-word+) auxiliary + subject + verb
What coffee do you like?
Imperative Sentence
- gives a command
- it tells us to do something
- word order: base verb…
Give her coffee.

Exclamative Sentence
- expresses surprise – an exclamation
- what(+adjective) + noun + subject + verb
- how(+adjective/adverb) + subject + verb
What a coffee!
Kinds of Prepositions
1. Simple
2. Double
3. Compound
4. Participle
5. Phrase
Simple Prepositions
- usually containing only two syllables
- can be used to describe a time or place
- for, on, at, of, in, off, from, through,
over, under, till, up, to, with, by

1. I am from Manila.
2. The cat jumped off the counter.

3. There’s some milk in the fridge.

 Double- these
Prepositions
are two simple prepositions
used together but as separate words
- from within, out of, up to, etc.

1. It is up to us to find the answer.

2. The noise came from within the court.
3. His car was heading out of the way.
 C ompound Prepositions
- made by prefixing the preposition
to a noun, an adjective, or an adverb
- amongst, around, above, beneath,
along, upon, below, outside, within

1. Once upon a time, there was a kingdom.

2. The subway is beneath this road.

3. The children ran around the playroom.
Participle Prepositions
- these are verbs that act as a
preposition, usually end in
–ing and -ed
1. The man was busy walking his dog.
2. The crowd was quiet during the play.
3. The referee has cancelled the game.
Phrase Prepositions
- includes a preposition, an object,
and the object’s modifier
- on time, at home, on behalf of

1. On behalf of his brother , he will join

the family game.
2. I will get to school on time.
3. His shoes were hidden under the bed.
 THANK YOU!
Judgment and Prepositions