INFLOW TEST HORNER PLOT TEMPLATE REV D

Rig name EDC Rig 51

Well name OBA J14-5
Test Description Inflow Test 7" production Liner
Date 14/2/2017
Time since last circulation 60 min
Units used l
Fluid Type Water-based
Fluid Density 8.7 ppg
Depth of displacement (TVD) 4215 m
Wellbore volume tested 41340 l

Approved by
Name Rig 51
Function

Trendline Sample interval 90 mins

Intervals 3

Acceptance criteria - Trendline over sample interval period (at least 60mins) shall have negative axis intercept for at
least 3 consecutive intervals
- Last 3 measurements shall consistently go down.

(Note: DT = elapsed time (note: the incremental volume is the volume

since beginning test) measured since the last data point)

Incremental Total
Target DT Actual DT Volume Volume FLOWRATE HORNER PLOT Trend line: FIT:

Gradient Axis Inflowtest OBA J14-5

(min) (min) (l) (l) (l/min) LN{(DT+T)/DT} (m) Intercept (b) function (m*x+b) Fit (R2) Inflow
Inflow
title:
TestInflowtest
7" production
OBALiner
J14-5
10 10 12 12.00 1.200 1.946 0 1 Horner title: Inflow Test 7" production Liner Hornerplot
20 20 11 23.00 1.100 1.386 0 2 Axis title: FLOWRATE (l/min)
30 30 10 33.00 1.000 1.099 0 3 1 regressionline - FAIL 51
40 40 9 42.00 0.900 0.916 0 4 point1 #VALUE! ###
50 50 9 51.00 0.900 0.788 0 5 point2 #VALUE! ###
60 60 9 60.00 0.900 0.693 0 6 point3 #VALUE! 0
70 70 10 70.00 1.000 0.619 0 7
80 80 9.5 79.50 0.950 0.560 0 8 0 regressionline - PASS
90 90 9 88.50 0.900 0.511 0 9 point1 #VALUE! ###
100 100 9 97.50 0.900 0.470 0.1692 0.8176 0 1 10 point2 #VALUE! ###
110 110 8.5 106.00 0.850 0.435 0.1082 0.8490 0 2 11 point3 #VALUE! 0
120 120 8 114.00 0.800 0.405 0.1168 0.8299 0 3 12
130 130 8 122.00 0.800 0.379 0.2864 0.7342 0 4 13
140 140 7 129.00 0.700 0.357 0.6360 0.5536 0 5 14
150 150 7 136.00 0.700 0.336 1.0527 0.3681 0 6 15
160 160 6.5 142.50 0.650 0.318 1.2262 0.2916 0 7 16
170 170 6.5 149.00 0.650 0.302 1.3701 0.2371 0 8 17
180 180 6 155.00 0.600 0.288 1.6239 0.1449 0 9 18
 Incremental Total
Target DT Actual DT Volume Volume FLOWRATE HORNER PLOT Trend line: FIT:

Gradient Axis Inflowtest OBA J14-5

(min) (min) (l) (l) (l/min) LN{(DT+T)/DT} (m) Intercept (b) function (m*x+b) Fit (R2) Inflow
Inflow
title:
Test 7" production Liner
190 190 6 161.00 0.600 0.274 1.6395 0.1415 0 10 19
200 200 6 167.00 0.600 0.262 1.5767 0.1656 0 11 20
210 210 5.5 172.50 0.550 0.251 1.6523 0.1416 0 12 21
220 220 5.25 177.75 0.525 0.241 1.4942 0.1827 0 13 22
230 230 5.1 182.85 0.510 0.232 1.7009 0.1247 0 14 23
240 240 4.7 187.55 0.470 0.223 1.8492 0.0812 0 15 24
250 250 4.5 192.05 0.450 0.215 2.1913 -0.0068 2.1913x -0.0068 94.1% 1 16 25
260 260 4 196.05 0.400 0.208 2.5375 -0.0960 2.5375x -0.096 91.7% 2 17 26
270 270 3.7 199.75 0.370 0.201 3.1812 -0.2478 3.1812x -0.2478 96.1% 3 18 27
280 280 3.5 203.25 0.350 0.194 3.6100 -0.3438 3.61x -0.3438 98.2% 4 19 28
290 290 3.2 206.45 0.320 0.188 3.7682 -0.3794 3.7682x -0.3794 97.9% 5 20 29
300 300 0 21 30
310 310 0 22 31
320 320 0 23 32
330 330 0 24 33
340 340 0 25 34
350 350 0 26 35
360 360 0 27 36
370 370 0 28 37
380 380 0 29 38
390 390 0 30 39
400 400 0 31 40
410 410 0 32 41
420 420 0 33 42
430 430 0 34 43
440 440 0 35 44
450 450 0 36 45
460 460 0 37 46
470 470 0 38 47
480 480 0 39 48
490 490 0 40 49
500 500 0 41 50
510 510 0 42 51
520 0
530 0
540 0
550 0
560 0
570 0
580 0
590 0
600 0
610 0
620 0
630 0
640 0
650 0
660 0
670 0
680 0
690 0
700 0
710 0
 Incremental Total
Target DT Actual DT Volume Volume FLOWRATE HORNER PLOT Trend line: FIT:

Gradient Axis Inflowtest OBA J14-5

(min) (min) (l) (l) (l/min) LN{(DT+T)/DT} (m) Intercept (b) function (m*x+b) Fit (R2) Inflow
Inflow
title:
Test 7" production Liner
720 0
730 0
740 0
750 0
760 0
770 0
780 0
790 0
800 0
810 0
820 0
830 0
840 0
850 0
860 0
870 0
880 0
890 0
900 0
910 0
920 0
930 0
940 0
950 0
960 0
970 0
980 0
990 0
1000 0
1010 0
1020 0
1030 0
1040 0
1050 0
1060 0
1070 0
1080 0
1090 0
1100 0
1110 0
1120 0
1130 0
1140 0
1150 0
1160 0
1170 0
1180 0
1190 0
1200 0
1210 0
1220 0
1230 0
1240 0
 Incremental Total
Target DT Actual DT Volume Volume FLOWRATE HORNER PLOT Trend line: FIT:

Gradient Axis Inflowtest OBA J14-5

(min) (min) (l) (l) (l/min) LN{(DT+T)/DT} (m) Intercept (b) function (m*x+b) Fit (R2) Inflow
Inflow
title:
Test 7" production Liner
1250 0
1260 0
1270 0
1280 0
1290 0
1300 0
1310 0
1320 0
1330 0
1340 0
1350 0
1360 0
1370 0
1380 0
1390 0
1400 0
1410 0
1420 0
1430 0
1440 0
1450 0
1460 0
1470 0
1480 0
1490 0
1500 0
1510 0
1520 0
1530 0
1540 0
1550 0
1560 0
1570 0
1580 0
1590 0
1600 0
1610 0
1620 0
1630 0
1640 0
1650 0
1660 0
1670 0
1680 0
1690 0
1700 0
1710 0
1720 0
1730 0
1740 0
1750 0
1760 0
1770 0
 Incremental Total
Target DT Actual DT Volume Volume FLOWRATE HORNER PLOT Trend line: FIT:

Gradient Axis Inflowtest OBA J14-5

(min) (min) (l) (l) (l/min) LN{(DT+T)/DT} (m) Intercept (b) function (m*x+b) Fit (R2) Inflow
Inflow
title:
Test 7" production Liner
1780 0
1790 0
1800 0
1810 0
1820 0
1830 0
1840 0
1850 0
1860 0
1870 0
1880 0
1890 0
1900 0
1910 0
1920 0
1930 0
1940 0
1950 0
1960 0
1970 0
1980 0
1990 0
2000 0
2010 0
2020 0
 Horner Plot Guidelines
An inflow test is performed to test a downhole barrier in the direction of expected flow by displacing to an underbalanced fluid column above the barrier.
Flow from the well is monitored to verify the barrier envelope or identify a leak. An inflow test is usually the final test on the barrier envelope prior to
removing the BOPs and therefore presents the final opportunity to identify a problem with the barrier. It is a process safety critical step to prove that the
well is safe. Using the Horner plot provides an opportunity to optimize inflow testing by reducing, as much as possible, the subjective nature of the
"reducing trend”. It allows the data to be projected forward in time to see whether flow is predicted to cease (i.e. only thermal effects), or whether there
will still be some residual flow (i.e. a leak). The test should be continued until a definitive trend has been established. An early termination of an inflow
test may lead to an inconclusive result.

Inflow Testing Operational Guidelines

1 Displace to light fluid of known and even density under controlled conditions. If displacing the entire well,
optimise the displacement by pumping at maximum allowable rate.
2 If possible, line-up to take return flow via the drill string and side-entry sub in preference to the annulus
(assuming no float in string). This has the following advantages: 1) small volume leaks are more
apparent due to the smaller capacity of drill pipe vs annulus. 2) If the well was displaced by conventional
circulation the drill string will have the cleanest, best known fluid gradient.

3 Know how to shut the well in should the test fail.

4 After circulating to a lighter fluid under controlled conditions there will be back pressure held on the string
(or the well). This should be bled off in stages to bring the well into an underbalanced condition (for
packer-type test the packer must be set first). It is important everyone involved with the operation is
aware that with the surface pressure bled off, the well is now underbalanced.

5 CONTINUOUSLY measure return flow.

6 Record the volume collected in each 10 minute time interval. Packer-type & whole well displacement
7 Use accurate measuring cylinders/jugs. Have plenty available in different sizes. tests
8 If the whole well has been displaced to a light fluid, continuously monitor Pchoke (annulus pressure).
This should remain at 0psi. If it builds this may indicate a plugged string. The inflow test should only be
accepted if it has been verified that Pchoke did not build during the test. Circulate trip tank over well and
monitor level to check for any leaks past the BOP (in either direction). For a packer-type test, monitor the
annulus above the packer on the trip tank for leaks past the packer (in either direction). This also avoids
confusion due to ballooning from thermal effects in the annulus.

9 Plan for crew breaks and shift changes. The data collection method must be consistent no matter who is
taking the measurement.
10 Plot data on a Horner Plot. Use spreadsheet embedded in the Pressure Control Manual.
11 Use the trendline to determine if the acceptance criteria have been met. Early data can be ignored in the
trendline, but most recent data points must be included (minimum 1hr). (This is automatically done for
you in the PCM spreadsheet). DO NOT omit spureous points.
12 The duration of an inflow test is influenced by several factors including hole volume, geothermal
gradient, riser length, sea temperature, fluid type, initial temperature of the fluid and displacement rate.
As a rule of thumb, the time required to gather sufficient data to give a reliable and defendable result will
typically be:
• >4hours for a water-based fluid
• >6hours for an oil-based fluid
• longer for an HPHT well
The test should be continued until a definitive trend has been established. Early termination of an inflow
test may lead to an inconclusive result. However, if the trend is clear and meets the test criteria sooner
than expected then it is possible to conclude the test earlier.
Typical surface rig-up for an inflow test

The plot above is based on data from a real case. As depicted, early data can be erroneous for various reasons and therefore excluded from the
trendline. The inflow test should be continued for as long a period as necessary until a definite trend is observed; this trend should be indicative of either
flow from the well (FAIL), or thermal expansion (PASS). If the projection of the final trend clearly indicates an intersection of the X-axis at or before
infinite time (Horner time = 1 or Ln(Horner Time) = 0), the test can be considered successful because the flow will eventually cease before infinite time.
If the projection trends towards an intersection of the Y-axis (indicating residual flow at infinite time), the test can be considered a fail. If the intersection
of the final trend is in doubt, other variables should be considered to confirm the result, such as possible gas on bottoms-up circulation after an inflow
test.

When using oil-based fluids, the Horner plot method may not provide full assurance in gas or high GOR wells (gas may go into solution). Therefore the
final results of such tests will be a combination of a successful Horner plot AND a gas-free bottoms-up circulation afterwards (under controlled
conditions).
For offshore wells, particularly in cold water regions, the cooling effect of the sea can be significant during the early stages of the test. In some cases
this can result in an initial net contraction of the fluid in the well as the riser contents cool quicker than the deeper fluids heat up, and no returns will be
seen at surface. However, after a period of time a balance point will be reached and after this geothermal heating will become apparent and thermal
expansion will be evident as flow at surface. The test may be started from this point.
 Horner Plot Spreadsheet Guidelines
1 By default the inflow test sheet is locked. It can be unlocked by using the password "TEST".
2 Complete the information at the top of the sheet: rig name, well name, date etc. This information should be as complete as possible because it allows
data from offset wells to be compared.
3 Enter the time since the last circulation to the start of the inflow test (T) in minutes (cell D8). If this was not recorded it may be taken as an arbitrary 60
minutes.
4 This spreadsheet can be used with oilfield units or metric units (select option from drop down box).
5 During the test, two values need to be entered by the user. These are the yellow columns:
i) DT, which is the time (in minutes) since the start of the test. It is strongly recommended to use 10 minute time intervals. This sheet allows the
entering of the exact interval if for some reason the time interval is different from 10 minutes.
ii) Incremental volume, which is the total volume of fluid that has flowed from the well during a time interval (the time interval will typically be
10mins).100% of the flow from the well must be captured and measured. The accuracy of the measurement is critical. When taking volume
measurements ensure accurate measuring equipment is available. Use clear, graduated measuring cylinders of a suitable size for the volume being
measured. As the flow decreases, smaller cylinders should be used for better accuracy.

6 Enter the data into the spreadsheet in 'real time' as the test progresses. This will require one person on the rig floor measuring volumes and phoning the
data back to another person in the office who can enter the data into the spreadsheet and interpret the results. This will ensure that a decision can be
made about the test result at the earliest opportunity.
7 For each 10min time interval the spreadsheet calculates the natural log of Horner Time: Ln[Horner Time] = Ln[(T+dT)/dT)]. The spreadsheet plots
Ln[Horner Time] (X-axis) vs Flowrate (Y-axis), both on linear scales.
8 The spreadsheet automatically calculates a linear trendline by taking the data over a specified trendline sampling interval (cell D21, default is 60
minutes, which means the trendline will be plotted using data from the last 60 minutes only). In this way, early data can be ignored in the trendline, but
the most recent data must be included. The trendline sampling interval can be changed manually in cell (D21), but the minimum is 60 minutes. See
Note 3 in 'How the Acceptance Criteria Works' below.

How the acceptance criteria work

1 There are two acceptance criteria which should be met:
i)Trendline over sample interval period (at least 60mins) shall have negative axis intercept for at least 3 consecutive intervals.
ii) Last 3 measurements shall consistently go down.

What does this mean?

At the point where the trendline intercepts the Y-axis, Ln[Horner Time] = 0, i.e. flowrate has been projected ahead to 'infinite time'. Therefore a negative
Y-axis intercept (i.e. the trendline crosses the X-axis first) can be interpreted as meaning flow will eventually cease and that there is no leak. If the
trendline shows a positive Y-axis intercept (i.e. the trendline crosses the Y-axis first), this can be interpreted as residual flow at infinite time which
suggests there is a leak. The first acceptance criterion requires the Horner plot trendline to cross the X-axis for at least three consecutive time intervals
to provide sufficient confidence that the flow will eventually cease.

The second acceptance criterion requires the flowrate for the final three measurements to be consistently decreasing. This ensures the test cannot be
accepted with an increasing flowrate trend.

2 If the acceptance criteria have been met, the row in the table will change to green. This indicates a pass of the inflow test. However, don't automatically
accept a pass from this template. If there is some doubt about the test results other indications such as gas on bottoms up, the results of any pressure
tests on the barrier envelope, tags, the quality of the placement/installation of the barrier and any indications of hydrocarbons in the well following
setting of the barrier should also be taken into account when making the final assessment. The Horner Plot is only an indication and should not be used
in isolation.
3 The trendline is automatically calculated using a linear regression over the last 60 minutes worth of data (default value). This interval can be changed
manually by changing the value in the trendline sampling interval cell (D21). This is useful when there is noisy data, which may mean a trendline over a
longer period gives a better indication of the overall trend. In fact, if the acceptance criteria can be met with a longer sampling interval this gives higher
confidence that the trendline is a true representation of the behaviour of the well. If your test data is very noisy but the overall trend looks good (clearly
decreasing over time) then you may be able to meet the acceptance criteria by adjusting the sampling interval period. The minimum sampling interval is
set at 60mins to ensure sufficient data is included in the trendline to make it representative of the data.

4 The test can be made more stringent should you choose to do so by increasing the number of sampling intervals (cell D22). This is the number of
consecutive data points that must show a continuous decrease in flow during the final stages of the test before the acceptance criteria is met. The
default setting is 3 intervals and this is also the minimum to ensure there is a downward trend at the end of the test.
5 The Fit (R2) value of the trendline (column K) gives an indication of how well the trendline fits the data points. Although not part of the acceptance
criteria, it is recommended to consider this in your evaluation of the test. For guidance, an R2 value > 70% gives high confidence that the trendline is a
good fit to the data and the test is reliable. For an R2 value <70%, other indicators such as gas on bottoms up should be considered. For very low
values of R2, confidence in the trendline may be too low and it may be necessary to repeat the test.

Approval of the Test Result

1 It should be agreed in advance who is responsible for approval of the inflow test result. This should be agreed and documented in the well programme.
The test should not be stopped until approval has been given.
2 The final, approved graph and test data should be added to the day’s EDM report and be included in the EOWR. This documents the safety critical
verification
3 For of the barrier.
a packer-type test, following approval of the inflow test the well is typically reversed back to kill weight mud and the fluid barrier restored. If the
whole well has been displaced to a light fluid, following approval of the test the light fluid typically remains in the well. In this case, it must be recognised
that the well is now underbalanced and reliant on a mechanical barrier. Mechanical barriers can fail and therefore the well must be monitored in a
continual state of readiness.

What if the Test Fails?

1 If the test shows a clear fail and there are indications of a leak the well must be secured and the barrier (fluid column) reinstated. Consideration should
be given as to where the hydrocarbon influx will be in the well. This will depend on the test fluid type, the reservoir fluid type and the rig up of the test.
For example, if returns were taken via the drill string and a water-based fluid is in the well, the hydrocarbons (gas) will most likely have migrated to the
top of the drill string. In this case the hydrocarbons should be removed from the drill string by reverse circulation before the well is killed conventionally.
If an oil-based fluid has been used, gas migration will be slower / less likely, so the influx may still be on bottom. In either case the influx should be
removed from the well first prior to circulating the well to kill weight fluid (i.e. kill the well using the driller’s method).

Final Guidance
1 Remember, the Horner Plot is only a tool. It is meant to provide acceptance criteria and reveal a meaningful trend earlier than by looking at flowrate vs
time only. The Horner plot may therefore allow earlier identification of whether a barrier is leaking or whether the flow will eventually reduce to zero,
optimising the rig time required for the test. However in some situations the data may be inconclusive, even after a very long time, and it may become
apparent that you will not be able to achieve a conclusive test. In this case, circulating bottoms up and monitoring for signs of an influx will give
additional information about whether there is a leak or not. Is there a significant gas peak (significantly greater than seen during previous circulations)?
Are there offset wells that have been inflow tested that you can compare results with? Use all the data available to assist the Team in coming to a
conclusion. Unless you wait until the well stops flowing completely (which may take several days) engineering judgement will need to be applied to the
acceptance of the barrier.