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Objectives
1. To help the students remember the various types of chemical reactions
2. To be able to study the different chemistry of copper
3. To analytically observe the different transformations of copper
II. Introduction
Chemical reaction [1] is the process in which one or more substances will be converted into
one or more different substances. There are certain indicators to know if a chemical reaction
occurred. These are some of the following [2]: formation of a precipitation, change in color,
evolution of gas, evolution or absorption of heat and odor.
There are three main chemical reactions: redox reaction, neutralization reaction, and
decomposition reaction. A redox reaction [3] is any chemical reaction in which the oxidation
number of a molecule, atom, or ion changes by gaining or losing an electron. An example [5] of
this is the balancing procedure in basic solutions. 10I- (aq) + 2MnO4- (aq) + 8H2O (l) → 5I2 (s)
+ 2Mn2+ (aq) + 16OH- (aq) is the balanced reaction in basic solution. Second, a neutralization
reaction [4] is when an acid and a base react to form water and a salt and involves the
combination of H+ ions and OH- ions to generate water. An example of this is, H 2SO4 + 2 NH4OH
--> (NH4)2SO4 + 2 HOH. Lastly, the decomposition reaction [5] is a type of chemical reaction in
which a single compound breaks down into two or more elements or new compounds. An
example of this is decomposition reaction of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen which has
an equation of 2 H2O2 → 2 H2O + O2.
Copper dissolves in nitric acid but not in hydrochloric or sulfuric acids [6] because there is no
reaction between copper, HCl, and H 2SO4 because neither H+, Cl−, nor SO4-2 is able to react with
the metal while nitric acid reacts with copper because of the nitrate ion. It is the nitrate ion that
causes the copper to dissolve, not the H+. This reaction also produces nitrogen dioxide, a
poisonous brown gas with an irritating odor.
In reducing copper(II) ions, you could separate copper from excess and unreacted zinc dust
by decanting and discarding the supernatant [7].
III. Materials
Reagents
6 M ammonia Boiling point: 28.03° F at 760 mm Hg Combustible in air
Melting point: 107.9° F When inhaled
Density: 0.696 g/L suddenly, it brings
colorless gas tears into the eyes.
Liquid
VI. References
[3] Petrucci, et al. General Chemistry: Principles & Modern Applications. 9th ed. Upper
Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2007.
[7] San Esteban A, Yanza E. Modern Experiments in General Chemistry I. 10 th ed. 2018 Aug.