DEVELOPMENT ASSIGNMENT- 3

(Individual presentation)

HEALTH CARE

Submitted by :
N.MOHAMED ABDAAL TAJ
(ECE department)
Batch-1
Abstract:

Health is the general condition of a person in all aspects. It is also a level of

functional and/or metabolic efficiency of an organism, often implicitly human. From
Google dictionary: "The state of being free from illness or injury".

The Caduceus.

At the time of the creation of the World Health Organization (WHO), in 1948, health
was defined as "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not
merely the absence of disease or infirmity".

Only a handful of publications have focused specifically on the definition of health

and its evolution in the first 6 decades. Some of them highlight its lack of
operational value and the problem created by use of the word "complete." Others
declare the definition, which has not been modified since 1948, "simply a bad one."

In 1986, the WHO, in the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, said that health is "a
resource for everyday life, not the objective of living. Health is a positive concept
emphasizing social and personal resources, as well as physical capacities."
Classification systems such as the WHO Family of International Classifications
(WHO-FIC), which is composed of the International Classification of Functioning,
Disability, and Health (ICF) and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) also
define health.

Overall health is achieved through a combination of physical, mental, and social

well-being, which, together is commonly referred to as the Health Triangle.
Contents

* 1 Determinants of health

* 2 Maintaining health

o 2.1 Observations of Daily Living

o 2.2 Social Activity

o 2.3 Hygiene

o 2.4 Stress management

o 2.5 Health care

+ 2.5.1 Workplace wellness programs

* 3 Public health

* 4 Role of science in health

o 4.1 Sources

o 4.2 Application

* 5 See also

* 6 Notes

* 7 References

* 8 See also

* 9 External links

Determinants of health

See also: Social determinants of health

The LaLonde report suggests that there are four general determinants of health
including human biology, environment, lifestyle, and healthcare services. Thus,
health is maintained and improved not only through the advancement and
application of health science, but also through the efforts and intelligent lifestyle
choices of the individual and society.

The Alameda County Study examines the relationship between lifestyle and health.
It has found that people can improve their health via exercise, enough sleep,
maintaining a healthy weight, limiting alcohol use, and avoiding smoking.

A major environmental factor affecting health is water quality, especially for the
health of infants and children in developing countries.

Studies show that in developed countries, the lack of neighborhood recreational

space that includes the natural environment leads to lower levels of neighborhood
satisfaction and higher levels of obesity; therefore, lower overall well being.
Therefore, the positive psychological benefits of natural space in urban
neighborhoods should be taken into account in public policy and land use.

According to the World Health Organization, the main determinants of health

include the social and economic environment, the physical environment and the
person's individual characteristics and behaviors.Generally, the context in which an
individual lives is of great importance on his life quality and health status. The social
and economic environment are key factors in determining the health status of
individuals given the fact that higher education levels are linked with a higher
standard of life as well as a higher income. Generally, people who finish higher
education are more likely to get a better job and therefore are less prone to stress
by comparing to individuals with low education levels.[citation needed]

The physical environment is perhaps the most important factor that should be
considered when classifying the health status of an individual. This includes factors
such as clean water and air, safe houses, communities and roads all contribute to
good health.

Genetics are also part of the system based on which the health of the population
can be established. Genetics are closely related to the habits and behaviors
individuals develop during their life, particularly in terms of lifestyle choices. For
instance, people who come from families whose members had a more active
lifestyle and followed healthier diets, non-smoking and non-drinking are more likely
to follow the same pattern in their life. The example set by the family as well as the
relationship with friends and family can have a great impact on one's general
health. Nonetheless, genetics may play a role in the manner in which people cope
with stress.

Moreover, the World Health Organization lists a wide range of other factors that can
influence the well being of a person. According to WHO, the gender, social support
networks and health services in terms of both quality and access to them are to be
considered as health determinants. Access to health care is one of the large issues
of the nowadays society, maybe even greater than the quality of the service.
Individuals in developing countries are more prone to suffer from different health
conditions because their access to the health care system is restricted mostly from
financial reasons.

Although many individuals are often criticized for not taking good care of their
health based on the presumption that the mirror's of one's personality is one's
health.,[8] it is now accepted that there are many factors that have a significant
impact on one's health and which cannot be controlled.

Maintaining health

Main article: Self care

Achieving and maintaining health is an ongoing process. Effective strategies for

staying healthy and improving one's health include the following elements:

Observations of Daily Living

Personal health depends partially on one's active, passive, and assisted

observations about their health in their everyday life. The information gleaned from
such observations may be used to inform personal decisions and actions (e.g., "I
feel tired in the morning so I am going to try sleeping on a different pillow"), as well
as clinical decisions and treatment plans (e.g., a patient who notices his or her
shoes are tighter than usual may be having exacerbation of left-sided heart failure,
and may require diuretic medication to reduce fluid overload) for patients who
share their observations with their health care providers.

Social Activity
Main article: Social relation

Personal health depends partially on the social structure of one person`s life. The
maintenance of strong social relationships is linked to good health conditions,
longevity, productivity, and a positive attitude. This is because positive social
interaction as viewed by the participant increases many chemical levels in the brain
which are linked to personality and intelligence traits.

Volunteering also can lead to a healthy life. To be a volunteer, while gaining plenty
of social benefits, people also take their mind off their own troubles.[citation
needed] Volunteering could even add years of life. According to a university study,
[citation needed] compared with people who did not volunteer, senior citizens who
volunteered showed a 67% reduced risk of dying during a seven-year period.

Hygiene

Main article: Hygiene

Hygiene is the practice of keeping the body clean to prevent infection and illness,
and the avoidance of contact with infectious agents. Hygiene practices include
bathing, brushing and flossing teeth, washing hands especially before eating,
washing food before it is eaten, cleaning food preparation utensils and surfaces
before and after preparing meals, and many others. This may help prevent infection
and illness. By cleaning the body, dead skin cells are washed away with the germs,
reducing their chance of entering the body.

stress management

Main article: Stress management

This section does not cite any references or sources.

Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced
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Prolonged psychological stress may negatively impact health, and has been cited as
a factor in cognitive impairment with aging, depressive illness, and expression of
disease. Stress management is the application of methods to either reduce stress or
increase tolerance to stress. Relaxation techniques are physical methods used to
relieve stress. Psychological methods include cognitive therapy, meditation, and
positive thinking which work by reducing response to stress. Improving relevant
skills and abilities builds confidence, which also reduces the stress reaction to
situations where those skills are applicable.

Reducing uncertainty, by increasing knowledge and experience related to stress-

causing situations, has the same effect. Learning to cope with problems better, such
as improving problem solving and time management skills, may also reduce
stressful reaction to problems. Repeatedly facing an object of one's fears may also
desensitize the fight-or-flight response with respect to that stimulus—e.g., facing
bullies may reduce fear of bullies.

Health care

Main article: Health care

Health care is the prevention, treatment, and management of illness and the
preservation of mental and physical well being through the services offered by the
medical, nursing, and allied health professions.

Workplace wellness programs

Main article: Workplace wellness

Workplace wellness programs are recognized by an increasingly large number of

companies for their value in improving the health and well-being of their
employees, and for increasing morale, loyalty, and productivity.[citation needed]
Workplace wellness programs can include things like onsite fitness centers, health
presentations, wellness newsletters, access to health coaching, tobacco cessation
programs and training related to nutrition, weight and stress management. Other
programs may include health risk assessments, health screenings and body mass
index monitoring.

Wellness programs may also be found in such places neighborhood community

centers and schools. These typically require participants to have a greater degree of
commitment to themselves, as they are voluntary.[citation needed]

Public health

Main article: Public health

Postage stamp, New Zealand, 1933. Public health has been promoted - and
depicted - in a wide variety of ways.

Public health is "the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and
promoting health through the organised efforts and informed choices of society,
organizations, public and private, communities and individuals." (Winslow, 1920)
[citation needed] It is concerned with threats to the overall health of a community
based on population health analysis. The population in question can be as small as
a handful of people or as large as all the inhabitants of several continents (for
instance, in the case of a pandemic). Public health has many sub-fields, but is
typically divided into the categories of epidemiology, biostatistics and health
services. Environmental, social and behavioral health, and occupational health, are
also important fields in public health.

The focus of public health intervention is to prevent rather than treat a disease
through surveillance of cases and the promotion of healthy behaviors. In addition to
these activities, in many cases treating a disease can be vital to preventing it in
others, such as during an outbreak of an infectious disease. Vaccination schedules
and distribution of condoms are examples of public health measures.

Unlike clinical professionals, public health is more focused on entire populations

rather than on individuals. Its aim is preventing from happening or re-occurring
health problems by implementing educational programs, developing policies,
administering services, and conducting research.

Public health also takes several actions to limit the health disparities between
different areas of the country, continent or world. The great issue this system is
trying to solve is the access of individuals to health care which has always been
restricted for those who did not dispose of the necessary financial means. Other
academic disciplines that are comprised by this field include maternal and child
health, health services administration, global health, public health practice, public
health policy and nutrition.

The great positive impact of public health programs is widely admitted. Because of
the health policies and the actions public health professionals develop, the 20th
century has registered a decrease of the mortality rates in infants and children and
a constant increase in life expectancy. It is estimated that the life expectancy for
Americans has increased by thirty years since 1900.
Role of science in health

Main article: Health science

Health science is the branch of science focused on health, and it includes many
subdisciplines. There are two approaches to health science: the study and research
of the human body and health-related issues to understand how humans (and
animals) function, and the application of that knowledge to improve health and to
prevent and cure diseases.

Sources

Health research builds primarily on the basic sciences of biology, chemistry, and
physics as well as a variety of multidisciplinary fields (for example medical
sociology). Some of the other primarily research-oriented fields that make
exceptionally significant contributions to health science are biochemistry,
epidemiology, and genetics.

How To overcome:

1. Move More Make it a daily challenge to find ways to move your body. Climb stairs
if given a choice between that and escalators or elevators. Walk your dog; chase
your kids; toss balls with friends, mow the lawn. Anything that moves your limbs is
not only a fitness tool, it's a stress buster. Think 'move' in small increments of time.
It doesn't have to be an hour in the gym or a 45-minute aerobic dance class or tai
chi or kickboxing. But that's great when you're up to it. Meanwhile, move more.
Thought for the day: Cha, Cha, Cha…. Then do it!

2. Cut Fat

Avoid the obvious such as fried foods, burgers and other fatty meats (i.e. pork,
bacon, ham, salami, ribs and sausage). Dairy products such as cheese, cottage
cheese, milk and cream should be eaten in low fat versions. Nuts and sandwich
meats, mayonnaise, margarine, butter and sauces should be eaten in limited
amounts. Most are available in lower fat versions such as substitute butter, fat free
cheeses and mayonnaise. Thought for the day: Lean, mean, fat-burning machine….
Then be one!
3. Quit Smoking

The jury is definitely in on this verdict. Ever since 1960 when the Surgeon General
announced that smoking was harmful to your health, Americans have been reducing
their use of tobacco products that kill. Just recently, we've seen a surge in smoking
in adolescents and teens. Could it be the Hollywood influence? It seems the stars in
every movie of late smoke cigarettes. Beware. Warn your children of the false
romance or 'tough guy' stance of Hollywood smokers. Thought for the day: Give up
just one cigarette…. the next one.

4. Reduce Stress

Easier said than done, stress busters come in many forms. Some techniques
recommended by experts are to think positive thoughts. Spend 30 minutes a day
doing something you like. (i.e.,Soak in a hot tub; walk on the beach or in a park;
read a good book; visit a friend; play with your dog; listen to soothing music; watch
a funny movie. Get a massage, a facial or a haircut. Meditate. Count to ten before
losing your temper or getting aggravated. Avoid difficult people when possible.
Thought for the day: When seeing red, think pink clouds….then float on them.

5. Protect Yourself from Pollution

If you can't live in a smog-free environment, at least avoid smoke-filled rooms, high
traffic areas, breathing in highway fumes and exercising near busy thoroughfares.
Exercise outside when the smog rating is low. Exercise indoors in air conditioning
when air quality is good. Plant lots of shrubbery in your yard. It's a good pollution
and dirt from the street deterrent. Thought for the day: 'Smoke gets in your eyes'…
and your mouth, and your nose and your lungs as do pollutants….hum the tune
daily.

6. Wear Your Seat Belt

Statistics show that seat belts add to longevity and help alleviate potential injuries
in car crashes. Thought for the day: Buckle down and buckle up.

7. Floss Your Teeth

Recent studies make a direct connection between longevity and teeth flossing.
Nobody knows exactly why. Perhaps it's because people who floss tend to be more
health conscious than people who don't? Thought for the day: Floss and be your
body's boss.

8. Avoid Excessive Drinking

While recent studies show a glass of wine or one drink a day (two for men) can help
protect against heart disease, more than that can cause other health problems such
as liver and kidney disease and cancer. Thought for the day: A jug of wine should
last a long time.

9. Keep a Positive Mental Outlook

There's a definitive connection between living well and healthfully and having a
cheerful outlook on life. Thought for the day: You can't be unhappy when you're
smiling or singing.

10. Choose Your Parents Well

The link between genetics and health is a powerful one. But just because one or
both of your parents died young in ill health doesn't mean you cannot counteract
the genetic pool handed you. Thought for the day: Follow these basic tips for
healthy living and you can better control your own destiny

Application

Applied health sciences also endeavor to better understand health, but in addition
they try to directly improve it. Some of these are: health education, biomedical
engineering, biotechnology, nursing, nutrition, pharmacology, pharmacy, public
health (see above), social work, psychology, physical therapy, and medicine. The
provision of services to maintain or improve people's health is referred to as health
care.