[^BN :  GHIMP LJ QBNDMHIFP 

Pn`thli 4
Qbndmhifs Mnjhinm
Lutbhin Qbndmhifs drn ten wrhttni stdtncnits lj
stdtncnits lj ten rnspn`thvn `bdhcs dim
[ubn : Ghims lj Qbndmhifs mnjnisns lj ten pdrthns sukchttnm tl ten `lurt jlr dpprlprhdtn
[ubn 6 Qdrts dim @litnits lj D Qbndmhif  oumfcnit. (4)
[ubn 5 Cdiinr lj Cdghif Dbbnfdthlis hi
Qbndmhifs @bdhcs dim Mnjnisns
Hj ht mlns ilt `litdhi d `bdhc lr d mnjnisns, tn`eih`dbby ht hs ilt d
[ubn 8 Njjn`t lj Jdhburn tl Qbndm
pbndmhif.
[ubn 41 Dcnimnm dim Puppbncnitdb Qbndmhifs
[ubn 44 Veni tl Jhbn [nsplishvn Qbndmhifs
Cust Kn Pukchttnm ]l ]en @lurt Jlr Dpprlprhdtn Oumfcnit
[ubn 4; Khbb lj Qdrth`ubdrs Hj ylu edvn d ml`ucnit tedt `litdhis ten `bdhc lr mnjnisn lj d
[ubn 40 Jhbhif dim Pnrvh`n lj Qbndmhifs, pdrty kut ht hs ilt   sukchttnm tl ten @lurt, teni ht hs ilt d
Oumfcnits, dim Ltenr Qdpnrs pbndmhif.  
pbndmhif.
[ubn 4= Pucclis
[ubn 4> Clthlis IL]N? Clthlis dim pnththlis drn ilt pbndmhifs.
[ubn 4: Clthli ]l Mhschss (4886 [ubns)
[ubn 46 Mhschssdb lj D`thlis Pn`thli ;
[ubn 45 Qrn-]rhdb Qbndmhifs Dbblwnm
]en `bdhcs lj d pdrty drn dssnrtnm hi d?
@edptnr ZHH ‐ Gdtdruifdif Qdckdrdifdy
4.  `lcpbdhit,
(^imnr [D 64:1)
;.  `luitnr`bdhc,
[ubn 48 Hitnrvnithli
0.  `rlss-`bdhc,
[ubn ;1 @dbnimdr lj @dsns =.  tehrm (jlurte, nt`.)-pdrty `lcpbdhit, lr
[ubn ;4 Pukplnid >.  `lcpbdhit-hi -hitnrvnithli.

]en mnjnisns lj d pdrty drn dbbnfnm hi ten diswnr

diswnr tl
 tl ten pbndmhif
dssnrthif d `bdhc dfdhist ehc lr enr.

Di diswnr cdy kn rnsplimnm tl ky d rnpby liby hj ten mnjnimhif

m njnimhif
pdrty dttd`ens di d`thlidkbn ml`ucnit tl ten diswnr . (;d)

IL]N? [npby (rnsplisn tl di diswnr) tl di diswnr liby hj ten

mnjnimhif pdrty dttd`enm di d`thlidkbn ml`ucnit tl ten
diswnr.

Djjhmdvht hs ilt d pbndmhif. Djjhmdvht `lcpbdhit hs ilt rndbby

r ndbby `dbbnm
d pbndmhif. Qbndmhifs liby usnm hi `hvhb `dsns.
 

@HZHB Q[L@NM^[N | D]]X. CNBHPPD [LCDID Q. P^D[N_ ; 

Pn`thli 0 Pn`thli =
@lcpbdhit Diswnr
]en `lcpbdhit hs ten pbndmhif pbdhithjj‘s lr `bdhchif
pbndmhif dbbnfhif ten pbdhithjj‘s  Di diswnr hs d pbndmhif hi weh`e
w eh`e d mnjnimhif pdrty snts jlrte ehs
 pdrty‘s `dusn
 pdrty‘s `dusn lr `dusns lj d`thli. ]en idcns dim rnshmni`ns lj lr enr mnjnisns. (=d)
ten pbdhithjj dim mnjnimdit cust kn stdtnm hi ten `lcpbdhit. (0d)
Diswnr
@lcpbdhit (Hihthdtlry Qbndmhif) Diswnr hs wedt ylu `dbb d rnsplishvn pbndmhif tl ten hihthdtlry
@lcpbdhit knhif di hihthdtlry pbndmhif? ht hs ten jhrst pbndmhif pbndmhifs. ]en `luitnrpdrt lj di diswnr hi `rhchidb `dsns hs d
jhbnm hi d `hvhb `dsn. Hi d `rhchidb `dsn, ht hs ten djjhmdvht. ]en `luitnr-djjhmdvht. ]en `luitnrpdrty lj ten mnjnimdit hs ten
djjhmdvht hs ilrcdbby jhbnm knjlrn ten prlsn`utlr uibnss ylu drn hi d``usnm. ]en lin wel hs knhif sunm.
d pbd`n wenrn tenrn drn il prlsn`utlrs, ylu jhbn mhrn`tby whte ten
C]@. Ml ilt usn `luitnr-djjhmdvht hi `hvhb `dsns. Ml ilt usn
hijlrcdthli hi `hvhb `dsns.
IL]N? Mhs`usshli selubm kn `rlss-rnjnrni`nm tl [ubn 6 Pn`thli
:. Hi`bumn nvnrytehif ilt liby ten ubthcdtn jd`ts! ]enrn drn twl
twl wdys lj mnjnimhif lin‘s snbj? 
snbj?  

D `lcpbdhit dbbnfns ten `dusn lj d`thli.

d`thli . D `lcpbdhit cust liby Pn`thli >
stdtn ten ubthcdtn jd`ts.
jd`ts. Liby ten jd`ts innmnm tl `lcpbntn lins Mnjnisns
`dusn lj d`thli. ]en kdrnst jd`ts oust tl cdgn surn tedt dbb ten Mnjnisns cdy nhtenr kn infdthvn lr djjhrcdthvn.
nbncnits lj ten `dusn lj d`thli `di kn snni hi ten `lcpbdhit. d.  D infdthvn mnjnisn hs
mnjnisn hs ten spn`hjh` mnihdb lj
mnihdb lj ten cdtnrhdb
jd`t lr jd`ts dbbnfnm hi ten pbndmhif lj ten `bdhcdit
Hj ten `lcpbdhit `litdhis dbb ten ubthcdtn jd`ts, cndihif dbb ten nssnithdb tl ehs lr enr `dusn lr `dusns lj d`thli.
nbncnits tl stdtn d `dusn lj d`thli. Ht hs sujjh`hnit. Ht `diilt kn k.  Di djjhrcdthvn mnjnisn hs
mnjnisn hs di dbbnfdthli lj d inw cdttnr  
mhschssnm li tedt frluim diyclrn. Ht cust stdtn ten idcn dim weh`e, wehbn eypltenth`dbby dmchtthif ten cdtnrhdb
rnshmni`ns lj ten pbdhithjj dim mnjnimdit. dbbnfdthlis hi ten pbndmhif lj ten `bdhcdit, wlubm
invnrtenbnss prnvnit kdr rn`lvnry ky ehc lr enr. ]en
]nst lj Pujjh`hni`y djjhrcdthvn mnjnisns hi`bumn?
Hj upli dmchsshli lr prllj lj ten jd`ts knhif
jd`ts knhif dbbnfnm, d oumfcnit d.  Jrdum
cdy kn prlpnrby fhvni. D jd`t hs nssnithdb hj ht `diilt kn strh`gni k.  Ptdtutn lj bhchtdthlis
lut whtelut bndvhif ten stdtncnit lj ten `dusn lj d`thli `.  [nbndsn
hisujjh`hnit. ]ehs cust kn prnsnitnm murhif trhdb. m.  Qdycnit
n.  Hbbnfdbhty
Vedt drn ilt ubthcdtn jd`ts tedt selubm ilt kn hi`bumnm hi j.  Ptdtutn lj jrdums
ten `lcpbdhit< f.  Nstlppnb
4.  Nvhmnithdry lr hccdtnrhdb jd`ts7 e.  Jlrcnr rn`lvnry
;.  Bnfdb `li`bushlis7 h.  Mhs`edrfn hi kdigrupt`y
   o.   Diy ltenr cdttnr ky wdy lj `lijnsshli dim
0. @li`bushlis lr hitnrjnrni`n lj jd`ts jrlc jd`ts ilt dvlhmdi`n
stdtnm7
=.  Hi`lrrn`t hitnrjnrni`ns lr `li`bushlis jrlc jd`ts stdtnm7
>.  Mntdhbs lj prlkdthvn cdttnr lr pdrth`ubdrs lj nvhmni`n7 Djjhrcdthvn mnjnisns cdy dbsl hi`bumn frluims jlr mhschssdb lj
mhschssdb  lj
:.  Ptdtncnits lj bdw7 ten `lcpbdhit, spn`hjh`dbby tedt ten `lurt eds il ourhsmh`thli
ourhsm h`thli lvnr
6.  Hitnrjnrni`ns, drfucnit7 ten sukon`t cdttnr, tedt tenrn diltenr d`thli pnimhif kntwnni
5.  Dbbnfdthlis tl ten `dusn tedt hs vdbhm lr vlhm ten sdcn pdrthns jlr ten sdcn `dusn, lr tedt ten d`thli hs kdrrnm
ky d prhlr oumfcnit. (>d)
Dbbnfdthlis tl ten `dusn tedt hs vdbhm lr vlhm.
v lhm. Xlu `diilt sdy tedt
ten `litrd`t tedt wn nitnrnm hitl hs vlhm. ]edt hs up tl ten `lurt. IL]N? Djjhrcdthvn mnjnisns ilw hi`bumn frluims jlr mhschssdb?
Oust stdtn ten jd`ts, kut ten pbdhithjj `di sdy, eni`n, wn prdy tedt 4.  Bd`g lj ourhsmh`thli lvnr ten sukon`t cdttnr
cdttnr  
ten `litrd`t kn rnimnrnm iubb dim vlhm. Kut wn ml ilt sdy, ;.  Bhths pnimnithd (diltenr d`thli pnimhif kntwnni sdcn
tenrnjlrn ten `litrd`t hs vlhm. `dusn)  
pdrthns jlr ten sdcn `dusn) 
0.  [ns Oumh`dtd (d`thli hs kdrrnm ky prhlr oumfcnit) 
oumfcnit)  

Elw ml ylu gilw tedt ylur `lcpbdhit stdtns d sujjh`hnit

`dusn lj d`thli<
Hj upli dmchsshli lr prllj lj ten jd`t knhif dbbnfnm, d oumfcnit
cdy kn prlpnrby fhvni.
[^BN :-;4 DP DCNIMNM | PX ;148-;1;1
CHGNB ELJHBNÔD MNBFDML PQN@HDB @LI][HK^]L[? DZ DK[DPDBML

@HZHB Q[L@NM^[N | D]]X. CNBHPPD [LCDID Q. P^D[N_
Pn`thli :
@luitnr`bdhc
D `luitnr`bdhc hs diy `bdhc weh`e
`bdhc weh`e d mnjnimhif pdrty cdy edvn
dfdhist di lpplshif pdrty. (:)
‒@luitnr– cndihif
‒@luitnr– cndihif ten lpplshif pdrty.
Vedt hs ten rndsli wey tehs hs dbblwnm< 
dbblwnm<   `luitnr`bdhc rubn<
]l dvlhm cubthpbh`hty lj suhts.
IL]N?  @luitnr`bdhc `lubm kn slcntehif nbsn. @luitnr`bdhc
IL]N?  `luitnr`bdhc< dim
innm ilt drhsn jrlc ten sdcn `dusn lj d`thli ds ten `lcpbdhit.
Klrod v. mn Klrod
]enrn hs il su`e rubn tedt hi ten twl `dsns, ten `dusns lj d`thli
drn shchbdr. Ht hs plsshkbn jlr ten pbdhithjj tl jhbn di d`thli jlr
rn`lvnry lj plssnsshli wehbn ten `luitnr`bdhc lj mnjnimdit hs
jlr mdcdfns drhshif jrlc d vneh`ubdr d``hmnit.
DBPL? ]en
DBPL?  ]en pbdhithjj selubm kn sunm hi d `luitnr`bdhc hi ten sdcn
`dpd`hty tedt en hs suhif ten mnjnimdit.
m njnimdit.
]wl Ghims lj @luitnr`bdhc
4.  Qnrchsshvn 
Qnrchsshvn  ‐ylu cdy jhbn, ylu cdy ilt jhbn. Cndihif,
ylu `di jhbn d `luitnr`bdhc lr ylu `di jhbn d snpdrdtn
d`thli dfdhist ten pbdhithjj kn`dusn wel jhbns ten
`luitnr`bdhc< Ht hs ten mnjnimdit.
;.  @lcpubslry
@lcpubslry  ‐ [ubn :, Pn`thli 6.
Pn`thli 6
@lcpubslry @luitnr`bdhc
D `lcpubslry `luitnr`bdhc hs lin weh`e?
4.  knhif `lfihzdkbn
`lfihzdkbn ky
 ky ten rnfubdr `lurts lj ousth`n,
;.  drhsns lut lj lr hs `liin`tnm 
`liin`tnm  whte ten trdisd`thli
trdisd`thli lr lr
l``urrni`n   `listhtuthif ten sukon`t cdttnr lj ten
l``urrni`n
lpplshif pdrty's `bdhc dim
0.  mlns ilt rnquhrn jlr hts dmoumh`dthli ten prnsni`n lj tehrm
 pdrthns lj
 pdrthns  lj welc ten `lurt `diilt d`quhrn ourhsmh`thli.
=.  Pu`e d `luitnr`bdhc cust kn whtehi ten ourhsmh`thli lj
ourhsmh`thli lj
ten `lurt klte ds tl ten dcluit dim ten idturn tenrnlj,
idturn tenrnlj,
nx`npt tedt hi di lrhfhidb d`thli knjlrn ten [nfhlidb
]rhdb @lurt, ten `luitnr`bdhc cdy kn `lishmnrnm
`lcpubslry rnfdrmbnss lj ten dcluit.
>.  ]en mnjnimhif pdrty eds d `luitnr`bdhc
`luitnr`bdhc dt dt ten thcn en
jhbns ehs diswnr. ([ubn 44, Pn`thli 5.)
IL]N? D `lcpubslry `luitnr`bdhc ilt rdhsnm hi ten sdcn d`thli
hs kdrrnm, uibnss ltenrwhsn dbblwnm ky tensn [ubns. (6d)
Vedt edppnis hj lin lj tensn nbncnits hs chsshif<
@luitnr`bdhc cust edvn d `dusn lj d`thli dim hs ilt dbblwnm hi
`rhchidb `dsns.
CHGNB ELJHBNÔD MNBFDML
0 
Dbkd v. Cdbdpdol
]nst tl Mntnrchin
Ventenr D @luitnr`bdhc Hs @lcpubslry lr Qnrchsshvn?
(d)  Drn ten hssuns lj jd`t dim bdw rdhsnm ky ten `bdhc dim
ky ten `luitnr`bdhc bdrfnby ten sdcn<
(k)  Vlubm rns oumh`dtd kdr d suksnqunit suht li
mnjnimdits‘‘
mnjnimdits `bdhcs, dksnit ten `lcpubslry
(`)  Vhbb sukstdithdbby ten sdcn nvhmni`n supplrt lr rnjutn
pbdhithjjs‘ `bdhc ds wnbb ds ten mnjnimdits‘
(m)  Hs tenrn diy blfh`db rnbdthli kntwnni ten `bdhc dim ten
`luitnr`bdhc<
D plshthvn diswnr tl dbb jlur qunsthlis wlubm himh`dtn tedt d
`luitnr`bdhc hs `lcpubslry.
Nvdifnbhin Dbmdy v. JF^ Hisurdi`n
Dbmdy wds di hisurdi`n dfnit dim sen wds ilt dkbn tl rncht
`nrtdhi dcluits. ]edt wds ten `dusn lj d`thli hi ten `lcpbdhit ‐  
jlr enr jdhburn tl rncht ten `dse dmvdi`ns, nt`. ]eni, sen jhbnm d
`luitnr`bdhc dsghif jlr mdcdfns. D``lrmhif tl enr, sen
s en sujjnrnm
sbnnpbnss ihfets, clrdb sel`g mun tl ten `dsn jhbnm dfdhist enr.
Pen dsgnm jlr clrdb mdcdfns sen sujjnrnm ky rndsli lj ten jhbhif
lj ten `dsn. ]edt hs d `lcpubslry `luitnr`bdhc kn`dusn ht drlsn
lut jrlc ten cdhi d`thli.
Dshmn jrlc ten mdcdfns, sen dbsl wditnm tl kn pdhm ten
`lcchsshlis, kliusns, nt`. mun enr jlr ten sdbns, pnredps, tedt
sen wds dkbn tl prnvhlusby cdgn. ]ehs `luitnr`bdhc hs ilt
`lcpubslry kn`dusn ht hs ilt rnbdtnm tl ten cdhi d`thli. Ventenr
lr ilt sen hs nithtbnm tl ten `lcchsshlis, nt`. hs uimnr ten spn`hdb
dfnit‘s `litrd`t.
`litrd`t. Nvni hj wn edvn di diswnr whte `luitnr`bdhc
kut whte mhjjnrnit `dusns jlr d`thli ‐ lin jlr mdcdfns dim lin
jlr `lbbn`thli lj `lcchsshlis ‐ ten `luitnr`bdhc hs snpdrdkbn.
snpdrdkbn.
Qdrt lj ht `di kn `lishmnrnm `lcpubslry dim pdrt lj ht `di kn
pnrchsshvn.
]edt hs di hssun kn`dusn knjlrn (iltn? tehs hs d ;114 `dsn), ml`gnt
jnns jlr `lcpubslry `luitnr`bdhc hs ilt rnquhrnm. Ml`gnt jnns
drn liby kdsnm li ten pnrchsshvn `luitnr`bdhc . Kut ilw, wn
gilw tedt nvni hj ten `luitnr`bdhc hs `lcpubslry, ml`gnt jnns
drn tl kn pdhm.
@lcpnbbhif ]nst lj @lcpubslrhinss
Bdjdrfn v. @@@
Hj ten `luitnr`bdhc hs jlr mdcdfns ht hs cdhiby kn`dusn lj ten
cdhi `lcpbdhit jhbnm dfdhist ten mnjnimdit. ]en mnjnimdit
sujjnrnm mdcdfns kn`dusn lj ten uijluimnm suht. Ilt juiiy tl
kn cdmn d mnjnimdit hi d suht wel sujjnrs clrdb dixhnty,
sbnnpbnss ihfets. Clst lj ten thcn tensn ghims lj `luitnr`bdhcs
drn `lishmnrnm `lcpubslry
[^BN :-;4 DP DCNIMNM | PX ;148-;1;1
PQN@HDB @LI][HK^]L[? DZ DK[DPDBML
 

@HZHB Q[L@NM^[N | D]]X. CNBHPPD [LCDID Q. P^D[N_ = 

Pn`thli 5 Pn`thli 8
@rlss-@bdhc @luitnr-@luitnr`bdhcs dim @luitnr-@rlss-@bdhcs
D `rlss-`bdhc hs diy `bdhc 
`bdhc  ky lin pdrty dfdhist d `l-pdrty 
`l-pdrty  D `luitnr`bdhc cdy kn dssnrtnm dfdhist di lrhfhidb `luitnr-
drhshif lut lj ten trdisd`thli lr l``urrni`n tedt hs ten sukon`t `bdhcdit.
cdttnr nhtenr lj ten lrhfhidb d`thli lr lj d `luitnr`bdhc tenrnhi.
`luitnr`bdhc  tenrnhi.
Pu`e `rlss-`bdhc cdy `lvnr dbb lr pdrt lj ten lrhfhidb `bdhc. (5d) D `rlss-`bdhc cdy dbsl kn jhbnm dfdhist di lrhfhidb `rlss-
`bdhcdit. (8)
IL]N? Hi ltenr wlrms, d `rlss‑`bdhc
`rlss‑`bdhc dbwdys drhsns lut lj?
  lrhfhidb d`thli lr
 NU? Q4 dim Q; ‐ Cdhi @lcpbdhit ‐ M4 dim M;. Q4 dim Q; jhbns d
NU? Q4
  `luitnr`bdhc tenrnhi.
 `lcpbdhit dim M4 dim M; jhbns d `luitnr`bdhc dfdhist Q4 dim
d im Q;.
Vedt hs d `luitnr-`luitnr`bdhc< Ht cdy kn dssnrtnm dfdhist di
Ht `diilt kn d jdr‑lut hi`hmnit. ^ibhgn d `luitnr`bdhc weh`e `di lrhfhidb `luitnr-`bdhcdit.
`luitnr-`bdhcdit.
kn tltdbby ui`liin`tnm tl ten cdhi `lcpbdhit, d `rlss`bdhc eds
tl kn `liin`tnm. Dfdhi, ‒ht cust drhsn lut lj ten trdisd`thli lr Bnt‘s sdy tedt ten `dsn (cdhi d`thli) hs jlr suc lj cli ny kdsnm
l``urrni`n.–  
l``urrni`n.– li prlchsslry iltn dim ten `luitnr`bdhc hs jlr d``hli
pukbh`hdid. @di Q4 dim Q; jhbn d `luitnr‑`luit
`luitnr‑`luitnr`bdhc
nr`bdhc dfdhist M4
D `rlss `bdhc hs cnrnby d `lisnquni`n lj ten `dsn jhbnm ky Q dim M; jlr hijrhifncnit< Xns, tedt hs pnrchsshvn
pnrchsshvn..
dfdhist M. Il cdhi d`thli, il `rlss-`bdhc.
M4, hi ten suc lj cliny, jhbns d `rlss-`bdhc
`rlss -`bdhc dfdhist M;. @bdhchif
Elw ml ylu mhsthifuhse `luitnr`bdhc jrlc `rlss-`bdhc< M; liby usnm ten cliny. M;, li ten ltenr edim, `bdhcs tedt ten
@luitnr`bdhc @rlss-@bdhc cliny d`tudbby wnit tl ten sli lj M4 sl M; j hbnm hbnm d `luitnr‑
D `bdhc ky M dfdhist Q D `bdhc ky M dfdhist d `l-M `rlss`bdhc kut ht eds tl kn `liin`tnm tl ten trdisd`thli.
Cdy kn dssnrtnm wentenr lr Cust dbwdys drhsn lut lj ten
ilt ht drhsns lut lj ten sdcn sdcn trdisd`thli lr ]edt hs Pn`thli 8. ]en `luitnr`bdhcs, il innm tl kn rnbdtnm kut
trdisd`thli lr l``urrni`n l``urrni`n   tedt hs ten
l``urrni`n ten `rlss-`bdhcs edvn tl kn rnbdtnm.
tedt hs ten sukon`t lj ten sukon`t cdttnr lj ten d`thli
d`thli Pn`thli 41
Hj ten cdhi d`thli hs Hj ten cdhi d`thli hs [npby
mhschssnm, ten `luitnr`bdhc mhschssnm, ten `rlss `bdhc
Dbb inw cdttnrs dbbnfnm hi ten diswnr drn mnncnm
cdy nxhst (il dutlcdth` `ndsns tl nxhst
`litrlvnrtnm.. Hj ten pbdhithjj whsens tl hitnrplsn diy `bdhcs
`litrlvnrtnm
mhschssdb lj ten
drhshif lut lj ten inw cdttnrs sl dbbnfnm, su`e `bdhcs sedbb kn
`luitnr`bdhc)
snt jlrte hi di dcnimnm lr suppbncnitdb `lcpbdhit . Elwnvnr, ten
pbdhithjj cdy jhbn d rnpby liby hj ten mnjnimhif pdrty dttd`ens di
Qntrli v. @umhbbd
d`thlidkbn ml`ucnit  tl tl ehs lr enr diswnr.
]en cdhi `lcpbdhit wds ilt mhschssnm. Enbm slbhmdrhby bhdkbn.
Vedt edppninm wds ten `rlss `bdhc wds mhschssnm. Hi ten
D rnpby hs d pbndmhif
pbndmhif,, ten ljjh`n lr jui`thli lj weh`e hs tl mniy,
prnvhlus `dsn, ht wds ten cdhi `lcpbdhit tedt wds mhschssnm.
lr dbbnfn jd`ts hi mnihdb lr dvlhmdi`n lj inw cdttnrs  dbbnfnm hi,
Dutlcdth` ten `rlss `bdhc `ndsns tl nxhst. lr rnbdthif tl, sdhm d`thlidkbn ml`ucnit.

Xlu `di dppndb ten prlprhnty lj ten mhschssdb lj ten `rlss-`bdhc.

Hi ten nvnit lj di d`thlidkbn ml`ucnit dttd`enm tl ten rnpby,
Qntrli dppndbnm ten `rlss-`bdhc knjlrn ten `lurt elbmhif ht
ten mnjnimdit cdy jhbn d rnolhimnr
rnolhimnr hj
 hj ten sdcn hs kdsnm slbnby li
bhdkbn. Ht liby cnithlinm ten Pplusns ^y ht mhm ilt cnithli
di d`thlidkbn ml`ucnit. (41d)
Zhbbdbuz. Qntrli mhm ilt qunsthli ten prlprhnty lj ten mhschssdb
m hschssdb lj
ten `rlss `bdhc.
IL]N? [npby hs ilt in`nssdry kn`dusn dbb inw cdttnrs dbbnfnm hi
mnihnm). 
ten diswnr drn mnncnm `litrlvnrtnm (dutlcdth`dbby mnihnm). 
Hj liby ten `rlss-`bdhc tedt hs mhschssnm, teni tedt `di kn
qunsthlinm li dppndb.
dppndb. Xlu edvn tl qunsthli ten prlprhnty lj
Vedt hj ten pbdhithjj whsens tl hitnrplsn diy `bdhcs drhshif
ten mhschssdb ilt cnrnby ten oumfcnit. Hj cdhi `lcpbdhit
lut lj ten inw cdttnrs sl dbbnfnm<
prlspnrs, teni ten `rlss-`bdhc stdys dbhvn.
Pu`e `bdhcs sedbb kn snt jlrte hi di dcnimnm   lr suppbncnitdb
suppbncnitdb  
`lcpbdhit.

Veni `di ten pbdhithjj jhbn d rnpby<

Liby hj mnjnimhif pdrty dttd`ens di d`thlidkbn ml`ucnit tl ehs
lr enr diswnr.

[^BN :-;4 DP DCNIMNM | PX ;148-;1;1

CHGNB ELJHBNÔD MNBFDML PQN@HDB @LI][HK^]L[? DZ DK[DPDBML
 

@HZHB Q[L@NM^[N | D]]X. CNBHPPD [LCDID Q. P^D[N_ > 

IL]N? [nolhimnr hs d inw dmmhthli tl ten rubns. Veni sedbb ten tehrm-pdrty `lcpbdhit kn mnihnm dmchsshli<
Veni?
[npby Diswnr (d)  ten tehrm (jlurte, nt`.)- pdrty mnjnimdit `diilt kn
D rnsplisn tl ten mnjnisns D rnsplisn tl d `dusn lj bl`dtnm  whtehi
 whtehi 01 `dbnimdr mdys jrlc ten frdit lj su`e
hitnrplsnm ky ten M hi ehs d`thli ky ten M dfdhist Q. bndvn7
diswnr. (k)  cdttnrs nxtrdinlus tl ten hssun hi
hssun hi ten prhi`hpdb `dsn drn
]en jhbhif lj weh`e hs liby ]en jhbhif lj weh`e hs rdhsnm7 lr
dbblwnm hj ten mnjnimhif fninrdbby cdimdtlry uimnr (`)  njjn`t wlubm kn tl hitrlmu`n
hitrl mu`n d inw dim snpdrdtn
pdrty dttd`ens di d`thlidkbn [ubn 44 kn`dusn lj Q jdhbs tl `litrlvnrsy hitl ten d`thli.
ml`ucnit tl ehs diswnr. ml sl, en cdy kn mn`bdrnm
mnjdubt li ten `luitnr`bdhc. Vedt selubm ten `lurt ml< 
ml<  
]en `lurt sedbb rnquhrn ten mnjnimdit tl histhtutn d snpdrdtn
Pn`thli 44
d`thli.
]ehrm, (Jlurte, Nt`.)-Qdrty @lcpbdhit 
@lcpbdhit 
D tehrm (jlurte, nt`.)-pdrty `lcpbdhit hs d `bdhc
`bdhc tedt
 tedt d mnjnimhif
Pdcdbd v. Zh`tlr
pdrty cdy, whte bndvn lj `lurt , jhbn dfdhist d pnrsli ilt d pdrty
QDU ‐  ONNQINX
 ONNQINX LQN[D]N[ ‐  K^P
 K^P @LCQDIX
tl ten d`thli,
d`thli, `dbbnm ten tehrm (jlurte, nt`.)-pdrty mnjnimdit jlr
`litrhkuthli, himncihty, sukrlfdthli lr diy ltenr rnbhnj, hi rnspn`t
Cdhi `lcpbdhit hs jlr mdcdfns kdsnm li krnd`e lj `litrd`t lj
lj ehs lr enr lpplinit's `bdhc.
`bdhc.
`drrhdfn. Nvnry d`thli cust kn kdsnm li ten `dusn lj d`thli.

]en tehrm (jlurte, nt`.)-pdrty `lcpbdhit sedbb kn mnihnm mnihnm  

]en onnpiny lpnrdtlr mhm iltehif. Qdx jhbnm dfdhist onnpiny
dmchsshli, dim ten `lurt sedbb rnquhrn ten mnjnimdit tl histhtutn
lpnrdtlr. Onnpiny lpnrdtlr whbb rui lr fl tl ten kus mrhvnr (;48:)
( ;48:)
d snpdrdtn d`thli, wenrn?
dim kus `lcpdiy (;451) ilw tehs hs d tehrm pdrty `lcpbdhit. Jlr
(d)  ten tehrm (jlurte, nt`.)-pdrty mnjnimdit `diilt kn
bl`dtnm whtehi tehrty (01) `dbnimdr mdys  mdys   jrlc ten wedt< Hi `dsn onnpiny lpnrdtlr hs bhdkbn, en wdits tl kn
himncihjhnm ky ten kus `lcpdiy.
frdit lj su`e bndvn7
(k)  cdttnrs nxtrdinlus tl ten hssun hi
hssun hi ten prhi`hpdb `dsn
[^BN?  Hj ten cdhi `lcpbdhit hs mhschssnm dim tenrn hs d tehrm
[^BN? 
drn rdhsnm7 lr
pdrty `lcpbdhit, ht mlns ilt in`nssdrhby cndi tedt ten tehrm pdrty
(`)  ten njjn`t wlubm kn tl hitrlmu`n d inw dim snpdrdtn
`lcpbdhit whbb mhn.
`litrlvnrsy hitl
`litrlvnrsy  hitl ten d`thli. (44d)

]ehrm Qdrty Mnjnimdit @dbbnm Jlr Phifdplrn Dhrbhins v. @D dim QDB

4.  @litrhkuthli
@litrhkuthli   Hi ltenr wlrms, pbdhithjj (Phifdplrn) jhbns di diswnr dim jhbns d
;.  Himncihty
Himncihty   tehrm pdrty `lcpbdhit. Phifdplrn dhrbhin eds hts lwi mnjnisns.
0.  Pukrlfdthli
Pukrlfdthli   QDB eds hts lwi mnjnisns dfdhist Phifdplrn dhrbhin. Mhjjnrnit
=.  Diy `bdhc  
Diy ltenr rnbhnj hi rnspn`t lj ehs lpplinit‘s `bdhc  d`thli. Kut `di QDB usn ten mnjnisns usnm ky Phifdplrn< Xns.
Kut QDB eds tl snt tenc up hi ten diswnr, ilt li dppndb. Ht

]nst jlr Qrlprhnty lj D 0rm Qdrty @lcpbdhit? selubm kn mlin tl ten diswnr tl ten tehrm pdrty `lcpbdhit.
4.  Hj ht drhsns lut lj ten sdcn trdisd`thli 
trdisd`thli  li weh`e Q‘s
`dusn lj d`thli hs kdsnm7 ]en tehrm-pdrty `lcpbdhit hs, tenrnjlrn, d prl`nmurdb mnvh`n
;.  Hj ten 0rm pdrty‘s `lcpbdhit, dbtelufe drhshif lut lj wenrnky d "tehrm pdrty" wel hs inhtenr d pdrty ilr prhvy tl
prhvy  tl ten
diltenr trdisd`thli, hs `liin`tnm
`liin`tnm whte Q‘s `bdhc7
`bdhc7 d`t lr mnnm `lcpbdhinm lj ky ten pbdhithjj, cdy kn krlufet hitl
0.  Hj ten 0rm pdrty M wlubm kn bhdkbn 
bhdkbn  tl ten lrhfhidb Q‘s ten `dsn whte bndvn lj `lurt, ky ten mnjnimdit, wel d`ts ds tehrm-
`bdhc, dbtelufe ten 0rm pdrty M‘s bhdkhbhty drhsns lut lj pdrty pbdhithjj tl nijlr`n dfdhist su`e tehrm-pdrty mnjnimdit d
diltenr trdisd`thli7 rhfet jlr `litrhkuthli, himncihty, sukrlfdthli lr diy ltenr rnbhnj,
rnbh nj,
=.  Hj ten 0rm pdrty M cdy dssnrt diy mnjnisn weh`e
mnjnisn weh`e ten hi rnspn`t lj ten pbdhithjj's `bdhc. ]en tehrm-pdrty `lcpbdhit hs
tehrm pdrty Q eds lr cdy edvn dfdhist Q‘s `bdhc.
`bdh c. d`tudbby himnpnimnit lj dim snpdrdtn dim mhsthi`t jrlc ten
pbdhithjj's `lcpbdhit.
`lcpbdhit.

Veni bndvn tl jhbn ten tehrm-pdrty `lcpbdhit hs prlpnrby

prl pnrby frditnm,
ten @lurt rnimnrs hi njjn`t twl oumfcnits hi ten sdcn `dsn, lin
li ten pbdhithjj's `lcpbdhit dim ten ltenr li ten tehrm-pdrty
`lcpbdhit. Veni en jhims jdvlrdkby li klte `lcpbdhits, ds hi
tehs `dsn, en rnimnrs oumfcnit li ten prhi`hpdb `lcpbdhit hi
jdvlr lj pbdhithjj dfdhist mnjnimdit dim rnimnrs diltenr
[^BN :-;4 DP DCNIMNM | PX ;148-;1;1
CHGNB ELJHBNÔD MNBFDML PQN@HDB @LI][HK^]L[? DZ DK[DPDBML
 

@HZHB Q[L@NM^[N | D]]X. CNBHPPD [LCDID Q. P^D[N_ : 

 oumfcnit li ten tehrm-pdrty `lcpbdhit hi jdvlr lj mnjnimdit ds
tehrm-pdrty pbdhithjj, lrmnrhif ten tehrm-pdrty mnjnimdit tl
rnhckursn ten mnjnimdit wedtnvnr dcluit sdhm mnjnimdit hs
lrmnrnm tl pdy pbdhithjj hi ten `dsn.
Jdhburn lj diy lj sdhm pdrthns hi su`e d `dsn tl dppndb ten
 oumfcnit ds dfdhist ehc cdgns su`e oumfcnit jhidb dim
nxn`utlry. Ky ten sdcn tlgni, di dppndb ky lin pdrty jrlc
su`e oumfcnit mlns ilt hiurn tl ten kninjht lj ten ltenr
ten tehrm-pdrty
tehrm-pdrty mnjnimdit‘s bhdkhbhty drhsns lut lj diltenr
trdisd`thli7 dim
0.  wentenr ten tehrm-pdrty mnjnimdit cdy dssnrt diy
mnjnisns weh`e
mnjnisns  weh`e ten tehrm-pdrty pbdhithjj eds lr cdy edvn
tl ten pbdhithjj‘s `bdhc.
]en tehrm-pdrty `lcpbdhit mlns ilt edvn tl selw whte `nrtdhity
tedt tenrn whbb kn rn`lvnry dfdhist ten tehrm-pdrty mnjnimdit, dim
ht hs sujjh`hnit tedt pbndmhifs selw plsshkhbhty lj rn`lvnry
rn`lvnry.. Hi

pdrty
pdrty 
dppndb  wel edsltenr
lj su`e ilt dppndbnm
pdrty jrlcilr
ten`di ht kn mnncnm
oumfcnit tl kn di
dfdhist ehc. mntnrchihif
dbbnfdthlis hitenten
sujjh`hni`y
lrhfhidb lj`lcpbdhit
ten tehrm-pdrty `lcpbdhit,
dim ten ten
tehrm-pdrty
`lcpbdhit cust kn nxdchinm. D tehrm-pdrty `lcpbdhit cust
D@M@ v. @D dbbnfn jd`ts weh`e prhcd jd`hn selw tedt ten mnjnimdit hs nithtbnm
@di ylu jhbn d tehrm pdrty `lcpbdhit lut lj ten kbun<   tl `litrhkuthli, himncihty, sukrlfdthli lr ltenr rnbhnj jrlc ten
D tehrm pdrty `lcpbdhit hs ilt oust jhbnm lut lj ten kbun. Hi tehs tehrm-pdrty mnjnimdit .
`dsn, wedt mlns Clidrg edvn tl ml whte D@M@< Ilin. Hi tehs
`dsn, il `dusdb `liin`thli.
`liin`thli. ]edt‘s wey ten tehrm pdrty innms @M@Q v. @uni`d
bndvn lj `lurt. ]en `lurt innm tl mntnrchin
m ntnrchin ten prlprhnty lj tehrm P@ usnm ten tnrc ‒rncnmy lvnr.– Hj il `dusn lj d`thli, tehrm pdrty
pdrty `lcpbdhit. `lcpbdhit hs ilt prlpnr.

D  prnrnquhshtn
 prnrnquhshtn   tl ten nxnr`hsn lj su`e rhfet hs tedt slcn
sukstdithvn kdshs jlr d tehrm-pdrty `bdhc kn jluim tl nxhst,
wentenr ten kdshs kn lin lj himncihty, sukrlfdthli,
`litrhkuthli lr ltenr sukstdithvn rhfet.
]en krhifhif lj d tehrm-pdrty mnjnimdit hs prlpnr hj en wlubm kn
bhdkbn tl ten pbdhithjj lr tl ten mnjnimdit lr klte jlr
klte jlr dbb lr pdrt lj
ten pbdhithjj‘s `bdhc dfdhist ten lrhfhidb mnjnimdit, dbtelufe ten
tehrm-pdrty
tehrm- pdrty mnjnimdit‘s bhdkhbhty drhsns lut lj diltenr trdisd`thli.
]en mnjnimdit cdy hcpbndm diltenr ds tehrm-pdrty mnjnimdit?
(d)  li di dbbnfdthli lj bhdkhbhty lj ten bdttnr tl ten
mnjnimdit jlr `litrhkuthli, himncihty, sukrlfdthli lr
diy ltenr rnbhnj7
(k)  li ten frluim lj mhrn`t bhdkhbhty lj ten tehrm-pdrty
mnjnimdit tl ten pbdhithjj7 lr
(`)  ten bhdkhbhty lj ten tehrm-pdrty mnjnimdit tl klte ten
pbdhithjj dim ten mnjnimdit.
]enrn cust kn d `dusdb `liin`thli kntwnni
`liin`thli  kntwnni ten `bdhc lj ten
pbdhithjj hi ehs `lcpbdhit dim d `bdhc jlr `litrhkuthli, himncihty
lr ltenr rnbhnj lj ten mnjnimdit dfdhist ten tehrm-pdrty
mnjnimdit.
Hi @dpdyds v. @lurt lj Jhrst Histdi`n,
Histdi`n, ten @lurt cdmn lut ten
jlbblwhif tnsts?
4.  Ventenr ht drhsns lut lj ten? sdcn trdisd`thli li
trdisd`thli li weh`e
ten pbdhithjj‘s `bdhc hs kdsnm7 lr wentenr ten tehrm -pdrty
`bdhc, dbtelufe drhshif lut lj diltenr lr mhjjnrnit
`litrd`t lr trdisd`thli, hs `liin`tnm
`liin`tnm whte
 whte ten pbdhithjj‘s
pbdhithjj‘s
]en @M@Q `diilt kn cdmn mhrn`tby bhdkbn tl CH@H uimnr ten
himncihty dfrnncnit li ten frluim tedt ht hs ^H]@‘s cdolrhty
stl`gelbmnr. Ht kndrs strnsshif tedt ten @M@Q wds ilt d pdrty
mnjnimdit hi ten cdhi d`thli. CH@H mhm ilt dssnrt diy `bdhc
dfdhist ten pnththlinr, ilr wds ten pnththlinr hcpbndmnm hi ten
tehrm-pdrty `lcpbdhit li ten frluim lj hts mhrn`t bhdkhbhty tl CH@H.
Hi ten bdttnr `dsn, ht wlubm kn ds hj ten tehrm-pdrty mnjnimdit wds
htsnbj mhrn`tby hcpbndmnm ky ten pbdhithjj ds d mnjnimdit. Hi ten
prnsnit `dsn, QI@@ wds krlufet hitl ten d`thli ky @uni`d
shcpby jlr d "rncnmy lvnr." Il `dusn lj d`thli wds dssnrtnm ky
CH@H dfdhist ht . ]en pnththlinr‘s bhdkhbhty `lubm liby kn kdsnm li
hts dbbnfnm dssucpthli lj rnsplimnit @uni`d‘s bhdkhbhty uimnr ten
t en
himncihty dfrnncnit.
Qehbtrdi`l v. Qdrds 
Qdrds 
Li clrdb mdcdfns
F[?  Clrdb mdcdfns drn ilt
F[?  ilt   rn`lvnrdkbn hi mdcdfns d`thli
prnmh`dtnm li d krnd`e lj `litrd`t lj `drrhdfn.
UQI? Clrdb mdcdfns cdy kn dwdrmnm weni?
UQI? Clrdb
d.  ten chsedp rnsubts hi ten mndte
ten  mndte lj
 lj ten pdssnifnr7
k.  wenrn ht hs prlvnm tedt ten `drrhnr wds fuhbty lj jrdum
jrdum  
lr kdm
kdm jdhte,
 jdhte, nvni hj mndte mlns ilt rnsubt

`bdhc7
;.  wentenr ten tehrm-pdrty mnjnimdit wlubm kn bhdkbn
bhdkbn tl
 tl ten
pbdhithjj lr tl ten mnjnimdit jlr dbb lr pdrt lj ten
pbdhithjj‘s `bdhc dfdhist ten lrhfhidb mnjnimdit, dbtelufe

[^BN :-;4 DP DCNIMNM | PX ;148-;1;1

CHGNB ELJHBNÔD MNBFDML PQN@HDB @LI][HK^]L[? DZ DK[DPDBML
 

@HZHB Q[L@NM^[N | D]]X. CNBHPPD [LCDID Q. P^D[N_ 6 

Pn`thli 4; prlvhshli. ]en `lurt whbb lrmnr wel whbb kn krlufet hi ds d
Krhifhif Inw Qdrthns 
Qdrthns  mnjnimdit. Hi tehs `dsn, ten `dsn selubm kn dcnimnm. ]enrn drn
Veni ten prnsni`n lj pdrthns ltenr tedi telsn tl ten lrhfhidb cdiy wdys hi hcpbndmhif d pdrty.
d`thli hs rnquhrnm jlr ten frdithif lj `lcpbntn rnbhnj   hi ten
mntnrchidthli lj d `luitnr`bdhc lr `rlss-`bdhc, ten `lurt sedbb Pn`thli 40
lrmnr tenc tl kn krlufet hi
krlufet  hi ds mnjnimdits, hj ourhsmh`thli lvnr Diswnr ]l ]ehrm (Jlurte, Nt`.)-Qdrty @lcpbdhit
tenc `di kn lktdhinm . (4;) D tehrm (jlurte, nt`.)-pdrty mnjnimdit cdy dbbnfn hi ehs lr enr
diswnr ehs lr enr mnjnisns, `luitnr`bdhcs lr `rlss-`bdhcs,
Pdpufdy v. @D hi`bumhif su`e mnjnisns tedt ten tehrm (jlurte, nt`.)-pdrty
nt`.) -pdrty pbdhithjj

F[?
F[? Mnjnimdit
diy  Mnjnimdit `diilt
`bdhc dfdhist kyltenr
pnrsli d `luitnr`bdhc krhif hitl ten d`thli
tedi ten pbdhithjj.
UQI? Pn`thli 4;, [ubn :.
Bdjdrfn v. @@@
0rm Qdrty @lcpbdhit
Krhif hi strdifnr. Ilt
d`tudbby d tltdb strdifnr
kn`dusn tenrn cust kn d
`dusdb `liin`thli. @dusn lj
d`thli lj cdhi `lcpbdhit hs
`liin`tnm tl ten 0rm pdrty
`lcpbdhit.
Krhifhif Inw Qdrthns
Liby dppbhns tl
`luitnr`bdhcs dim `rlss-
`bdhcs. Jhbn d `luitnr dfdhist
lpplshif pdrty slcnklmy hs
rnquhrnm tl nisurn tedt `lurt
`di frdit d `lcpbntn rnbhnj.
Pl hcpbndm d inw pdrty. Kut
`di tedt inw pdrty kn d
strdifnr< Il.
cdy edvn dfdhist ten lrhfhidb pbdhithjj's `bdhc.
`bdhc.
Hi prlpnr `dsns, en lr sen cdy cdy   dbsl
dbsl   dssnrt d `luitnr`bdhc 
`luitnr`bdhc 
dfdhist ten lrhfhidb pbdhithjj hi rnspn`t lj ten bdttnr's `bdhc
dfdhist ten tehrm-pdrty pbdhithjj. (40d)
Qdrdcluit Hisurdi`n v. @dstrl
D``lrmhif tl Pn`thli 40, ten 0rm pdrty mnjnimdit `di jhbn di
diswnr whte `luitnr dfdhist ten tehrm pdrty pbdhithjj dim `di
d`tudbby diswnr ten cdhi `lcpbdhit whte d `luitnr`bdhc.
Nx`npthli tl Phifdplrn Dhrbhins.

IL]N? Xlu `diilt oust krhif inw pdrty hj ylu jnnb bhgn. Pn`thli
[^BN 6  QD[]P
LJ D &QBNDMHIF
@LI]NI]P
 
*DIM @LI]NI]P hs ;148 dcnimcnit
4; liby dppbhns tl `luitnr`bdhcs dim `rlss`bdhcs.
`rlss`bdhcs. Ilt ten
pbdhithjj wel whbb krhif d inw pdrty. Ht hs ten mnjnimhif pdrty hi d
Pn`thli 4
`luitnr `bdhc.
@dpthli
]en `dpthli snts jlrte ten?
Hj pbdhithjjs krhif d inw pdrty, jhbn di dcnimnm `lcpbdhit. Xlu
  idcn
 idcn lj
 lj ten `lurt,
edvn tl gilw wedt prlvhshli tl usn.
  ten thtbn
 thtbn lj
 lj ten d`thli, dim
  ten ml`gnt iucknr  hj
  hj dsshfinm.
Kdig lj @lccnr`n v. Qbditnrs Kdig  
D``lrmhif tl Pn`thli 4;, ht d`tudbby tdbgs dklut ten `lurt‘s plwnr.
]en thtbn lj ten d`thli himh`dtns ten idcns lj ten pdrthns.
pdrthns . ]eny
Vedt dklut in`nssdry pdrthns< Elw drn teny krlufet hi< Pn`thli
sedbb dbb kn
dbb kn idcnm hi ten lrhfhidb `lcpbdhit lr pnththli7 kut hi
4;, hj teny drn rnquhrnm hi `luitnr`bdhc lr `rlss`bdhc.
suksnqunit pbndmhifs,
pbndmhifs, ht sedbb kn sujjh`hnit
s ujjh`hnit hj ten idcn lj ten jhrst
pdrty li nd`e shmn kn stdtnm whte di dpprlprhdtn himh`dthli weni
Dbsl dbblwnm pnrchsshvn, ilt liby jlr `lcpubslry `luitnr-`bdhc.
` luitnr-`bdhc.
tenrn drn ltenr pdrthns.
Hj tensn pdrthns drn krlufet hi ky ten mnjnimdits lr hcpbndmnm,
ilt dutlcdth` tedt ten `lurt eds d`quhrnm ourhsmh`thli.
ourhsmh`thli.
]enhr rnspn`thvn pdrth`hpdthli hi
pdrth`hpdthli hi ten `dsn sedbb kn himh`dtnm. (4)

[ncncknr ten twl wdys ten `lurt d`quhrns ourhsmh`thli lvnr ten
Pn`thli ;
pnrsli?
]en Klmy
4.  prlpnr snrvh`n lj succlis7 dim
;.  vlbuitdry dppndrdi`n.
]en klmy lj ten pbndmhif snts jlrte hts?
  mnshfidthli
 mnshfidthli,,
Hj inw pdrthns drn krlufet hi, ilklmy `lcpbdhis dklut
  ten dbbnfdthlis
 dbbnfdthlis  lj ten pdrty‘s `bdhcs lr mnjnisns,
 ourhsmh`thli dim teny d`thvnby pdrth`hpdtn, il innm tl snrvn
  ten rnbhnj  prdynm
  prdynm jlr dim ten
succlis.
  mdtn
 mdtn lj
 lj ten pbndmhif.

Pdbuml v. QIK
d.  Qdrdfrdpes 
Qdrdfrdpes ‐ ]en dbbnfdthlis hi ten klmy lj d pbndmhif
Qdrtinrsehp eds d snpdrdtn ourhmh`db pnrslidbhty weh`e `di kn
sedbb kn mhvhmnm hitl pdrdfrdpes sl iucknrnm   tl kn
hcpbndmnm uimnr Pn`thli 4;. Hj ylu ilth`n, ten prl`nss enrn hs
rndmhby hmnithjhnm, nd`e lj weh`e sedbb `litdhi d
mhjjnrnit. ]ehs prl`nss hs d`tudbby clrn hi ten `lislidi`n lj ten
[^BN :-;4 DP DCNIMNM | PX ;148-;1;1
CHGNB ELJHBNÔD MNBFDML PQN@HDB @LI][HK^]L[? DZ DK[DPDBML
 

@HZHB Q[L@NM^[N | D]]X. CNBHPPD [LCDID Q. P^D[N_ 5 

stdtncnit lj d shifbn snt lj `hr`ucstdi`ns sl jdr ds tedt lrmhidry `hr`ucstdi`ns (`lishmnrhif tedt Gdbhifl's mnjdubt uimnr
`di kn mlin whte `livnihni`n. D pdrdfrdpe cdy kn ehs `litrd`t whte QI@@ hs ilw knylim mhsputn), ht `diilt kn
pbndmhifs. 
rnjnrrnm tl ky hts iucknr hi dbb su``nnmhif pbndmhifs.  mnihnm tedt ten klim `litdhis d wrhttni `bdhc prlvhshli, dim
`lcpbhdi`n whte ht hs nssnithdb jlr ten d``rudb lj Q@H@‘s bhdkhbhty
k.  Endmhifs ‐  Veni twl lr clrn `dusns lj d`thli drn dim QI@@‘s rhfet tl `lbbn`t uimnr ten klim
klim..
 olhinm, ten stdtncnit lj ten jhrst sedbb kn prnjd`nm ky
ten wlrms ‒jhrst `dusn lj d`thli,– lj ten sn`lim ky Ds dbrndmy mhs`ussnm, tehs prlvhshli hs ten bdw kntwnni ten
ltenrs. 
‒sn`lim `dusn lj d`thli–, dim sl li jlr ltenrs.  pdrthns li ten cdttnr lj bhdkhbhty dim `lbbn`thli uimnr ten klim.
Gilwhif jubby wnbb tedt Q@H@ Klim hs d cdttnr lj rn`lrm, muby

Veni
lin ljlin lr clrn
snvnrdb pdrdfrdpes
`dusns lj d`thli hi
hi ten
ten diswnr drn dmmrnssnm
`lcpbdhit, tl
teny sedbb kn prlvni
dppnbbdtndim sus`npthkbn
`lurts lj ten ten
cust rnspn`t `lurt‘s s`ruthiy,
tnrcs lj tentenklim
trhdb dim
dim
prnjd`nm ky ten wlrms ‒diswnr tl ten jhrst `dusn lj d`thli– lr `diilt oust mhsrnfdrm hts tnrcs dim `limhthlis hi
`limhthlis  hi ten dksni`n
‒diswnr tl ten sn`lim `dusn lj d`thli– dim sl li7
l i7 dim weni lin lj diy selwhif tedt teny drn `litrdry tl bdw, clrdbs, fllm
lr clrn pdrdfrdpes lj ten diswnr drn dmmrnssnm tl snvnrdb `ustlcs, pukbh` lrmnr, lr pukbh` plbh`y.
`dusns lj d`thli, teny sedbb kn prnjd`nm ky ten wlrms tl tedt
njjn`t. Jlr hts jdhburn tl jhbn d wrhttni `bdhc whte Q@H@ whtehi 4> mdys jrlc
ten klim‘s nxphry mdtn, QI@@ `bndrby wdhvnm hts rhfet tl `lbbn`t
`.  [nbhnj  ‐ ]en pbndmhif sedbb spn`hjy ten rnbhnj slufet , kut uimnr Q@H@ Klim. ]edt, whtthifby lr uiwhtthifby, QI@@ mhm ilt
ht cdy dmm d fninrdb prdynr  jlr
  jlr su`e jurtenr lr ltenr `lbbn`t uimnr lin klim hi jdvlr lj `dbbhif li ten ltenr `rndtns
nquhtdkbn.  
rnbhnj ds cdy kn mnncnm oust lr nquhtdkbn.  il ltenr `li`bushli tedi tedt ten rhfet tl `lbbn`t uimnr ten
jlrcnr edm knni blst. @lisnqunitby, QI@@‘s `dusn lj d`thli whte
m.  Mdtn
Mdtn  ‐ Nvnry pbndmhif sedbb kn mdtnm. (=) 
(=)   rnspn`t tl Q@H@ Klim `diilt ourhmh`dbby nxhst dim il rnbhnj
tenrnjlrn cdy kn vdbhmby fhvni. Eni`n, ten @D hivdbhmby rnimnrnm
r nimnrnm
IL]N? Nvnrytehif eds tl kn spn`hjhnm.  oumfcnit whte rnspn`t tl Q@H@ Klim, dim hts dwdrm kdsnm li ttehs
ehs
NU?
NU? Mhschsshif vd`dtn.  
 Mhschsshif ten `lcpbdhit, lrmnrhif mnjnimdit tl vd`dtn.  klim cust kn mnbntnm.

Hs ten prdynr lr rnbhnj d pdrt lj ten d`thli< 

d`thli<   Pn`thli 0
Il, kut ht cdy himh`dtn wedt hs ten idturn lj ten `dusn lj d`thli. Phfidturn dim Dmmrnss
d.  Nvnry pbndmhif dim ltenr wrhttni sukchsshlis tl tedt
Hcplrtdi`n lj ten Qrdynr? ]edt
Qrdynr? ]edt hs wedt ten `bnrg lj `lurt whbb `lurt cust kn shfinm ky ten pdrty lr `luisnb  
bllg dt hi `lcputhif ten ml`gnt jnns.
jnns . Nspn`hdbby hj ten `lcpbdhit enr. 
rnprnsnithif ehc lr enr. 
hs jlr mdcdfns. k.  ]en shfidturn lj `luisnb `listhtutns d `nrthjh`dtn
`nrthjh`dtn   ky
ehc lr enr tedt en lr sen eds rndm ten pbndmhif dim
Q@H@ v. QI@@ (Dppbyhif Pn`thli ;(@), [ubn 6) 
6)   ml`ucnit7 tedt tl ten knst lj ehs lr enr gilwbnmfn,
]en juimdcnitdb rubn hs tedt rnbhnjs frditnm d bhthfdit drn bhchtnm hijlrcdthli, dim knbhnj, jlrcnm djtnr di hiquhry
tl telsn spn`hjh`dbby prdynm jlr hi ten `lcpbdhit.7 ltenr rnbhnjs `hr`ucstdi`ns?  
rndslidkbn uimnr ten `hr`ucstdi`ns? 
prdynm jlr cdy kn frditnm liby weni rnbdtnm tl ten spn`hjh` 4)  Ht hs ilt knhif prnsnitnm jlr diy hcprlpnr
prdynr(s) hi ten pbndmhifs dim supplrtnm ky ten nvhmni`n li purplsn,, su`e ds tl edrdss, `dusn
purplsn
rn`lrm. uiin`nssdry mnbdy, lr innmbnssby hi`rndsn `lst
bhthfdthli7  
lj bhthfdthli7 
Pn`thli ;(6), [ubn 6 lj ten [ubns lj @lurt prlvhmns tedt d pbndmhif ;)  ]en `bdhcs, mnjnisns, dim ltenr bnfdb
sedbb spn`hjy ten rnbhnj slufet, kut cdy dmm d fninrdb prdynr jlr `litnithlis drn wdrrditnm
wdrrditnm ky  ky nxhsthif bdw lr
su`e jurtenr lr ltenr rnbhnjs ds cdy kn mnncnm oust dim  ourhsprumni`n, lr lr ky d ili-jrhvlblus
ili-jrhvlblus drfucnit
drfucnit
nquhtdkbn. jlr nxtnimhif, clmhjyhif, lr rnvnrshif nxhsthif
 ourhsprumni`n7  
 ourhsprumni`n7
D fninrdb prdynr jlr "ltenr rnbhnjs oust dim nquhtdkbn" dppndrhif 0)  ]en jd`tudb `litnithlis edvn nvhmnithdry
li d `lcpbdhit lr pbndmhif ilrcdbby nidkbns ten `lurt tl supplrt lr,
supplrt  lr, hj spn`hdbby sl hmnithjhnm,
hm nithjhnm, whbb bhgnby
dwdrm rnbhnjs supplrtnm ky ten `lcpbdhit lr ltenr pbndmhifs
pbndmhifs,, edvn nvhmnithdry supplrt djtnr dvdhbcnit lj
ky ten jd`ts dmchttnm dt ten trhdb, dim ky ten nvhmni`n dmmu`nm ten clmns lj mhs`lvnry uimnr tensn rubns7 dim  dim  
ky ten pdrthns, nvni hj tensn rnbhnjs drn ilt spn`hjh`dbby prdynm jlr =)  ]en mnihdbs lj jd`tudb `litnithlis drn

hi ten `lcpbdhit. Vn `diilt, elwnvnr, frdit QI@@ ten "ltenr wdrrditnm li ten nvhmni`n lr, hj spn`hjh`dbby sl
te n rnspn`t mun
rnbhnj" lj rn`lvnrhif uimnr Q@H@ Klim kn`dusn lj ten hmnithjhnm, drn rndslidkby kdsnm li knbhnj lr d
ten `litrd`tudb sthpubdthlis lj ten pdrthns.
pdrthns. Vehbn ht hs trun tedt hijlrcdthli.  
bd`g lj hijlrcdthli. 
Q@H@‘s bhdkhbhty uimnr Q@H@ Klim wlubm edvn knni `bndr uimnr

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CHGNB ELJHBNÔD MNBFDML PQN@HDB @LI][HK^]L[? DZ DK[DPDBML
 

@HZHB Q[L@NM^[N | D]]X. CNBHPPD [LCDID Q. P^D[N_ 8 

`.  Hj ten `lurt mntnrchins li clthli lr cltu prlprhl dim Htncs ]l Kn Hi`bumnm Dshmn Jrlc Dmmrnss
djtnr ilth`n dim endrhif, tedt tehs rubn eds knni 4.  HKQ lr Bhjn Iucknr 
Iucknr 
vhlbdtnm, ht cdy hcplsn di dpprlprhdtn sdi`thli 
sdi`thli  lr ;.  Q][ Iucknr 
Iucknr 
rnjnr su`e vhlbdthli tl ten prlpnr ljjh`n jlr mhs`hpbhidry 0.  C@BN @lcpbhdi`n Iucknr 
Iucknr 
d`thli li diy dttlriny, bdw jhrc, lr pdrty tedt vhlbdtnm  =.  Jdx/]nbnpelin/@nbbubdr Iucknr WL`t ;116 @hr`ubdrS 
@hr`ubdrS 
vhlbdthli.  
ten rubn, lr hs rnsplishkbn jlr ten vhlbdthli. 
IL]N? Znry hcplrtdit tedt ten dmmrnss hi ten pbndmhif kn ten
IL]N? Znry
Dksnit nx`npthlidb `hr`ucstdi`ns, d bdw jhrc sedbb kn  prnsnit dmmrnss
dmmrnss lj `luisnb!  
 lj ten `luisnb! 
enbm olhitby dim snvnrdbby bhdkbn 
bhdkbn  jlr d vhlbdthli

`lcchttnm ky hts pdrtinr, dssl`hdtn lr ncpblynn. Pn`thli =

Znrhjh`dthli
]en sdi`thli cdy hi`bumn, kut sedbb ilt kn bhchtnm tl? Nx`npt weni ltenrwhsn spn`hjh`dbby rnquhrnm ky bdw lr rubn,
  ili-clintd
 ili-clintdry ry m
mhrn`thvn
hrn`thvn lr sdi`thli7 pbndmhifs innm ilt kn uimnr ldte lr vnrhjhnm .
  di lrmnr tl pdy d pnidbty hi `lurt lr


  hj hcplsnm li clthli dim wdrrditnm jlr

 D pbndmhif hs vnrhjhnm ky di djjhmdvht  lj
 lj di djjhdit muby dutelrhznm
njjn`thvn mntnrrni`n, di lrmnr mhrn`thif tl shfi sdhm vnrhjh`dthli.
vnrhjh`dthli. ]en dutelrhzdthli lj ten djjhdit tl d`t li
pdycnit tl ten clvdit lj pdrt lr dbb lj ten knedbj lj d pdrty, wentenr hi ten jlrc lj d sn`rntdry‘s `nrthjh`dtn
rndslidkbn dttlriny‘s jnns dim ltenr nxpnisns lr d spn`hdb plwnr lj dttlriny, selubm kn dttd`enm dttd`enm   tl ten
mhrn`tby rnsubthif jrlc ten vhlbdthli, hi`bumhif pbndmhif, dim sedbb dbbnfn ten jlbblwhif dttnstdthlis?
dttlriny‘s jnns jlr ten jhbhif lj ten clthli jlr
sdi`thli. (d)  ]en dbbnfdthlis hi ten pbndmhif drn trun dim `lrrn`t  
  ]en bdwynr lr bdw jhrc `diilt pdss li ten
 kdsnm li
clintdry pnidbty tl ten `bhnit . (0d) d.  ehs lr enr pnrslidb gilwbnmfn,
gilwbnmfn, lr
k.  kdsnm li dutenith` ml`ucnits7
ml`ucnits7
Vel hs dutelrhznm tl shfi ten pbndmhif< 
pbndmhif<   (k)  ]en pbndmhif hs ilt jhbnm tl
Nhtenr ten `luisnb lr ten pdrthns. Veni ylu kn`lcn bdwynrs, kn d.  edrdss,
`drnjubn weni ylu shfi d pbndmhif kn`dusn lj Pn`thli 0. k.  `dusn uiin`nssdry mnbdy, lr
`.  innmbnssby hi`rndsn ten `lst lj bhthfdthli7 dim
Hi ten lbm rubn, tenrn hs fllm frluim tl supplrt dim ht hs ilt (`)  ]en jd`tudb dbbnfdthlis tenrnhi edvn nvhmnithdry supplrt
hitnrplsnm jlr mnbdy. Kut uimnr ten inw rubn, sl ten tehrm lin ‐   lr, hj spn`hjh`dbby sl hmnithjhnm, whbb bhgnwhsn edvn
tedt rnjnrs tl ten `lcpbdhit. Vedt hs hi ten `lcpbdhit cust kn nvhmnithdry supplrt djtnr d rndslidkbn lpplrtuihty jlr
sukstdithdtnm. Xlu edvn tl prnsnit prllj bdtnr. Jlurte lin, hj ylu mhs`lvnry.
jhbn di diswnr, ylu drn `nrthjyhif wedtnvnr mnjnisns tenrn ylu
`di prlvn tedt dbsl. d  `nrthjh`dthli
]en shfidturn lj ten djjhdit sedbb jurtenr snrvn ds d `nrthjh`dthli
lj ten trutejubinss lj ten dbbnfdthlis hi ten pbndmhif.
Hj ten bdwynr shfis d pbndmhif, ht hs hcpbhnm tedt wedtnvnr
mnjnisns drn trun. Pl knttnr hj liby ten pdrthns whbb shfi. D pbndmhif rnquhrnm tl kn vnrhjhnm tedt `litdhis d vnrhjh`dthli
kdsnm li?
^ishfinm Qbndmhif 4.  ‒hijlrcdthli dim knbhnj,– lr
F[? Ht
F[? Ht prlmu`ns il bnfdb njjn`t. ;.  upli ‒gilwbnmfn, hijlrcdthli dim knbhnj,– lr
UQI? ]en
UQI?  ]en `lurt cdy, hi hts mhs`rnthli, dbblw su`e mnjh`hn i`y tl kn 0.  bd`gs d prlpnr vnrhjh`dthli, sedbb kn trndtnm ds di
rncnmhnm  hj
 hj ht sedbb dppndr tedt ten sdcn wds mun tl? uishfinm pbndmhif.
pbndmhif. (=d)
   cnrn hidmvnrtni`n dim
   ilt hitnimnm jlr mnbdy. Ml pbndmhifs edvn tl kn vnrhjhnm<
Il, uibnss spn`hjh`dbby rnquhrnm ky bdw lr rubn.
Veni whbb ten `luisnb kn sukon`t tl dpprlprhdtn mhs`hpbhidry
d`thli< Znrhjhnm Qbndmhif
4.  Veni en mnbhknrdtnby jhbns di uishfinm pbndmhif7
pbndmhif7 lr ]enrn hs di djjhmdvht dttd`enm tl ten pbndmhif wenrnhi ten djjhdit
;.  shfis d pbndmhif
d pbndmhif hi vhlbdthli lj
vhlbdthli lj tehs [ubn7 lr tnsthjhns tedt?
0.  dbbnfns s`dimdblus lr himn`nit cdttnr  tenrnhi7
 tenrnhi7 lr 4.  en eds rndm ten pbndmhif7

 =.  jdhbs prlcptby tl rnplrt tl ten `lurt d `edifn lj ehs ;.  ten dbbnfdthlis tenrnhi drn trun dim `lrrn`t7
dmmrnss d.  lj ehs pnrslidb gilwbnmfn7 lr
k.  kdsnm li dutenith` rn`lrms

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CHGNB ELJHBNÔD MNBFDML PQN@HDB @LI][HK^]L[? DZ DK[DPDBML
 

@HZHB Q[L@NM^[N | D]]X. CNBHPPD [LCDID Q. P^D[N_ 41 

Vel hs ten djjhdit hi ten vnrhjhnm pbndmhif< `dsn whtelut prnoumh`n,
prnoumh`n, uibnss ltenrwhsn prlvhmnm, upli
Ht hs ten pdrty. Hj ten pbndmhif `di kn shfinm ky ten bdwynr lr ten clthli dim djtnr endrhif.
pdrty, ten vnrhjh`dthli `di liby kn shfinm ky ten pdrty . @di ht kn
shfinm ky ten bdwynr< ]en fninrdb rubn hs il, hi ltenr wlrms, tehs ]en sukchsshli lj d jdbsn `nrthjh`dthli lr
`nrthjh`dthli lr ili-`lcpbhdi`n whte
hs ten shfidturn lj ten lin wel jhbnm ten `dsn. diy lj ten uimnrtdghifs tenrnhi sedbb `listhtutn himhrn`t
`litncpt   lj `lurt, whtelut prnoumh`n tl ten `lrrnsplimhif
`litncpt
Ptdrthif Cdy lj ;1;1, ten vnrhjh`dthli cust hi`bumn ltenrs? dmchihstrdthvn dim `rhchidb d`thlis.
d`thlis.
4.  Qnrslidb gilwbnmfn lr
;.  Dutenith` rn`lrms. Hj ten d`ts lj ten pdrty lr ehs lr enr `luisnb `bndrby `listhtutn

whbbjub dim mnbhknrdtn jlruc selpphif,

selpphif , ten sdcn sedbb kn
Hj ht mlns ilt edvn tl kn vnrhjhnm, ml ilt vnrhjy.
vnrh jy. Xlu liby vnrhjy hj frluim jlr succdry mhschssdb whte prnoumh`n 
prnoumh`n  dim sedbb
rnquhrnm ky ten bdw lr rubns. Pupplsnm d pbndmhif mlns ilt innm `listhtutn mhrn`t `litncpt,
`litncpt, ds wnbb ds d `dusn jlr dmchihstrdthvn
vnrhjh`dthli kut hs vnrhjhnm< Vedt hs ten njjn`t< Iltehif, ht hs cnrn sdi`thlis. (>d)
surpbusdfn.
IL]N? @IJP `di kn pdrt lj ten `lcpbdhit lr snpdrdtnby dttd`enm
@eud v. ]lrrns tl ten `lcpbdhit. [nquhrncnit jlr hihthdtlry pbndmhif. Vedt
Chsolhinm pdrthns ‐ il innm jlr tenhr shfidturn. dklut diswnr< Mlns ilt innm @IJP.

@bdvn`hbbd v. Pplusns Tuhtdhi @nrthjh`dtn lj Ili-Jlruc Pelpphif

]enrn hs tehs plsshkhbhty tedt slcn bdwynr wlubm oust jhbn di d`thli
hi ten idcn lj d pnrsli. Pl, bdwynr eds dbrndmy shfi ten pbndmhif,
ht hs d`tudbby ten purplsn hi weh`e ten pdrty `nrthjhns ten d`thli
tedt en eds rndm ht.
Jnridiml Fl v. @D
Veni ht `lcns tl tehs ghim lj tn`eih`dbhty, ten P@ hs strh`t. ]en
@luisnb mhm ilt gilw tedt tenrn
tenr n wds dcnimcnit.
Hj H dc ten pbdhithjj, H dc `nrthjyhif tedt H dc ilt jhbhif diltenr
`lurt. Vel cust shfi ten @IJP< ]en pdrty pdrty.. Dbb lj ten pdrthns
cust shfi dim cust kn iltdrhznm.
Dcnimcnit
]en dutelrhzdthli lj ten djjhdit tl d`t li knedbj lj d pdrty,
wentenr hi ten jlrc lj d sn`rntdry‘s `nrthj h`dtn
h`dtn lr d spn`hdb plwnr
lj dttlriny, selubm kn dttd`enm tl ten pbndmhif.

Pn`thli > IL]N? Hj d pdrty hs dbblwnm,

IL]N? Hj dbblwnm , tenrn cust kn di dutelrhty dim cust
@nrthjh`dthli Dfdhist Jlruc Pelpphif kn dttd`enm. Ilt tl jlbblw, ht cust kn dttd`enm!
]en pbdhithjj lr prhi`hpdb pdrty sedbb `nrthjy uimnr ldte hi ten
`lcpbdhit lr ltenr hihthdtlry pbndmhif dssnrthif
pbndmhif dssnrthif d `bdhc jlr rnbhnj, Mnjn`thvn @IJP lr Bd`g lj @IJP
lr hi d swlri `nrthjh`dthli diinxnm
`nrthjh`dthli diinxnm tenrntl dim shcubtdinlusby 4.  Ilt kn `urdkbn ky cnrn dcnimcnit lj ten `lcpbdhit
jhbnm tenrnwhte? lr ltenr hihthdtlry pbndmhif
(d)  tedt en lr sen eds ilt ilt   tenrntljlrn `lccni`nm diy ;.  Pedbb kn sukon`t jlr ten mhschssdb lj ten `dsn whtelut
d`thli lr jhbnm diy `bdhc hivlbvhif ten sdcn hssuns  hssuns  hi prnoumh`n Wpdy ten ml`gnt jnns dfdhiS, uibnss ltenrwhsn
diy `lurt, trhkuidb lr qudsh-oumh`hdb dfni`y dim, tl ten prlvhmnm upli clthli dim djtnr endrhif.
knst lj ehs lr enr gilwbnmfn,
gilwbnmfn , il su`e ltenr d`thli lr
`bdhc hs pnimhif tenrnhi7 Jdbsn @IJP lr Jdhbs ]l @lcpby Vhte ^imnrtdghifs ]enrnhi
(k)  hj tenrn hs su`e ltenr pnimhif d`thli lr `bdhc, d 4.  @listhtutn himhrn`t `litncpt lj `lurt,
`lcpbntn stdtncnit lj ten prnsnit stdtus tenrnlj7
stdtus tenrnlj7 dim ;.  Vhtelut prnoumh`n tl ten `lrrnsplimhif dmchihstrdthvn
(`)  hj en lr sen selubm tenrndjtnr bndri tedt ten sdcn lr dim `rhchidb d`thlis
shchbdr d`thli lr `bdhc eds knni jhbnm lr hs pnimhif, en
lr sen sedbb rnplrt
rnplrt tedt
 tedt jd`t whtehi jhvn (>) `dbnimdr mdys Vhbbjub dim Mnbhknrdtn Jlruc Pelpphif
tenrnjrlc tl ten `lurt wenrnhi ehs lr enr djlrnsdhm 4.  Puccdry mhschssdb whte prnoumh`n 
prnoumh`n 
`lcpbdhit lr hihthdtlry pbndmhif eds knni jhbnm. ;.  Mhrn`t `litncpt 
`litncpt 
0.  @dusn jlr dmchihstrdthvn sdi`thlis 
sdi`thlis 
]en dutelrhzdthli lj ten djjhdit tl d`t li knedbj lj d pdrty,
wentenr hi ten jlrc lj d sn`rntdry‘s `nrthjh`dtn lr
l r d spn`hdb plwnr
lj dttlriny , selubm kn dttd`enm tl ten pbndmhif.

sedbb  ilt kn
Jdhburn tl `lcpby whte ten jlrnflhif rnquhrncnits sedbb ilt
`urdkbn ky cnrn dcnimcnit lj ten `lcpbdhit lr ltenr
hihthdtlry pbndmhif kut sedbb kn `dusn jlr ten mhschssdb lj
mhschssdb  lj ten

[^BN :-;4 DP DCNIMNM | PX ;148-;1;1

CHGNB ELJHBNÔD MNBFDML PQN@HDB @LI][HK^]L[? DZ DK[DPDBML
 

@HZHB Q[L@NM^[N | D]]X. CNBHPPD [LCDID Q. P^D[N_ 44 

Bd`g lj Jdbsn D`t lj Jlruc Drquhzd v. @D
@nrthjh`dthli @nrthjh`dthli Pelpphif Vrht lj plssnsshli. ]ehs lin hs ilt d pnththli ilr d `dsn kut liby
Ilt kn `urdkbn ky himhrn`t `litncpt ]en sdcn sedbb kn tl lrmnr ten clrtfdflr tl bndvn. Hs tehs slcntehif
s lcntehif tedt rnquhrns
cnrn dcnimcnit lj lj `lurt, whtelut frluim jlr @IJP< Hs tehs di hihthdtlry pbndmhif< IL! Il innm jlr @IJP.
ten `lcpbdhit lr prnoumh`n tl ten succdry mhschssdb
ltenr hihthdtlry `lrrnsplimhif whte prnoumh`n dim
prnoumh`n dim
pbndmhif. dmchihstrdthvn dim sedbb `listhtutn Ndstbdim v. Clrtnb
`rhchidb d`thlis. mhrn`t `litncpt ds Vn edvn ten dppbh`dthli lj ten rubn. Il @IJP dttd`enm. Nvni
@dusn jlr ten wnbb ds d `dusn jlr tenrn wds suksnqunit sukchsshli ten P@ sdhm ht mhm ilt `urn ten
mhschssdb lj ten `dsn dmchihstrdthvn
mnjn`t.
whtelut prnoumh`n, sdi`thlis.
uibnss ltenrwhsn
prlvhmnm, upli ]lrrns v. Ppn`hdbhznm
clthli dim djtnr ]en prlkbnc hs ilt ten bd`g lj vnrhjh`dthli, kut ten dmnqud`y lj
endrhif. lin nxn`utnm ky liby twl lj ten ;> prhi`hpdb pbdhithjjs.

^y v. Bdim Kdig
Hi slcn `dsns, telufe, tehs @lurt mnncnm ten knbdtnm jhbhif lj
ten `nrthjh`dthli ds sukstdithdb `lcpbhdi`n whte ten rnquhrncnit.
Hi Blylbd vs. @lurt lj Dppndbs,
Dppndbs , ten @lurt enbm tedt ten jhbhif lj
ten `nrthjh`dthli, d mdy djtnr ten jhbhif lj di nbn`thli prltnst dim
wehbn whtehi ten rnfbncnitdry pnrhlm, `listhtutnm sukstdithdb
`lcpbhdi`n.
Hi Gdvhitd vs. @dsthbbl, Or .,., ten @lurt dbblwnm ten sukchsshli lj
ten `nrthjh`dthli djtnr ten jhbhif lj ten pnththli shi`n
Dmchihstrdthvn @hr`ubdr 1=-8= wds teni hi njjn`t jlr liby d bhttbn
lvnr d clite weni ten `lcpbdhit wds jhbnm. "]en prlxhchty teni
lj ten jhbhif lj ten `lcpbdhit tl ten mdtn lj ten njjn`thvhty lj ten
@hr`ubdr cdy kn pbndmnm ds d ousthjhdkbn `hr`ucstdi`n, dim ten
knbdtnm jhbhif lj ten `nrthjh`dthli rnquhrnm tenrnuimnr cdy kn
mnncnm d sukstdithdb `lcpbhdi`n tenrnwhte." ]en rubhif,
elwnvnr, wds nxprnssby prl ed` vh`n.
]en dmchsshli lj ten pnththli djtnr ten knbdtnm jhbhif lj ten
`nrthjh`dthli, tenrnjlrn, hs ilt uiprn`nmnitnm. Hi telsn `dsns
wenrn ten @lurt nx`usnm ili-`lcpbhdi`n whte ten
rnquhrncnits, tenrn wnrn spn`hdb `hr`ucstdi`ns lr `lcpnbbhif
rndslis   cdghif ten strh`t dppbh`dthli lj ten rubn `bndrby
rndslis
uiousthjhnm. Hi ten `dsn dt kdr, ten dppdrnit cnrhts lj ten
sukstdithvn dspn`ts lj ten `dsn selubm kn mnncnm ds d "spn`hdb
`hr`ucstdi`n" lr "`lcpnbbhif rndsli" jlr ten rnhistdtncnit lj
ten pnththli. ]edt `luisnb jlr pnththlinr jhbnm ten
"vnrhjh`dthli/`nrthjh`dthli" knjlrn rn`nhpt jlr ten rnslbuthli
hihthdbby mniyhif ten pnththli dbsl chthfdtns ten lvnrshfet.
lvnr shfet.
Hi diy nvnit, tehs @lurt eds ten plwnr tl suspnim hts lwi rubns
weni, ds hi tehs `dsn, ten nims lj ousth`n wlubm
w lubm kn snrvnm tenrnky.
Qli`hdil v. Oumfn Qdrditnbd
  Qnrchsshvn @luitnr`bdhc ‐  Hihthdtlry Qbndmhif weh`e
@IJP 
rnquhrns @IJP  rubn rnquhrhif ten sukchsshli lj su`e `nrthjh`dthli `lishmnrhif
 
@lcpubslry @luitnr`bdhc ‐ @liin`tnm tl ten cdhi
d`thli tenrnjlrn ilt hihthdtlry. Il innm tl pdy ml`gnt
jnns dim mlns ilt innm tl dttd`e @IJP.
]ehs hs mnjn`thvn kn`dusn ilt dbb prhi`hpdb pdrthns shfinm. ]en
rnquhrncnit hs nvnrylin selubm shfi ten pbndmhif. Enrn wn edvn
ncpblynns jhbnm d bdklr `dsn dfdhist IB[@ ‐  wnit tl @D.
d``lrmhif tl P@, tenrn wnrn  ousthjhdkbn rndslis ds
rndslis  ds tl wey twl
lj liby ;> prhi`hpdbs liby shfinm ten pbndmhifs.
Dbtrns v. Ncpbnl
F[? @IJP
F[?  @IJP cust kn shfinm ky dbb ten pbdhithjjs
UQI? Pukstdithdb `lcpbhdi`n lr tenrn drn `lcpnbbhif rndslis
Pelwhif lj rndslidkbn lr ousthjhdkbn `dusn jlr ten jdhburn tl
pnrslidbby shfi ten `nrthjh`dthli dim su`e tedt ten lutrhfet
mhschssdb wlubm mnjndt ten dmchihstrdthli lj ousth`n. @drphl sdhm,
wey mhschss ten nithrn `dsn hj liby 44 lut lj >8 shfinm< Oust mrlp
tenc hj teny drn il blifnr hitnrnstnm!
Dtty. Kduthstd v. Oumfn @dusdphi 
@dusdphi  
@di ten @D lr P@ cltu prlprhl mhschss<  Xns.
 Xns. Li dppndb, pnththli
jlr rnvhnw, pnththli, ilt ilth`n lj dppndb, ten jhrst tehif tedt d
`lurt whbb ml hs jhim d frluim jlr mhschssdb.
Cnmdml v. Enhrs lj @lishif
]en fninrdb rubn hs tedt ten @IJP cust kn shfinm ky dbb ten
pbdhithjjs hi d `dsn dim ten shfidturn lj liby lin lj tenc hs
hisujjh`hnit. Elwnvnr, ten @lurt eds dbsl strnssnm tedt ten rubns
li jlruc selpphif wnrn mnshfinm
m nshfinm tl prlcltn dim jd`hbhtdtn ten
lrmnrby dmchihstrdthli lj ousth`n dim teus selubm ilt kn
hitnrprntnm whte su`e dkslbutn bhtnrdbinss ds tl sukvnrt hts lwi
ubthcdtn dim bnfhthcdtn lkon`thvn. ]en rubn lj sukstdithdb
`lcpbhdi`n cdy kn dvdhbnm lj whtew hte rnspn`t tl ten `litnits lj ten
`nrthjh`dthli. ]ehs hs kn`dusn ten rnquhrncnit lj strh`t `lcpbhdi`n
whte ten prlvhshlis rnfdrmhif ten @IJP cnrnby uimnrs`lrns hts
cdimdtlry idturn hi tedt ten `nrthjh`dthli `diilt kn dbtlfntenr
mhspnisnm whte lr hts rnquhrncnits `lcpbntnby mhsrnfdrmnm.
]eus, uimnr ousthjhdkbn `hr`ucstdi`ns, ten @lurt eds rnbdxnm ten
tedt dbtelufe ht hs lkbhfdtlry, ht hs ilt ourhsmh`thlidb.
ourhsmh`thlidb .

[^BN :-;4 DP DCNIMNM | PX ;148-;1;1

CHGNB ELJHBNÔD MNBFDML PQN@HDB @LI][HK^]L[? DZ DK[DPDBML

@HZHB Q[L@NM^[N | D]]X. CNBHPPD [LCDID Q. P^D[N_
^y v. @D
D @IJP hs liby rnquhrnm hi ten hihthdtlry pbndmhif. Hj ylu dcnim
 ylur `lcpbdhit dfdhist ten sdcn pdrty, tedt‘s ilt ten hihthdtlry
 pbndmhif diyclrn.
KD Pdvhifs Kdig v. [lfnr Phd
@hr`ubdr mlns ilt dppby tl ourhmh`db pnrslis kut liby tl idturdb
pnrslis. [ncncknr hj ten pdrty hs ten idturdb pnrsli, ten `luisnb
`diilt shfi ten @IJP uibnss tenrn drn `lcpnbbhif lr ousthjyhif
`hr`ucstdi`n.
Hj `lrplrdthli, wel `di shfi<
]en pnrsli dutelrhznm ky ten Kldrm [nslbuthli. Hj ten pnrsli
dutelrhznm ky ten K[ hs ten bdwynr, teni tedt hs jhin. Hi tehs `dsn,
wedt wds dttd`enm hs ten Kldrm [nslbuthli dutelrhzhif tedt
`luisnb tl shfi.
^imnr tehs dcnimcnit (;1;1), ht selubm edvn knni dttd`enm.
[npukbh` v. @ldbkrhin
]en bd`g lj @IJ Phs fninrdbby ilt `urdkbn ky cnrn dcnimcnit
lj ten `lcpbdhit, kut sedbb kn d `dusn jlr ten mhschssdb lj ten
`dsn whtelut prnoumh`n. ]en sdcn rubn dppbhns tl `nrthjh`dthlis
dfdhist ili-jlruc selpphif shfinm ky d pnrsli li knedbj lj d
`lrplrdthli weh`e drn uid``lcpdihnm ky prllj tedt sdhm
shfidtlry hs dutelrhznm tl jhbn ten `lcpbdhit li knedbj lj ten
`lrplrdthli.
Hi Qehbhpphin Dhrbhins, Hi`. v. Jbhfet Dttnimdits dim Ptnwdrms
 Dssl`hdthli lj ten Qehbhpphins
Qehbhpphins,, ten Puprncn @lurt rubnm tedt liby
himhvhmudbs vnstnm whte dutelrhty ky d vdbhm kldrm rnslbuthli 
rnslbuthli  Pn`thli :
cdy shfi ten `nrthjh`dtn lj ili-jlruc selpphif li knedbj lj d
`lrplrdthli. Ht dbsl rnquhrnm tedt prllj lj su`e dutelrhty cust
kn dttd`enm
dttd`enm.. Jdhburn tl prlvhmn d `nrthjh`dtn lj ili-jlruc
selpphif hs sujjh`hnit frluim tl mhschss ten pnththli. Bhgnwhsn,
ten pnththli hs sukon`t tl mhschssdb hj d `nrthjh`dthli wds sukchttnm
uid``lcpdihnm
uid``lcpdi hnm ky prllj lj shfidtlry‘s dutelrhty.
dutelrhty.   pdrty‘s `bdhc lr mnjnisn7
Hi tehs `dsn, ten Puprncn @lurt rubnm tedt ten `nrthjh`dthli shfinm
ky Inrh hs mnjn`thvn.
mn jn`thvn. ]en dutel
dutelrhty
rhty lj Inrh tl jhbn ten `lcpbdhit hi
ten []@ edm ilt knni prlvni.
Jhrst, ten @IJP mhm ilt nvni `litdhi d stdtncnit tedt sen wds
dutelrhznm ky ten `lrplrdtn sn`rntdry tl jhbn ten `dsn li knedbj
lj @ldbkrhin ds sen `bdhcnm.
Pn`lim dim clrn hcplrtditby, wehbn sen tnsthjhnm tedt sen wds
dutelrhznm ky ten `lrplrdtn sn`rntdry, tenrn wds il selwhif
tedt tenrn wds d vdbhm kldrm rnslbuthli dutelrhzhif ten `lrplrdtn
sn`rntdry tl jhbn ten d`thli, dim tl dutelrhzn Inrh tl jhbn ten
d`thli. Hi jd`t, su`e prllj lj dutelrhty edm ilt knni sukchttnm
nvni knbdtnmby tl selw suksnqunit `lcpbhdi`n.
CHGNB ELJHBNÔD MNBFDML
4; 
Jlitdid v. Zugdshilvh`
[ubn 6, Pn`thli > lj ten [ubns lj @lurt cdimdtns tedt d whbbjub
dim mnbhknrdtn jlruc selpphif sedbb kn d frluim jlr succdry
mhschssdb lj d `dsn whte prnoumh`n.
Qdbdl v. Jblrnithil
[ubhif? Veni ht `lcns
`lcns tl dmchihstrdthvn klmhns,
klmhns, ht mnpnims l li
i
tenhr rubns lr spn`hdb bdws. IB[@ bdklr bdws, vnry strh`t. HQ rubns,
ilt sl strh`t. Dbblws ten pdrthns tl `lcpby. Nvni telufe ten K[
mdtnm djtnr ten jhbhif lj ten dppndb ‐  `lishmnrnm sukstdithdb
`lcpbhdi`n.
Pl`hntn mns Qrlmuhts, Instbn v. Qurnflbm
Dutelrhty lj @nbhin Olrfn tl shfi ten plwnr lj dttlriny wds ilt
d``lcpdihnm ky d kldrm rnslbuthli lr sn`rntdry‘s `nrthjh`dtn
frdithif enr su`e dutelrhty.
Nsphilsd v. @D
Cnrnby himhrn`t `litncpt kut sukon`t tl pnroury, ylu drn stdthif
slcntehif tedt hs jdbsn. Kut ten d`t lj mnbhknrdtn dim whbbjub
jlruc selpphif eds ten pnidbty lj mhrn`t `litncpt dim
succdry mhschssdb.
Knrids v. Nstdtn lj Xu Edi Edt
Plcnthcns tenrn hs JP kut il @IJP ‐  tenrn hs ilt jdbsn oust
mnbhknrdtn dim whbbjub jlruc selpphif. Vedt hs ten njjn`t lj
mnbhknrdtn dim whbbjub jlruc selpphif ‐ mhschssdb lj klte `dsns.
`dsns.
IL]N? Bhths Qnimnithd ‐ lin `dsn whbb kn mhschssnm.
m hschssnm.
@litnits
Nvnry pbndmhif stdthif d pdrty‘s `bdhcs lr mnjnisns sedbb, hi
dmmhthli tl telsn cdimdtnm ky Pn`thli ;, [ubn 6, stdtn ten
jlbblwhif?
(d)  Idcns
Idcns lj
 lj whtinssns wel whbb kn prnsnitnm tl prlvn d
 
mnjnisn7 
(k)  Puccdry   lj ten whtinssns‘ hitnimnm tnsthclihns,
prlvhmnm tedt ten  oumh`hdb djjhmdvhts 
djjhmdvhts  lj sdhm whtinssns
sedbb kn dttd`enm tl ten pbndmhif dim jlrc di hitnfrdb
pdrt tenrnlj. Liby whtinssns welsn oumh`hdb djjhmdvhts drn
dttd`enm tl ten pbndmhif sedbb kn prnsnitnm ky ten
 pdrthns murhif trhdb.
trhdb. Nx`npt hj d pdrty prnsnits
cnrhtlrhlus rndslis ds kdshs jlr ten dmchsshli lj
dmmhthlidb whtinssns, il ltenr whtinss lr djjhmdvht sedbb
kn endrm lr dmchttnm ky ten `lurt7 dim
(`)  Ml`ucnitdry dim lkon`t nvhmni`n 
nvhmni`n  hi supplrt lj ten
dbbnfdthlis `litdhinm hi ten pbndmhif. (i)
IL]N? ^imnr Pn`thli 4 lj [ubn :, ht sdys tedt `lcpbdhit sedbb liby
`litdhi ubthcdtn jd`ts. Kut tehs inw hs sdyhif tedt  ylu edvn tl
hi`bumn nvnrytehif hi ylur pbndmhif!
pbndmhif !
[^BN :-;4 DP DCNIMNM | PX ;148-;1;1
PQN@HDB @LI][HK^]L[? DZ DK[DPDBML
 

@HZHB Q[L@NM^[N | D]]X. CNBHPPD [LCDID Q. P^D[N_ 40 

^imnr 4886 [ubns,
[ubns, ylu mli‘t edvn tl idcn ylur whtinssns hi ten tnrc mlns ilt rnjnr tl mntdhbs lj prlkdthvn cdttnr lr pdrth`ubdrs
`lcpbdhit, tedt whbb kn hi ten prn-trhdb. Kut uimnr ten Inw [ubns lj nvhmni`n weh`e nstdkbhse ten cdtnrhdb nbncnits.
ten whtinssns cust kn idcnm hi ten `lcpbdhit.
Pn`thli ;
Oumh`hdb djjhmdvhts cust ilw kn jhbnm hi ten `lcpbdhit uimnr inw Dbtnridthvn @dusns lj D`thli lr Mnjnisns
rubn. [nclvnm dmmrnss ds pdrt lj ten `litnits. D pdrty cdy snt jlrte twl lr clrn stdtncnits lj d `bdhc lr
mnjnisn dbtnridthvnby lr eypltenth`dbby, nhtenr hi lin `dusn lj
d`thli lr mnjnisn lr hi snpdrdtn `dusns lj d`thli lr mnjnisns.
CDIIN[ LJ CDGHIF
 
[^BN 5  DBBNFD]HLIP HI QBNDMHIFP Veni twl lr clrn stdtncnits drn cdmn hi ten dbtnridthvn dim
lin lj tenc hj cdmn himnpnimnitby wlubm kn sujjh`hnit, ten
pbndmhif hs ilt  cdmn
  cdmn hisujjh`hnit ky ten hisujjh`hni`y lj lin lr
Pn`thli 4
clrn lj ten dbtnridthvn stdtncnits. (;)
Hi Fninrdb
Nvnry pbndmhif sedbb `litdhi hi d cntelmh`db dim blfh`db jlrc, d
IL]N? Hj ylu‘rn ten pbdhithjj dim ylu wdit tl jhbn di d`thli, drn
 pbdhi, `li`hsn dim mhrn`t   stdtncnit lj ten ubthcdtn jd`ts,
ylu liby dbblwnm lin `dusn lj d`thli< Jlr ylur d`thli< Pl
hi`bumhif ten nvhmni`n li
nvhmni`n li weh`e ten pdrty pbndmhif rnbhns jlr
d``lrmhif tl Pn`thli ;, d pdrty cdy snt jlrte twl lr clrn
ehs lr enr `bdhc lr mnjnisn, ds ten `dsn cdy kn.
stdtncnits lj d `bdhc lr mnjnisn dbtnridthvnby lr
eypltenth`dbby,, nhtenr hi lin `dusn lj d`thli lr mnjnisn lr hi
eypltenth`dbby
Hj d `dusn lj d`thli lr mnjnisn rnbhnm li hs kdsnm li bdw, ten
snpdrdtn `dusns lj d`thli lr mnjnisns.
pnrthinit prlvhshlis tenrnlj dim tenhr dppbh`dkhbhty tl ehc lr enr
sedbb kn `bndrby dim `li`hsnby stdtnm. (4d)
Ourhsprumni`n tnbbs ‐  li`n d pnrsli stnps li vneh`bn, dbrndmy
`lishmnrnm pdssnifnr. Mnjnisns drn `lvnrnm. Q jhbns d `lcpbdhit
IL]N?
4.  ^bthcdtn Jd`ts ‐ @dusn lj D`thli dfdhist M `lbbn`thli lj suc lj cliny, d``lrmhif tl Q, M
klrrlwnm cliny jrlc ehc kut mhm ilt pdy. M sdys il H invnr
;.  Diswnr ‐ Mnjnisns
klrrlw cliny jrlc Q (fninrdb mnihdb, ht cust kn d``lcpdihnm
whte rndsli pnrtdhihif tl ehs mnjnisn), H mli‘t gilw ehc.
Il nvhmnithdry jd`ts kut ylu cust dttd`e ten nvhmni`n. Hj ylur
`dusn lj d`thli hs kdsnm li d bdw, ylu edvn tl `htn ten bdw.
D pdrty cdy snt jlrte ; lr clrn stdtncnits lj d `bdhc lr mnjnisn
dbtnridthvnby lr eypltenth`dbby, nhtenr hi?
Vedt Nvnry Qbndmhif Pedbb @litdhi
4.  Lin‘s `dusn lj d`thli lr mnjnisn, lr
4.  D  pbdhi, `li`hsn dim mhrn`t  stdtncnit
  stdtncnit lj ten ubthcdtn
ubthcdtn  
;.  Pnpdrdtn `dusns lj d`thli lr mnjnisns
jd`ts, hi`bumhif ten nvhmni`n
nvhmni`n,, li weh`e ten pdrty
pbndmhif rnbhns jlr ehs `bdhc lr mnjnisn
Veni ; lr clrn stdtncnits drn cdmn hi ten dbtnridthvn dim lin
;.  Hi d cntelmh`db dim blfh`db jlrc
blfh`db jlrc
lj tenc hj cdmn himnpnimnitby wlubm kn sujjh`hnit ‐  ten
0.  Lchtthif
Lchtthif ten
 ten stdtncnit lj cnrn nvhmnithdry jd`ts
pbndmhif hs ilt cdmn hisujjh`hnit ky ten hisujjh`hni`y lj lin lr
=.  Hj d @LD lr mnjnisn rnbhnm hs kdsnm li bdw, ten pnrthinit
clrn lj ten dbtnridthvn stdtncnits.
prlvhshlis tenrnlj dim tenhr dppbh`dkhbhty tl ehc lr enr
sedbb kn `bndrby dim `li`hsnby stdtnm.
Lbhvdrnz v. @dsthbbl
Ventenr ten prdynr jlr rns`hsshli lj `litrd`t dim rnjlrcdthli lj
IL]N?  Hj ylur `dusn lj d`thli hs `ubpd dquhbhdid, tenrn hs il
IL]N? 
ten histrucnit hs hrrn`li`hbdkbn dim selubm tenrnjlrn kn
prnsucpthli lj infbhfni`n. ]en kurmni lj prlvhif ten
mhschssnm< Xns, ht hs hrrn`li`hbdkbn kut ht hs ilt
ilt   d frluim jlr
infbhfni`n lj mnjnimdit bhns li ten pbdhithjj. Xlu selubm gilw
mhschssdb.  
mhschssdb.
weni prnsucpthlis drn prnsnit dim weni teny drn ilt.

[ubn 5, Pn`thli ; prlvhmns tedt d pbdhithjj cdy dbbnfn twl lr clrn

Nvnry mn`hshli cust kn kdsnm li jd`ts dim bdw dim sl selubm ten
`bdhcs hi ten `lcpbdhit, dbtnridthvnby lr eypltenth`dbby, nhtenr hi
pbndmhif. Hj ylu‘rn ten pbdhithjj
pbdhi thjj dim ylu jhbnm, ylu cust edvn d
lin `dusn lj d`thli lr hi snpdrdtn `dusn lj d`thli.
`dusn lj d`thli dim su`e `dusn lj d`thli cust kn kdsnm li bdw.

P@ jurtenr sdhm tedt ht hs ten jhbhif lj twl snpdrdtn `dsns jlr nd`e
^bthcdtn Jd`ts WJd`tuc QrlkdmucS
lj ten `dusns lj d`thli tedt hs prlehkhtnm shi`n ht hs hi vhlbdthli lj
]elsn weh`e drn nssnithdb tl lin‘s `dusn lj d`thli lr mnjnisn.
ten rubn li spbhtthif lj `dusn lj d`thli.
Cdrhn Odl v. @ehid Kdighif
^bthcdtn jd`ts rnjnr tl ten  prhi`hpdb, mntnrchidthvn, `listhtuthvn
`listhtuthvn  
jd`ts upli ten nxhstni`n lj weh`e ten `dusn lj d`thli rnsts. ]en
[^BN :-;4 DP DCNIMNM | PX ;148-;1;1
CHGNB ELJHBNÔD MNBFDML PQN@HDB @LI][HK^]L[? DZ DK[DPDBML
 

@HZHB Q[L@NM^[N | D]]X. CNBHPPD [LCDID Q. P^D[N_ 4= 

Ndfbnrhmfn v. @dcnrli
Ventenr lr ilt Ndfbnrhmfn‘s hivl`dthli lj ten vdbhmhty lj ten mnnm
nvni hj ht wlubm rui `luitnr tl tenhr mnjnisn, lr ten hivdbhmhty lj
ten sdcn, hs prlpnr< Xns.
Xns.   4.  Mnihdb lj ten bnfdb nxhstni`n lj diy pdrty, lr
]en hivl`dthli lj Ndfbnrhmfn, weh`e `htnm ten prlvhshli lj ten
@hvhb @lmn, prnsupplsns tedt ten vdbhmhty lj ten mnnm lj
dsshficnit lr ten trdisjnr lj ten `rnmht, nvni hj ht wlubm rui
`luitnr tl tenhr mnjnisn, lr tl ten hivdbhmhty lj ten mnnm lj
PN@LIM QD[]?
Jd`ts Veh`e Edvn ]l Kn Ppn`hjh`dbby Mnihnm
d.  DK@ @lrp hs ilt rnfhstnrnm `lrplrdthli shi`n
hts rnfhstrdthli eds knni mnihnm.
;.  Qbdhithjj hs ilt lj bnfdb dfn jlr ten rndsli tedt ten
pbdhithjj li ten yndr xxx ds `di kn snni hi ehs khrte

dsshficnit, hs prlpnr dim sdi`thlinm ky [ubn 5, Pn`thli ;. `nrthjh`dtn. Xlu edvn tl fhvn ylur spn`hjh` rndsli lr
frluim.
Hi tehs `dsn, ht hs prlpnr dim dbblwnm ky Pn`thli ; tl edvn twl,
telufe lpplshif, `litnithlis. 0.  Mnihdb lj ten `dpd`hty lj diy pdrty tl sun lr kn sunm hi
d rnprnsnitdthvn `dpd`hty.
Pn`thli 0
@limhthlis Qrn`nmnit Hj ylu wdit tl dttd`g tehs `lrplrdthli, jlr nxdcpbn ten kldrm
Hi diy pbndmhif, d  fninrdb dvnrcnit   lj ten pnrjlrcdi`n lr rnslbuthli wds cdmn djtnr ten jhbhif lj ten `lcpbdhit.
l``urrni`n lj dbb `limhthlis prn`nmnit sedbb kn sujjh`hnit. (0)
Vedt sedbb kn hi`bumnm hi ten spn`hjh` mnihdb<
IL]N? ]enrn drn thcns weni ylu edvn tl fl terlufe `nrtdhi Pupplrthif pdrth`ubdrs ds drn pn`ubhdrby whtehi
whtehi   ten pbndmnr‘s
prl`nss. Bhgn wedt< Kdrdifdy `li`hbhdthli. Nxedusthli lj gilwbnmfn.
Dmchihstrdthvn rncnmy. Hj ylu‘rn terlufe tedt, wedt hs sn`thli 0
sdyhif< Il innm tl sdy jhbnm knjlrn ten HQL nt`. Fninrdb Pn`thli >
dvnrcnit hs nilufe. Jrdum, Chstdgn, @limhthli lj ten Chim
Hi dbb dvnrcnits lj jrdum lr chstdgn, ten `hr`ucstdi`ns
Kut weni ht `lcns tl Kdrdifdy `li`hbhdthli, tenrn cust kn d `listhtuthif jrdum lr chstdgn cust kn stdtnm whte pdrth`ubdrhty.
`nrthjh`dtn lj `li`hbhdthli.
`li`hbhdthli. Kut il innm tl kn dttd`enm . Cdbh`n, hitnit, gilwbnmfn, lr ltenr `limhthli lj ten chim lj d
pnrsli cdy kn dvnrrnm fninrdbby. (>)
Elw tl dbbnfn hi ten pbndmhif tedt ten pnrjlrcdi`n lr
l``urrni`n lj dbb `limhthlis prn`nmnit< Ptdtnm Vhte Qdrth`ubdrhty Dvnrrnm Fninrdbby
D fninrdb dvnrcnit sedbb kn sujjh`hnit.
s ujjh`hnit.   Jrdum    Cdbh`n
  Chstdgn    Hitnit
Pn`thli =    Gilwbnmfn lr Ltenr
@dpd`hty @limhthli lj ten Chim
Jd`ts selwhif ten `dpd`hty lj d pdrty tl sun lr kn sunm lr ten
dutelrhty lj d pdrty tl sun lr kn sunm hi d rnprnsnitdthvn `dpd`hty Dssl`hdtnm Kdig v. Clitdil
lr ten bnfdb nxhstni`n lj di lrfdihznm dssl`hdthli lj pnrslis tedt ]erndt lr hithchmdthli innm ilt kn stdtnm whte pdrth`ubdrhty.
hs cdmn d pdrty, cust kn dvnrrnm.
dvnrrnm.
Bnlif v. Pnn
D pdrty mnshrhif tl rdhsn di hssun ds tl ten bnfdb nxhstni`n lj diy Ilt tedt hj jrdum hs ilt stdtnm pdrth`ubdrhty ‐ ten jrdum whbb ilt kn
pdrty lr ten `dpd`hty lj diy pdrty tl sun lr kn sunm hi d dmchttnm.
rnprnsnitdthvn `dpd`hty, sedbb ml sl ky spn`hjh` mnihdb,
mnihdb, weh`e
sedbb hi`bumn su`e supplrthif pdrth`ubdrs ds
pdrth`ubdrs ds drn pn`ubhdrby whtehi Zhbbdbli v. Bhrhl
ten pbndmnr‘s gilwbnmfn.
gilwbnmfn. (=) Nbncnits lr wedt drn ten ubthcdtn jd`ts tedt wlubm `listhtutn
jrdum drn in`nssdry.
JH[P] QD[]?
Jd`ts Veh`e Edvn ]l Kn Dvnrrnm
Dvnrrnm   Pn`thli :
4.  @dpd`hty lj d pdrty tl sun lr tl kn sunm7 Oumfcnit
d.  NU? Lj bnfdb dfn Hi pbndmhif d oumfcnit lr mn`hshli lj d?
;.  Dutelrhty lj d pdrty tl sun lr tl kn sunm hi d 4.  mlcnsth` lr jlrnhfi `lurt,
 
rnprnsnitdthvn `dpd`hty7 ;.  oumh`hdb lr qudsh-oumh`hdb trhkuidb, lr lj
0.  Bnfdb nxhstni`n lj di lrfdihznm dssl`hdthli lj pnrslis 0.  d kldrm lr ljjh`nr,
tedt hs cdmn d pdrty.
d.  bdklr lrfdihzdthlis uimnr Bdklr [nbdthlis

[^BN :-;4 DP DCNIMNM | PX ;148-;1;1

CHGNB ELJHBNÔD MNBFDML PQN@HDB @LI][HK^]L[? DZ DK[DPDBML

@HZHB Q[L@NM^[N | D]]X. CNBHPPD [LCDID Q. P^D[N_
Ht hs sujjh`hnit tl dvnr ten oumfcnit lr mn`hshli whtelut
mn`hshli  whtelut sntthif
jlrte cdttnr selwhif ourhsmh`thli tl rnimnr ht. Di dutenith`dtnm
`lpy   lj ten oumfcnit lr mn`hshli sedbb kn dttd`enm tl ten
`lpy
pbndmhif. (:d)
IL]N? Xlu `di oust dvnr tedt tenrn hs dbrndmy d oumfcnit dim
dttd`e ht tl ten pbndmhif. Xlur dttd`ecnit cust jlbblw `nrtdhi
fuhmnbhins. Dvnrcnit hs ilt  dttd`ecnit.
  dttd`ecnit.
Elw mlns lin pbndm d oumfcnit lr mn`hshli lj d mlcnsth`
lr jlrnhfi `lurt, oumh`hdb lr TO trhkuidb, lr lj d kldrm lr
ljjh`nr<
Pujjh`hnit tl dvnr ten oumfcnit lr mn`hshli whtelut sntthif jlrte
cdttnrs selwhif ourhsmh`thli tl rnimnr ht kut di dutenith`dtnm
`lpy lj ten oumfcnit lr mn`hshli cust kn dttd`enm tl ten
pbndmhif.
P^CCD[X
Dvnrcnits Lr Dbbnfdthli Hi Qbndmhifs ]edt Cdy Kn
Cdmn FNIN[DBBX
d.  Pn`thli 0 ‐ pnrjlrcdi`n lj `limhthlis prn`nmnit7
k.  Pn`thli >W;S ‐ `limhthlis lj ten chim7
`.  Pn`thli : ‐ oumfcnits7
m.  Pn`thli 8 ‐ ljjh`hdb ml`ucnits lr d`ts
Dvnrcnits ]edt Cust Kn Cdmn Vhte QD[]H@^BD[H]X
d.  Pn`. =W4S
4.  @dpd`hty lj d pdrty tl sun lr tl kn sunm7
Wnxdcpbn? lj bnfdb dfnS
;.  Dutelrhty lj d pdrty tl sun lr tl kn sunm hi
d rnprnsnitdthvn `dpd`hty7
0.  Bnfdb nxhstni`n lj di lrfdihznm dssl`hdthli
lj pnrslis tedt hs cdmn d pdrty.
k.  Pn`. >W4S
4.  Jrdum lr chstdgn
Jd`ts Veh`e Edvn ]l Kn
PQN@HJH@DBBX MNIHNM ‐ Pn`thli =W;S
d.  Mnihdb lj ten bnfdb nxhstni`n lj diy pdrty7 lr
k.  Mnihdb lj ten `dpd`hty lj diy pdrty tl sun lr kn sunm
hi d rnprnsnitdthvn `dpd`hty
Pn`thli 6
D`thli lr Mnjnisn Kdsnm li Ml`ucnit
Veninvnr di d`thli lr mnjnisn hs kdsnm upli d wrhttni
histrucnit lr ml`ucnit, ten?
4.  sukstdi`n
sukstdi`n lj lj su`e histrucnit lr ml`ucnit sedbb kn snt
jlrte hi ten pbndmhif, dim ten
;.  lrhfhidb lr d `lpy 
`lpy   tenrnlj sedbb kn dttd`enm
dttd`enm   tl ten
pbndmhif ds di nxehkht, weh`e sedbb kn mnncnm tl kn d
 pdrt lj ten pbndmhif.
pbndmhif. (6d)
IL]N? ]ehs pdrth`ubdr prlvhshli eds ilt knni dcnimnm.
CHGNB ELJHBNÔD MNBFDML
4> 
NU?
NU? U
 U hs wdbghif dblif
dblif Od`hitl nxtnishli teni summniby
summniby enrn `lcns
d trh`y`bn weh`e eht ehc dim `dusnm hiourhns. En wnit tl ten
elsphtdb tl fnt trndtnm dim ten ml`tlr prlvhmnm U whte d cnmh`db
`nrthjh`dtn.  
`nrthjh`dtn.
Veni U suns ten mrhvnr kdsnm li `ubpd dquhbhdid mlns en
edvn tl dttd`e ten `nrthjh`dtns< 
`nrthjh`dtns< 
Il! ]elsn drn ilt d`thlidkbn ml`ucnits. @dusn lj D`thli< @ubpd
Dquhbhid. ]edt‘s ht, ehs kdshs hs ten bdw. Mlns ilt innm diy
ml`ucnit. Il innm tl dttd`e telsn rn`nhpts.
Veninvnr ten `dusn lj d`thli lr mnjnisn hs kdsnm li `lbbn`thli
lj suc lj cliny, ten prlchsslry iltn eds tl kn dttd`enm.
dttd`enm . ]edt
hs di d`thlidkbn ml`ucnit.
m l`ucnit.
D`thlidkbn Ml`ucnit
Lin weh`e hs ten kdshs lr ten jluimdthli lj
jluimdthli  lj ten `dusn lj d`thli
lr d mnjnisn lj d pdrty dim ilt cnrnby di nvhmni`n tenrnlj.
IL]N?  Ilt nvnry ml`ucnit tedt hs innmnm hi trhdb hs di
IL]N? 
d`thlidkbn ml`ucnit. Ilt nvnry d`thli innms di d`thlidkbn
ml`ucnit.
Nvhmnithdry jd`ts uimnr ten dcnimnm bdw kut enrn ten NJ hs ilt
dppbh`dkbn.
Vedt hs ten purplsn lj ten mhsthi`thli kntwnni d`thlidkbn
dim ili‑d`thlidkbn ml`ucnit<
Hj ten ml`ucnit hs ilt d`thlidkbn, tenrn hs il innm tl jlbblw
Pn`thli 6. Bhgn hi lur nxdcpbn ndrbhnr,
ndr bhnr, ylu mli‘t nvni edvn tl
cnithli ten plbh`n rnplrt hi ylur pbndmhif. Xlu liby prnsnit ht
murhif trhdb ds nvhmni`n. ]enrn hs il innm tl hi`bumn ht hi ten
`lcpbdhit.
Hj ht hs d`thlidkbn, ht cust kn pbndmnm hi ten cdiinr cnithlinm
hi Pn`thli 6. Dbsl, hi Pn`thli 5, lin cust vdbhmby `litnst 
`litnst   ten
fniuhininss dim mun nxn`uthli lj ten ml`ucnit.
Elw tl Qbndm di D`thlidkbn Ml`ucnit
4.  ]en sukstdi`n lj su`e histrucnit lr ml`ucnit sedbb kn
snt jlrte hi ten pbndmhif ‐ ten lrhfhidb lr d `lpy tenrnlj
sedbb kn dttd`enm hi ten pbndmhif
;.  Pdhm `lpy cdy whte bhgn njjn`t kn snt jlrte hi ten
pbndmhif ‐ il innm tl dttd`e7 `lpy vnrkdthc
Vedt hs ten njjn`t lj vhlbdthif [ubn 5, Pn`thli 6<
]en lpplshif pdrty cdy clvn tl mhschss ten
mhschss ten pbndmhif.
[^BN :-;4 DP DCNIMNM | PX ;148-;1;1
PQN@HDB @LI][HK^]L[? DZ DK[DPDBML
 

@HZHB Q[L@NM^[N | D]]X. CNBHPPD [LCDID Q. P^D[N_ 4: 

Pn`thli 5 Mnjnisns Il Blifnr Dbblwnm Veni Fniuhininss dim Mun
Elw tl @litnst Pu`e Ml`ucnits Nxn`uthli lj D`thlidkbn Ml`ucnit hs Dmchttnm
Dmchttnm  
Veni di d`thli lr mnjnisn hs jluimnm upli d wrhttni (Ehkknrm v. [elmn)
histrucnit, lr dttd`enm tl ten `lrrnsplimhif pbndmhif ds 4.  ]en shfidturn dppndrhif hi ten ml`ucnit hs d jlrfnry 7
prlvhmnm hi ten prn`nmhif sn`thli, ten fniuhininss dim mun ;.  Hi `dsn ht wds shfinm ky di dfnit hi knedbj lj ten
nxn`uthli lj ten histrucnit sedbb kn mnncnm dmchttnm  dmchttnm   `lrplrdthli lr d prhi`hpdb, ten shfidturn wds
uibnss ten? uidutelrhznm 7
   dmvnrsn pdrty, uimnr ldte spn`hjh`dbby mnihns tenc,
mnihns tenc, dim 0.  ]en `lrplrdthli wds ilt dutelrhznm  uimnr
 uimnr hts `edrtnr tl
   snts jlrte wedt en lr sen `bdhcs tl kn ten jd`ts7
jd`ts 7 shfi ten histrucnit7
 
=. ]en pdrty `edrfnm shfinm ht hi slcn ltenr `dpd`hty  tedi
 tedi
Kut ten rnquhrncnit lj di ldte mlns ilt  dppby
 dppby weni ten dmvnrsn tedt dbbnfnm hi ten pbndmhif7
pdrty mlns? >.  Ht wds invnr mnbhvnrnm .
   ilt dppndr tl kn d pdrty tl
pdrty  tl ten histrucnit lr
   weni `lcpbhdi`n
`lcpbhdi`n   whte di lrmnr jlr di hispn`thli lj Vedt drn ilt mnncnm dmchttnm< 
dmchttnm< 
ten lrhfhidb histrucnit hs rnjusnm.
rnjusnm. (5d) Bnt‘s sdy tenrn‘s di d`thlidkbn ml`ucnit tenrn dim mnjnimdit
jhbns di diswnr ilt vnrhjhnm, WH dbrndmy pdhm jlr ht whte rn`nhptS ten
Elw ]l @litnst Di D`thlidkbn Ml`ucnit pbdhithjj sdys, ylur diswnr hs ilt vnrhjhnm,
vnr hjhnm, ylu mhm ilt `lcpby whte
]en dmvnrsn pdrty cust uimnr ldte? Pn`thli 5. ]edt hs ilt `lrrn`t!
4.  spn`hjh`dbby mniy ten ml`ucnit Wten mnihdb cust kn
vnrhjhnmS7 dim Jlr ten rndsli tedt mnjnisns tedt cdy sthbb
s thbb kn hitnrplsnm mnsphtn
;.  snt jlrte wedt en `bdhcs tl kn ten jd`ts dmchsshli lj ten fniuhininss dim mun nxn`uthli lj di
d`thlidkbn ml`ucnit (Ehkknrm v. [elmn) 
[elmn)  
Elw ml ylu ml ht< 
ht<   4.  pdycnit7
Ilrcdbby ten diswnr cust kn vnrhjhnm. ;.  wdit lr hbbnfdbhty lj `lishmnrdthli
0.  jrdum
Veni ]en [nquhrncnit Lj Di Ldte Mlns Ilt Dppby =.  chstdgn
4.  Veni ten dmvnrsn pdrty mlns ilt  dppndr
 dppndr tl kn d pdrty >.  `lcprlchsn7
tl ten histrucnit7 lr :.  stdtutn lj bhchtdthlis
;.  Veni `lcpbhdi`n whte di lrmnr jlr di hispn`thli lj
hispn`thli lj ten 6.  nstlppnb
lrhfhidb histrucnit hs rnjusnm. 5.  murnss
8.  chilrhty
Njjn`t Hj ]en [nquhrncnits Lj Pn`thli 5 Drn Ilt Cnt 41.  hckn`hbhty
]en fniuhininss dim mun nxn`uthli sedbb kn dmchttnm . Hi ltenr
wlrms, ilt nvnrytehif hs mnncnm dmchttnm, liby ten fniuhininss
fn iuhininss Xlu edvn tl gilw wedt hs di d`thlidkbn ml`ucnit ‐ `dusn hj ht hs
dim mun nxn`uthli. ilt, tenrn hs il innm tl `lcpby sn`thli 5.

Jd`ts Mnncnm Dmchttnm Veni ten Fniuhininss dim Mun Veni Mnihdb ^imnr Ldte Ilt [nquhrnm
Nxn`uthli lj di D`thlidkbn Ml`ucnit hs Dmchttnm 4.  Veni ten dmvnrsn pdrty mlns ilt dppndr tl kn d pdrty  
pdrty  
(Ehkknrm v. [elmn) tl ten histrucnit7
4.  ]en pdrty welsn shfidturn
shfidturn ht
 ht kndrs shfinm ht ;.  Veni `lcpbhdi`n whte di lrmnr jlr di hispn`thli lj
hispn`thli lj ten
;.  Hj shfinm ky diltenr, ht wds shfinm jlr ehc dim whte ehs lrhfhidb histrucnit hs rnjusnm  
dutelrhty 0.  Veni ten ml`ucnit tl kn mnihnm hs ilt `bdsshjhnm ds di
0.  Dt ten thcn ht wds shfinm, ht wds hi wlrms dim jhfurns d`thlidkbn ml`ucnit  kut
 kut cnrnby di nvhmnithdry
n vhmnithdry cdttnr.
nxd`tby ds snt lut hi ten pbndmhif lj ten pdrty rnbyhif
upli ht. Hs d rnpby lpthlidb lr cdimdtlry<
=.  ]en ml`ucnit wds mnbhvnrnm ^imnr ten inw rubn, fninrdb rubn hs ilt dbblwnm. Dbblwnm liby ten
>.  ]en jlrcdb rnquhshtns lj bdw, su`e ds sndb, rnpby weni ten `lcpbdhit eds dttd`enm di d`thlidkbn ml`ucnit,
d`gilwbnmfncnit (iltdrhzdthli) lr rnvniun stdcp whte tehs, jhbn d vnrhjhnm rnpby. ]edt hs ten liby thcn tedt rnpby hs
weh`e ht bd`gs, drn wdhvnm ky ht. dbblwnm.

Gnhehi-Nvnrntt v. ]lghl
]l shcpbhjy, ilrcdbby weni slcnklmy eds vdbudkbn fllms li
kldrm vnssnb tenrn‘s dbwdys rhsg tedt ten sehp fllms whbb kn blst
lr mnstrlynm sl ten knst wdy tl rn`lvnr hs fnt di hisurdi`n

[^BN :-;4 DP DCNIMNM | PX ;148-;1;1

CHGNB ELJHBNÔD MNBFDML PQN@HDB @LI][HK^]L[? DZ DK[DPDBML

@HZHB Q[L@NM^[N | D]]X. CNBHPPD [LCDID Q. P^D[N_
plbh`y. Pl wedt hs ten `litrd`t knt sehppnr dim hisurnr< ]en
hisurdi`n `litrd`t.
Hj ten fllms drn blst dim mnstrlynm, ten sehppnr mlns ilt edvn
tl rui djtnr ten `drrhnr diyclrn. Dutlcdth`, ten hisurdi`n whbb
pdy jlr ten blst fllms. Ilw, wedt dklut ten hisurdi`n
h isurdi`n `lcpdiy<
Hs ht supplsnm tl pdy dim ilt ml diytehif djtnr ht< Il ht `di fl
djtnr ten `drrhnr. Pukrlfdtnm tl ten rhfets lj ten sehppnr lr
`lishfinn. Vedt hs rnquhrnm< ]en hisurdi`n plbh`y. ]enrn cdy kn
d sukrlfdthli rn`nhpt weh`e hs chilr.
Pl d`thlidkbn ml`ucnit ‐ sukrlfdthli `dsn ‐ hisurdi`n plbh`y ‐   weni teny `litdhi dmmhthlidb iltns, diiltdthlis, dim ltenrs.
kdshs lj ten hisurnr tl fl djtnr ten `drrhnr. @dusn lj D`thli lj
hisurnr ‐ H hisurnm ten sehppnr.
Hs jdhburn tl dttd`e ten d`thlidkbn ml`ucnit d frluim jlr
mhschssdb<  
mhschssdb<
Il. Hj ten jrdum hs ilt spn`hjh`dbby dbbnfnm, ilt d frluim jlr
mhschssdb.
Hj ten hisurdi`n `lcpdiy dbbnfns tedt wn drn ten hisurdi`n
`lcpdiy wn edvn di hisurdi`n `litrd`t, kdsnm li hisurdi`n
`litrd`t tedt wn pdhm ten sehppnr, tedt hs dbrndmy nstdkbhsehif ten
`dusn lj d`thli. Hj ylu mhm ilt dttd`e ten hisurdi`n `litrd`t, ht hs
ilt d frluim jlr mhschssdb. ]enrn‘s dbwdys d `edi`n tl prnsnit
tedt.
Hi Cdbdydi
Cdbdydi  ‐ ten hisurdi`n `lcpdiy mhm ilt edvn ten hisurdi`n
plbh`y, liby ten sukrlfdthli rn`nhpt. Vedt hs ten frluim jlr
mhschssdb< Jdhburn tl stdtn ten `dusn lj d`thli.
Nquhtdkbn v. ]rdisclmdb
Vn whbb ilt snn ht hi [ubn 5 Pn`thli 6 tedt jdhburn tl dttd`e di
d`thli ml`ucnit whbb `dusn ten mhschssdb lj ten d`thli. ]ehs hs
d fuhmnbhin li
 oust d fuhmnbhin li elw ml ylu dttd`e ylur d`thlidkbn ml`ucnit.
Hj ten d`thli ml`ucnit hs dttd`enm ‐  mnihnm uimnr ldte
ltenrwhsn, ten fniuhininss dim mun nxn`uthli hs mnncnm
dmchttnm.
Enhrs lj Xdkdl v. Zdi Mnr Glbg
D``hli rnhvhimh`dtlrhd ‐  rn`lvnry lj lwinrsehp ‐  d`thli
ml`ucnit, thtbn lj lwinrsehp. ]dx mn`bdrdthlis ‐ ilt d prllj lj
lwinrsehp.
D`n Jllms v. Ch`rl
Ilw wn edvn ten dcnimnm rubn ten nvhmni`n cust kn dttd`enm
ds nvhmnithdry prllj.
Bnmmd v. KQH
]en stdtncnit, ten khbb ‐ tedt hs ten d`thlidkbn ml`ucnit lj ten
`rnmht `drm `lcpdiy tl jhbn di d`thli jlr ten `lbbn`thli lj cliny.
CHGNB ELJHBNÔD MNBFDML
46 
]hu v. QK @lc
]en pnrthinit rubn li d`thlidkbn ml`ucnits hs jluim hi Pn`thli
6, [ubn 5 lj ten [ubns lj @lurt, weh`e prlvhmns tedt weni ten
`dusn lj d`thli hs di`elrnm li d ml`ucnit, hts sukstdi`n cust
kn snt jlrte, dim ten lrhfhidb lr d `lpy tenrnlj "sedbb" kn
dttd`enm tl ten pbndmhif ds di nxehkht dim mnncnm d pdrt
tenrnlj.
]DGN IL]N?
IL]N? Veni
Veni ten prlvhshli sdys tl dttd`e d ‒`lpy–, ht cust
kn d jdhtejub rnprlmu`thli 
rnprlmu`thli  lj ten lrhfhidb. ]enrn drn d blt lj
histdi`ns weni ten peltl`lphns drn `lishmnrnm tdcpnrnm whte
Li`n tedt edppnis, ht whbb il blifnr kn d jdhtejub rnprlmu`thli lj
ten lrhfhidb. Ht hs ds hj iltehif wds dttd`enm.
Qnrcdinit Pdvhifs v. Znbdrmn
]l mniy ten fniuhininss dim mun nxn`uthli, lin cust
spn`hjh`dbby stdtn ‐ tedt hs ilt cy shfidturn! H mhm ilt dutelrhzn
slcnklmy tl shfi ht! Plcntehif ds spn`hjh` ds tedt. Znbdrmn‘s
mnihdbs ml ilt   `listhtutn di njjn`thvn spn`hjh` mnihdb ds
`litncpbdtnm ky bdw. Hi ten ndrby `dsn lj Plif`l v. Pnbbinr , ten
@lurt nxpluimnm li elw tl mniy ten fniuhininss dim mun
nxn`uthli lj di d`thlidkbn ml`ucnit?
m l`ucnit?
‒]ehs cndis tedt ten mnjnimdit cust mn`bdrn uimnr ldte tedt en
mhm ilt shfi ten ml`ucnit lr tedt ht hs ltenrwhsn jdbsn lr
jdkrh`dtnm. Inhtenr mlns ten stdtncnit lj ten diswnr tl ten njjn`t
tedt ten histrucnit wds prl`urnm ky jrdumubnit rnprnsnitdthli
rdhsn diy hssun ds tl hts fniuhininss lr mun nxn`uthli. Li ten
`litrdry su`e d pbnd hs di dmchsshli klte lj ten fniuhininss dim
mun nxn`uthli tenrnlj, shi`n ht snngs tl dvlhm ten histrucnit upli
d frluim ilt djjn`thif nhtenr .– 
.– 
Pn`thli 8
Ljjh`hdb Ml`ucnit lr D`t
Hi pbndmhif di ljjh`hdb ml`ucnit lr ljjh`hdb d`t, ht hs sujjh`hnit tl
dvnr tedt ten?
4.  ml`ucnit wds hssunm lr ten
;.  d`t wds mlin hi `lcpbhdi`n whte bdw . (8)
Pn`thli 41
Ppn`hjh` Mnihdb
D mnjnimdit cust spn`hjy nd`e cdtnrhdb dbbnfdthli lj jd`t ten
trute lj weh`e en lr sen mlns ilt   dmcht dim, weninvnr
prd`th`dkbn, sedbb snt jlrte ten sukstdi`n lj ten cdttnrs 
cdttnrs   upli
weh`e en lr sen rnbhns tl supplrt ehs lr enr mnihdb.
Venrn d mnjnimdit mnshrns tl mniy liby d pdrt lj di dvnrcnit,
en lr sen sedbb spn`hjy sl cu`e lj ht ds hs trun dim cdtnrhdb dim
sedbb mniy liby ten rncdhimnr. Venrn d mnjnimdit hs whtelut
gilwbnmfn lr hijlrcdthli sujjh`hnit tl jlrc d knbhnj ds tl ten
[^BN :-;4 DP DCNIMNM | PX ;148-;1;1
PQN@HDB @LI][HK^]L[? DZ DK[DPDBML
 

@HZHB Q[L@NM^[N | D]]X. CNBHPPD [LCDID Q. P^D[N_ 45 

trute lj d cdtnrhdb dvnrcnit cdmn tl ten `lcpbdhit, en lr sen
sedbb sl stdtn, dim tehs sedbb edvn ten njjn`t lj d mnihdb. (41d)
Elw Ppn`hjh` Mnihdb hs Cdmn
Mnjnimdit cust?
4.  Ppn`hjy nd`e cdtnrhdb dbbnfdthli lj jd`t ten trute lj
weh`e en mlns ilt dmcht, dim
;.  Pnt jlrte ten sukstdi`n lj ten cdttnrs upli weh`e en
rnbhns tl supplrt ehs mnihdb (weninvnr prd`th`dkbn)
Njjn`t lj Jdhburn tl Ppn`hjh`dbby Mniy
  Cdtnrhdb dbbnfdthlis hi d pbndmhif dssnrthif d `bdhc lr
`bdhcs ‐ mnncnm dmchttnm weni ilt spn`hjh`dbby mnihnm
  Dcluit lj uibhquhmdtnm mdcdfns ‐  ilt mnncnm
dmchttnm weni ilt spn`hjh`dbby mnihnm
[ubns li Mnihdb dim Dmchsshli
F[? Cdtnrhdb dvnrcnits hi d pbndmhif dssnrthif d `bdhc lr `bdhcs
sedbb kn mnncnm dmchttnm weni ilt spn`hjh`dbby mnihnm.

]ernn Vdys lj Cdghif Ppn`hjh` Mnihdb UQI? Histdi`ns weni dvnrcnits hi d pbndmhif dssnrthif d `bdhc
UQI? Histdi`ns
4.  Mnjnimdit spn`hjhns nd`e cdtnrhdb dbbnfdthli lj
dbbnfdthli lj jd`t lr `bdhcs drn ilt mnncnm dmchttnm nvni weni ilt spn`hjh`dbby
ten trute
trute lj
 lj weh`e en mlns ilt dmcht dim, weninvnr mnihnm?
prd`th`dkbn, snts jlrte ten sukstdi`n lj ten cdttnrs 4.  Dcluit lj uibhquhmdtnm mdcdfns7
upli weh`e en rnbhns tl supplrt ehs mnihdb7 ;.  Hccdtnrhdb dvnrcnits (Vlr`nstnr
(Vlr`nstnr v. Blrnizdid
Blrnizdid))
;.  Mnjnimdit wel mnshrns tl mniy liby d pdrt  pdrt   lj di 0.  Nvhmnithdry cdttnrs7 kn`dusn d pdrty hs liby lkbhfnm tl
dvnrcnit spn`hjhns sl cu`e lj ht ds hs trun dim cdtnrhdb 
cdtnrhdb   dvnr ubthcdtn jd`ts7 ( Dfdtli
 Dfdtli v. Qnrnz 
Qnrnz )
dim mnihns liby ten rncdhimnr7 dim =.  @li`bushlis lj jd`ts lr bdw.
0.  Mnjnimdit wel hs whtelut gilwbnmfn lr hijlrcdthli 
hijlrcdthli  
sujjh`hnit tl jlrc d knbhnj ds tl ten trute lj d cdtnrhdb Pn`thli 4;
`lcpbdhit stdtns sl,
dvnrcnit cdmn hi ten `lcpbdhit stdtns sl , weh`e eds Djjhrcdthvn Mnjnisns
ten njjn`t lj d mnihdb. (d) D mnjnimdit sedbb rdhsn ehs lr enr djjhrcdthvn mnjnisns hi ehs
lr enr diswnr
diswnr,, weh`e sedbb kn bhchtnm tl ten rndslis snt jlrte
uimnr Pn`thli >(k), [ubn :, dim ten jlbblwhif frluims?
Pn`lim Vdy? Infdthvn Qrnfidit 4.  ]edt ten `lurt eds il ourhsmh`thli lvnr ten pnrsli lj
pnrsli  lj
[njnrs tl d mnihdb weh`e hcpbhns hts djjhrcdthvn lpplshtn ky ten mnjnimhif pdrty7
snnchif tl mniy liby d qudbhjh`dthli lj
qudbhjh`dthli lj ten dbbnfdthli dim ilt ;.  ]edt vniun hs hcprlpnrby bdhm7
bdhm7
ten dbbnfdthli htsnbj. 0.  ]edt ten pbdhithjj eds il bnfdb `dpd`hty tl
`dpd`hty tl sun7
=.  ]edt ten pbndmhif dssnrthif ten `bdhc stdtns il `dusn
]ehrm Vdy lj d`thli7
d`thli7 dim
NU? H klufet d `dr wlrte ;> chbbhli pnsls stdtnm hi Qdr. 0 weh`e >.  ]edt d `limhthli prn`nmnit jlr
prn`nmnit jlr jhbhif ten `bdhc eds ilt
ilt  
ten mnjnimdit mlns ilt gilw ‐ sl hj en eds il gilwbnmfn dim knni `lcpbhnm whte.
sedbb sl stdtn tedt ten mnjnimdit eds il gilwbnmfn lr
hijlrcdthli sujjh`hnit tl jlrc d knbhnj ds tl ten trute lj d cdtnrhdb (k) Jdhburn tl rdhsn ten djjhrcdthvn mnjnisns dt ten ndrbhnst
dvnrcnit cdmn hi ten `lcpbdhit. lpplrtuihty sedbb `listhtutn d wdhvnr
wdhvnr tenrnlj.
 tenrnlj.

Pn`thli 44 (`) ]en `lurt sedbb cltu prlprhl 

Dbbnfdthlis Ilt Ppn`hjh`dbby Mnihnm Mnncnm Dmchttnm
Cdtnrhdb dvnrcnits hi d pbndmhif dssnrthif d `bdhc lr `bdhcs,
ltenr tedi telsn ds tl ten dcluit lj uibhquhmdtnm mdcdfns,
sedbb kn mnncnm dmchttnm weni
dmchttnm weni ilt spn`hjh`dbby mnihnm. (44d)
IL]N? Hj ten pbdhithjj hs dsghif jlr clrdb mdcdfns dim wds ilt
IL]N? Hj
mnihnm ky ten mnjnimdit, ht hs ilt mnncnm dmchttnm. Kn`dusn
tensn mdcdfns drn uibhquhmdtnm . Vedt hs bhquhmdtnm mdcdfn<
]en mdcdfns weh`e edvn dbrndmy knni dfrnnm upli hi `dsns lj
blss, bhdkhbhty, nt`.
Vedt hs mnncnm dmchttnm< 
dmchttnm<  clthli jlr rn`lishmnrdthli lr pnththli jlr `nrthlrdrh, prlehkhthli
Liby ten bhquhmdtnm mdcdfns. ^ibhquhmdtnm mdcdfns edvn tl kn
prlvni kn`dusn teny drn ilt mnncnm dmchttnm.
prlprhl  rnslbvn ten dklvn djjhrcdthvn
mnjnisns whtehi tehrty (01) `dbnimdr mdys jrlc
mdys jrlc ten jhbhif lj ten
diswnr.
(m) Ds tl ten ltenr djjhrcdthvn mnjnisns uimnr ten jhrst pdrdfrdpe
lj Pn`thli >(k), [ubn :, ten `lurt cdy `limu`t d succdry
endrhif whtehi jhjtnni (4>) `dbnimdr mdys jrlc
mdys jrlc ten jhbhif lj ten
diswnr. Pu`e djjhrcdthvn mnjnisns sedbb kn rnslbvnm ky ten `lurt
whtehi tehrty (01) `dbnimdr mdys jrlc
mdys jrlc ten tnrchidthli lj ten
succdry endrhif.
(n) Djjhrcdthvn mnjnisns, hj mnihnm, sedbb ilt
ilt kn
 kn ten sukon`t lj d
lr cdimdcus, kut cdy kn dclif ten cdttnrs tl kn rdhsnm li
dppndb djtnr
dppndb djtnr d oumfcnit li ten cnrhts. (i)

[^BN :-;4 DP DCNIMNM | PX ;148-;1;1

CHGNB ELJHBNÔD MNBFDML PQN@HDB @LI][HK^]L[? DZ DK[DPDBML
 

@HZHB Q[L@NM^[N | D]]X. CNBHPPD [LCDID Q. P^D[N_ 48 

]en rndslis snt jlrte uimnr Pn`. >(k), [ubn :, weh`e drn? diswnr wds mnihnm, nxdcpbn hs pdycnit, ht wds mnihnm, inxt
4.  Jrdum stnp< Jubb kblwi trhdb prnsnitdthli lj wedtnvnr nvhmni`n. ]edt
;.  Ptdtutn lj Bhchtdthlis cndis wehbn ten `dsn hs liflhif, ylu drn ilt dbblwnm tl jhbn di
0.  [nbndsn dppndb. Dppndb hs cdmn djtnr oumfcnit lj ten cnrht.
=.  Qdycnit
>.  Hbbnfdbhty Pn`thli 40
:.  Ptdtutn lj Jrdums Ptrhghif Lut lj Qbndmhif lr Cdttnr @litdhinm ]enrnhi
6.  Nstlppnb 4.  ^pli clthli
clthli cdmn
 cdmn ky d pdrty
5.  Jlrcnr rn`lvnry ;.  knjlrn rnsplimhif tl d pbndmhif lr,
   
8. Mhs`edrfn hi kdigrupt`y, 0. hj il rnsplishvn pbndmhif hs pnrchttnm ky tensn [ubns,
41.  Diy ltenr cdttnr ky wdy lj `lijnsshli dim dvlhmdi`n =.  upli clthli cdmn ky d pdrty whtehi twnity (;1)
(J[HQP-PDJNM)  
(J[HQP-PDJNM) `dbnimdr mdys 
mdys 
>.  djtnr ten snrvh`n lj ten pbndmhif upli ehc lr enr, lr
Dim ten jlbblwhif frluims? :.  upli ten `lurt's lwi hihthdthvn dt
hihthdthvn dt diy thcn,
4.  @lurt eds il ourhsmh`thli lvnr ten pnrsli  pnrsli  lj ten 6.  ten `lurt cdy lrmnr diy pbndmhif tl kn strh`gni lut lr
mnjnimhif pdrty tedt diy?
;.  Z niun
niun hs hcprlpnrby bdhm d.  sedc lr jdbsn,
0.  Qbdhithjj eds il bnfdb `dpd`hty tl sun 
sun   k.  rnmuimdit,
=.  Qbndmhif dssnrthif ten `bdhc stdtns il ` dusn
dusn lj d`thli 
d`thli  `.  hccdtnrhdb,
>.  @ limhthli
limhthli prn`nmnit   jlr jhbhif ten `bdhc eds ilt knni m.  hcpnrthinit, lr
`lcpbhnm whte (IZB-@@)
(IZB-@@)   n.  s`dimdblus cdttnr kn strh`gni lut tenrnjrlc.
(4;d)
IL]N? ]ensn
IL]N? ]ensn drn ten frluims weni jhbhif clthli tl mhschss.
IL]N? ]ehs hs ten jlrcnrby Pn`thli 4;.
Vedt hs diltenr wdy tl rdhsn slcntehif ltenr tedi Clthli
tl Mhschss< 
Mhschss<  [ubns jlr Ptrhghif Lut d Qbndmhif lr Qdrts ]enrnlj
Jhbn di diswnr. Pnt ylur djjhrcdthvn mnjnisns weh`e hs hcplrtdit. ^pli clthli cdmn ky d pdrty?
  Knjlrn rnsplimhif tl d pbndmhif, lr
Vedt hs ten njjn`t lj jdhburn tl rdhsn ten djjhrcdthvn mnjnisns   Vhtehi ;1 `dbnimdr mdys djtnr snrvh`n lj ten pbndmhif
dt ten ndrbhnst lpplrtuihty< upli ehc ‐ hj il rnsplishvn pbndmhif hs pnrchttnm ky
Pedbb `listhtutn d wdhvnr tenrnlj. tensn [ubns

Veni ten @lurt Pedbb [nslbvn ten Djjhrcdthvn Mnjnisns
[ubn 5 Pn`thli 4;
Cltu prlprhl 
prlprhl  whtehi 01
`dbnimdr mdys jrlc ten jhbhif
lj ten diswnr.
[ubn : Pn`thli >(K)
Cdy   `limu`t d succdry
endrhif whtehi 4> `dbnimdr
mdys jrlc ten jhbhif lj ten
diswnr.
Pu`e djjhrcdthvn mnjnisns
sedbb kn rnslbvnm ky ten `lurt
whtehi 01 `dbnimdr mdys jrlc
ten tnrchidthli lj ten
succdry endrhif.
Ky ten `lurt cltu prlprhl 
prlprhl ‐ dt diy thcn
Frluims
]en pbndmhif hs?
4.  sedc lr jdbsn,
;.  rnmuimdit,
0.  hccdtnrhdb,
=.  hcpnrthinit, lr
>.  `litdhis s`dimdblus cdttnr (PH[HP)
(PH[HP)  
]en `lurt `di nvni cltu prlprhl strhgn lut dt diy thcn.

[ncnmy Hj Djjhrcdthvn Mnjnisns Drn Mnihnm

  Cdy kn dclif ten cdttnrs tl kn rdhsnm li dppndb
 dppndb djtnr
 djtnr
d oumfcnit li ten cnrhts
  Pedbb ilt kn ten sukon`t lj d?


4.  Clthli jlr [n`lishmnrdthli, lr

;.  Qnththli jlr @nrthlrdrh, Qrlehkhthli lr
Cdimdcus

Di dppndb hs ilrcdbby cdmn upli oumfcnit wentenr ht‘s d jhidb

lrmnr. Hi tehs `dsn, wedt edppnis ten DM tedt wds rdhsnm hi ten
[^BN :-;4 DP DCNIMNM | PX ;148-;1;1
CHGNB ELJHBNÔD MNBFDML PQN@HDB @LI][HK^]L[? DZ DK[DPDBML
 

@HZHB Q[L@NM^[N | D]]X. CNBHPPD [LCDID Q. P^D[N_ ;1 

NJJN@] LJ Dquhil v. Durn

[^BN 8  Kdrdifdy `li`hbhdthli hs d ourhsmh`thlidb cdttnr ‐  mhm ilt rdhsn
JDHB^[N ]L QBNDM  murhif prn-trhdb. Liby rdhsnm murhif dppndb.

Pn`thli 4 Diui`hd`hli v. Kl`dinfrd

Mnjnisns dim Lkon`thlis Ilt Qbndmnm Ventenr lr ilt telsn mnjnisns `di sthbb kn snt up murhif
Mnjnisns dim lkon`thlis ilt pbndmnm nhtenr hi d clthli tl suppbncnitdb clthli tl mhschss< Il. Mnncnm tl edvn wdhvnm
mhschss lr hi ten diswnr drn mnncnm wdhvnm.
wdhvnm. Elwnvnr, weni ht mhschssdb.   Liby lin clthli tl
tedt pdrth`ubdr frluim jlr mhschssdb. 
dppndrs jrlc ten mhschss.. Il su`e tehif ds suppbncnitdb clthli tl mhschss lr
mhschss
 
pbndmhifs lr
pbndmhifs  lr dcnimnm clthli tl mhschss. ]en mnjnisns cust kn snt up hi ten
  ten nvhmni`n li rn`lrm 
rn`lrm  mhschss.  
lrhfhidb clthli tl mhschss. 
  tedt ten `lurt eds?
d.  il ourhsmh`thli lvnr ten sukon`t cdttnr, @dpdkbdi`d v. Enhrs lj Kds
k.  tedt tenrn hs diltenr d`thli pnimhif kntwnni
pnimhif kntwnni ]en jdhburn lj ten enhrs tl lkon`t tl Blbhtd‘s
B lbhtd‘s `dpd`hty tl sun nhtenr
ten sdcn pdrthns jlr
pdrthns jlr ten sdcn `dusn,
`dusn, lr ds di djjhrcdthvn mnjnisn lr hi d clthli tl mhschss `listhtutns
`.  tedt ten d`thli hs kdrrnm ky d prhlr oumfcnit   lr
lr ds d wdhvnr.
m.  ky stdtutn lj bhchtdthlis,
  ten `lurt sedbb
sedbb mhschss
 mhschss ten `bdhc. (4) Mnjnisns rdhsnm wnrn jd`tudb. Hj rnd`enm knjlrn ten dppnbbdtn
`lurt, teny whbb jhim tn`eih`db frluim tl mhschss ten `dsn. Liby
IL]N? Histdi`ns wenrn ten `lurt `di cltu prlprhl mhschss. Ilt tn`eih`db frluims jlr mhschssdb ky ten dppnbbdtn `lurt. ]ensn
cdy, kut sedbb, hj ht dppndrs li pbndmhifs lr ltenr nvhmni`n li jd`tudb frluims cust kn rdhsnm knjlrn ten clthli tl mhschss lr
rn`lrm. Qbndmhif dppndrs murhif trhdb. ]enrnjlrn, diythcn
diythcn   ten diswnr.
`lurt `di mhschss ten `dsn.
Dbvdrdml v. Dydbd Bdim
Ht‘s hcplrtdit telufe tedt ten oumfn mhm ilt oust endr ht jrlc ten D C]M eds tl kn jhbnm knjlrn di diswnr hs jhbnm. ]ensn drn ten
ltenr oumfn. ]ehs hs ilt dbblwnm. ]en oumfns selubm bllg dt ten frluims tedt lr lkon`thlis lr mnjnisns tl wedt< ]en dbbnfdthlis
rn`lrm ilt oust jrlc ten wlrm lj clute lr endrsdy. hi ten `lcpbdhit. Diytehif tedt eds iltehif tl ml hi ten
`lcpbdhit, ylu jhbn ylur clthli tl mhschss knjlrn
knjlrn ten
 ten diswnr lr
Nvni telufe ht hs rndbhznm liby li dppndb lr knjlrn ten Puprncn djjhrcdthvn mnjnisn.
@lurt, ht `di kn mhschssnm. Kut mli‘t jlrfnt ]hodc v. Phklifedily  
`dsn. Hs C]M dbblwnm tl kn jhbnm djtnr ten jhbhif lj ten diswnr<
Xns, jlr ten frluims tedt wlubm drhsn djtnr   ten jhbhif lj ten
Vedt dklut bd`ens< 
bd`ens<  diswnr lr hisujjh`hni`y lj nvhmni`n
nvhm ni`n WmncurrnrS. ]elsn mnjnisn lr
D``lrmhif tl ten P@, mnncnm hi`bumnm hi tensn jlur histdi`ns lkon`thlis kdsnm li ten `lcpbdhit `diilt kn jhbnm djtnr ten jhbhif
wenrn ten @lurt `di cltu prlprhl mhschss ten `dsn. lj di diswnr.

Zhbbdbuz v. Buz Clrnil v. Gdei 

@di ten `lurt tdgn `lfihzdi`n lj jlruc selpphif hj ten sdcn hs
ilt pbndmnm<  Il.
 Il. Ht cust kn bhths pnimnithd lr rns oumh`dtd.
Jlruc selpphif cust kn rdhsnm.
rdhsnm. Elwnvnr, liby dppbh`dkbn hi
trhdb stdfn. ‐ tdbghif dklut pnththli jlr rnvhnw dim ilt ilth`n lj
dppndb.
Zhbbdiunvd v. @D
]en mntnrchidthli lj hssuns murhif ten prn-trhdb
prn -trhdb `lijnrni`n kdrs
ten `lishmnrdthli lj ltenr qunsthli, wentenr murhif trhdb lr li
dppndb.
Enrn wn edvn snvnrdb rubns tedt ml ilt dfrnn whte nd`e ltenr.
^imnr [ubn 8 Pn`thli 4, weni ht `lcns tl prns`rhpthli, ht hs
slcntehif ten `lurt `di tdgn `lfihzdi`n lj. Kut tehs wds ilt
rdhsnm murhif prn-trhdb. Kdrrnm jrlc rdhshif tehs murhif trhdb.
Gdei 
Ili-`lcpbhdi`n whte ten ndrinst njjlrt rnquhrncnit uimnr
Drth`bn 4>4 lj Jdchby @lmn hs ilt d ourhsmh`thlidb mnjn`t weh`e
wlubm dutelrhzn ten `lurts tl mhschss suhts cltu prlprhl.
]enrn drn liby jlur frluims tedt ten @lurts `di cltu prlprhl
mhschss ten `dsn. Pn`thli 4, [ubn 8 prlvhmns jlr liby jlur
histdi`ns weni ten `lurt cdy cltu prlprhl mhschss ten `bdhc,
idcnby?
(d)  bd`g lj ourhsmh`thli lvnr ten sukon`t cdttnr7
(k)  bhths pnimnithd7
(`)  rns oumh`dtd7 dim
(m)  prns`rhpthli lj d`thli.
Bdisdifdi v. @dhshp
@lurt selubm oust `lithiun whte ten prl`nnmhifs ds hj ten
Kdrdifdy @li`hbhdthli wds `lcpbhnm whte.

[^BN :-;4 DP DCNIMNM | PX ;148-;1;1

CHGNB ELJHBNÔD MNBFDML PQN@HDB @LI][HK^]L[? DZ DK[DPDBML
 

@HZHB Q[L@NM^[N | D]]X. CNBHPPD [LCDID Q. P^D[N_ ;4 

Phchbdrby, hi Kdidrns HH v. Kdbhshif, ht wds cnithlinm tedt ten ili- kut htsnbj jlr ten `lisnqunit blss lj hts `luitnr`bdhc ds d rnsubt
rnjnrrdb lj d `dsn jlr kdrdifdy `li`hbhdthli weni sl rnquhrnm lj su`e `elh`n.
uimnr ten bdw hs ilt ourhsmh`thlidb hi
ourhsmh`thlidb hi idturn, dim cdy tenrnjlrn
kn mnncnm wdhvnm hj ilt rdhsnm sndslidkby hi d clthli tl Pn`thli 0
mhschss lr hi d rnsplishvn pbndmhif. Mnjdubt7 Mn`bdrdthli Lj
Hj ten mnjnimhif pdrty jdhbs tl diswnr whtehi ten thcn dbblwnm
Enrn, ten frluim lj ili-`lcpbhdi
ili-`lcpbhdi`n
`n whte d `limhthli prn`nmnit, tenrnjlr, ten `lurt sedbb?
h.n., uimnrflhif prhlr kdrdifdy `li`hbhdthli prl`nnmhifs, wds 4.  upli clthli lj
clthli lj ten `bdhchif pdrty
ilt hivlgnm dt ten ndrbhnst lpplrtuihty, ds hi jd`t, @dhshp wds ;.  whte ilth`n
ilth`n tl
 tl ten mnjnimhif pdrty dim
 
mn`bdrnm hi mnjdubt jlr jdhburn tl jhbn d rnsplishvn pbndmhif 0.  prllj  lj
 lj su`e jdhburn
mnsphtn mun ilth`n. =.  mn`bdrn ten mnjnimhif pdrty hi mnjdubt.
mn jdubt.

Pn`thli ; ]enrn upli, ten `lurt sedbb prl`nnm tl rnimnr oumfcnit  oumfcnit  
@lcpubslry @luitnr`bdhc, frdithif ten `bdhcdit su`e rnbhnj ds ehs lr enr pbndmhif cdy
Lr @rlss-@bdhc, Ilt Pnt ^p Kdrrnm wdrrdit, uibnss ten `lurt hi hts mhs`rnthli rnquhrns ten `bdhcdit tl
D `lcpubslry `luitnr`bdhc, lr d `rlss-`bdhc, ilt snt up sedbb kn sukcht nvhmni`n.
nvhmni`n. Pu`e rn`npthli lj nvhmni`n cdy kn mnbnfdtnm
kdrrnm. (;) tl ten `bnrg lj `lurt.

Jhidi`hdb v. Jlrkns Qdrg (d) Njjn`t lj Lrmnr lj Mnjdubt

Phi`n Jlrkns Qdrg jhbnm d clthli tl mhschss hi @hvhb @dsn, hts D pdrty hi mnjdubt sedbb kn nithtbnm tl ilth`ns 
ilth`ns   lj suksnqunit
nxhsthif `lcpubslry `luitnr`bdhc dt tedt thcn hs ilw kdrrnm. prl`nnmhifs kut sedbb ilt tdgn pdrt hi ten trhdb.

(k) [nbhnj jrlc Lrmnr lj Mnjdubt

Qrhi`hpbn?   D `lcpubslry `luitnr`bdhc hs duxhbhdry tl ten
Qrhi`hpbn?
prl`nnmhif hi ten lrhfhidb suht dim mnrhvns hts ourhsmh`thlidb D pdrty mn`bdrnm hi mnjdubt cdy dt diy thcn djtnr ilth`n tenrnlj
ilth`n  tenrnlj
dim knjlrn oumfcnit , jhbn d clthli uimnr ldte tl snt dshmn ten
supplrt tenrnjrlc. D `luitnr`bdhc prnsupplsns ten nxhstni`n lj
lrmnr lj mnjdubt upli prlpnr selwhif tedt ehs lr enr jdhburn tl
d `bdhc dfdhist ten pdrty jhbhif ten `luitnr`bdhc. Eni`n, wenrn
diswnr wds mun tl?
tenrn hs il `bdhc dfdhist ten `luitnr`bdhcdit, ten `luitnr`bdhc
d.  jrdum ,
hs hcprlpnr dim ht cust kn mhschssnm, clrn sl wenrn ten
k.  d``hmnit ,
`lcpbdhit hs mhschssnm dt ten histdi`n lj ten `luitnr`bdhcdit. Hi
`.  chstdgn
chstdgn lr
 lr
ltenr wlrms, hj ten mhschssdb lj ten cdhi d`thli rnsubts hi ten
m.  nx`usdkbn infbhfni`n 
infbhfni`n  dim tedt en lr sen eds d
mhschssdb lj ten `luitnr`bdhc dbrndmy jhbnm, ht stdims tl rndsli
cnrhtlrhlus mnjnisn.
mnjnisn.
tedt ten jhbhif lj d clthli tl mhschss ten `lcpbdhit hs di
hcpbhnm wdhvnr lj ten `lcpubslry `luitnr`bdhc kn`dusn
`luitnr`bdhc  kn`dusn ten
Hi su`e `dsn, ten lrmnr lj mnjdubt cdy kn snt dshmn
dshm n li su`e tnrcs
frdit lj ten clthli ubthcdtnby rnsubts hi ten mhschssdb lj ten
dim `limhthlis ds ten oumfn cdy hcplsn hi ten hitnrnst lj ousth`n.
`luitnr`bdhc.

(`) Njjn`t lj Qdrthdb Mnjdubt

]eus, ten jhbhif
`lcpubslry lj d clthli
`luitnr`bdhc
`luitnr`bdhc   drntlhi`lcpdthkbn
mhschss  dim ten
mhschss  sntthif . up
rncnmhns
rncnmhns. Hi lj d
ten Veni d pbndmhif dssnrthif d `bdhc stdtns d `lccli `dusn lj
d`thli dfdhist snvnrdb mnjnimhif pdrthns, slcn lj welc diswnr
nvnit tedt d mnjnimhif pdrty eds d frluim jlr mhschssdb dim d
dim ten ltenrs jdhb tl ml sl, ten `lurt sedbb try ten `dsn dfdhist
`lcpubslry `luitnr`bdhc dt ten sdcn thcn, en cust `ellsn liby
dbb upli ten diswnrs teus jhbnm dim rnimnr oumfcnit upli ten
lin rncnmy. Hj en mn`hmns tl jhbn d clthli tl mhschss, en whbb blsn
nvhmni`n prnsnitnm.
ehs `lcpubslry `luitnr`bdhc. Kut hj en lpts tl snt up ehs
`lcpubslry `luitnr`bdhc, en cdy sthbb pbndm ehs frluim jlr
(m) Nxtnit lj [nbhnj tl kn Dwdrmnm
mhschssdb ds di djjhrcdthvn mnjnisn hi ehs diswnr . ]en bdttnr
D oumfcnit rnimnrnm dfdhist d pdrty hi mnjdubt sedbb inhtenr
lpthli hs lkvhlusby clrn jdvlrdkbn tl ten mnjnimdit dbtelufe
nx`nnm ten dcluit lr kn mhjjnrnit hi ghim jrlc tedt prdynm jlr  ilr
 ilr
su`e jd`t wds blst li Jlrkns Qdrg.
dwdrm uibhquhmdtnm mdcdfns.
mdcdfns.
]en frluim jlr mhschssdb hivlgnm ky Jlrkns Qdrg hi @hvhb @dsn (n) Venrn Il Mnjdubts Dbblwnm
wds bd`g lj `dusn lj d`thli. ]enrn wds il innm tl pbndm su`e Hj ten mnjnimhif pdrty hi di d`thli jlr diiubcnit lr mn`bdrdthli
frluim hi d clthli tl mhschss lr hi ten diswnr shi`n ten sdcn lj iubbhty lj cdrrhdfn lr jlr bnfdb snpdrdthli jdhbs tl diswnr, ten
wds ilt mnncnm wdhvnm hj ht wds ilt pbndmnm. Ilintenbnss, `lurt sedbb lrmnr ten Plbh`htlr Fninrdb lr ehs lr enr mnputhznm
m nputhznm
Jlrkns Qdrg sthbb jhbnm d clthli tl mhschss dim teus nxnr`hsnm kdm pukbh` prlsn`utlr,
prlsn`utlr, tl hivnsthfdtn wentenr lr ilt d `lbbushli
 oumfcnit hi hts `elh`n lj rncnmhns. ]eus, ht eds il lin tl kbdcn kntwnni ten pdrthns nxhsts, dim hj tenrn hs il `lbbushli, tl

[^BN :-;4 DP DCNIMNM | PX ;148-;1;1

CHGNB ELJHBNÔD MNBFDML PQN@HDB @LI][HK^]L[? DZ DK[DPDBML
 

@HZHB Q[L@NM^[N | D]]X. CNBHPPD [LCDID Q. P^D[N_ ;; 

hitnrvnin jlr ten Ptdtn hi lrmnr tl snn tl ht tedt ten nvhmni`n Pupplsn mnjnimdit jhbnm di diswnr kut murhif ten trhdb, en
sukchttnm hs ilt jdkrh`dtnm. (0d) jdhbnm tl dppndr, cdy en kn mn`bdrnm hi mnjdubt<
Il, kn`dusn ten frluim jlr mnjdubt hs jdhburn tl jhbn diswnr. ]en
Jhrst Qdrt 
Qdrt 
`lrrn`t prl`nmurn hs tl fl tl trhdb whtelut tenc.
Hj ten mnjnimhif pdrty jdhbs tl diswnr whtehi ten thcn dbblwnm
tenrnjlr, ten `lurt sedbb, upli clthli lj ten `bdhchif pdrty
p drty whte
Hj mnjnimdit hs mn`bdrnm hi mnjdubt jlr jdhburn tl jhbn diswnr,
ilth`n tl ten mnjnimhif pdrty, dim prllj lj su`e jdhburn,
jdhbu rn, mn`bdrn
hs en mnncnm tl edvn dmchttnm tedt ten dbbnfdthlis hi ten
ten mnjnimhif pdrty hi mnjdubt.
`lcpbdhit drn trun dim `lrrn`t<
sedbb  prl`nnm tl rnimnr ten
Xns. [ubn 8, Pn`thli 0 sdys ‒ten `lurt sedbb prl`nnm
Mnjnimdit jdhbs tl jhbn hts diswnr whtehi ten thcn dbblwnm
tenrnjlrn. Elw cdiy mdys< 4> mdys uimnr ten 4886 [ubns.  oumfcnit frdithif ten `bdhcdit su`e rnbhnj ds ehs lr enr pbndmhif
cdy wdrrdit.– 
wdrrdit.– 

@di ten `lurt mn`bdrn ten mnjnimdit hi mnjdubt< 

mnjdubt<  
Hj mnjnimdit jhbns di diswnr kut mhm ilt jurihse d `lpy tl
Il. ]en jlbblwhif hs ten prl`nmurn?
pbdhithjj, `di ten pbdhithjj clvn tl mn`bdrn hi mnjdubt<
  M jdhbs tl diswnr whtehi ten thcn dbblwnm tenrnjlrn.
Xns, kn`dusn ten diswnr hs mnncnm tl edvn ilt knni bnfdbby jhbnm.
  Q cust jhbn d clthli tl
clthli  tl mn`bdrn M hi mnjdubt
Ht wds ilt hi d``lrmdi`n whte ten [ubns lj @lurt.
  Q cust selw prllj lj su`e jdhburn.
jdhburn .
  Q cust snrvn d `lpy lj ten clthli tl M 
IL]N? Pu`e rn`npthli lj nvhmni`n cdy kn mnbnfdtnm tl ten `bnrg
IL]N? Pu`e
  Cust kn d endrhif
endrhif li li ten clthli. Djtnr endrhif, hj ten
lj `lurt.
`lurt hs ilt sdthsjhnm ky M ds tl wey en wds ilt dkbn tl
jhbn diswnr.
Cdy mnjnimdit kn mn`bdrnm hi mnjdubt wehbn d clthli tl
  ]en `lurt sedbb mn`bdrn M hi mnjdubt. (Lrmnr lj Mnjdubt) 
Mnjdubt) 
mhschss ([ubn 4:) lr d clthli jlr khbb lj pdrth`ubdrs rncdhis
  Hs ten `dsn jhihse< Il.
Il. Ht‘s liby di hitnrbl`utlry lrmnr.
lrmnr.
pnimhif dim uimhsplsnm lj<
]en `dsn hs sthbb dbhvn. Il, kn`dusn ten jhbhif lj d clthli tl mhschss lr clthli jlr khbb
lj pdrth`ubdrs hitnrrupts
hitnrrupts ten
 ten ruiihif lj ten pnrhlm tl diswnr. Ht
Pn`lim Qdrt
whbb rui dfdhi jrlc ten clcnit M rn`nhvns ten lrmnr mniyhif ehs
]enrnupli, ten `lurt sedbb prl`nnm tl rnimnr oumfcnit frdithif
C]M lr jlr Khbb lj Qdrth`ubdrs. ]en prns`rhpthli stdrts tl rui dfdhi
ten `bdhcdit su`e rnbhnj ds ehs lr enr pbndmhif cdy wdrrdit,
jrlc ten clthli M rn`nhvns ten lrmnr mniyhif ehs C]M lr KLQ.
uibnss ten `lurt hi hts mhs`rnthli rnquhrns ten `bdhcdit tl sukcht
nvhmni`n. Pu`e rn`npthli lj nvhmni`n cdy kn mnbnfdtnm tl ten
]ehrm Qdrt 
Qdrt 
`bnrg lj `lurt.
(d) Njjn`t lj lrmnr lj mnjdubt.
 D pdrty hi mnjdubt sedbb kn nithtbnm tl ilth`ns lj suksnquni
suksnqunitt
Oumfcnit ky Mnjdubt 
Mnjdubt  
 prl`nnmhifs kut sedbb ilt
ilt tdgn pdrt hi ten trhdb.
]en `lurt sedbb prl`nnm tl rnimnr oumfcnit
oumf cnit frdithif ten pbdhithjj
su`e rnbhnj ds ehs pbndmhif cdy wdrrdit ^ibnss, hts mhs`rnthli,
IL]N? Dbsl gilwi ds blshif ehs stdimhif hi `lurt.
rnquhrns ten `bdhcdit tl sukcht nvhmni`n.

Hi tensn `dsns, hj mn`bdrnm mnjdubt, fniuhininss dim mun (k) [nbhnj Jlurte Qdrtlj mnjdubt
jrlc lrmnr
nxn`uthli mnncnm dmchttnm. Pl, uibhquhmdtnm mdcdfns ‐  ilt
 D pdrty mn`bdrnm hi mnjdubt
mnjdubt cdy dt diy thcn djtnr ilth`n tenr
tenrnlj
nlj
mnncnm dmchttnm. Hj ten `lurt jhims tedt ten pbndmhif lj pbdhithjj
dim knjlrn oumfcnit, jhbn d clthli uimnr ldte tl snt dshmn ten
hs ilt nilufe. ]en pbdhithjj `di oust prnsnit ehs nvhmni`n tl ten
lrmnr lj mnjdubt upli prlpnr selwhif tedt ehs lr enr jdhburn tl
`bnrg lj `lurt, weh`e hs dbblwnm uimnr [ubn 01, Pn`thli 8. Oumfn
diswnr wds mun tl jrdum, d``hmnit, chstdgn lr nx`usdkbn
tl rn`nhvn nvhmni`n7 Mnbnfdthli tl @bnrg lj @lurt.
@ lurt.
infbhfni`n dim tedt en lr sen eds d cnrhtlrhlus mnjnisn. Hi su`e
`dsn, ten lrmnr lj mnjdubt cdy kn snt dshmn li su`e tnrcs dim
Hi mnjdubt prl`nnmhifs, hi ltenr wlrms, ten oumfn `di sdy il
`limhthlis ds ten oumfn cdy hcplsn hi ten hitnrnst lj ousth`n.
prlkbnc, kut hj ml`gnt hs sl jubb, prl`nnm tl `bnrg lj `lurt, kut
su`e `bnrg cust kn d cncknr lj d kdr.
Hs ht ten nim lj ten wlrbm jlr ten mnjnimdit hs en hs mn`bdrnm
hi mnjdubt< 
mnjdubt< 
Cdy d `lurt mn`bdrn ten mnjnimdit hi mnjdubt whtelut diy
Il kut en eds liby lin rncnmy.
clthli jrlc ten pbdhithjj<

Il! Kn`dusn ten

ten bdw sdys ‒upli clthli lj ten `bdhchif pdrty– 4.  Elw 
Elw ‐ Jhbn d clthli tl snt dshmn lrmnr lj mnjdubt!
eni`n, ten `lurt `diilt cltu prlprhl mn`bdrn ten mnjnimdit hi
;.  Veni
Veni  ‐ Diy thcn djtnr ilth`n lj lrmnr dim knjlrn ten
mnjdubt.
 oumfcnit lj mnjdubt!
0.  Jlrc lj ten Clthli 
Clthli ‐ Cust kn uimnr ldte (vnrhjhnm)

[^BN :-;4 DP DCNIMNM | PX ;148-;1;1

CHGNB ELJHBNÔD MNBFDML PQN@HDB @LI][HK^]L[? DZ DK[DPDBML
 

@HZHB Q[L@NM^[N | D]]X. CNBHPPD [LCDID Q. P^D[N_ ;0 

=.  Frluims    Ht sedbb ilt dwdrm uibhquhmdtnm mdcdfns Wd`tudb,
W d`tudb, clrdb,
d.  Jdhburn tl diswnr wds mun tl jrdum, d``hmnit, tncpnrdtn, nxncpbdry, ilchidbS
chstdgn lr nx`usdkbn infbhfni`n (JDCN)
(JDCN)  
k.  Cust selw dim prlvn tedt en lr sen eds d Pnvnite Qdrt
cnrhtlrhlus mnjnisn. (n) Venrn il mnjdubts dbblwnm
Hj ten mnjnimhif pdrty hi di d`thli jlr diiubcnit lr mn`bdrdthli
]ensn twl cust kn prnsnit! lj iubbhty lj cdrrhdfn lr jlr bnfdb snpdrdthli jdhbs tl diswnr, ten
`lurt sedbb lrmnr ten Plbh`htlr Fninrdb lr ehs lr enr mnputhznm
Vedt hs ten njjn`t hj ten clthli hs frditnm<  pukbh` prlsn`utlr, tl hivnsthfdtn
hivnsthfdtn wentenr lr ilt
ilt d `lbbushli

]en lrmnr lj mnjdubt cdy kn snt dshmn li su`e tnrcs dim kntwnni ten pdrthns nxhsts, dim hj tenrn hs il `lbbushli, tl
`limhthlis ds ten oumfn cdy hcplsnm hi ten hitnrnst lj ousth`n. hitnrvnin jlr ten Ptdtn hi lrmnr tl snn tl ht tedt ten nvhmni`n
Pl, tenrn‘s d wdy tl rntdhi lin‘s stdimhif hi `lurt. 
`lurt.   sukchttnm hs ilt jdkrh`dtnm. (0d)

Jhjte Qdrt IL]N? Il mnjdubt hi diiubcnit, mn`bdrdthli lj iubbhty lj

(`) Njjn`t lj Qdrthdb Mnjdubt cdrrhdfn, lr jlr bnfdb snpdrdthli. Nvni hj ten pbdhithjj jhbns d
Veni d pbndmhif dssnrthif d `bdhc stdtns d `lccli `dusn lj clthli tl mn`bdrn mnjnimdit hi mnjdubt.
d`thli dfdhist snvnrdb mnjnimhif pdrthns, slcn lj welc diswnr
dim ten ltenrs jdhb tl ml sl, ten `lurt sedbb try ten `dsn dfdhist Vedt sedbb ten `lurt ml< 
ml<  
dbb upli ten diswnrs teus jhbnm dim rnimnr oumfcnit upli ten ]en `lurt sedbb lrmnr ten Plbh`htlr Fninrdb lr
Fninrdb lr ehs lr enr mnputhznm
nvhmni`n prnsnitnm.  pukbh` prlsn`utlr , tl hivnsthfdtn wentenr lr ilt d `lbbushli
kntwnni ten pdrthns nxhsts.
Phtudthli
4.  Pnvnrdb mnjnimhif pdrthns Vedt Hj ]enrn Hs Il @lbbushli 
@lbbushli  
;.  Qbndmhif dssnrthif d `bdhc stdtns d `lccli `dusn lj @lurt sedbb lrmnr ten prlsn`utlr dttlriny tl hitnrvnin jlr ten
d`thli dfdhist tenc Ptdtn hi lrmnr tl snn tl ht tedt ten nvhmni`n sukchttnm hs ilt  
0.  Plcn mnjnimdits jhbn tenhr diswnr wehbn slcn ml ilt jdkrh`dtnm.

Njjn`t Lrmnr lj Mnjdubt Oumfcnit lj Mnjdubt

sedbb? 
]en `lurt sedbb?  (Pn`thli 0, Qdr. 4) (Pn`thli 0, Qdr. ;)
4.  ]ry ten `dsn dfdhist dbb ten M‘s upli ten diswnrs jhbnm Hssunm ky ten `lurt li Q‘s [nimnrnm ky ten `lurt
ky M‘s wel diswnrnm7
diswnrnm7 dim, clthli jlr jdhburn lj M tl jhbn jlbblwhif d mnjdubt lrmnr lr
;.  [nimnr oumfcnit upli ten nvhmni`n prnsnitnm. ehs rnsplishvn pbndmhif djtnr ht rn`nhvnm, nx pdrtn, Q‘s
sndslidkby nvhmni`n
]en `dsn whbb try dfdhist dbb ten mnjnimdits
m njnimdits nvni hj ltenrs mhm ilt Hitnrbl`utlry lrmnr Jhidb lrmnr
jhbn diswnr. Ht hs ds hj nvnrylin jhbnm di diswnr. Ilt dppndbdkbn Dppndbdkbn

Ldchidb v. @dsthbbl
IL]N?
lj ]l. Hj
d`thli
d`thli. dppby
tenrnten prhi`hpbn,
hs il `lccli tenrn cust
`dusn kn d `lccli
lj d`thli `dusn
wehbn tenrn cdy Mnsphtn ten clthli, ten diswnr wds jhbnm (nvni hj jhbnm wdy lut
kn d trhdb, ten diswnr lj M4 cdy liby jlr ehc. Djtnr ten trhdb, M4 lj thcn) dim wds dmchttnm ky ten `lurt, ten mnjnimdit whbb ilt
chfet kn dkslbvnm jrlc bhdkhbhty kut ten mnjdubthif mnjnimdit M; kn mn`bdrnm hi mnjdubt.
cdy kn enbm bhdkbn kn`dusn M4‘s diswnr cdy ilt dppby tl M;.
@nrnzl v. ]udzli
Phxte Qdrt Vedt selubm edvn knni ten rncnmy knjlrn en wds mn`bdrnm hi
(m) Nxtnit lj rnbhnj tl kn dwdrmnm mnjdubt< Clthli tl snt dshmn ten lrmnr lj mnjdubt (uimnr ldte).
 D oumfcnit rnimnrnm
rnimnrnm dfdhist d pdrty hi mnjdubt sedbb inhtenr  Drn tenrn ltenr rncnmhns<   Xns. Li dppndb (qunsthli ten
nx`nnm ten dcluit lr kn mhjjnrnit hi ghim jrlc tedt prdynm jlr mn`bdrdthli lj mnjdubt).
ilr dwdrm uibhquhmdtnm mdcdfns.
Clizli v. [nblvd
Nxtnit Lj [nbhnj ]l Kn Dwdrmnm Hi Oumfcnits Ky Mnjdubt Ht `di kn snni tedt mnsphtn ten jd`t tedt Clizli wds ilt
  Ht sedbb ilt nx`nnm ten dcluit  jrlc
  jrlc tedt prdynm jlr hi mn`bdrnm hi mnjdubt ky ten []@, ten []@ invnrtenbnss dppbhnm ten

ten `lcpbdhit njjn`ts lj d mnjdubt lrmnr upli Clizli uimnr Pn`thli 0, [ubn 8
   Ht sedbb ilt kn mhjjnrnit hi ghim  jrlc
  jrlc tedt prdynm jlr hi lj ten [ubns lj @lurt?
ten `lcpbdhit

[^BN :-;4 DP DCNIMNM | PX ;148-;1;1

CHGNB ELJHBNÔD MNBFDML PQN@HDB @LI][HK^]L[? DZ DK[DPDBML
 

@HZHB Q[L@NM^[N | D]]X. CNBHPPD [LCDID Q. P^D[N_ ;= 

Jdhburn tl jhbn d rnsplishvn pbndmhif whtehi ten rnfbncnitdry
rn fbncnitdry
pnrhlm, dim ilt jdhburn tl dppndr dt ten endrhif, hs ten slbn
frluim jlr di lrmnr lj mnjdubt,
mnjdubt , nx`npt ten jdhburn tl dppndr dt
d prn-trhdb `lijnrni`n wenrnhi ten njjn`ts lj d mnjdubt li ten pdrt
lj ten mnjnimdit drn jlbblwnm, tedt hs, ten pbdhithjj sedbb kn
dbblwnm tl prnsnit nvhmni`n nx pdrtn dim d oumfcnit kdsnm
tenrnli cdy kn rnimnrnm dfdhist ten mnjnimdit (Pn`thli >, [ubn
45). Dbsl, d mnjdubt oumfcnit cdy kn rnimnrnm, nvni hj ten
mnjnimdit edm jhbnm ehs diswnr, uimnr ten `hr`ucstdi`n hi Pn`.
tenrnhi. Elwnvnr, ht wlubm ilt dcluit tl d wdhvnr lj ten
mnjnimdit‘s rhfet tl prnsnit
pr nsnit nvhmni`n 
nvhmni`n  murhif ten trhdb mdtns
s`enmubnm jlr ten rn`npthli lj nvhmni`n jlr ten mnjnisn. Ht wlubm
kn di nithrnby mhjjnrnit hssun hj ten jdhburn tl dttnim lj ten
mnjnimdit wds li d endrhif mdtn snt jlr ten prnsnitdthli lj ten
nvhmni`n lj ten mnjnisn, kut su`e mhm ilt l``ur hi ten `dsn dt
kdr.
Mdvhm v. Oumfn Jrunbmd

0(`), [ubn ;8.
]en njjn`ts lj mnjdubt drn jlbblwnm liby hi ternn histdi`ns?
4.  weni tenrn hs di d`tudb mnjdubt   jlr jdhburn tl jhbn d
rnsplishvn pbndmhif7
;.  jdhburn tl dppndr hi ten prn-trhdb `lijnrni`n7
prn-trhdb `lijnrni`n7 dim
0.  rnjusdb tl `lcpby whte clmns lj mhs`lvnry uimnr ten
`hr`ucstdi`n hi Pn`. 0(`), [ubn ;8.
Vehbn tenrn drn histdi`ns weni d pdrty cdy kn prlpnrby
mnjdubtnm, tensn selubm kn ten nx`npthli rdtenr tedi ten rubn,
dim selubm kn dbblwnm liby hi `bndr `dsns lj lksthidtn
l ksthidtn rnjusdb lr
hilrmhidtn infbn`t tl `lcpby whte ten lrmnrs lj ten `lurt.
Ht hs nvni wlrsn weni ten `lurt hssuns di lrmnr ilt mnilchidtnm
ds di lrmnr lj mnjdubt, kut prlvhmns jlr ten dppbh`dthli lj njjn`ts
lj mnjdubt. Pu`e dcluits tl ten `hr`ucvnithli
`hr`ucvnithli   lj ten rhfhm
rnquhrncnits lj d mnjdubt lrmnr,
lrmnr , tl wht?
4.  `lurt cust edvn vdbhmby d`quhrnm ourhsmh`thli lvnr ten
 pnrsli lj
 pnrsli  lj ten mnjnimdit nhtenr ky snrvh`n lj succlis
lr vlbuitdry dppndrdi`n7
;.  mnjnimdit jdhbnm tl jhbn ehs diswnr   whtehi ten thcn
dbblwnm tenrnjlr7 dim
0.  tenrn cust kn d clthli tl mn`bdrn ten mnjnimdit hi
mnjdubt  whte
 whte ilth`n tl ten bdttnr.
Djjhmdvht lj cnrht ‐ mnjnimdit whbb selw tedt en eds cnrhtlrhlus
mnjnisn. Nxpbdhi ehs cnrhtlrhlus mnjnisn dim ilt cnrnby
cnrn by dbbnfn.
Oubhdil-Bbdvn v. [npukbh`
Hi d`thlis jlr diiubcnit jlr diiubcnit lj cdrrhdfn, mn`bdrdthli
lj iubbhty lj cdrrhdfn dim bnfdb snpdrdthli, ten mnjnimdit `diilt  
kn mn`bdrnm hi mnjdubt nvni hj en mhm ilt jhbn di diswnr. Kut ht
mlnsi‘t cndi tedt ten `dsn whbb kn stdbbnm lr stlppnm tl wdht jlr
ten diswnr. ]en `dsn whbb
whbb `lithiun. ]edt‘s elw ht hs hi tensn `dsns. 
`dsns.  
Ltnrl v. [lfnr ]di
D mnjnimdit wel jdhbs tl jhbn di diswnr blsns ehs stdimhif hi
`lurt. Blss lj stdimhif hi `lurt, ten jlrjnhturn lj lin‘s rhfet
ds d pdrty bhthfdit, `litnstdit lr bnfdb dmvnrsdry,
dmvnrsdry , hs ten
`lisnquni`n lj di lrmnr lj mnjdubt. D pdrty hi mnjdubt blsns ehs
rhfet tl?
  prnsnit ehs mnjnisn,
  `litrlb ten prl`nnmhifs, dim
  nxdchin lr `rlss-nxdchin whtinssns.
En eds il rhfet tl nxpn`t tedt ehs pbndmhifs wlubm kn d`tnm
upli ky ten `lurt ilr cdy kn lkon`t tl lr rnjutn nvhmni`n lr
clthlis jhbnm dfdhist ehc. D mnjnimdit wel wds mn`bdrnm hi
mnjdubt cdy invnrtenbnss dppndb
dppndb jrlc
 jrlc ten oumfcnit ky mnjdubt,
dbknht li bhchtnm frluims.

Hi ten `dsn dt kdr, Clizli edm ilt jdhbnm tl jhbn enr diswnr. Ilintenbnss, ten jd`t tedt d mnjnimdit eds blst ehs stdimhif hi

Inhtenr wdsnjjn`ts
lr tedt ten ilth`n lj
snit tl Clizli
mnjdubt tedt
sedbb kn sen wlubm
hcplsnm upliknenr.
mnjdubtnm,
"Cnrn `lurt
hs bnjt jlr edvhif
sdis knni mn`bdrnm
diy rn`lursn hi mnjdubt
wedtslnvnr. Hi mlns
Bhid v.ilt@D,
cndi tedttehs
nt db., en
ili-dppndrdi`n lj mnjnimdits dt di lrmhidry endrhif dim tl @lurt niucnrdtnm ten rncnmhns dvdhbdkbn tl pdrty wel eds knni
dmmu`n nvhmni`n mlns ilt `listhtutn mnjdubt, weni teny edvn mn`bdrnm hi mnjdubt, tl wht?
dbrndmy jhbnm tenhr diswnr tl ten `lcpbdhit whtehi ten d)  ]en mnjnimdit hi mnjdubt cdy, dt diy thcn djtnr
rnfbncnitdry pnrhlm. Ht hs nrrlr tl mnjdubt d mnjnimdit djtnr mhs`lvnry tenrnlj dim knjlrn oumfcnit, jhbn d clthli,
ten diswnr edm dbrndmy knni jhbnm.jhbnm . Ht selubm kn klrin hi chim uimnr ldte, tl snt dshmn ten lrmnr lj mnjdubt li
mnjdubt  li ten
tedt ten plbh`y lj ten bdw hs tl edvn nvnry bhthfdit‘s `dsn trhnm li frluim tedt ehs jdhburn tl diswnr wds mun tl jrdum,
ten cnrhts ds cu`e ds plsshkbn7 ht hs jlr tehs rndsli tedt d``hmnit, chstdgn lr nx`usdkbn infbn`t, dim tedt en eds
 oumfcnits ky mnjdubt drn jrlwinm upli.upli. cnrhtlrhlus mnjnisns7 (Pn` 0, [ubn 45) 
45)  
k)  Hj ten oumfcnit eds dbrndmy knni rnimnrnm weni ten
Mlns tehs cndi tedt mnjnimdits `di fnt dwdy whte jdhbhif tl mnjnimdit mhs`lvnrnm ten mnjdubt, kut knjlrn ten sdcn
dttnim endrhifs mnsphtn mun ilth`n< eds kn`lcn jhidb dim nxn`utlry, en cdy jhbn d clthli
Il, ht whbb ilt. Vn dfrnn tedt su`e jdhburn tl dttnim, weni jlr inw trhdb uimnr
trhdb  uimnr Pn`thli 4(d) lj [ubn 067
`lcchttnm murhif endrhif mdtns jlr ten prnsnitdthli lj ten `)  Hj ten mnjnimdit mhs`lvnrnm ten mnjdubt djtnr ten
`lcpbdhidit‘s
`lc pbdhidit‘s nvhmni`n, wlubm dcluit tl ten wdhvnr lj su`e  oumfcnit eds kn`lcn jhidb dim nxn`utlry, en cdy jhbn
mnjnimdit‘s rhfet tl lkon`t tl ten nvhmni`n prnsnitnm murhif d pnththli jlr rnbhnj  uimnr
 uimnr Pn`thli ; lj [ubn 057 dim
su`e endrhif, dim tl `rlss-nxdchin ten whtinssns prnsnitnm

[^BN :-;4 DP DCNIMNM | PX ;148-;1;1

CHGNB ELJHBNÔD MNBFDML PQN@HDB @LI][HK^]L[? DZ DK[DPDBML
 

@HZHB Q[L@NM^[N | D]]X. CNBHPPD [LCDID Q. P^D[N_ ;> 

m)  En cdy dbsl dppndb
dppndb   jrlc ten oumfcnit rnimnrnm
dfdhist ehc ds `litrdry tl ten nvhmni`n lr tl ten bdw,
[^BN  DCNIMCNI] &
nvni hj il pnththli tl snt dshmn ten lrmnr lj mnjdubt
mn jdubt eds 41  P^QQBNCNI]DB QBNDMHIFP
knni prnsnitnm ky ehc. (Pn`. ;, [ubn =4) 
=4)  
Pn`thli 4
Himnnm, d mnjnimhif pdrty mn`bdrnm hi mnjdubt rntdhis ten rhfet Dcnimcnits hi Fninrdb
tl dppndb jrlc ten oumfcnit ky mnjdubt . Elwnvnr, ten Qbndmhifs cdy kn dcnimnm ky?
frluims tedt cdy kn rdhsnm hi su`e di dppndb drn rnstrh`tnm   tl
tl 4.  dmmhif
dmmhif lr
 lr strhghif lut  
diy lj ten jlbblwhif? ;.  di dbbnfdthli lr

4.  jdhburn lj ten pbdhithjj tl prlvn ten cdtnrhdb dbbnfdthlis 0.  ten idcn lj diy pdrty, lr
lj ten `lcpbdhit7 =.  ky `lrrn`thif d chstdgn hi ten idcn lj d pdrty lr d
;.  mn`hshli hs `litrdry tl bdw7 >.  chstdgni lr hidmnqudtn dbbnfdthli lr mns`rhpthli hi diy
0.  dcluit lj oumfcnit hs nx`nsshvn lr mhjjnrnit hi ghim ltenr rnspn`t,
jrlc tedt prdynm jlr.
Pl tedt ten d`tudb cnrhts lj ten `litrlvnrsy cdy spnnmhby kn
Hi tensn `dsns, ten dppnbbdtn trhkuidb selubm liby `lishmnr ten mntnrchinm, whtelut rnfdrm tl tn`eih`dbhthns,
tn`eih`dbhthns , hi ten clst  
phn`ns lj nvhmni`n tedt wnrn prnsnitnm ky ten pbdhithjj murhif nxpnmhthlus dim hinxpnishvn 
hinxpnishvn cdiinr . (4d)
ten nx pdrtn prnsnitdthli
pdrtn prnsnitdthli lj ehs nvhmni`n.
IL]N? Di
IL]N? Di dcnimcnit eds il rntrld`thvn njjn`t.
D mnjnimdit wel eds knni mn`bdrnm hi mnjdubt hs prn`bumnm jrlc
rdhshif diy ltenr frluim hi ehs dppndb jrlc ten oumfcnit ky Ds d cdttnr lj jd`t, knjlrn rnd`ehif [ubn 41, tenrn drn prlvhshlis
mnjdubt shi`n, ltenrwhsn, en wlubm teni kn dbblwnm tl dmmu`n wenrn dcnimcnits edvn dbrndmy knni tlu`enm upli, lin lj
nvhmni`n hi ehs mnjnisn, weh`e rhfet en edm blst djtnr en wds weh`e hs [ubn 4, Pn`thli >.
mn`bdrnm hi mnjdubt. Himnnm, en hs prls`rhknm hi ten dppnbbdtn
trhkuidb jrlc dmmu`hif diy nvhmni`n tl klbstnr ehs mnjnisn Vedt hs ten plbh`y lj ten bdw li dcnimcnits<
dfdhist ten pbdhithjj‘s `bdhc. 
`bdhc.   Dcnimcnits tl pbndmhifs drn jdvlrnm   dim selubm kn bhknrdbby  
dbblwnm hi lrmnr tl?
Cdftltl v. @D •  Mntnrchin nvnry `dsn ds jdr ds plsshkbn li hts d`tudb
Clthli tl bhjt ten lrmnr lj mnjdubt. Mnsphtn ten clthli, ilt cnrhts whtelut
cnrhts whtelut rnfdrm tl tn`eih`dbhthns7
nilufe. Lin cust selw tedt jdhburn tl jdhb di diswnr ‐ ht cust •  Ppnnm up ten
up ten trhdb lj `dsns7
kn JDCN dim selw tedt ehs `dsn hs cnrhtlrhlus. •  Qrnvnit uiin`nssdry nxpnisns.
nxpnisns.

Nonrd v. Cnrtl Pn`thli ;

]en mnjnisn lj ili-nxedusthli lj enr dmchihstrdthvn rncnmhns Dcnimcnits ds D Cdttnr lj [hfet
rdhsnm ky Qdbthi`d ds ten ili-mnjdubthif mnjnimdit hiurnm tl ten D pdrty cdy dcnim ehs pbndmhif li`n li`n ds
 ds d cdttnr lj rhfet?
kninjht lj ten rnsplimnits wel edm knni mn`bdrnm hi mnjdubt.   dt diy thcn knjlrn d rnsplishvn pbndmhif hs
pbndmhif hs snrvnm lr,
 
Jlr lin, tenrn wds d `lccli `dusn lj d`thli dfdhist ten hi ten `dsn lj d rnpby
rnpby,,
rnsplimnits dim Qdbthi`d. ]en ili-nxedusthli wds jdtdb tl su`e 4.  dt diy thcn whtehi tni (41) `dbnimdr mdys djtnr
`lccli `dusn lj d`thli. ht hs snrvnm. (;d)

Clcdr`l v. Zhbbdcnid Veni D Qbndmhif Cdy Kn Dcnimnm Ds D Cdttnr Lj [hfet

Hi lin `dsn ten diswnr wds jhbnm djtnr ten clthli tl mn`bdrn hi 4.  @lcpbdhit ky Q Q ‐ knjlrn ten diswnr hs snrvnm
mnjdubt wds jhbnm ‐ P@ li`n ten diswnr eds knni dmchttnm, tedt‘s ;.   Diswnr ky M -
M - knjlrn ten rnpby hs snrvnm
ht. 0.  [npby ky Q 
Q ‐ whtehi 41 mdys jrlc ten snrvh`n lj ten rnpby
tl M.

Elw cdiy thcns cdy d pbndmhif kn dcnimnm ds d cdttnr lj

rhfet< Li`n (kut pnr pbndmhif).

Vedt typn lj dcnimcnit cdy kn cdmn ds d cdttnr

c dttnr lj rhfet<
Klte jlrcdb dim sukstdithdb.

IL]N? Xlu `di nvni `edifn `dusn lj d`thli knjlrn ten snrvh`n

IL]N? Xlu
lj diswnr.
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CHGNB ELJHBNÔD MNBFDML PQN@HDB @LI][HK^]L[? DZ DK[DPDBML
 

@HZHB Q[L@NM^[N | D]]X. CNBHPPD [LCDID Q. P^D[N_ ;: 

Pn`thli 0 Ili-Nxhstnit Hcpnrjn`t
Dcnimcnits Ky Bndvn Lj @lurt @dusn lj D`thli @dusn lj D`thli
Nx`npt ds prlvhmnm hi ten inxt prn`nmhif Pn`thli, sukstdithdb
sukstdithdb   ]enrn hs ynt il mnbh`t lr D mnbh`t lr wrlif eds dbrndmy
dcnimcnits cdy kn cdmn liby upli bndvn lj `lurt. wrlif `lcchttnm ky ten knni `lcchttnm dim dbbnfnm
mnjnimdit (Bhcpdif`l v. hi ten `lcpbdhit, kut ten
Kut su`e bndvn sedbb kn rnjusnm
rnjusnm hj
 hj ht dppndrs tl ten `lurt
` lurt tedt ten Cnr`dml) `dusn lj d`thli hs hi`lcpbntn
clthli wds cdmn? (Dbtl Purnty v. Dfuhbdr)
Ilt `urdkbn ky dcnimcnit @urdkbn my dcnimcnit
4.  whte hitnit tl mnbdy lr
;.  `lijnr ourhsmh`thli li ten `lurt, lr
Pplusns ]hrlid v. Oumfn Dbnol 
Dbnol  
0.  ten pbndmhif stdtnm il `dusn lj d`thli jrlc ten Vds ten mnjh`hni`y rncnmhnm, elwnvnr, weni pnththlinrs
knfhiihif weh`e `lubm kn dcnimnm.
sukchttnm tenhr Dcnimnm @lcpbdhits< Di dcnimcnit hs ilt
dbblwnm wenrn ten `lurt eds il ourhsmh`thli lvnr ten lrhfhidb
Lrmnrs lj ten `lurt upli ten cdttnrs prlvhmnm hi tehs Pn`thli
`lcpbdhit dim ten purplsn lj ten dcnimcnit hs tl `lijnr
sedbb kn cdmn?
 ourhsmh`thli upli ten `lurt, lr wenrn ten d`thli lrhfhidbby
4.  upli clthli
clthli jhbnm
 jhbnm hi `lurt, dim
pbndmnm hi ten `lcpbdhit wds lutshmn ten ourhsmh`thli lj ten
;.  djtnr ilth`n
ilth`n tl
 tl ten dmvnrsn pdrty, dim
`lurt. Vn edvn `drnjubby pnrusnm pnththlinrs' prlplsnm
0.  di lpplrtuihty tl kn endrm . (0d)
dcnimcnits dim jluim tenc tl hi`bumn ten dbbnfdthli tedt
 pnththlinrs wnrn hi prhlr peysh`db plssnsshli lj ten mhsputnm
IL]N? Pn`thli 0 liby dppbhns tl sukstdithdb dcnimcnits.
jhseplims knjlrn sdhm plssnsshli wds dbbnfnmby mhsturknm . @bndrby,
ten purplsn hs tl shmnstnp ten []@ rubhif tedt Cn]@ edm il
Veni dim elw `di d sukstdithdb dcnimcnit kn cdmn<
 ourhsmh`thli.
F[? Liby
F[? Liby upli bndvn lj `lurt
UQI?   Il bndvn lj `lurt hs rnquhrnm hj ten sukstdithdb
UQI?
dcnimcnits drn cdmn knjlrn ten rnsplishvn pbndmhif hs snrvnm.
snrvnm . Lvnr tenhr `lcpbdhits dim dbblw ten hijnrhlr `lurt tl d`quhrn
 ourhsmh`thli. ]ehs wn `diilt
`diilt dbblw. Venrn ten `lu `lurt
rt lj lrhfhi edm
il ourhsmh`thli lvnr ten lrhfhidb `lcpbdhit hi ten jhrst pbd`n,
Pukstdithdb Dcnimcnits
dcnimcnits cdy ilt kn edm. Ht hs dxhlcdth` tedt knjlrn di
Cdttnr lj [hfet Cdttnr lj Oumh`hdb Mhs`rnthli
dcnimcnit `di kn pnrchttnm, ten trhdb `lurt cust edvn d`quhrnm
Knjlrn rnsplishvn Djtnr rnsplishvn pbndmhif hs
pbndmhif hs snrvnm snrvnm  ourhsmh`thli lvnr ten `dsn hi ten
ten jhrst histdi`n.

]en `lurt sedbb mniy ten clthli jlr bndvn tl jhbn dcnimcnit Pn`thli =
hj ht dppndrs tl ten `lurt tedt? Jlrcdb Dcnimcnits
4.  cdmn whte hitnit tl mnbdy 7 D mnjn`t hi ten mnshfidthli
mnshfidthli   lj ten pdrthns dim ltenr `bndrby
;.  cdmn whte hitnit tl `lijnr ourhsmh`thli ten
ourhsmh`thli ten `lurt7 lr `bnrh`db lr typlfrdpeh`db nrrlrs cdy kn succdrhby `lrrn`tnm   ky
0.  pbndmhif stdtnm il `dusn lj d`thli jrlc ten knfhiihif   ten `lurt dt diy stdfn 
stdfn  lj ten d`thli, dt hts hihthdthvn lr li
weh`e `lubm kn dcnimnm. clthli,, prlvhmnm il prnoumh`n hs
clthli prnoumh`n hs `dusnm tenrnky tl ten dmvnrsn
pdrty. (=)
Ptnps hi Cdghif Pukstdithdb Dcnimcnits
4.  Jhbn
Jhbn d
 d clthli jlr Bndvn lj @lurt tl Jhbn Dcnimcnit Veni cdy ten `lurt succdrhby `lrrn`t sdhm nrrlrs<
;.  Pnrvn
Pnrvn d d `lpy lj ten clthli tl ten dmvnrsn pdrty Dt diy stdfn lj ten d`thli.
0.  Endrhif li ten clthli cust kn s`enmubnm ‐ dmvnrsn
pdrty hs fhvni lpplrtuihty tl kn endrm   Vedt hs ten `limhthli<
]edt il prnoumh`n hs `dusnm tenrnky tl dmvnrsn pdrty.
Bhchtdthlis ]l ]en Bhknrdb Qlbh`y Hi Dbblwhif Dcnimcnits
4.  Veni ten purplsn lj ten dcnim hs tl mnbdy ten d`thli Elw cdy ten `lurt `lrrn`t sdhm nrrlrs< 
nrrlrs< 
(Pn`thli 0)7 Cltu prlphl lr li clthli.
;.  Veni ten dcnimcnit hs jlr ten purplsn lj cdghif ten
`lcpbdhit `lijnr ourhsmh`thli upli ten `lurt ([lsdrhl v. Jlrcdb Dcnimcnit 
Dcnimcnit 
@drdifmdif)7 Cdttnr lj rhfet ten `lurt whbb frdit ht, kut d clthli eds tl kn
0.  Veni ten dcnimcnit hs jlr ten purplsn lj `urhif d jhbnm. Clthli tl dcnim d `lcpbdhit.

prncdturn lr ili-nxhsthif `dusn lj d`thli (Bhcpdif`l

v. Cnr`dml)

[^BN :-;4 DP DCNIMNM | PX ;148-;1;1

CHGNB ELJHBNÔD MNBFDML PQN@HDB @LI][HK^]L[? DZ DK[DPDBML
 

@HZHB Q[L@NM^[N | D]]X. CNBHPPD [LCDID Q. P^D[N_ ;6 

Pn`thli > =.  Dmvnrsn pdrty cdy pbndm tenrntl whtehi 41 `dbnimdr
Il Dcnimcnit In`nssdry ]l @lijlrc mdys jrlc ten Lrmnr dmchtthif ten Puppbncnitdb
]l Lr Dutelrhzn Qrnsnitdthli Lj Nvhmni`n Qbndmhif (`lcpbdhit)
Veni hssuns ilt rdhsnm ky ten pbndmhifs drn trhnm whte ten
nxprnss lr hcpbhnm `lisnit lj ten pdrthns,
pdrthns, teny sedbb kn trndtnm IL]N? Di diswnr tl suppbncnitdb `lcpbdhit hs ilt ten sdcn ds
IL]N? Di
hi dbb rnspn`ts ds hj teny edm knni rdhsnm hi ten pbndmhifs . Il d suppbncnitdb diswnr.
dcnimcnit lj su`e pbndmhifs mnncnm dcnimnm hs in`nssdry tl
`dusn tenc tl `lijlrc tl ten nvhmni`n. (>d)
( >d) Puppbncnitdb Diswnr ]l
Diswnr Puppbncnitdb @lcpbdhit

Cdy hssuns ilt rdhsnm hi ten pbndmhifs kn rdhsnm hi `lurt Diswnr jhbnm ky mnjnimdit ‐  Hj tenrn hs suppbncnitdb
murhif ten trhdb< jhbn d clthli tl bndvn lj `lcpbdhit ‐ wedt hs jhbnm hs
F[?   ‐ Il, kn`dusn mnjnisns dim lkon`thlis ilt pbndmnm nhtenr
F[? `lurt dttd`e ehs diswnr tl ten s uppbncnitdb
hi d clthli tl mhschss lr hi ten diswnr drn mnncnm wdhvnm. ([ubn suppbncnitdb diswnr. `lcpbdhit.
8, Pn`thli 4)
Veni cdy ten `lurt dbblw ten jhbhif lj d suppbncnitdb
UQI? Veni hssuns ilt rdhsnm ky ten pbndmhifs drn trhnm whte ten
UQI? Veni pbndmhif<
nxprnss lr hcpbhnm `lisnit lj ten pdrthns, teny sedbb kn trndtnm ^pli su`e tnrcs ds drn oust.
hi dbb rnspn`t ds hj teny edm knni rdhsnm hi ten pbndmhifs, hi
`lislidi`n whte ten prhi`hpbn lj nstlppnb. ([ubn 41, Pn`thli >) Vedt cust kn `litdhinm hi ten suppbncnitdb pbndmhif<
]rdisd`thlis, l``urrni`ns lr nvnits weh`e edvn edppninm shi`n
Blbhtd Dysli v. Nirhqunz ten mdtn lj ten pbndmhif slufet tl kn suppbncnitnm.
]en td`th` hs tl ilt try tl dcnim diyclrn, oust rdhsn. Hj ten ltenr
pdrty lkon`ts, ylur blss. Hj ten lkon`thli hs snt dshmn, teni [ubn 8 Dcnimnm Qbndmhif Puppbncnitdb Qbndmhif
Pn`thli 4 mlns ilt edvn diy clrn tnnte.  Dbbnfdthlis
@litdhis trdisd`thlis, @litdhis trdisd`thlis,
l``urrni`ns
l``urrni` ns lr nvnits weh`e l``urrni`ns
l``urrni` ns lr nvnits weh`e
IL]N? ^imnr ten Inw [ubns, ht hs vnry `bndr tedt il dcnimcnit
IL]N? ^imnr
dbrndmy edppninm dt
edppninm dt ten thcn wnrn ilt hi nxhstni`n dt
nxhstni`n dt ten
hs rnquhrnm. Hj ten pdrty lkon`ts, fl kd`g tl [ubn 8, Pn`thli 4. ten lrhfhidb pbndmhif wds jhbnm thcn ten lrhfhidb pbndmhif wds
dim `lubm edvn knni rdhsnm hi
rdhsnm  hi jhbnm kut weh`e liby edppninm
ten lrhfhidb pbndmhif, kut weh`e djtnr ten jhbhif lj ten lrhfhidb
@bndrby ten `lurt cdy rubn dim rnimnr oumfcnit li ten kdshs lj
ten pbndmnr jdhbnm tl rdhsn hi ten pbndmhif dim tenrnjlrn, `lubm
ten nvhmni`n knjlrn ht nvni telufe ten rnbnvdit
rnbnv dit pbndmhif eds ilt lrhfhidb pbndmhif kn`dusn lj ilt edvn knni rdhsnm hi ten
knni prnvhlusby dcnimnm sl blif ds il surprhsn lr prnoumh`n hs lvnrshfet lr hidmvnrtni`n lr lrhfhidb pbndmhif.
`dusnm tl ten dmvnrsn pdrty. nx`usdkbn infbhfni`n.
infbhfni`n.
Njjn`t
Pn`thli : Pupnrsnmns ten lrhfhidb Mlns ilt supnrsnmn ten lrhfhidb
pbndmhif. ]en lrhfhidb pbndmhif pbndmhif.
Puppbncnitdb Qbndmhifs hs mnncnm nrdsnm. Pl jrlc ten
^pli clthli
clthli lj
 lj d pdrty, ten `lurt cdy, upli rndslidkbn ilth`n 
ilth`n  vhnwplhit lj ten bdw, ten Hi njjn`t, tenrn drn twl
dim upli su`e tnrcs ds drn oust, pnrcht ehc lr enr tl snrvn d lrhfhidb pbndmhif il blifnr pbndmhifs weh`e stdim shmn ky
suppbncnitdb pbndmhif sntthif jlrte? nxhsts.  shmn hi ten `dsn. 
  trdisd`thlis
trdisd`thlis,, Jhbhif
@lubm kn d cdttnr lj rhfet lr Dbwdys d cdttnr lj oumh`hdb
  l``urrni`ns
l``urrni`ns lr
 lr
 oumh`hdb mhs`rnthli. mhs`rnthli (bndvn lj `lurt dbwdys
  nvnits
nvnits   weh`e edvn edppninm shi`n ten mdtn lj ten rnquhrnm)
pbndmhif slufet tl kn suppbncnitnm.
Pn`thli 6
]en dmvnrsn pdrty cdy pbndm tenrntl whtehi tni (41) `dbnimdr Jhbhif lj Dcnimnm Qbndmhifs
mdys jrlc ilth`n lj ten lrmnr dmchtthif ten suppbncnitdb Veni diy pbndmhif hs dcnimnm, d inw `lpy   lj ten nithrn
pbndmhif. (:d) pbndmhif, hi`lrplrdthif ten dcnimcnits, weh`e sedbb kn
himh`dtnm ky dpprlprhdtn cdrgs, sedbb kn jhbnm. (6)
Qrl`nmurn hi Jhbhif Puppbncnitdb Qbndmhif
4.  Jhbn
Jhbn d
 d Clthli jlr Bndvn lj @lurt tl Jhbn Puppbncnitdb Qbditnrs v. B_G Elbmhifs
Qbndmhif7 dttd`e ten suppbncnit
;.  Pnrvn
Pnrvn d d `lpy lj ten clthli li ten dmvnrsn pdrty D suppbncnitdb pbndmhif liby snrvns tl
  Klbstnr lr dmms slcntehif tl ten prhcdry pbndmhif.
0.  Endrhif
Endrhif li li ten Clthli   Puppbncnit nxhsts shmn ky shmn whte ten lrhfhidb.
  Ilt rnpbd`n tedt weh`e ht suppbncnits.

[^BN :-;4 DP DCNIMNM | PX ;148-;1;1

CHGNB ELJHBNÔD MNBFDML PQN@HDB @LI][HK^]L[? DZ DK[DPDBML

@HZHB Q[L@NM^[N | D]]X. CNBHPPD [LCDID Q. P^D[N_
 Dssucns tedt ten lrhfhidb pbndmhif hs tl stdim dim tedt
ten hssuns olhinm whte ten lrhfhidb pbndmhif rncdhinm
di hssun tl kn trhnm hi ten d`thli.
   @lithiudthli lj ten `lcpbdhit.
   Pnt up inw jd`ts weh`e ousthjy, nibdrfn lr `edifn ten
ghim lj rnbhnj whte rnspn`t tl ten sdcn sukon`t cdttnr ds
ten `litrlvnrsy rnjnrrnm tl hi ten lrhfhidb
lrhf hidb `lcpbdhit.
   Krhif hitl ten rn`lrms inw jd`ts weh`e whbb nibdrfn lr
`edifn ten ghim lj rnbhnj tl weh`e ten pbdhithjj hs
nithtbnm7 eni`n, diy suppbncnitdb jd`ts weh`e jurtenr
mnvnblp ten lrhfhidb rhfet lj d`thli, lr nxtnim tl vdry
ten rnbhnj, drn dvdhbdkbn ky wdy lj suppbncnitdb
`lcpbdhit nvni telufe teny tencsnbvns `listhtutn d
rhfet lj d`thli.
]en pdrthns cdy jhbn suppbncnitdb pbndmhifs liby tl suppby
mnjh`hni`hns hi dhm lj di lrhfhidb pbndmhif, kut ilt tl
hitrlmu`n inw dim himnpnimnit `dusns lj d`thli.
d`thli . Hi Bnlkrnrd
v. @lurt lj Dppndbs,
Dppndbs, ten @lurt rubnm tedt weni ten `dusn lj d`thli
stdtnm hi ten suppbncnitdb `lcpbdhit hs mhjjnrnit jrlc ten `dusns
lj d`thli cnithlinm hi ten lrhfhidb `lcpbdhit, ten `lurt selubm
ilt dmcht ten suppbncnitdb `lcpbdhit .
Hi ten prnsnit `dsn, ten hssun ds tl wentenr ten pnththlinr
stlppnm ten pdycnit lj rnitdbs dim ten dppbh`dthli tenrnlj li
ten pnr`nhvnm bldi mnjh`hni`y lj ten rnsplimnit, hs d inw cdttnr
tedt l``urrnm djtnr ten jhbhif lj ten lrhfhidb `lcpbdhit. Elwnvnr,
ten rnbhnj jlr mdcdfns,
mdcdfns, ten `lbbn`thli lj ten rnitdbs dim ten
dppbh`dthli tenrnlj ky ten pnththlinr tl ten pnr`nhvnm bldi
mnjh`hni`y lj ten rnsplimnit drn fnrcdin tl, dim drn hi jd`t,
hitnrtwhinm whte ten
whte ten `dusn lj d`thli lj iubbhjh`dthli lj ten rndb
nstdtn clrtfdfn dim ten nxtrdoumh`hdb jlrn`blsurn tenrnlj, ds wnbb
ds ten sdbn dt pukbh` du`thli.
IL]N?  ]dgn iltn lj ten perdsn ‒fnrcdin tl dim hitnrtwhinm
IL]N?  diswnr ten dcnimnm `lcpbdhit whtehi jhjtnni (4>) `dbnimdr
whte– ten lrhfhidb `dusn lj d`thli whte ten pbndmhifs slufet tl
kn hcpbncnitnm. Bhknrdb dppbh`dthli lj suppbncnitdb pbndmhifs.
Pn`thli 5
Njjn`t lj Dcnimnm Qbndmhifs
Di dcnimnm pbndmhif supnrsnmns
supnrsnmns ten
 ten pbndmhif tedt ht dcnims.
Elwnvnr, dmchsshlis hi supnrsnmnm pbndmhifs cdy kn ljjnrnm hi
nvhmni`n dfdhist ten pbndmnr, dim `bdhcs lr mnjnisns dbbnfnm
tenrnhi ilt hi`lrplrdtnm 
hi`lrplrdtnm  hi ten dcnimnm pbndmhif sedbb kn
mnncnm wdhvnm.
wdhvnm. (5d)
CHGNB ELJHBNÔD MNBFDML
;5 
[^BN  VENI ]L JHBN
44  [NPQLIPHZN QBNDMHIFP
Pn`thli 4
Diswnr tl ten @lcpbdhit
]en mnjnimdit sedbb jhbn ehs lr enr diswnr tl ten `lcpbdhit
whtehi tehrty (01) `dbnimdr mdys mdys   djtnr snrvh`n lj succlis,
uibnss d mhjjnrnit pnrhlm hs jhxnm ky ten `lurt. (4d)
Pn`thli ;
Diswnr lj d Mnjnimdit Jlrnhfi Qrhvdtn Ourhmh`db Nithty
Venrn ten mnjnimdit hs d jlrnhfi prhvdtn ourhmh`db nithty dim
snrvh`n lj succlis hs cdmn li ten flvnricnit ljjh`hdb
mnshfidtnm ky bdw tl rn`nhvn ten sdcn, ten diswnr sedbb kn jhbnm
whtehi shxty (:1) `dbnimdr mdys djtnr
mdys  djtnr rn`nhpt lj succlis ky
su`e nithty. (;d)
IL]N? Hj ht eds d jlrnhfi nithty eds d rnshmnit dfnit hi ten
Qehbhpphins, dppby Pn`thli 4.
Pnrvh`n Cdmn Li
4.  [nshmnit Dfnit  ‐ whtehi 01 `dbnimdr mdys jrlc snrvh`n
;.  Flvnricnit Ljjh`hdb mnshfidtnm
Ljjh`hdb mnshfidtnm ky bdw tl rn`nhvn ten
sdcn whtehi :1 `dbnimdr mdys djtnr rn`nhpt lj succlis
ky su`e nithty.
Pn`thli 0
Diswnr tl Dcnimnm @lcpbdhit
Veni ten pbdhithjj jhbns di dcnimnm `lcpbdhit ds d cdttnr lj
rhfet, ten mnjnimdit sedbb diswnr ten sdcn whtehi tehrty (01)
`dbnimdr mdys 
mdys djtnr knhif snrvnm whte d `lpy  tenrnlj.
 tenrnlj.
Venrn hts jhbhif hs ilt d cdttnr lj rhfet, ten mnjnimdit sedbb
mdys   jrlc ilth`n lj ten lrmnr dmchtthif ten sdcn.
mdys sdcn. Di diswnr
ndrbhnr jhbnm cdy snrvn ds ten diswnr tl ten dcnimnm `lcpbdhit
hj il inw diswnr hs jhbnm. ]ehs [ubn sedbb dppby tl ten diswnr tl
di dcnimnm `luitnr`bdhc, dcnimnm `rlss`bdhc, dcnimnm tehrm
(jlurte, nt`.)-pdrty `lcpbdhit, dim dcnimnm `lcpbdhit-hi-
hitnrvnithli. (0d)
Qrl`nmurn
4.  Jhbn ten Clthli Jlr Bndvn Lj @lurt ]l Dmcht Di
 Dcnimnm @lcpbdhit  
;.  Dcnimnm `lcpbdhit hs dttd`enm  tl
 tl ten clthli jlr bndvn.
bndvn .
]eus, M dbrndmy eds ten `lpy lj ten dcnimnm
`lcpbdhit, dim weni ten `lurt sdys ‒F[DI]NM,– M
cust jhbn ehs diswnr tl ten dcnimnm `lcpbdhit whtehi
mdys. 
4> `dbnimdr mdys. 
Hs ten M rnquhrnm tl diswnr dbb dcnimnm `lcpbdhits<
Il. Di diswnr ndrbhnr jhbnm cdy snrvn ds ten diswnr tl ten
dcnimnm `lcpbdhit hj il inw diswnr hs jhbnm.
[^BN :-;4 DP DCNIMNM | PX ;148-;1;1
PQN@HDB @LI][HK^]L[? DZ DK[DPDBML
 

@HZHB Q[L@NM^[N | D]]X. CNBHPPD [LCDID Q. P^D[N_ ;8 

Diswnr ]l Dcnimnm @lcpbdhit IL]N? Hj d suppbncnitdb `lcpbdhit hs jhbnm, tenrn hs d inw cdttnr
Cdttnr lj [hfet Ilt D Cdttnr lj [hfet tedt hs dbbnfnm tedt hs fnrcdin lr hitnrtwhinm tl ten cdhi d`thli
01 `dbnimdr mdys djtnr knhif 4> `dbnimdr mdys jrlc ilth`n
snrvnm dcnimnm `lcpbdhit lj lrmnr dmchtthif ten sdcn Veni tl Jhbn di Diswnr tl Puppbncnitdb @lcpbdhit
F[? Vhtehi
F[?  Vhtehi ;1 `dbnimdr mdys jrlc ilth`n lj ten lrmnr dmchtthif
Blifnr lr Pelrtnr<! ten sdcn.
]en pnrhlm tl jhbn di diswnr hs blifnr weni ten dcnimcnit hs UQI? ^ibnss
UQI?  ^ibnss d mhjjnrnit pnrhlm hs jhxnm ky ten `lurt.
ilt d cdttnr lj rhfet. Ilth`n lj ten lrmnr dmchtthif ten sdcn
dcnimcnit tedt hs dttd`enm tl ten clthli. Ht whbb tdgn thcn jlr •  Puppbncnitdb `lcpbdhit hs ilt d cdttnr lj rhfet

ten `lurt tl frdit ten clthli lr mniy

m niy ten clthli.
Veni whbb M rn`nhvn ten dcnimnm `lcpbdhit weni ht hs ilt d
cdttnr lj rhfet< Ht hs dttd`enm tl clthli lj bndvn lj `lurt  kn`dusn
 kn`dusn
en dbrndmy rn`nhvnm ten dcnimcnit `lcpbdhit weni ten clthli
wds snrvnm li ehc. Clthli jlr bndvn lj `lurt tl jhbn di dcnimnm
`lcpbdhit. Enrn ten dcnimcnit hs ilt d cdttnr lj rhfet.rhf et.
Hs ten M rnquhrnm ky bdw tl jhbn di diswnr hi ten dcnimnm
`lcpbdhit<  
`lcpbdhit<
Mnpnims hj jlrcdb lr sukstdithdb. Kut fninrdbby il, kn`dusn di
diswnr ndrbhnr jhbnm cdy snrvn ds ten diswnr tl ten dcnimnm
`lcpbdhit hj ilt.
Pn`thli =
Diswnr tl @luitnr`bdhc Lr @rlss-@bdhc
D `luitnr`bdhc lr `rlss-`bdhc cust kn diswnrnm whtehi twnity
(;1) `dbnimdr mdys jrlc
mdys jrlc snrvh`n. (=d)
•  Jhbn d clthli jlr bndvn lj `lurt tl dmcht d suppbncnitdb
`lcpbdhit
•  Puppbncnitdb `lcpbdhit hs dttd`enm tl ten sdhm clthli
Vey< 
Vey< 
Jhbn d clthli jlr bndvn lj `lurt tl jhbn Puppbncnitdb `lcpbdhit
kn`dusn ht hs invnr d cdttnr lj rhfet ‐ dttd`e ten suppbncnitdb
`lcpbdhit tl ten clthli jlr bndvn lj `lurt.
IL]N? ]en diswnr tl ten `lcpbdhit sedbb snrvn ds ten diswnr tl
IL]N? ]en
ten suppbncnitdb `lcpbdhit hj il inw lr suppbncnitdb diswnr
hs jhbnm.
Pn`thli 5
Nxhsthif @luitnr`bdhc lr @rlss-@bdhc
D `lcpubslry `luitnr`bdhc lr d `rlss-`bdhc tedt d mnjnimhif
pdrty eds dt ten thcn en lr sen jhbns ehs lr enr diswnr sedbb kn
`litdhinm tenrnhi. (5d)

Vedt hj ten Q mlns ilt diswnr ten `luitnr`bdhc lj M< Pn`thli 8

Q `di kn mn`bdrnm hi mnjdubt (hi ten `luitnr`bdhc liby) hj M jhbns @luitnr`bdhc lr @rlss-@bdhc Drhshif Djtnr Diswnr
d clthli tl mn`bdrn ten `luitnr-mnjnimdit
`luitnr-mnjnimdit hi mnjdubt . D `luitnr`bdhc lr d `rlss-`bdhc weh`e nhtenr cdturnm lr wds
d`quhrnm ky d pdrty djtnr
djtnr snrvhif
 snrvhif ehs lr enr pbndmhif cdy, whte
IL]N? Q cdy ilt  diswnr
IL]N? Q  diswnr ten `luitnr`bdhc dim ilt kn mn`bdrnm ten pnrchsshli lj ten `lurt, kn prnsnitnm ds d?
hi mnjdubt weni ten `luitnr`bdhc hs sl hitnrtwhinm tl ten cdhi   `luitnr`bdhc lr d `rlss-`bdhc ky suppbncnitdb pbndmhif 
pbndmhif 
d`thli.. ]edt hj Q whbb diswnr, ht whbb liby kn d rnpnththli lj wedt en
d`thli knjlrn oumfcnit. (8d)
stdtnm hi ten `lcpbhdit.

Pn`thli > Pn`thli 41

Lchttnm @luitnr`bdhc Lr @rlss-@bdhc
Diswnr ]l ]ehrm (Jlurte, Nt`.)-Qdrty @lcpbdhit Veni d pbndmnr jdhbs tl snt up d `luitnr`bdhc lr d `rlss-`bdhc
]en thcn tl diswnr d tehrm (jlurte, nt`.)-pdrty `lcpbdhit sedbb kn terlufe?
flvnrinm ky ten sdcn rubn ds ten diswnr tl ten `lcpbdhit. (>) 4.  lvnrshfet ,
;.  hidmvnrtni`n
hidmvnrtni`n,, lr
Pn`thli : 0.  nx`usdkbn infbn`t , lr
[npby =.  weni ousth`n rnquhrns,
rnquhrns,
D rnpby, hj dbblwnm uimnr Pn`thli 41, [ubn : enrnlj , cdy kn jhbnm
whtehi jhjtnni (4>) `dbnimdr mdys jrlc
mdys  jrlc snrvh`n lj ten pbndmhif En lr sen cdy, ky bndvn lj `lurt , snt up ten `luitnr`bdhc lr
rnsplimnm tl. (:d) `rlss-`bdhc ky dcnimcnit knjlrn
dcnimcnit knjlrn oumfcnit. (41d)
Pn`thli 6
Diswnr tl Puppbncnitdb @lcpbdhit Lchttnm @luitnr`bdhc lr @rlss-`bdhc
@rlss -`bdhc
D suppbncnitdb `lcpbdhit cdy kn diswnrnm whtehi twnity (;1) Phtudthli ‐ ]en pbndmnr jdhbs tl snt up d `luitnr`bdhc
`l uitnr`bdhc lr d `rlss-
`dbnimdr mdys 
mdys  jrlc ilth`n lj ten lrmnr dmchtthif ten sdcn, `bdhc hi ehs Diswnr.
uibnss d mhjjnrnit pnrhlm hs jhxnm ky ten `lurt. ]en diswnr tl ten d.  Njjn`t ‐ En cdy snt up ten `luitnr`bdhc lr `rlss-`bdhc
`lcpbdhit sedbb snrvn ds ten diswnr tl ten suppbncnitdb ky dcnimcnit.
`lcpbdhit hj il inw lr suppbncnitdb diswnr hs jhbnm. (6d) k.  Veni Ht @di Kn Mlin 
Mlin  ‐ knjlrn oumfcnit

[^BN :-;4 DP DCNIMNM | PX ;148-;1;1

CHGNB ELJHBNÔD MNBFDML PQN@HDB @LI][HK^]L[? DZ DK[DPDBML
 

@HZHB Q[L@NM^[N | D]]X. CNBHPPD [LCDID Q. P^D[N_ 01 

`.  Qrn-[nquhshtn
Qrn-[nquhshtn  ‐ Bndvn lj @lurt
D clthli jlr nxtnishli tl jhbn diy pbndmhif, ltenr tedi di
Mnb Clitn v. Mlw @ench`db diswnr, hs prlehkhtnm
prlehkhtnm dim
 dim `lishmnrnm d cnrn s`rdp lj pdpnr.
pdpnr.
Ventenr lr ilt ten `lurt cdy dbblw di lchttnm `luitnr`bdhc lr ]en `lurt, elwnvnr, cdy dbblw diy ltenr pbndmhif tl kn jhbnm
`rlss-`bdhc ky dcnimcnit< Xns! djtnr ten thcn jhxnm ky tensn [ubns. (44d)

]wl [nquhshtns Jlr D @lurt ]l Dbblw Di Lchttnm    D Clthli jlr nxtnishli tl jhbn diy pbndmhif, ltenr tedi
@luitnr`bdhc Lr @rlss-@bdhc Ky Dcnimcnit? di diswnr, hs prlehkhtnm dim `lishmnrnm d cnrn s`rdp
4.  ]enrn wds lvnrshfet, hidmvnrtni`n,
hidmvnrtni`n, lr nx`usdkbn infbn`t, lj pdpnr.
  
lr weni ousth`n rnquhrns7
rnquhrns7 dim ]en `lurt,
kn jhbnm elwnvnr,
djtnr cdy
ten thcn dbblw
jhxnm diy ltenr
ky tensn rubns.pbndmhif tl
;.  ]en dcnimcnit hs cdmn knjlrn
knjlrn oumfcnit.
 oumfcnit.

Puccdry lj [ubn 44 & 4;

]enrn hs kdshs jlr dbblwhif ten `rlss-`bdhcs lj ten Mlbn, Mnb
Clitn dim @ehquhtd mnjnimdits dfdhist ten Mlw/L``hmnitdb Qbndmhif Qnrhlm
Diswnr 01 `dbnimdr
01 `dbnimdr mdys djtnr
mnjnimdits ds teny `lcpbhnm whte ten rubns. Ht hs uimhsputnm tedt
snrvh`n lj succlis uibnss
ten Mlbn, Mnb Clitn dim @ehquhtd mnjnimdits
m njnimdits slufet tl dcnim Diswnr ]l ]ehrm (Jlurte, Nt`.)-
mhjjnrnit pnrhlm hs jhxnm ky
tenhr diswnrs tl hi`bumn tenhr `rlss-`bdhcs knjlrn oumfcnit. Qdrty @ lcpbdhit
ten `lurt
hcplrtditby,  ousth`n rnquhrns tedt teny kn dbblwnm tl ml sl
Clrn hcplrtditby, ousth`n Diswnr lj d Mnjnimdit Jlrnhfi :1 `dbnimdr
:1 `dbnimdr mdys djtnr
hi `lislidi`n whte ten plbh`y dfdhist cubthpbh`hty lj suhts.
suhts. Qrhvdtn Ourhmh`db Nithty rn`nhpt  lj
 lj succlis
Nxtnishli lj ]hcn ]l Jhbn Diswnr Ilt clrn tedi 01 `dbnimdr
01 `dbnimdr
Mlns ten mhschssdb lj ten `hvhb `dsn dfdhist Mlw/L``hmnitdb `drry (Dbblwnm liby li`n) 
li`n)  mdys
whte ht ten mhschssdb lj `rlss-`bdhcs dfdhist tenc< Il! Diswnr ]l Dcnimnm @lcpbdhit
]en `lurt hs `lrrn`t weni ht rubnm tedt ten mhschssdb lj ten Cdttnr lj [hfet
`lcpbdhit dfdhist ten Mlw/L``hmnitdb mlns ilt `drry whte ht ten Diswnr tl? 01 `dbnimdr mdys djtnr
  Dcnimnm

snrvh`n lj `lpy
mhschssdb lj ten `rlss-`bdhcs dfdhist tenc.
@luitnr`bdhc,
  Dcnimnm @rlss`bdhc,

Ilt d Cdttnr lj [hfet
Mhschssdb lj ten `lcpbdhit mhvnstnm ten `rlss-`bdhcdits lj   Dcnimnm ]ehrm

4> `dbnimdr
4> `dbnimdr mdys djtnr
wedtnvnr dppndbdkbn hitnrnst teny chfet edvn edm knjlrn, dim (Jlurte, Nt`.)-Qdrty ilth`n lj lrmnr dmchtthif
cdmn ten `rlss-`bdhc htsnbj il blifnr vhdkbn,
vhdkbn, hs ilt dppbh`dkbn @lcpbdhit, dcnimcnit
hi ten histdit `dsn kn`dusn hi [uhz, ten mhschssdb
mhs chssdb lj ten `lcpbdhit   Dcnimnm @lcpbdhit-


wds kdsnm li ten frluim tedt ht bd`gnm cnrht. Hi ten `dsn dt kdr, Hi-Hitnrvnithli.
ten mhschssdb lj ten `lcpbdhit dfdhist Mlw/L``hmnitdb rnsubtnm Diswnr tl?
;1 `dbnimdr
;1 `dbnimdr mdys jrlc
  @luitnr`bdhc

jrlc ten snttbncnit (`lcprlchsn dfrnncnit), weh`e hs hi njjn`t snrvh`n
  @rlss @bdhc


di dmchsshli lj bhdkhbhty li ten pdrt lj ten Mlw/L``hmnitdb.

4> `dbnimdr
4> `dbnimdr mdys jrlc
[npby (Hj dbblwnm uimnr [ubn :
snrvh`n lj pbndmhif
]en kdidid pbditdthli wlrgnrs dim rnshmnits drn snnghif tl elbm Pn`thli 41) 
41) 
rnsplimnm tl

dbb ten `lcpdihns slbhmdrhby bhdkbn. ]eus, nvni whte ten ;1 `dbnimdr
;1 `dbnimdr mdys jrlc
`lcprlchsn dfrnncnits nitnrnm hitl ky ten Mlw/L``hmnitdb, Diswnr tl Puppbncni
Puppbncnitdb
tdb ilth`n lj lrmnr dmchtthif
Mnb Clitn dim @ehquhtd whte ten cdolrhty, ten `hvhb `dsn wds ilt @lcpbdhit ten sdcn uibnss mhjjnrnit
mhschssnm ilr ten dcluit lj mdcdfns slufet ky tenc tenrnhi pnrhlm hs jhxnm ky ten `lurt
Clthli jlr Khbb lj Qdrth`ubdrs lj d 41 `dbnimdr
41 `dbnimdr mdys jrlc
rnmu`nm.
rnpby snrvh`n
41 `dbnimdr mdys jrlc
]enrnjlrn, ten rncdhihif `lcpdihns `di sthbb kn cdmn bhdkbn ky ilth`n lj ten lrmnr, uibnss d
kdidid pbditdthli wlrgnrs dim rnshmnits jlr ten jubb dcluit. Hj @lcpbhdi`n lj Khbb lj Qdrth`ubdrs
mhjjnrnit pnrhlm hs jhxnm ky
tedt edppnis, ten rncdhihif `lcpdihns `di sthbb prl`nnm whte `lurt. 
ten `lurt. 
tenhr `rlss-`bdhcs dfdhist ten `lcprlchshif `lcpdihns,
hi`bumhif ten Mlw/L``hmnitdb, jlr tenhr rnspn`thvn sedrns.

Pn`thli 44
Nxtnishli Lj ]hcn ]l Jhbn Di Diswnr
D mnjnimdit cdy, jlr cnrhtlrhlus rndslis, kn frditnm di
dmmhthlidb pnrhlm lj ilt clrn tedi tehrty (01) `dbnimdr mdys  
tl jhbn di diswnr. D mnjnimdit hs liby dbblwnm tl jhbn lin (4) 
(4)  
clthli jlr nxtnishli lj thcn tl jhbn di diswnr.

[^BN :-;4 DP DCNIMNM | PX ;148-;1;1

CHGNB ELJHBNÔD MNBFDML PQN@HDB @LI][HK^]L[? DZ DK[DPDBML
 

@HZHB Q[L@NM^[N | D]]X. CNBHPPD [LCDID Q. P^D[N_ 04 

[^BN 4;  KHBB LJ QD[]H@^BD[P  ]en khbb lj pdrth`ubdrs lr d clrn mnjhihtn stdtncnit lrmnrnm ky
ten `lurt cdy kn jhbnm nhtenr hi d? snpdrdtn lr hi di dcnimnm
 pbndmhif,, snrvhif d `lpy tenrnlj li ten dmvnrsn pdrty. (0d)
 pbndmhif
Pn`thli 4
Veni Dppbhnm Jlr7 Qurplsn
Pn`thli =
Knjlrn rnsplimhif tl d pbndmhif, d pdrty cdy clvn jlr d mnjhihtn
Njjn`t lj Ili-@lcpbhdi`n
stdtncnit lr jlr d khbb lj pdrth`ubdrs lj diy cdttnr, weh`e hs ilt
Hj ten lrmnr hs?
dvnrrnm whte sujjh`hnit mnjhihtninss lr pdrth`ubdrhty,
pdrth`ubdrhty , tl nidkbn
4.  ilt lknynm, lr
ehc lr enr prlpnrby tl prnpdrn ehs lr enr rnsplishvn
r nsplishvn pbndmhif.
;.  hi `dsn lj hisujjh`hnit `lcpbhdi`n tenrnwhte,

Hj ten pbndmhif hs d rnpby

rnpby,, ten clthli cust kn jhbnm whtehi tni 0.  ten `lurt cdy lrmnr ten strhghif lut lj ten pbndmhif 
pbndmhif  
lr ten plrthlis
plrthlis   tenrnlj tl weh`e ten lrmnr wds
(41) `dbnimdr mdys jrlc snrvh`n tenrnlj.
snrvh`n  tenrnlj. Pu`e clthli sedbb plhit
mhrn`tnm, lr
lut ten mnjn`ts `lcpbdhinm lj, ten pdrdfrdpes wenrnhi
wenr nhi teny drn
=.  cdgn su`e ltenr
su`e ltenr lrmnr ds ht mnncs oust.
oust . (=)
`litdhinm, dim ten mntdhbs mnshrnm. (4d)
( 4d)

Pn`thli >
Veni d Clthli jlr d Khbb lj Qdrth`ubdrs Cdy Kn Jhbnm
Ptdy lj Qnrhlm ]l Jhbn [nsplishvn Qbndmhif
4.  Knjlrn rnsplimhif tl d pbndmhif
Djtnr snrvh`n
snrvh`n   lj ten khbb lj pdrth`ubdrs lr lj d clrn mnjhihtn
;.  Hj ten pbndmhif hs d rnpby, whtehi 41 `dbnimdr mdys jrlc
pbndmhif, lr djtnr ilth`n lj mnihdb 
mnihdb  lj ehs lr enr clthli, ten
snrvh`n tenrnlj
clvhif pdrty cdy jhbn ehs lr enr rnsplishvn pbndmhif whtehi ten
pnrhlm tl weh`e en lr sen wds nithtbnm dt
nithtbnm dt ten thcn lj jhbhif ehs
Li wedt cdttnrs<
lr enr clthli, weh`e sedbb ilt kn bnss tedi jhvn (>) `dbnimdr
Diy cdttnr weh`e hs ilt dvnrtnm whte sujjh`hnit mnjhihtninss lr
mdys hi diy nvnit.
nvnit . (>d)
pdrth`ubdrhty

Veni ten Clvhif Qdrty Cdy Jhbn Ehs [nsplishvn Qbndmhif

Jlr wedt rndsli<
4.  Djtnr snrvh`n lj ten khbb lj pdrth`ubdrs lr lj d clrn
]l nidkbn ehc lr enr prlpnrby tl prnpdrn ehs lr enr rnsplishvn
mnjhihtn pbndmhif, lr
pbndmhif.
;.  Djtnr ilth`n lj mnihdb lj ehs clthli W`lcns jhrst knjlrn
snrvh`nS
Vedt ten Clthli jlr d Khbb lj Qdrth`ubdrs Pedbb Qlhit Lut
4.  Mnjn`ts
Mnjn`ts `lcpbdhinm
 `lcpbdhinm lj,
Qnrhlm
;.  Qdrdfrdpes
Qdrdfrdpes wenrnhi
 wenrnhi teny drn `litdhinm, dim
Vhtehi ten pnrhlm tl weh`e en lr sen wds nithtbnm dt ten thcn lj
0.  Mntdhbs
Mntdhbs mnshrnm.
 mnshrnm.
jhbhif ehs lr enr clthli, weh`e sedbb ilt kn bnss tedi jhvn (>)
`dbnimdr mdys hi diy nvnit.
Pn`thli ;
D`thli ky ]en @lurt
Pn`thli :
^pli ten jhbhif lj ten clthli, ten `bnrg lj `lurt   cust
Khbb d Qdrt lj Qbndmhif
hccnmhdtnby krhif ht tl ten dttnithli lj ten `lurt, weh`e cdy
nhtenr? D khbb lj pdrth`ubdrs kn`lcns pdrt lj ten pbndmhif jlr weh`e ht hs
hitnimnm. (:)
4.  mniy
mniy lutrhfet
 lutrhfet
;.  frdit
frdit lutrhfet,
 lutrhfet, lr
0.  dbblw ten pdrthns ten lpplrtuihty tl kn endrm.
endrm. (;)

Vedt cust kn mlin upli ten jhbbhif lj ten clthli<

clth li<
]en `bnrg lj ten `lurt cust hccnmhdtnby krhif ht tl ten dttnithli
lj ten `lurt.

Pn`thli 0
@lcpbhdi`n whte Lrmnr
Hj ten clthli hs frditnm, nhtenr hi welbn lr hi pdrt, ten
`lcpbhdi`n tenrnwhte cust kn njjn`tnm whtehi tni (41)

`dbnimdr mdys jrlc ilth`n 

ilth`n  lj ten lrmnr, uibnss
uibnss   d mhjjnrnit
pnrhlm hs jhxnm ky ten `lurt.

[^BN :-;4 DP DCNIMNM | PX ;148-;1;1

CHGNB ELJHBNÔD MNBFDML PQN@HDB @LI][HK^]L[? DZ DK[DPDBML
 

@HZHB Q[L@NM^[N | D]]X. CNBHPPD [LCDID Q. P^D[N_ 0; 

JHBHIF & PN[ZH@N LJ Pn`thli 0

Cdiinr lj Jhbhif
[^BN 40  QBNDMHIFP, O^MFCNI]P, ]en jhbhif lj pbndmhifs dim ltenr `lurt sukchsshlis sedbb kn
& L]EN[ QDQN[P  cdmn ky?
Qnrslidb @bnrg lj `lurt sedbb nimlrsn li ten
Pn`thli 4 Pukchsshli pbndmhif ten mdtn dim elur lj jhbhif
@lvnrdfn [nfhstnrnm Cdhb Mdtn lj ten cdhbhif
cdhbhif   lj clthlis,
]ehs [ubn sedbb flvnri ten jhbhif lj dbb? D``rnmhtnm pbndmhifs, dim ltenr `lurt sukchsshlis,
  pbndmhifs
pbndmhifs,, @lurhnr dim pdycnits lr mnplshts, ds selwi ky


clthlis,, dim
clthlis ten plst
ten ljjh`n stdcp
stdcp li
 li ten nivnblpn
    ltenr `lurt sukchsshlis,
sukchsshlis, ds wnbb ds tenhr snrvh`n, lr rnfhstry rn`nhpt
rn`nhpt,, sedbb kn
nx`npt telsn jlr weh`e d mhjjnrnit clmn lj snrvh`n hs `lishmnrnm ds ten mdtn lj tenhr jhbhif,
pdycnit, lr mnplsht hi `lurt. ]en
prns`rhknm. (4d)
nivnblpn sedbb kn dttd`enm tl ten rn`lrm
lj ten `dsn.
`dsn.
Pn`thli ;
Nbn`trlih` Cdhb Dutelrhznm ky ten @lurt hi pbd`ns wenrn
Jhbhif dim Pnrvh`n, Mnjhinm
lr Ltenr ten `lurt hs nbn`trlih`dbby nquhppnm.
Jhbhif Pnrvh`n Nbn`trlih`
D`t lj sukchtthif ten D`t lj prlvhmhif d pdrty whte Cndis Mdtn lj nbn`trlih` trdischsshli 
trdischsshli  sedbb
pbndmhif lr ltenr pdpnr tl d `lpy lj ten pbndmhif lr diy kn `lishmnrnm ds ten mdtn lj jhbhif. (0d)
ten `lurt. sukchsshli.  
ltenr `lurt sukchsshli. 
Tunkrnb v. Difkus
Mdtn lj jhbhif kdsnm li ten prllj ‐ wedt ghim lj prllj mhm ylu
Hj d pdrty eds dppndrnm ky `luisnb, snrvh`n upli su`e pdrty sedbb
sukcht< Ht sdys enrn weh`envnr hs ndrbhnr.
ndrbhnr. Hi tehs `dsn, ten
kn cdmn upli ehs lr enr `luisnb,
`luisnb , uibnss snrvh`n upli ten pdrty ml`ucnits wnrn sukchttnm ten prllj lj jhbhif dim ht `litdhinm
dim ten pdrty‘s `luisnb hs
`luisnb  hs lrmnrnm ky ten `lurt .
tedt mdtn lj jhbhif ‐ ten mdtn lj cdhbhif hs ten mdtn lj jhbhif.

Venrn Lin @luisnb Dppndrs jlr Pnvnrdb

P nvnrdb Qdrthns
Qdrthns   Pn`thli =
@luisnb sedbb liby kn nithtbnm tl lin
lin `lpy
 `lpy lj diy pdpnr snrvnm
Qdpnrs [nquhrnm ]l Kn Jhbnm Dim Pnrvnm
ky ten lpplshtn shmn.
Nvnry oumfcnit, rnslbuthli, lrmnr, pbndmhif suksnqunit tl ten
`lcpbdhit, wrhttni clthli, ilth`n, dppndrdi`n, mncdim, ljjnr lj
Venrn Pnvnrdb @luisnbs Dppndr jlr Lin Qdrty
 oumfcnit lr shchbdr pdpnrs sedbb kn jhbnm whte ten `lurt, dim
Pu`e pdrty sedbb kn nithtbnm tl liby lin
lin `lpy
 `lpy lj diy pbndmhif lr
snrvnm upli ten pdrthns djjn`tnm. (=)
pdpnr tl kn snrvnm upli ten?
  bndm `luisnb hj
 `luisnb hj lin hs mnshfidtnm , lr
Vedt Innms ]l Kn Jhbnm Dim Pnrvnm
  upli diy lin lj
 lin lj tenc hj
tenc hj tenrn hs il mnshfidthli lj d
•   oumfcnits,
bndm `luisnb. (;d)
•  rnslbuthli,

• lrmnr,
•  
Ptnps ds tl Diswnr (Puffnstnm Liby)
pbndmhif suksnqunit tl ten `lcpbdhit,
4.  Pnrvh`n jhrst tl lpplshif `luisnb,
•  wrhttni clthli,
;.  Cdgn lpplshif `luisnb shfi dbb `lphns dt ten klttlc •  ilth`n,
lj ten diswnr, plrthli tedt sdys ‒@LQX J^[IHPENM–
•  dppndrdi`n,
tedt whbb kn shfinm ky ten lpplshif `luisnb lr
•  mncdim,
rnprnsnitdthvn. •  ljjnr lj oumfcnit lr shchbdr pdpnrs

Krhif dbb ltenr `lphns tl ten `lurt, ten `bnrg sedbb stdcp ‒JHBNM– Ml oumfcnits edvn tl kn jhbnm<
]en `luisnb wlubm teni rntdhi dt bndst 0 `lphns lj
`lphns  lj ten lrhfhidb.
Xns, [ubn 0: Pn`thli 4.
]eni jhbn ten diswnr.
Pn`thli >
Clmns lj Pnrvh`n
Qbndmhifs, clthlis, ilth`ns, lrmnrs, oumfcnits, dim ltenr `lurt
sukchsshlis sedbb kn snrvnm?
4.  pnrslidbby
pnrslidbby lr
 lr
;.  ky rnfhstnrnm cdhb,
cdhb,
0.  d``rnmhtnm `lurhnr,
`lurhnr,

[^BN :-;4 DP DCNIMNM | PX ;148-;1;1

CHGNB ELJHBNÔD MNBFDML PQN@HDB @LI][HK^]L[? DZ DK[DPDBML
 

@HZHB Q[L@NM^[N | D]]X. CNBHPPD [LCDID Q. P^D[N_ 00 

=.  nbn`trlih` cdhb,
cdhb, IL]N? Hj Lrmhidry Cdhb, ht hs trndtnm ds hj pnrslidbby jhbnm (jhbhif
IL]N? Hj
>.  jd`shchbn
jd`shchbn trdischsshli,
 trdischsshli, mdtn hs ten mdtn lj ten rn`nhpt ky ten `lurt).
:.  ltenr nbn`trlih` cndis ds
cndis ds cdy kn dutelrhznm ky ten
@lurt, lr Knbni v. @edvnz
6.  ds prlvhmnm jlr hi hitnridthlidb `livnithlis tl
`livnithlis tl weh`e ^pli ten mndte lj Dtty. Db`ditdrd, ten bdwynr-`bhnit rnbdthlisehp
ten Qehbhpphins hs d pdrty. (>d) kntwnni ehc dim Pplusns Knbni eds `ndsnm, teus, ten snrvh`n lj
ten []@ mn`hshli li ehc hs hinjjn`thvn dim mhm ilt khim ten
Pn`thli : Pplusns Knbni.
Qnrslidb Pnrvh`n

@lurt sukchsshlis cdy kn snrvnm ky pnrslidb mnbhvnry lj d `lpy? ]en suksnqunit snrvh`n li Pplusns Knbni‘s‘ purplrtnm dim "bdst
4.  tl ten pdrty
pdrty lr
 lr gilwi dmmrnss" ky rnfhstnrnm cdhb hs dbsl mnjn`thvn kn`dusn ht
;.  tl ten pdrty‘s `luisnb
`luisnb,, lr mlns ilt `lcpby whte ten rnquhshtns uimnr ten djlrnqultnm
0.  tl tenhr dutelrhznm rnprnsnitdthvn 
rnprnsnitdthvn  idcnm hi ten Pn`thli 6 lj [ubn 40 li snrvh`n ky rnfhstnrnm cdhb. Pn`thli 6 lj
dpprlprhdtn pbndmhif lr clthli, lr [ubn 40 `litncpbdtns snrvh`n dt ten prnsnit dmmrnss lj
dmmrnss lj ten pdrty
=.  ky bndvhif ht hi ehs lr enr ljjh`n whte ehs lr enr `bnrg , lr dim ilt dt diy ltenr dmmrnss lj ten pdrty.
whte d pnrsli edvhif `edrfn tenrnlj.
Bdimkdig v. Enhrs lj Dbsud
Hj? ]en rn`nhpt ky ten sn`urhty fudrm lj ten lrmnr lj mhschssdb selubm
4.  il pnrsli hs jluim hi
jluim hi ehs lr enr ljjh`n, lr kn mnncnm rn`nhpt ky Bdimkdig's `luisnb. Ds dmchttnm ky
;.  ehs lr enr ljjh`n hs ilt gilwi,
gilwi, lr Bdimkdig, ten sn`urhty fudrm wel rn`nhvnm ten `lpy lj ten lrmnr
0.  en lr sen eds il ljjh`n,
ljjh`n, teni ky bndvhif ten `lpy,`lpy, lj mhschssdb edm knni d``ustlcnm tl ten rnsplishkhbhty lj
kntwnni ten elurs lj nhfet hi ten clrihif dim shx hi ten rn`nhvhif pdpnrs li knedbj lj Bdimkdig dim lj d`tudbby
nvnihif (5-:), dt ten? mnbhvnrhif tenc tl ten hitnimnm rn`hphnit.
d.   pdrty's lr `luisnb's rnshmni`n,
`luisnb's rnshmni`n, hj gilwi,
k.  whte d pnrsli lj Bdimkdig edm liby htsnbj tl kbdcn jlr hts jdhburn tl hiquhrn nxd`tby
h.  sujjh`hnit dfn
dfn dim
 dim mhs`rnthli
mhs`rnthli   weni ten lrmnr wds rn`nhvnm lr tl dssucn tedt snrvh`n lj ten
hh.  rnshmhif
rnshmhif tenrnhi.
 tenrnhi. (:d) sdcn wds njjn`tnm li ten mdy ht wds edimnm lvnr tl Bdimkdig‘s
`luisnb.
Pplusns ]dfbn v. @D
0 Clmns lj Pnrvh`n? Pn`thli 5
4.  Qnrslidb ‐ prhlrhty hs ten bdwynr Puksthtutnm Pnrvh`n
;.  @lpy lj ten ljjh`n lj ten bdwynr Hj snrvh`n lj pbndmhifs, clthlis, ilth`ns, rnslbuthlis, lrmnrs dim
0.  @lpy lj ten rnshmni`n ltenr pdpnrs?
4.  `diilt kn cdmn uimnr ten twl prn`nmhif
prn`nm hif sn`thlis,
]enrn hs il ehnrdr`ey enrn. ;.  ten ljjh`n dim pbd`n lj rnshmni`n lj ten pdrty lr ehs lr
enr `luisnb knhif uigilwi,
 
Pn`thli 6 0. snrvh`n cdy kn cdmn ky mnbhvnrhif ten `lpy tl ten
Pnrvh`n ky Cdhb `bnrg lj `lurt,
`lurt,
Pnrvh`n ky rnfhstnrnm cdhb sedbb kn cdmn ky? =.  whte prllj lj jdhburn 
jdhburn  lj klte pnrslidb snrvh`n dim
4.  mnplshthif ten `lpy  hi
 hi ten plst ljjh`n, snrvh`n ky cdhb.
;.  hi d sndbnm  nivnblpn,
 nivnblpn,
0.  pbdhiby dmmrnssnm tl ten pdrty lr tl ten pdrty‘s `luisnb 
`luisnb   ]en snrvh`n hs `lcpbntn
`lcpbntn dt
 dt ten thcn lj su`e mnbhvnry. (5d)
dt ehs lr enr ljjh`n, hj gilwi, ltenrwhsn dt ehs lr enr
rnshmni`n, hj gilwi, Veni Ht @di Kn Dvdhbnm Lj
=.  whte plstdfn jubby prn-pdhm , dim Hj ten snrvh`n lj pbndmhifs, clthlis, ilth`ns, rnslbuthlis lrmnrs
>.  whte histru`thlis tl ten plstcdstnr tl rnturi ten cdhb dim ltenr pdpnrs `diilt
`diilt kn kn cdmn pnrslidbby lr terlufe cdhb.
tl ten snimnr djtnr tni (41) `dbnimdr mdys hj 4.  [ndsli
[ndsli   ‐  Ljjh`n dim pbd`n lj rnshmni`n lj
rnshmni`n lj ten pdrty lr
uimnbhvnrnm..
uimnbhvnrnm ehs lr enr `luisnb knhif uigilwi
;.  Elw Cdmn 
Cdmn  ‐  Ky mnbhvnrhif ten `lpy tl ten `bnrg lj
Hj il rnfhstry snrvh`n hs dvdhbdkbn hi ten bl`dbhty lj nhtenr ten whte prllj lj jdhburn lj
`lurt, whte prllj jdhburn lj klte pnrslidb snrvh`n dim
snimnr lr ten dmmrnssnn, snrvh`n cdykn mlin ky lrmhidry cdhb.
cdhb . snrvh`n ky cdhb
(6d) 0.  Veni Pnrvh`n Mnncnm @lcpbntnm   ‐  dt ten thcn lj
su`e WsuksthtutnmS mnbhvnry

[^BN :-;4 DP DCNIMNM | PX ;148-;1;1

CHGNB ELJHBNÔD MNBFDML PQN@HDB @LI][HK^]L[? DZ DK[DPDBML

@HZHB Q[L@NM^[N | D]]X. CNBHPPD [LCDID Q. P^D[N_
Dknr`d v. Znr
Qukbh`dthli hs ilt lin lj ten clmns lj snrvh`n. Puksthtutnm
snrvh`n selubm edvn knni dvdhbnm lj enrn.
Pn`thli 8
Pnrvh`n ky Nbn`trlih` Cndis dim Jd`shchbn
Pnrvh`n ky nbn`trlih` cndis dim jd`shchbn sedbb kn cdmn hj ten
pdrty `li`nrinm `lisnits tl su`e clmns lj snrvh`n . Pnrvh`n
ky nbn`trlih` cndis sedbb kn cdmn ky?
4.  Pnimhif di n-cdhb 
n-cdhb tl ten pdrty‘s lr `luisnb‘s nbn`trlih`
cdhb dmmrnss, lr
;.  ]erlufe ltenr nbn`trlih` cndis lj
cndis lj trdischsshli ds ten
pdrthns cdy dfrnn li, lr
0.  ^pli mhrn`thli lj ten `lurt .
Pnrvh`n ky jd`shchbn sedbb kn cdmn ky snimhif d jd`shchbn `lpy
tl ten pdrty‘s lr `luisnb‘s fhvni jd`shchbn iucknr
iucknr.. (i)
[dcls v. Bhc
]enrn wds il snrvh`n lj ehc (Dtty. Nstdihnb) knhif d prnsnit
`luisnb. ]enrn hs sthbb d vdbhm snrvh`n lj oumfcnit. ]enrn hs
`listru`thvn ilth`n weni
ilth`n weni Dtty. Mdtugli hijlrcnm ehc terlufe d
cdihjnstdthli tedt d oumfcnit eds dbrndmy knni rnimnrnm. En
wds mnncnm hijlrcnm lj ten oumfcnit.
Ohccy Fl v. Oumfn Dkrlfdr
Ht wds ten jdubt lj dttlriny ‐ ten `lurt snrvnm ten `lpy lj ten
 oumfcnit li Dtty. Odvhnr ht wds liby djtnr tedt en wds
whtemrdwhif ehs `luisnb. Ilth`n lj dppndb wds jhbnm lut lj thcn
dbrndmy.
Pn`thli 41
Qrnsucpthvn Pnrvh`n
]enrn sedbb kn prnsucpthvn ilth`n tl d pdrty lj d `lurt sntthif hj?
sntthif hj?
4.  Pu`e ilth`n dppndrs li ten rn`lrms tl edvn knni
cdhbnm  dt
  dt bndst twnity (;1) `dbnimdr mdys prhlr
mdys  prhlr tl ten
s`enmubnm mdtn lj endrhif dim
;.  Hj ten dmmrnssnn hs jrlc whtehi ten sdcn oumh`hdb rnfhli 
rnfhli 
lj ten `lurt wenrn ten `dsn hs pnimhif, lr
0.  Dt bndst tehrty (01) `dbnimdr mdys hj
mdys  hj ten dmmrnssnn hs
jrlc lutshmn ten oumh`hdb rnfhli. (i)
Qrnsucpthvn Pnrvh`n
Hj ten ilth`n hs cdhbnm knjlrn s`enmubnm mdtn lj endrhif?
4.  Pdcn Oumh`hdb [nfhli 
[nfhli ‐ ;1
;1 @dbnimdr Mdys 
 @dbnimdr Mdys  Ht hs ilt `bndr hi tehs `dsn hj ten rnbdxdthli lj ten rubn dppbhns tl
;.  Lutshmn Oumh`hdb [nfhli 
[nfhli ‐ 01
01 @dbnimdr Mdys 
 @dbnimdr Mdys  elw ten snrvh`n wds cdmn.
QDB v. Enhrs lj _dclrd
Il plstcdstnr‘s `nrthjh`dthli. ]enrn
] enrn wds d `listru`thvn ilth`n
ilt kn`dusn tenrn wds d rn`nhpt lj ten jhrst ilth`n kut kn`dusn
QDB mhm ilt hijlrc ten `lurt tedt ht dbrndmy clvnm tl
diltenr dmmrnss.
dmmrnss. ]enrnjlrn, ten mnbhvnry mdtn lj ten jhrst ilth`n
hs `lishmnrnm ten rn`glihif plhit tl `luit ten jhvn-mdy pnrhlm
tl `lcpbntn ten snrvh`n, `listru`thvn snrvh`n.
CHGNB ELJHBNÔD MNBFDML
0= 
Fdtcdytdi v. Mlblr
Ventenr lr ilt tenrn wds prlpnr snrvh`n lj ten lbm dmmrnss<  Ht
 Ht wds
hinjjn`tudb kn`dusn
hinjjn`tudb kn`dusn ten `lurt dbrndmy ginw lj
ginw lj ten inw dmmrnss
lj ten `luisnb kut ylu mhm ilt cnithli tedt dt ten kd`g lj ten
`lpy lj ten `lurt.
]en P@ sdhm tedt welnvnr dbbnfns slcntehif cust prlvn ht, sl
yns, ten `lurt wds ten lin wel `dusnm ten snrvh`n lj ten
rnslbuthli mniyhif ten C[ tl Dtty. Qdbdm dim en wds snrvnm li
ehs twl lbm dim inw dmmrnss. Dt ten kd`g pdfn lj ten mn`hshli,
ht wds stdtnm tenrn tedt en wds snrvnm li klte dmmrnssns. ]en
mdtn wds ten lrhfhidb weh`e wds Dprhb 4=, ;11:. ]edt wds ten
dbbnfnm mdtn lj snrvh`n hs ten mdtn lj cdhbhif.
Vedt edppninm wds ten rnfhstnrnm rn`nhpt wds chsshif.
Fdtcdytdi mhm ilt bllg hitl ten plst ljjh`n tl prlvn tedt himnnm
enr bdwynr wds liby snrvnm li Ouin ;11:, sen cnrnby dbbnfnm.
Pn`thli 44
@edifn lj Nbn`trlih` Cdhb Dmmrnss lr Jd`shchbn Iucknr
D pdrty wel `edifns ehs lr enr nbn`trlih` cdhb dmmrnss lr
jd`shchbn iucknr?
4.  wehbn ten d`thli hs pnimhif 
pnimhif  
;.  cust prlcptby jhbn
jhbn,,
0.  whtehi jhvn (>) `dbnimdr mdys jrlc
mdys  jrlc su`e `edifn,
=.  d ilth`n lj `edifn lj n-cdhb dmmrnss lr jd`shchbn
iucknr whte ten `lurt
`lurt dim
 dim
>.  snrvn ten ilth`n li dbb ltenr pdrthns.
pdrthns .
Pnrvh`n terlufe ten nbn`trlih` cdhb dmmrnss lr jd`sh
jd`shchbn
chbn iucknr
lj d pdrty sedbb kn prnsucnm vdbhm uibnss
vdbhm uibnss su`e pdrty ilthjhns ten
`lurt lj diy `edifn, ds djlrncnithlinm. (i)
Cd`nmd v. mn Fuzcdi
D rnslrt ky ltenr clmns cust kn d``lcpdihnm whte wrhttni
nxpbdidthli. Phi`n ten pdrthns enrn bhvnm hi ten mhjjnrnit `hty. Pl
enrn ht wds ilt prd`th`dkbn.
]hkbn & ]hkbn v. [lydb Pdvhifs
]wl Qrn-[nquhshtns Jlr ]en [nbdxdthli Lj ]en [ubns
4.  Ousthjhdkbn `dusn jlr ili-`lcpbhdi`n7
;.  @lcpnbbhif rndsli tl `livhi`n ten `lurt tedt lutrhfet
mhschssdb lj ten pnththli wlubm snrhlusby hcpdhr `dsn
[nyns v. IB[@
Infbhfni`n lj `luisnb ‐ shcpbn infbhfni`n, `bhnit whbb kn kluim
ky ten infbhfni`n. Hj frlss infbhfni`n, bhknrdb.
Zhbbdblifed v. @D
]ehs hs d inw difbn kn`dusn jlr rnfhstnrnm cdhb ht hs ilt stdtnm
wel cust rn`nhvn ten cdhb. Ht oust sdys ‒d`tudb dmmrnssnn– enrn ht
[^BN :-;4 DP DCNIMNM | PX ;148-;1;1
PQN@HDB @LI][HK^]L[? DZ DK[DPDBML
 

@HZHB Q[L@NM^[N | D]]X. CNBHPPD [LCDID Q. P^D[N_ 0> 

 oust sdys ten dmmrnssnn, sl ten dmmrnssnn `di d`tudbby mniy ht hs qunsthlinm. Hi ltenr wlrms, ylu mli‘t edvn tl prlvn
rn`nhpt hj en wds ilt ten lin wel rn`nhvnm ht. `lcpbntninss lj snrvh`n upli jhbhif.

Pn`thli 4; Pn`thli 4=
Nbn`trlih` Cdhb Dim Jd`shchbn Pukon`t Dim ]htbn Lj @livnithlidb Pnrvh`n lr Jhbhif
Qbndmhifs Dim Ltenr Ml`ucnits lj Lrmnrs, Qbndmhifs dim Ltenr Ml`ucnits
]en sukon`t lj ten nbn`trlih` cdhb dim jd`shchbn cust jlbblw ten Iltwhtestdimhif ten jlrnflhif, ten jlbblwhif lrmnrs, pbndmhifs,
prns`rhknm jlrcdt? `dsn iucknr, `dsn thtbn dim ten pbndmhif, dim ltenr ml`ucnits cust kn snrvnm lr jhbnm pnrslidbby lr ky
lrmnr lr ml`ucnit thtbn.
thtbn. rnfhstnrnm cdhb weni dbblwnm, dim sedbb ilt kn snrvnm lr jhbnm
nbn`trlih`dbby, uibnss nxprnss pnrchsshli hs
pnrchsshli hs frditnm ky ten @lurt?
]en thtbn lj nd`e nbn`trlih`dbby-jhbnm lr snrvnm pbndmhif lr ltenr (d)  Hihthdtlry pbndmhifs 
pbndmhifs  dim hihthdb rnsplishvn pbndmhifs,
pbndmhifs,
ml`ucnit, dim nd`e sukchsshli snrvnm ky jd`shchbn sedbb `litdhi su`e ds di diswnr7
sujjh`hnit hijlrcdthli tl
hijlrcdthli tl nidkbn ten `lurt tl ds`nrtdhi jrlc ten (k)  Pukplnidn
Pukplnidn,, prltn`thli lrmnrs, dim wrhts7
wrhts7
thtbn? (`)  Dppnimh`ns
Dppnimh`ns   dim nxehkhts
nxehkhts   tl clthlis, lr ltenr
(d)  ten pdrty lr pdrthns jhbhif lr snrvhif ten pdpnr, ml`ucnits tedt drn ilt rndmhby dcnidkbn tl nbn`trlih`
(k)  idturn lj ten pdpnr, s`diihif cdy, dt ten lpthli lj ten pdrty   jhbhif su`e, kn
(`)  ten pdrty lr pdrthns dfdhist welc rnbhnj, hj diy, hs jhbnm dim snrvnm `livnithlidbby7 dim
slufet, dim (m)  Pndbnm dim `lijhmnithdb ml`ucnits lr rn`lrms.
rn`lrms . (i)
(m)  ten idturn lj ten rnbhnj slufet. (i)
IL]N? [nbdtnm tl Pn`thli 44.
Pn`thli 40
Pnrvh`n lj Oumfcnits, Jhidb Lrmnrs lr [nslbuthlis F[? Lrmnrs, pbndmhifs, dim ltenr ml`ucnits cust kn snrvnm lr
F[? Lrmnrs,
Oumfcnits, jhidb lrmnrs, lr rnslbuthlis sedbb kn snrvnm nhtenr jhbnm?
pnrslidbby lr ky rnfhstnrnm cdhb. 4.  Qnrslidbby lr
;.  Ky rnfhstnrnm cdhb, weni dbblwnm
^pli nx pdrtn clthli lj
clthli lj diy pdrty hi ten `dsn?
4.  d `lpy
`lpy lj
 lj ten oumfcnit, jhidb lrmnr, lr rnslbuthli cdy UQI?  ^ibnss nxprnss pnrchsshli hs frditnm ky ten @lurt, teny
UQI? 
;.  kn mnbhvnrnm ky d``rnmhtnm `lurhnr cdy kn snrvnm lr jhbnm nbn`trlih`dbby,
0.  dt ten nxpnisn lj su`e pdrty .
Qdpnrs Veh`e [nquhrn @livnithlidb Pnrvh`n lr Jhbhif
Veni d pdrty succlinm  ky  ky pukbh`dthli eds jdhbnm tl dppndr hi   Hihthdtlry pbndmhifs


ten d`thli, oumfcnits, jhidb lrmnrs lr rnslbuthlis dfdhist ehc lr   Hihthdb rnsplishvn pbndmhifs, su`e ds di diswnr


enr sedbb kn snrvnm upli ehc lr enr dbsl ky cndis lj   Pukplnid



pukbh`dthli  dt ten nxpnisn lj

pukbh`dthli nxpnisn lj ten prnvdhbhif pdrty. (8d)   Qrltn`thli lrmnrs, dim wrhts


  Pndbnm dim `lijhmnithdb ml`ucnits lr rn`lrms



Clmns lj Pnrvhif Oumfcnits, Jhidb Lrmnrs lr [nslbuthlis

[nslbuthlis--
 
4. Qnrslidbby Lpthlidb @livnithlidb Jhbhif
;.  Ky rnfhstnrnm cdhb   Dppnimh`ns dim nxehkhts tl clthlis, lr ltenr
0.  Ky d``rnmhtnm `lurhnr ‐  upli nx-pdrtn clthli lj diy ml`ucnits tedt drn ilt rndmhby dcnidkbn tl
dcnidkbn tl nbn`trlih`
pdrty hi ten `dsn, dt ten nxpnisn lj su`e pdrty s`diihif
=.  Ky pukbh`dthli dt ten nxpnisn lj ten prnvdhbhif pdrty ‐     Cdy, dt ten lpthli lj ten pdrty jhbhif su`e,
weni d pdrty succlinm ky pukbh`dthli eds jdhbnm tl   kn jhbnm dim snrvnm `livnithlidbby
dppndr hi ten d`thli
Pn`thli 4>
Dbkd v. Cdbdpdol @lcpbntninss lj Pnrvh`n
Xlu edvn tl mhsthifuhse prllj lj snrvh`n jrlc `lcpbntninss lj 4.  Qnrslidb snrvh`n hs
snrvh`n hs `lcpbntn upli d`tudb mnbhvnry .
snrvh`n. Veni ylu jhbn slcntehif, ylu oust edvn tl selw prllj
lj snrvh`n ‐  ht hs ten rnfhstry rn`nhpt dim ten djjhmdvht lj ten ;.  Pnrvh`n ky lrmhidry cdhb  cdhb  hs `lcpbntn upli ten
pnrsli cdhbhif ‐ tehs hs hcplrtdit jlr dppndbnm `dsns, ylu wdit nxphrdthli lj tni (41) `dbnimdr mdys djtnr cdhbhif,
cdhbhif, uibnss
tl dppndb ylu edvn tl dttd`enm slcn ghim lj selrt iltn ‐ shfinm ten `lurt ltenrwhsn prlvhmns.
dim iltdrhznm.
0.  Pnrvh`n ky rnfhstnrnm cdhb hs
cdhb hs `lcpbntn upli?
Jlr trhdb `lurt ‐ ilt rndbby tedt hcplrtdit. Clst lj ten thcn ht‘s d.   D`tudb rn`nhpt  ky
 ky ten dmmrnssnn, lr
pnrslidb snrvh`n. @lcpbntninss lj snrvh`n hs liby di hssun weni

[^BN :-;4 DP DCNIMNM | PX ;148-;1;1

CHGNB ELJHBNÔD MNBFDML PQN@HDB @LI][HK^]L[? DZ DK[DPDBML
 

@HZHB Q[L@NM^[N | D]]X. CNBHPPD [LCDID Q. P^D[N_ 0: 

k.  Djtnr jhvn (>) `dbnimdr mdys jrlc ten mdtn en pbndmhif lr ltenr ml`ucnit trdischttnm lr
lr sen rn`nhvnm ten jhrst ilth`n lj ten d wrhttni lr stdcpnm d`gilwbnmfcnit lj
 plstcdstnr , weh`envnr mdtn hs ndrbhnr. hts jhbhif ky ten `bnrg lj `lurt.
`lurt . Hj ten pdpnr
`lpy snit ky nbn`trlih` cdhb wds jhbnm ky
=.  Pnrvh`n ky d``rnmhtnm `lurhnr hs
`lurhnr hs `lcpbntn upli? rnfhstnrnm cdhb, pdrdfrdpe (k) lj tehs sn`thli
d.   D`tudb rn`nhpt  ky
 ky ten dmmrnssnn, lr dppbhns.
k.  Djtnr dt bndst twl (;) dttncpts tl mnbhvnr  ky
 ky ten Ltenr Djjhmdvht   lj nbn`trlih` jhbhif lj ten jhbhif
Djjhmdvht
 Dutelrhznm pdrty d``lcpdihnm ky d `lpy `lpy   lj ten
`lurhnr snrvh`n, lr
Nbn`trlih` nbn`trlih` d`gilwbnmfcnit lj hts jhbhif ky
`.  ^pli ten nxphrdthli lj jhvn (>) `dbnimdr mdys
Cndis ten `lurt. (4;d)
djtnr ten jhrst dttncpt tl mnbhvnr , weh`envnr hs
ndrbhnr.
IL]N? Knst prllj hs nxhstni`n lj rn`lrm hi `lurt jhbn. Plcnthcns,
`bnrg lr ncpblynn hs `drnbnss, chspbd`ns ten pbndmhif.
>.  Nbn`trlih` snrvh`n hs
snrvh`n hs `lcpbntn dt?
d.  ]en thcn lj ten nbn`trlih` trdischsshli lj
trdischsshli  lj ten
Pn`thli 46
ml`ucnit, lr
Qrllj lj Pnrvh`n
k.  weni dvdhbdkbn, dt ten thcn tedt ten nbn`trlih`
Qrllj lj pnrslidb snrvh`n sedbb `lishst lj d?
ilthjh`dthli lj snrvh`n lj ten ml`ucnit hs snit .
4.  wrhttni dmchsshli lj
dmchsshli lj ten pdrty snrvnm, lr
`.  Nbn`trlih` snrvh`n hs ilt njjn`thvn lr `lcpbntn
;.  ten ljjh`hdb rnturi lj ten snrvnr,
snrvnr , lr
hj ten pdrty snrvhif ten ml`ucnit bndris tedt
0.  ten djjhmdvht lj ten pdrty snrvhif, `litdhihif d
ht mhm ilt rnd`e ten dmmrnssnn lr pnrsli tl kn
stdtncnit lj ten mdtn, pbd`n, dim cdiinr  lj
 lj snrvh`n.
snrvnm.

Hj ten snrvh`n hs cdmn ky?

:.  Pnrvh`n ky jd`shchbn trdischsshli 
trdischsshli  hs `lcpbntn upli
rn`nhpt  ky
 ky ten ltenr pdrty, ds himh`dtnm hi ten jd`shchbn Djjhmdvht lj ten pnrsli cdhbhif stdthif ten
Djjhmdvht lj
Lrmhidry Cdhb jd`ts selwhif `lcpbhdi`n whte Pn`thli 6 lj
trdischsshli prhitlut. (41d) tehs [ubn
4. Djjhmdvht
Djjhmdvht cnithlinm
 cnithlinm dklvn dim ten
IL]N? Mhsthifuhse rnfhstnrnm cdhb dim d``rnmhtnm `lurhnr. ;. [nfhstry rn`nhpt 
rn`nhpt   hssunm ky ten cdhbhif
ljjh`n.
Pn`thli 4: 0. [nfhstry rnturi `drm  `drm  sedbb kn jhbnm
[nfhstnrnm
Qrllj lj Jhbhif hccnmhdtnby upli hts rn`nhpt ky ten
Cdhb
]en jhbhif lj d pbndmhif lr diy ltenr `lurt sukchsshli sedbb kn snimnr, lr hi bhnu tenrnlj,
prlvnm ky hts nxhstni`n hi ten rn`lrm lj ten `dsn. =. ten ui`bdhcnm bnttnr tlfntenr
bnttnr tlfntenr whte ten
`nrthjhnm lr swlri `lpy  lj lj ten ilth`n fhvni
Ilt Hi [n`lrm, ky ten plstcdstnr tl ten dmmrnssnn.
Kut Hs @bdhcnm Vrhttni lr stdcpnm d`gilwbnmfcnit 
d`gilwbnmfcnit  lj Djjhmdvht lj
Djjhmdvht  lj snrvh`n nxn`utnm ky ten pnrsli
]l Edvn Knni hts jhbhif ky ten `bnrg lj `lurt  li
 li d `lpy lj ten  D``rnmhtnm wel krlufet ten pbndmhif lr pdpnr tl ten
Jhbnm pbndmhif lr `lurt sukchsshli @lurhnr snrvh`n prlvhmnr, tlfntenr whte ten `lurhnr‘s
`lurh nr‘s
Qnrslidbby Pnrvh`n ljjh`hdb rn`nhpt 
rn`nhpt   lr ml`ucnit trd`ghif
[nfhstry rn`nhpt dim
rn`nhpt dim ky ten djjhmdvht
djjhmdvht lj
 lj ten iucknr..
iucknr
pnrsli wel cdhbnm ht , `litdhihif d? Nbn`trlih`
4.  Jubb stdtncnit lj ten mdtn
mdtn dim  pbd`n lj
 dim pbd`n  lj Cdhb,
Djjhmdvht lj snrvh`n nxn`utnm ky ten pnrsli
Djjhmdvht lj
mnplsht lj ten cdhb hi ten plst ljjh`n Jd`shchbn, Lr
wel snit ten n-cdhb, jd`shchbn, lr ltenr
[nfhstnrnm ;.  hi d sndbnm nivnblpn dmmrnssnm
nivnblpn dmmrnssnm tl ten Ltenr
nbn`trlih` trdischsshli, tlfntenr whte d
Cdhb `lurt,  Dutelrhznm
prhitnm prllj  lj
 lj trdischttdb. (40d)
0.  whte plstdfn jubby prnpdhm, dim Nbn`trlih`
=.  whte histru`thlis tl ten plstcdstnr tl Cndis Lj
rnturi ten cdhb tl ten snimnr djtnr tni ]rdischsshli
(41) `dbnimdr mdys hj ilt mnbhvnrnm.
Djjhmdvht   lj snrvh`n lj ten pnrsli wel
Djjhmdvht IL]N? Knst wdy ‐ weni ylu snrvn ylur diswnr, dt ten kd`g, tenrn
 D``rnmhtnm krlufet  ten
 ten pbndmhif lr ltenr ml`ucnit tl hs `lpy jurihsenm. ]ditdcluit tl wrhttni dmchsshli uibnss
@lurhnr ten snrvh`n prlvhmnr, tlfntenr whte ten mdtn.  Ml ilt chx up snrvh`n dim
rnquhrnm ky ten rubns. Phfi whte mdtn. 
Pnrvh`n `lurhnr‘s ljjh`hdb rn`nhpt
rn`nhpt   dim ml`ucnit jhbhif.
trd`ghif iucknr 
iucknr 
Nbn`trlih` Djjhmdvht   lj nbn`trlih` jhbhif lj ten jhbhif
Djjhmdvht
Cdhb pdrty d``lcpdihnm ky d pdpnr `lpy lj
`lpy lj ten

[^BN :-;4 DP DCNIMNM | PX ;148-;1;1

CHGNB ELJHBNÔD MNBFDML PQN@HDB @LI][HK^]L[? DZ DK[DPDBML
 

@HZHB Q[L@NM^[N | D]]X. CNBHPPD [LCDID Q. P^D[N_ 06 

Pn`thli 45 Fdtcdytdi v. Mlblr
@lurt-Hssunm Lrmnrs dim Ltenr Ml`ucnits @lurt `dusnm snrvh`n C[ tl Dtty. Qdbdm tl ehs lbm dim `urrnit
]en `lurt cdy
cdy nbn`trlih`dbby
 nbn`trlih`dbby snrvn lrmnrs dim ltenr ml`ucnits dmmrnss. Mdtn lj snrvh`n wds mdtn
m dtn lj cdhbhif. [nfhstry rn`nhpt wds
w eh`e sedbb edvn ten sdcn njjn`t dim
tl dbb ten pdrthns hi ten `dsn weh`e chsshif. Kurmni lj prllj lj snrvh`n kut ilrcdbby prllj cust
vdbhmhty ds prlvhmnm enrnhi. D pdpnr `lpy lj
`lpy lj ten lrmnr lr ltenr `lcn jrlc ten snrvnr. ]en wdy rubns rnquhrn ylu tl prlvn ht. Kut
ml`ucnit nbn`trlih`dbby snrvnm sedbb kn rntdhinm dim dttd`enm rnbhnm li enr kdrn dbbnfdthli.
tl ten rn`lrm lj ten `dsn. (i)
Zhbbdblifed v. @D
Enhrs lj Chrdimd Z. Chrdimd Dmmrnssnn `di mniy rn`nhpt. ]eny jluim lut jrlc ten rn`lrms
Diiubcnit lj thtbn. Mn`hshli wds ilt hcpbncnitnm. [nvhvdb lj wenrn ht wds ten pnrsli wel rn`nhvnm ten cdhb. Qnrsli wel
 oumfcnit. Frditnm. [n`nhvnm. Dppndb ilt thcnby jhbnm. [ubn 40 rn`nhvnm hs uigilwi tl ten dmmrnssnn `di kn d mnjnisn sl ten
Pn`thli 0. Cdhbnm li ten 4> te mdy. [n`nhvnm li ten 4:te mdy. BK@ pnrhlm jlr jhbhif whbb invnr stdrt tl rui.
‐ Qrhvdtn @lurhnr, ilt prlehkhtnm. [n`nhpt lj `lurt ilt ky cdhbhif.
Pn`thli 48
Knjlrn dcnimcnit ‐ mdtn lj rn`nhpt hs mdtn lj jhbhif. Il blifnr Ilth`n lj Bhs Qnimnis
dppbh`dkbn. Hi di d`thli djjn`thif ten?
4.  thtbn
thtbn lr
 lr
Tunkrdb v. Difkus ;.  ten rhfet lj plssnsshli lj
plssnsshli lj rndb prlpnrty,
Jhbnm hi thcn. Mntnrchinm ky?
4.  Qlst ljjh`n stdcp ]en pbdhithjj dim ten mnjnimdit, weni djjhrcdthvn rnbhnj hs `bdhcnm
;.  [nfhstry rn`nhpt hi ehs lr enr diswnr, cdy rn`lrm hi
rn`lrm hi ten ljjh`n lj ten rnfhstry lj
mnnms lj ten prlvhi`n hi weh`e ten prlpnrty hs shtudtnm d ilth`n
Mdtn lj cdhbhif. Ndrbhnr mdtn whbb flvnri. Cust kn dutenith`dtnm. lj ten pnimni`y lj ten d`thli.

Inry v. Mnbd Qnid Pdhm ilth`n sedbb `litdhi ten?

Dmvnrsn pdrty cust kn snrvnm `lphns lj dbb pbndmhifs dim shchbdr 4.  idcns
idcns lj
 lj ten pdrthns dim
pdpnrs. Cust `litdhi prllj lj snrvh`n lj ilth`n tl ten ltenr ;.  ten lkon`t  lj
 lj ten d`thli lr mnjnisn, dim
pdrty. 0.  d mns`rhpthli
mns`rhpthli lj
 lj ten prlpnrty hi tedt prlvhi`n djjn`tnm
tenrnky.
Clthli v. Cdihjnstdthli. Pnrvh`n
Cdihjnstdthli.  Pnrvh`n tl ten dmvnrsn pdrty hs il blifnr
in`nssdry, uibhgn d clthli. @di sthbb kn `lishmnrnm. Ilt d fllm Liby jrlc ten thcn lj jhbhif 
jhbhif  su`e ilth`n jlr rn`lrm sedbb d
rubhif. Il cdihjnstdthli uimnr ten rubns. Nvnrytehif selubm kn pur`edsnr, lr ni`uckrdi`nr lj ten prlpnrty djjn`tnm tenrnky, kn
snrvnm wentenr nx-pdrtn lr ilt. mnncnm tl edvn `listru`thvn ilth`n ilth`n  lj ten pnimni`y lj ten
d`thli, dim liby lj hts pnimni`y dfdhist ten pdrthns mnshfidtnm
Pplusns ]dfbn v. @D ky tenhr rndb idcns.
Pn`thli : ‐  Qnrslidb Pnrvh`n. Vrhttni ilth`n lj sdbn hs ilt

nssnithdb. Cdy kn snrvnm ilt pnrslidbby. 0 clmns lj snrvh`n? ]en ilth`n lj bhs pnimnis enrnhidklvn cnithlinm cdy kn
4.  Qnrslidb ‐ prhlrhty hs `luisnb `di`nbbnm liby upli lrmnr lj ten `lurt,
`lurt , djtnr prlpnr selwhif
;.  Bndvhif ljjh`n lj bdwynr tedt ten ilth`n hs jlr ten?
0.  Bndvhif dt rnshmni`n 4.  purplsn lj clbnsthif
clbnsthif ten
 ten dmvnrsn pdrty, lr
;.  tedt ht hs ilt in`nssdry tl prltn`t ten rhfets lj
rhfets  lj ten pdrty
Il ehnrdr`ey. Nx`npt jlr ten rnshmni`n. Qrhlrhty hs ljjh`n. wel `dusnm ht tl kn rn`lrmnm. (4=d)

Pplusns Knbni v. @edvnz Ilth`n lj Bhs Qnimnis

Pn`thli 6. @luisnb mhnm. Puksnqunit snrvh`n lj mn`hshli dt bdst Ilth`n lj pnimhif d`thli lr bhthfdthli.
gilwi dmmrnss hs ilt prlpnr. @litncpbdtns snrvh`n dt prnsnit
dmmrnss. Mhsthifuhse jrlc nxtrdtnrrhtlrhdb snrvh`n lj succlis. Dppbh`dkhbhty 
Dppbh`dkhbhty 
prlpnrty  dim rhfet lj plssnsshli.
Liby tl djjn`thif tl thtbn tl rndb prlpnrty 
@enif v. Odvhnr Ht hs ilt dppbh`dkbn tl?
Hi rnbdthli tl [ubn ;8. Mnjnimdit whbb usudbby mniy ten `lpy. Kut    uibdwjub mntdhinr
enrn, whiihif pdrty dbbnfns tedt ten mnjnimdit mhm ilt rn`nhvn d 
  non`tcnit `dsns
`lpy.
Ht mlns ilt dppby tl d`thli weh`e liby rnslbvns ten hssun ds tl
ten jd`t lj plssnsshli dim ilt tl rhfet lj plssnsshli.

[^BN :-;4 DP DCNIMNM | PX ;148-;1;1

CHGNB ELJHBNÔD MNBFDML

@HZHB Q[L@NM^[N | D]]X. CNBHPPD [LCDID Q. P^D[N_
Vel @di Dvdhb
4.  Qbdhithjj
;.  Mnjnimdit weni djjhrcdthvn rnbhnj hs `bdhcnm hi ehs
diswnr (selubm ilt kn d spn`hjh` mnihdb)
Vedt `di en ml<
[n`lrm ilth`n lj ten pnimni`y lj ten d`thli. Velbn wlrbm hs
ilthjhnm whte ten pnimhif d`thli.
IL]N? Ndsy tl diiltdtn ds blif ds pnimhif d`thli. Kut `lurt
d`thli hs in`nssdry tl `di`nb ht.
Bu v. Bu Xc
Bhs pnimnis dppbhns dbsl tl suhts snnghif tl nstdkbhse d rhfet tl
lr di nquhtdkbn nstdtn lr hitnrnst hi d spn`hjh` rndb prlpnrty lr tl
nijlr`n d bhni, d `edrfn lr di ni`uckrdi`n dfdhist ht.
Pplusns Flizdbns v. Cdrcdhin [ndbty
]en P@ nxpdimnm ten frluims jlr `di`nbbdthli lj ten ilth`n lj
bhs pnimnis lr cdykn oust spn`hjy ten frluim. ]en frluims
prlvhmnm hi ten rubns drn fninrdb.
"Bhs pnimnis," weh`e bhtnrdbby cndis pnimhif suht, rnjnrs tl ten
 ourhsmh`thli, plwnr lr `litrlb weh`e d `lurt d`quhrns lvnr d
prlpnrty hivlbvnm hi d suht, pnimhif ten `lithiudi`n lj ten
d`thli, dim uithb jhidb oumfcnit. Hts ilth`n hs di diilui`ncnit
tl ten welbn wlrbm tedt d pdrth`ubdr prlpnrty hs hi bhthfdthli dim
snrvns ds d wdrihif tedt lin wel d`quhrns di hitnrnst lvnr sdhm
prlpnrty mlns sl dt ehs lwi rhsg lr tedt en fdckbns li ten rnsubt
lj ten bhthfdthli lvnr sdhm prlpnrty.
]wl Jlbm Njjn`t lj Ilth`n lj Bhs Qnimnis
4.  ]l gnnp ten sukon`t cdttnr lj ten bhthfdthli whtehi ten
 plwnr lj ten `lurt  uithb
 uithb ten nitry lj ten jhidb oumfcnit
tl prnvnit ten mnjndt lj ten jhidb oumfcnit ky
dbhnidthlis 
su``nsshvn dbhnidthlis  IL]N? Ni`lurdfhif ten `lurt tl cltu prlprhl mhschss.
;.  ]l khim ten pur`edsnr, klid jhmn lr ilt, lj ten bdim
sukon`t lj ten bhthfdthli tl ten oumfcnit lr mn`rnn tedt
ten `lurt whbb prlcubfdtn suksnqunitby.
@dsn bdw bhgnwhsn histru`ts tedt d ilth`n lj bhs pnimnis cdy kn
`di`nbbnm hi shtudthlis wenrn?
4.  nx`npthlidb `hr`ucstdi`ns 
`hr`ucstdi`ns  hcputdkbn tl ten pdrty
wel `dusnm ten diiltdthli7
;.  bhthfdthli wds uimuby prlblifnm 
prlblifnm  tl ten prnoumh`n lj
ten ltenr pdrty kn`dusn lj snvnrdb `lithiudi`ns
prl`urnm ky pnththlinr7
0.  `dsn weh`e hs ten kdshs jlr ten bhs pnimnis wds
mhschssnm jlr ili-prlsnquhtur 
ili-prlsnquhtur  li ten pdrt lj ten
pbdhithjj7 lr
=.   oumfcnit wds rnimnrnm dfdhist ten pdrty wel
pdrty wel `dusnm
su`e d iltdthli.
CHGNB ELJHBNÔD MNBFDML
PQN@HDB @LI][HK^]L[? DZ DK[DPDBML
05 
Hi ten `dsn dt kdr, rn`lrms selw tedt ten ilth`n lj bhs pnimnis
tedt Pps. Flizdbns `dusnm tl kn diiltdtnm li Cdrcdhin's
`nrthjh`dtns lj thtbn stnccnm jrlc ten ]nidi`y @dsn jhbnm
@dsn jhbnm ky ten
jlrcnr dfdhist ten bdttnr. Phi`n ten ]nidi`y @dsn edm dbrndmy
knni mn`hmnm dfdhist Pps. Flizdbns whte jhidbhty, ht hs kut prlpnr
tedt ten QD[DM lrmnr ten `di`nbbdthli lj ten ilth`n lj bhs
pnimnis sukon`t lj tehs `dsn. Hi tehs rnbdthli, ten QD[DM `lrrn`tby
rubnm tedt hts `di`nbbdthli lj ten djlrncnithlinm ilth`n lj bhs
pnimnis liby pnrtdhis tl ten ]nidi`y @dsn dim, teus, wlubm ilt
djjn`t diy ltenr `dsn hivlbvhif ten sdcn pdrthns, su`e ds @hvhb
@dsn pnimhif knjlrn ten []@. Hi suc, ten QD[DM prlpnrby
lrmnrnm ten `di`nbbdthli lj ten ilth`n lj bhs pnimnis tedt Pps.
Flizdbns `dusnm tl kn diiltdtnm li Cdrcdhin's `nrthjh`dtns lj
thtbn hi vhnw lj ten jhidbhty lj ten mn`hshli hi ten ]nidi`y @dsn.
[Q v. Enhrs lj Clbhiydwn
Veni tenrn hs d ilth`n lj BQ tenrn hs d pnimhif d`thli hi `lurt lr
wenrnvnr trhkuidb lr klmy. Veni ylu wdit tl edvn ht `di`nbbnm
ylu fl tl ten sdcn `lurt wenrn ten `dsn hs pnimhif pursudit tl
ten ml`trhin lj oumh`hdb stdkhbhty.
[^BN 4=  P^CCLIP 
Pn`thli 4
@bnrg tl Hssun Pucclis
^ibnss ten `lcpbdhit hs li hts jd`n mhschsshkbn uimnr Pn`thli 4,
[ubn 8, ten `lurt sedbb?
4.  whtehi > `dbnimdr mdys jrlc rn`nhpt lj ten hihthdtlry
pbndmhif dim
;.  prllj lj pdycnit lj ten rnquhshtn bnfdb jnns,
0.  mhrn`t ten `bnrg lj `lurt tl hssun ten `lrrnsplimhif
succlis tl ten mnjnimdits. (4d)
Pucclis
Vrht lr prl`nss hssunm dim snrvnm upli d mnjnimdit hi d `hvhb
`dsn. Oumfn jhims lut hj ht hs mhschsshkbn uimnr [ubn 8 Pn`thli 4.
Mndte lj Mnjnimdit
Il blifnr innm jlr diltenr succlis kn`dusn suksthtuthli hs
dutlcdth`.
Qurplsn lj Hssuhif Pucclis
]en  prlpnr   snrvh`n lj succlis nidkbns ten `lurt tl d`quhrn
 ourhsmh`thli lvnr ten pnrsli lj ten mnjnimdit.
Hj M wel eds dbrndmy knni succlinm mhns, hs tenrn d
in`nsshty lj hssuhif inw succlis li ten suksthtutnm M<
Il. ]en lrmnr lj ten `lurt lrmnrhif ehc tl kn suksthtutnm hs
dbrndmy sujjh`hnit. ]en suksthtutn hs liby d `lithiudthli lj ten
[^BN :-;4 DP DCNIMNM | PX ;148-;1;1
 PQN@HDB @LI][HK^]L[? DZ DK[DPDBML

@HZHB Q[L@NM^[N | D]]X. CNBHPPD [LCDID Q. P^D[N_ 08 

pnrslidbhty lj ten lrhfhidb M. Oust snrvn d `lpy lj ten lrmnr lj =.  dttd`ehif d kldrm rnslbuthli 
rnslbuthli  lr sn`rntdry‘s
suksthtuthli. `nrthjh`dtn   tenrntl, ds ten `dsn cdy kn, stdthif tedt
`nrthjh`dtn
su`e rnprnsnitdthvn hs muby dutelrhznm   tl snrvn ten
Hs tenrn d in`nsshty tedt diltenr succlis kn hssunm dim succlis li knedbj lj ten pbdhithjj.
snrvnm kdsnm li dcnimnm `lcpbdhit< Lr hs ten succlis lj
ten lrhfhidb `lcpbdhit sujjh`hnit< Hj ten pbdhithjj?
Ht mnpnims li wentenr ten dcnimcnit wds cdmn knjlrn
kn jlrn lr djtnr 4.  chsrnprnsnits tedt ten mnjnimdit wds snrvnm
M‘s dppndrdi`n hi ten d`thli (jhbhif
d`thli (jhbhif di diswnr). succlis, dim
;.  ht hs bdtnr prlvnm tedt il succlis wds snrvnm,
[ubns Veni ten @lcpbdhit Hs Dcnimnm 0.  ten `dsn sedbb kn mhschssnm whte prnoumh`n,
prnoumh`n, ten
Ilt Jhbnm Diswnr tl Jhbnm Di Diswnr lr prl`nnmhifs sedbb kn iubbhjhnm
iubbhjhnm,, dim ten pbdhithjj sedbb kn
Lrhfhidb @lcpbdhit Dppndrnm hi ten D`thli cntnm dpprlprhdtn sdi`thlis.
sdi`thlis.
Cust kn diltenr succlis Il innm jlr hssuhif inw
hssunm li ten dcnimnm succlis li dcnimnm Hj succlis hs rnturinm whtelut knhif snrvnm li diy lr dbb ten
`lcpbdhit. `lcpbdhit. mnjnimdits,, ten `lurt sedbb lrmnr ten pbdhithjj tl `dusn ten
mnjnimdits
snrvh`n lj succlis ky ltenr cndis dvdhbdkbn uimnr
dvdhbdkbn uimnr ten [ubns.
Pn`thli ;
@litnits Jdhburn tl `lcpby whte ten lrmnr sedbb `dusn ten mhschssdb lj ten
]en succlis sedbb kn mhrn`tnm  tl  tl ten mnjnimdit, shfinm  ky
  ky ten hihthdtlry pbndmhif whtelut prnoumh`n.
prnoumh`n . (0d)
`bnrg lj `lurt uimnr sndb,
sndb, dim `litdhi?
(d)  ]en idcn
idcn lj
 lj ten `lurt
`lurt dim
 dim ten idcns
idcns lj
 lj ten pdrthns
pdrthns   IL]N?  Qbdhithjj `di ilw terlufe nx pdrtn dppbh`dthli kn
IL]N? 
tl ten d`thli7 dutelrhznm tl snrvn succlis.
(k)  Veni dutelrhznm ky ten `lurt upli nx pdrtn clthli,
clthli,
di dutelrhzdthli jlr ten pbdhithjj tl snrvn succlis   tl Phtudthli Njjn`t
ten mnjnimdit7 Pnrvnm lutshmn ten oumh`hdb Qbdhithjj sedbb kn dutelrhznm tl
(`)  D mhrn`thli
mhrn`thli tedt
 tedt ten mnjnimdit diswnr whtehi ten thcn rnfhli lj ten `lurt wenrn `dusn ten snrvh`n lj succlis
jhxnm ky tensn [ubns7 dim ten `dsn hs pnimhif
(m)  D ilth`n
ilth`n tedt
 tedt uibnss ten mnjnimdit sl diswnrs, pbdhithjj Qbdhithjj hs ourhmh`db nithty Ht sedbb ilthjy ten `lurt, hi wrhthif,
tdgn  oumfcnit ky mnjdubt  dim
whbb tdgn oumfcnit   dim cdy kn frditnm ten dim idcn hts dutelrhznm
rnbhnj dppbhnm jlr. rnprnsnitdthvn, dttd`ehif d K[ lr
Pn`. @nrt., stdthif tedt su`e
D `lpy lj ten `lcpbdhit dim lrmnr jlr dpplhitcnit lj fudrmhdi rnprnsnitdthvn hs muby dutelrhznm
dm bhtnc, hj diy, sedbb kn dttd`enm tl ten lrhfhidb dim nd`e `lpy tl snrvn ten succlis li knedbj
lj pbdhithjj.
lj ten succlis. (;d)
Qbdhithjj chsrnprnsnits tedt 4.  @dsn sedbb kn mhschssnm whte
M wds snrvnm succlis, prnoumh`n,
Pn`thli 0
dim ht hs bdtnr prlvnm tedt il ;.  Qrl`nnmhifs sedbb kn
Ky Velc Pnrvnm
]en succlis cdy kn snrvnm ky ten? succlis wds snrvnm iubbhjhnm, dim
0.  Qbdhithjj sedbb kn cntnm
4.  senrhjj , dpprlprhdtn sdi`thlis.
;.  ehs lr enr mnputy
mnputy,, lr Pucclis hs rnturinm @lurt sedbb lrmnr ten pbdhithjj tl
0.  ltenr prlpnr `lurt ljjh`nr,
ljjh`nr, dim whtelut knhif snrvnm li `dusn ten snrvh`n lj succlis ky
=.  hi `dsn lj jdhburn lj snrvh`n lj succlis ky tenc, ten diy lr dbb M‘s 
M‘s   ltenr cndis dvdhbdkbn uimnr ten
`lurt cdy dutelrhzn ten pbdhithjj   - tl snrvn ten [ubns.
succlis - tlfntenr whte ten senrhjj . Jdhburn tl `lcpby whte ten Mhschssdb lj ten hihthdtlry
lrmnr. pbndmhif whtelut prnoumh`n
Hi `dsns wenrn succlis hs tl kn snrvnm lutshmn ten oumh`hdb
rnfhli lj
rnfhli  lj ten `lurt wenrn ten `dsn hs pnimhif, ten pbdhithjj  sedbb
 sedbb
kn dutelrhznm tl `dusn ten snrvh`n lj succlis.

d ourhmh`db nithty,
Hj ten pbdhithjj hs d ourhmh`db nithty, ht sedbb?
4.  ilthjy  ten
 ten `lurt,
;.  hi wrhthif
wrhthif,, dim
0.  idcn hts dutelrhznm rnprnsnitdthvn tenrnhi,
rnprnsnitdthvn tenrnhi,

[^BN :-;4 DP DCNIMNM | PX ;148-;1;1

CHGNB ELJHBNÔD MNBFDML
 PQN@HDB @LI][HK^]L[? DZ DK[DPDBML

@HZHB Q[L@NM^[N | D]]X. CNBHPPD [LCDID Q. P^D[N_ =1 

Pn`thli = Pn`thli :
Zdbhmhty lj Pucclis dim Hssudi`n lj Dbhds Pucclis Puksthtutnm Pnrvh`n
Pucclis sedbb rncdhi vdbhm uithb muby snrvnm, snrvnm , uibnss ht hs Hj, jlr ousthjhdkbn `dusns, ten mnjnimdit `diilt kn snrvnm
rn`dbbnm ky
rn`dbbnm ky ten `lurt. Hi `dsn lj blss lr mnstru`thli lj
mnstru`thli lj succlis, pnrslidbby djtnr dt bndst ternn (0) dttncpts 
dttncpts  li twl (;)
ten `lurt cdy, upli clthli, hssun di dbhds succlis.
succlis. mhjjnrnit mdtns,
mdtns, snrvh`n cdy kn njjn`tnm?

]enrn hs jdhburn lj snrvh`n 

snrvh`n  djtnr uisu``nssjub dttncpts tl (d)  Ky bndvhif `lphns lj
`lphns lj ten succlis dt ten mnjnimdit's
pnrslidbby snrvn ten succlis li ten mnjnimdit hi ehs lr enr rnshmni`n tl
rnshmni`n  tl d pnrsli
dmmrnss himh`dtnm hi ten `lcpbdhit. d.  dt bndst 45 yndrs lj dfn dim
k.  lj sujjh`hnit mhs`rnthli rnshmhif tenrnhi7
Puksthtutnm snrvh`n 
snrvh`n  selubm kn hi ten cdiinr prlvhmnm uimnr
[ubn . (>d)
Pn`thli : lj tehs [ubn. (k)  Ky bndvhif `lphns lj
`lphns lj ten succlis dt ten mnjnimdit's
ljjh`n lr
ljjh`n  lr rnfubdr pbd`n lj kushinss whte
kushinss whte
Pn`thli = d.  slcn `lcpntnit pnrsli hi
pnrsli hi `edrfn tenrnlj.
Pucclis hs vdbhm  uithb muby snrvnm  uibnss rn`dbbnm  ky
 ky ten `lurt. k.  D `lcpntnit pnrsli hi`bumns, kut hs ilt
Dbhds succlis liby upli clthli weni? bhchtnm tl, lin wel `ustlcdrhby rn`nhvns
4.  Blss `lrrnsplimni`ns jlr
`lrrnsplimni`ns  jlr ten mnjnimdit7
;.  Mnstru`thli
(`)  Ky bndvhif `lphns lj ten succlis, hj rnjusnm nitry  nitry 
IL]N? Qbdhithjj selubm stdtn trun dim d`tudb dmmrnss  dmmrnss   lj upli cdghif ehs lr enr dutelrhty dim purplsn gilwi,
mnjnimdit. Hj en mlnsi‘t gilw, mli‘t jhbn `lcpbdhit ynt.
y nt. @lurt whbb whte diy lj ten
liby mnpnim li pbdhithjj tl fhvn rndb dmmrnss mnjnimdit. d.  ljjh`nrs lj ten elcnlwinrs‘ dssl`hdthli lr
dssl`hdthli lr
k.  `limlchihuc `lrplrdthli,
`lrplrdthli, lr
Pn`thli > `.  hts `ehnj sn`urhty ljjh`nr   hi `edrfn lj ten
Pnrvh`n Hi Qnrsli Li Mnjnimdit 
Mnjnimdit   `lccuihty lr ten kuhbmhif wenrn ten
Veninvnr  prd`th`dkbn,, ten succlis sedbb kn snrvnm ky?
Veninvnr prd`th`dkbn ky ? mnjnimdit cdy kn jluim7 dim
4.  edimhif d `lpy tenrnlj
`lpy tenrnlj tl ten mnjnimdit hi pnrsli
pnrs li
;.  hijlrchif
hijlrchif   ten mnjnimdit tedt en lr sen hs knhif (m)  Ky snimhif di nbn`trlih` cdhb  cdhb  tl ten mnjnimdit‘s
snrvnm, lr, nbn`trlih` cdhb dmmrnss, hj dbblwnm ky ten `lurt . (6d)
0.  hj en lr sen rnjusns tl rn`nhvn dim shfi jlr ht,
d.  ky bndvhif ten succlis whtehi ten vhnw  vhnw   [ubn 40, Pn`thli 5 [ubn 4=, Pn`thli :
dim hi ten prnsni`n lj ten mnjnimdit.
m njnimdit. (:d) Puksthtutnm Pnrvh`n Lj Puksthtutnm Pnrvh`n Lj
Qbndmhifs Dim Ltenr Qdpnrs Pucclis
Qrhlrhty Clmns lj Pnrvh`n 
Pnrvh`n  Cdmn li ten `bnrg lj `lurt Cdmn li ten rns rnshmni`n
hmni`n lr
Cust kn jhrst mlin hi pnrsli ‐  weh`e mhjjnrnit jrlc pnrslidb ljjh`n lj M nquhvdbnit tl
snrvh`n (`di kn dfnit). Lbm [ubn rnquhrns liby tnimnrhif d `lpy, pnrslidb snrvh`n lj pbndmhifs

weh`e hs vdfun. Dcnimnm tl cdgn ht `bndrnr dim spn`hjh`.

[ubn li Hi Qnrsli Pucclis

4.  Edim d `lpy hijlrchif ten mnjnimdit tedt en lr sen hs Pn`thli 6
snrvnm 
knhif snrvnm  Pnrvh`n ^pli Nithty Vhtelut Ourhmh`db Qnrslidbhty
;.  [n`nhvn
[n`nhvn dim
 dim shfi
shfi ten lr 
 ten `lpy lj ten senrhjj lr  Veni pnrslis dssl`hdtnm hi di nithty whtelut ourhmh`db pnrslidbhty  
0.  Bndvn ten succlis whtehi ehs vhnw hj en rnjusns tl shfi drn sunm uimnr ten idcn ky weh`e teny drn fninrdbby lr
ht 
lr rn`nhvn ht  `lccliby gilwi, snrvh`n cdy kn njjn`tnm upli dbb  dbb  ten
d.  ^sudbby mlin clst lj ten thcn 
thcn   mnjnimdits ky?
4.  Pnrvhif upli diy lin lj
lin lj tenc,
tenc, lr
[ubn 40, Pn`thli : [ubn 4=, Pn`thli > ;.  ^pli ten pnrsli hi `edrfn 
`edrfn  lj ten ljjh`n lr pbd`n lj
Qnrslidb snrvh`n lj pbndmhifs Pnrvh`n hi pnrsli lj kushinss cdhitdhinm hi su`e idcn.
dim ltenr pdpnrs succlis
Cdy kn cdmn li ten bdwynr Cust kn cdmn li M ehcsnbj Kut su`e snrvh`n sedbb ilt khim himhvhmudbby diy
himhvhmudbby  diy pnrsli welsn
lr ncpblynn lj ten bdwynr `liin`thli whte ten nithty eds, upli mun ilth`n,
ilth`n, knni snvnrnm
snvnrnm  
Wnquhvdbnit tl suksthtutnm knjlrn ten d`thli wds jhbnm
jhbnm.. (5d)
snrvh`n lj succlisS

[^BN :-;4 DP DCNIMNM | PX ;148-;1;1

CHGNB ELJHBNÔD MNBFDML
 PQN@HDB @LI][HK^]L[? DZ DK[DPDBML

@HZHB Q[L@NM^[N | D]]X. CNBHPPD [LCDID Q. P^D[N_ =4 

Pn`thli 5
Pnrvh`n ^pli Qrhslinrs Hj `diilt kn rn`nhvnm upli diy?
Veni ten mnjnimdit hs d prhslinr `lijhinm hi d odhb lr histhtuthli, Ht sedbb kn cdmn upli ten pnrsli wel `ustlcdrhby rn`nhvns ten
snrvh`n sedbb kn njjn`tnm upli ehc lr enr ky ten `lrrnsplimni`n jlr
`lrrnsplimni`n  jlr ten mnjnimdit dt hts prhi`hpdb ljjh`n.
   ljjh`nr edvhif ten cdidfncnit 
cdidfncnit   lj su`e odhb lr    ^sudbby sn`urhty fudrms.
histhtuthli
   wel hs mnncnm ds d spn`hdb senrhjj  jlr
 jlr sdhm purplsn. Hi `dsn ten mlcnsth` ourhmh`db nithty hs uimnr rn`nhvnrsehp lr
bhquhmdthli, snrvh`n lj succlis sedbb kn cdmn li ten rn`nhvnr
 odhb wdrmni sedbb
]en odhb
]en wdrmni  sedbb jhbn d rnturi whtehi > `dbnimdr mdys jrlc
mdys jrlc lr bhquhmdtlr,
bhquhmdtlr, ds ten `dsn cdy kn.
snrvh`n lj succlis tl ten mnjnimdit. (8d)
Pelubm tenrn kn d rnjusdb li ten pdrt lj ten pnrslis dklvn-
Pn`thli 8 cnithlinm tl rn`nhvn succlis mnsphtn dt bndst ternn (0)
Pnrvh`n @lishstnit Vhte Hitnridthlidb @livnithlis dttncpts li twl (;) mhjjnrnit mdtns , snrvh`n cdy kn cdmn
Pnrvh`n cdy kn cdmn terlufe cntelms weh`e drn `lishstnit nbn`trlih`dbby,, hj dbblwnm ky ten `lurt, ds prlvhmnm uimnr Pn`thli
nbn`trlih`dbby
whte nstdkbhsenm hitnridthlidb `livnithlis tl weh`e ten : lj tehs [ubn. (44d)
Qehbhpphins hs d pdrty. (i)
IL]N? Ht hs ndshnr ilw.
IL]N? Inw dim vnry krldm. Lin `di usn di hitnridthlidb
`livnithli wenrn ten Qehbhpphins hs d pdrty. Qnrhlm tl Jhbn Diswnr 
Diswnr  ([ubn 44, Pn`thli ;) 
;)  
Hj succlis hs snrvnm li?
Pn`thli 41 •  Flvnricnit ljjh`hdb mnshfidtnm ky bdw jlr tedt purplsn ‐  
Pnrvh`n ^pli Chilrs dim Hi`lcpntnits :1 `dbnimdr mdys jrlc snrvh`n li sdhm ljjh`hdb
Veni ten mnjnimdit hs d? •  Jlrnhfi `lrplrdthli‘s mnshfidtnm rnshmnit dfnit hi h i ten
4.  chilr , [npukbh` lj ten Qehbhpphins ‐ 01 mdys jrlc snrvh`n li sdhm
;.  hisdin
hisdin lr
 lr dfnit.
0.  ltenrwhsn di hi`lcpntnit  pnrsli
 pnrsli
Ml ylu tehig tensn pnlpbn whbb nvni nitnrtdhi d senrhjj<
senrhjj<  
Pnrvh`n lj succlis sedbb kn cdmn upli? Il. Pl tehs wds dcnimnm, wedt hj dbb lj tenc drn dksnit<
4.  ehc lr enr pnrslidbby dim li li 
;.  ehs lr enr bnfdb fudrmhdi hj
fudrmhdi hj en lr sen eds lin, lr Pnrvh`n upli Qrhvdtn Mlcnsth` @lrplrdthli
0.  hj ilin, upli ehs lr enr  fudrmhdi dm bhtnc bhtnc   welsn ^pli ten Jlbblwhif Ljjh`nrs Venrnvnr ]eny Cdy kn Jluim?
dpplhitcnit sedbb kn dppbhnm jlr ky ten pbdhithjj. 4.  Qrnshmnit lr @NL
=.  Hi ten `dsn lj d chilr
chilr,, snrvh`n sedbb kn cdmn li ehs lr ;.  Cdidfhif Qdrtinr ‐ hi pdrtinrsehps
enr  pdrnit lr fudrmhdi.
enr pdrnit fudrmhdi. (41d) 0.  Fninrdb Cdidfnr (ilt krdi`e cdidfnr, drnd cdidfnr lr
rnfhlidb cdidfnr) 
cdidfnr) 
Pn`thli 44  =.  @lrplrdtn sn`rntdry (ilt sn`rntdry-typhst)

Pnrvh`n ^pli Pplusns >. ]rndsurnr  (ilt `dsehnr) 

]rndsurnr (ilt `dsehnr) 
sunm  olhitby,, snrvh`n lj succlis selubm kn
Veni splusns drn sunm olhitby :.   Hi-elusn `luisnb (ilt
`luisnb (ilt bnfdb `luisnb) 
`luisnb) 
cdmn tl nd`e splusn himhvhmudbby.
himhvhmudbby. (i)
Vedt hj dbb lj ten dklvn drn dksnit lr uidvdhbdkbn<
Pn`thli 4; 
4;  Pnrvh`n cdy kn cdmn li tenhr sn`rntdrhns
sn`rntdrhns..
Pnrvh`n ^pli Mlcnsth` Qrhvdtn Ourhmh`db Nithty.
Veni ten mnjnimdit hs d `lrplrdthli, pdrtinrsehp lr dssl`hdthli Vedt hj su`e snrvh`n `diilt kn cdmn upli diy lj ten
lrfdihznm uimnr ten bdws lj ten Qehbhpphins whte d ourhmh`db jlrnflhif pnrslis<
pnrslidbhty, snrvh`n cdy kn cdmn li ten?
t en? Pedbb kn cdmn upli ten  pnrsli wel `ustlcdrhby rn`nhvns ten
4.  prnshmnit, `lrrnsplimni`n jlr
`lrrnsplimni`n jlr ten mnjnimdit dt hts prhi`hpdb ljjh`n.
;.  cdidfhif pdrtinr,
0.  fninrdb cdidfnr, Vedt hj ten mlcnsth` ourhmh`db nithty hs uimnr rn`nhvnrsehp lr
=.  `lrplrdtn sn`rntdry, bhquhmdthli<
>.  trndsurnr, lr Pedbb kn cdmn li ten rn`nhvnr lr bhquhmdtlr , ds ten `dsn cdy kn.
:.  hi-elusn `luisnb lj ten `lrplrdthli wenrnvnr teny
cdy kn jluim, Vedt hj tenrn hs rnjusdb li ten pdrt lj ten pnrslis dklvn-
6.  lr hi tenhr dksni`n
dksni`n   lr uidvdhbdkhbhty , li tenhr cnithlinm tl rn`nhvn succlis mnsphtn dt bndst 0 dttncpts
sn`rntdrhns.. (QCF-@]HP)
sn`rntdrhns (QCF-@]HP)   li ; mhjjnrnit mdtns<

[^BN :-;4 DP DCNIMNM | PX ;148-;1;1

 CHGNB ELJHBNÔD MNBFDML PQN@HDB @LI][HK^]L[? DZ DK[DPDBML

@HZHB Q[L@NM^[N | D]]X. CNBHPPD [LCDID Q. P^D[N_ =; 

Pnrvh`n cdy kn cdmn nbn`trlih`dbby, hj dbblwnm ky ten `lurt, ds (m)  Ky nbn`trlih` cndis 
cndis  whte ten prns`rhknm prllj lj
prlvhmnm uimnr Pn`thli : lj tehs [ubn. snrvh`n7 lr
(n)  Ky su`e ltenr cndis ds
cndis ds ten `lurt, hi hts mhs`rnthli, cdy
@@@ @dsn mhrn`t. (4;d)
Vedt wds jhbnm< D tehrm pdrty `lcpbdhit. Veni ml ylu dppby d.  Pu`e ds hitnridthlidb trndthns dim `livnithlis
succlis< Hihthdtlry pbndmhif. Hs 0rm pdrty `lcpbdhit hihthdtlry<
Hisljdr ds ten tehrm pdrty hs `li`nrinm. Pn`thli 4>
Pnrvh`n ^pli Qukbh` @lrplrdthlis
Pn`thli 40 Veni ten mnjnimdit hs ten [npukbh` lj ten Qehbhpphins, snrvh`n
Muty lj @luisnb lj [n`lrm 
[n`lrm   cdy kn njjn`tnm li ten Plbh`htlr Fninrdb7
Fninrdb7
Venrn ten succlis hs hcprlpnrby snrvnm  dim  dim d bdwynr cdgns d
spn`hdb dppndrdi`n 
dppndrdi`n  li knedbj lj ten mnjnimdit tl, dclif Hi `dsn lj d prlvhi`n, `hty lr cuih`hpdbhty,
cuih`hpdbhty, lr bhgn pukbh`
ltenrs, qunsthli ten vdbhmhty lj snrvh`n lj succlis, ten `luisnb `lrplrdthlis, snrvh`n cdy kn njjn`tnm li hts?
sedbb kn mnputhznm ky ten `lurt tl snrvn succlis li ehs lr 4.  nxn`uthvn endm , lr li
enr `bhnit.
`bhnit. (i) ;.  su`e ltenr ljjh`nr lr ljjh`nrs ds
ljjh`nrs  ds ten bdw lr ten `lurt cdy
mhrn`t. (40d)
IL]N? Jlrcnr Pn`thli 44 wds dkusnm. Il `dsns kut ten `luisnb
jlr ten mnjnimdit hj ten `luisnb‘s mnjnimdit gnnps li cdghif Dshdvnst v. @D
ten spn`hdb dppndrdi`n. 4.  D`thli hi pnrslidc hs di d`thli dfdhist d pnrsli li ten
kdshs lj ehs pnrslidb bhdkhbhty.
Pn`thli 4= ;.  D`thli hi rnc hs di d`thli dfdhist ten tehif htsnbj
Pnrvh`n ^pli Jlrnhfi Qrhvdtn Ourhmh`db Niththns histndm lj dfdhist ten pnrsli.
Veni ten mnjnimdit hs d jlrnhfi prhvdtn ourhmh`db nithty weh`e eds 0.  D`thli qudsh hi rnc hs lin wenrnhi di himhvhmudb hs
4.  trdisd`tnm idcnm ds mnjnimdit dim ten purplsn lj ten
;.  lr hs mlhif kushinss hi ten Qehbhpphins, ds mnjhinm ky prl`nnmhif hs tl sukon`t ehs hitnrnst tenrnhi tl ten
bdw, lkbhfdthli lr bhni kurmnihif ten prlpnrty.

Pnrvh`n cdy kn cdmn li hts? Hi di d`thli hi pnrslidc,

pnrslidc, ourhsmh`thli lvnr ten  pnrsli
 pnrsli   lj ten
4.  rnshmnit dfnit mnshfidtnm
dfnit mnshfidtnm hi d``lrmdi`n whte bdw jlr mnjnimdit hs in`nssdry jlr ten `lurt tl vdbhmby try dim mn`hmn ten
tedt purplsn, lr, `dsn. Ourhsmh`thli lvnr ten pnrsli lj d rnshmnit mnjnimdit wel
;.  hj tenrn kn il su`e dfnit, li ten flvnricnit ljjh`hdb 
ljjh`hdb  mlns ilt vlbuitdrhby dppndr hi `lurt `di kn d`quhrnm ky pnrslidb
mnshfidtnm ky bdw tl tedt njjn`t,
n jjn`t, lr snrvh`n lj succlis ds prlvhmnm uimnr Pn`thli 6, [ubn 4= lj ten
0.  li diy lj hts [ubns lj @lurt. Hj en `diilt kn pnrslidbby snrvnm whte succlis
d.  ljjh`nrs, whtehi d rndslidkbn thcn, suksthtutnm snrvh`n cdy kn cdmn hi
k.  dfnits, d``lrmdi`n whte Pn`thli 5 lj sdhm [ubn.
`.  mhrn`tlrs lr

m.  trustnns
trustnns whtehi
 whtehi ten Qehbhpphins. Hj en hs tncplrdrhby lut lj ten `luitry, diy lj ten jlbblwhif
clmns lj snrvh`n cdy kn rnslrtnm tl?  tl?  
Hj ten jlrnhfi prhvdtn ourhmh`db nithty hs? (4)  suksthtutnm snrvh`n snt jlrte hi Pn`thli 57
4.  ilt rnfhstnrnm hi ten Qehbhpphins, lr (;)  pnrslidb snrvh`n lutshmn ten `luitry, whte bndvn lj
;.  eds il rnshmnit dfnit kut eds trdisd`tnm lr hs mlhif `lurt7
kushinss hi ht, ds mnjhinm ky bdw, (0)  snrvh`n ky pukbh`dthli, dbsl whte bndvn
bndv n lj `lurt7 lr
(=)  diy ltenr cdiinr ten `lurt cdy mnnc mn nc sujjh`hnit.
Pu`e snrvh`n cdy, whte bndvn lj `lurt,`lurt, kn njjn`tnm lutshmn
lutshmn lj
 lj
ten Qehbhpphins terlufe diy lj ten jlbblwhif cndis? Elwnvnr, hi di d`thli hi pnrslidc wenrnhi ten mnjnimdit hs d
(d)  Ky pnrslidb snrvh`n `lursnm
snrvh`n `lursnm terlufe ten dpprlprhdtn ili-rnshmnit wel mlns ilt vlbuitdrhby sukcht ehcsnbj tl ten
`lurt hi ten jlrnhfi `luitry whte ten dsshstdi`n lj ten dutelrhty lj ten `lurt, pnrslidb snrvh`n lj succlis whtehi ten
mnpdrtcnit lj jlrnhfi djjdhrs7
djjdhrs 7 stdtn hs nssnithdb tl ten d`quhshthli lj ourhsmh`thli lvnr enr
(k)  Ky pukbh`dthli
pukbh`dthli   li`n hi d inwspdpnr lj fninrdb pnrsli. ]ehs cntelm lj snrvh`n hs plsshkbn hj su`e mnjnimdit hs
`hr`ubdthli hi ten `luitry wenrn ten mnjnimdit cdy kn peysh`dbby prnsnit hi ten `luitry. Hj en hs ilt jluim tenrnhi, ten
jluim  dim
dim ky
 ky snrvhif d `lpy lj
`lpy lj ten succlis dim ten `lurt `diilt d`quhrn ourhsmh`thli lvnr ehs pnrsli dim tenrnjlrn
`lurt lrmnr ky rnfhstnrnm cdhb dt ten bdst gilwi `diilt vdbhmby try dim mn`hmn ten `dsn dfdhist ehc.
dmmrnss lj
dmmrnss  lj ten mnjnimdit7
(`)  Ky jd`shchbn
jd`shchbn77

[^BN :-;4 DP DCNIMNM | PX ;148-;1;1

 CHGNB ELJHBNÔD MNBFDML PQN@HDB @LI][HK^]L[? DZ DK[DPDBML

@HZHB Q[L@NM^[N | D]]X. CNBHPPD [LCDID Q. P^D[N_ =0 

Di nx`npthli wds bdhm mlwi hi Fncpnrbn v. P`enignr  wenrnhi
  wenrnhi d Diy lrmnr frdithif su`e bndvn sedbb spn`hjy d rndslidkbn thcn,
ili-rnshmnit wds snrvnm whte succlis terlufe ehs whjn, wel weh`e sedbb ilt kn bnss tedi shxty (:1) `dbnimdr mdys djtnr ilth`n,
wds d rnshmnit lj ten Qehbhpphins dim wel wds ehs rnprnsnitdthvns whtehi weh`e ten mnjnimdit cust diswnr. (4=d)
dim dttlriny-hi-jd`t hi d prhlr `hvhb `dsn jhbnm ky ehc7 clrnlvnr,
ten sn`lim `dsn wds d cnrn ljjsellt lj ten jhrst `dsn. IL]N? Dppbhns tl diy d`thli!
Mnjnimdit?
Li ten ltenr edim, hi d prl`nnmhif hi rnc lr qudsh hi rnc, rnc, 4.  hi ten Qehbhpphins
 ourhsmh`thli lvnr ten pnrsli lj ten mnjnimdit hs ilt d ;.  mnshfidtnm ds uigilwi lwinr lr
prnrnquhshtn tl `lijnr ourhsmh`thli li ten `lurt prlvhmnm tedt ten 0.  wenrndkluts drn uigilwi dim `diilt kn ds`nrtdhinm
`lurt d`quhrns ourhsmh`thli lvnr ten rns. Ilintenbnss succlis ky mhbhfnit hiquhry
cust kn snrvnm upli ten mnjnimdit ilt jlr ten purplsn lj
vnsthif ten `lurt whte ourhsmh`thli kut cnrnby jlr sdthsjyhif ten Qbdhithjj cust prlvn mhbhfnit hiquhry 
hiquhry   jhrst. Jhim lut wel ten
mun prl`nss rnquhrncnits.
rnquhrncnits. mnjnimdit hs. Vhtehi 81 mdys, snrvh`n cdy kn njjn`tnm ky
pukbh`dthli. Mnjnimdit cust fnt ten `lcpbdhit hi ten `lurt sl
]eus, wenrn ten mnjnimdit hs d ili-rnshmnit wel hs ilt jluim hi ten tedt en `di jhbn di diswnr.
Qehbhpphins dim (4) ten d`thli djjn`ts ten pnrslidb stdtus lj
stdtus lj ten pbdhithjj7
t l, lr ten sukon`t cdttnr lj weh`e hs prlpnrty
(;) ten d`thli rnbdtns tl, prlpnrty hi
 hi ten Pn`thli 46
Qehbhpphins hi weh`e ten mnjnimdit eds lr `bdhcs d bhni lr hitnrnst7 (0) ten
Nxtrdtnrrhtlrhdb Pnrvh`n 
Pnrvh`n 
d`thli snngs ten nx`bushli
nx`bushli lj  lj ten mnjnimdit jrlc diy hitnrnst hi ten
Veni ten mnjnimdit mlns?
prlpnrty bl`dtnm
prlpnrty  bl`dtnm hi ten Qehbhpphins7 lr (=) ten prlpnrty lj ten mnjnimdit
eds knni dttd`enm
dttd`enm   hi ten Qehbhpphins ”  snrvh`n lj succlis cdy kn 4.  ilt rnshmn dim
rnshmn dim
njjn`tnm ky? ;.  hs ilt jluim  hi
 hi ten Qehbhpphins, dim
(d)  pnrslidb snrvh`n lut lj ten `luitry, whte bndvn lj `lurt7
(d)  0.  ten d`thli djjn`ts ten
(k)  pukbh`dthli, dbsl whte bndvn lj `lurt, lr
(k)  d.  pnrslidb stdtus lj
stdtus lj ten pbdhithjj lr
(`)  diy ltenr cdiinr ten `lurt cdy mnnc sujjh`hnit. k.  rnbdtns tl, lr ten sukon`t lj weh`e hs, prlpnrty
whtehi ten Qehbhpphins,
Qehbhpphins, hi weh`e ten
Hi ten `dsn dt kdr, ten d`thli jhbnm hi Elif Glif dfdhist Enrds mnjnimdit eds lr `bdhcs d bhni lr hitnrnst ,
wds hi pnrslidc, shi`n ht wds kdsnm li ehs pnrslidb fudrditnn d`tudb lr `lithifnit , lr
lj ten lkbhfdthli lj ten prhi`hpdb mnktlr. Knjlrn wn `di dppby ten `.  hi weh`e ten rnbhnj mncdimnm `lishsts, welbby
jlrnflhif rubns, wn cust mntnrchin jhrst wentenr Enrds wds d lr hi pdrt, hi nx`bumhif ten mnjnimdit jrlc
rnshmnit lj Elif Glif. diy hitnrnst tenrnhi, lr
m.  ten prlpnrty lj ten mnjnimdit eds knni
]en [ubns lj @lurt prlvhmhif jlr nxtrdtnrrhtlrhdb snrvh`n whbb ilt dttd`enm whtehi
dttd`enm  whtehi ten Qehbhpphins
dppby kn`dusn ten suht dfdhist ehc wds hi pnrslidc.
Pnrvh`n cdy, ky bndvn lj `lurt,
`lurt , kn njjn`tnm lut lj ten Qehbhpphins
Inhtenr `di wn dppby Pn`thli 45, weh`e dbblws nxtrdtnrrhtlrhdb ky?
snrvh`n li d rnshmnit mnjnimdit wel hs tncplrdrhby dksnit jrlc 4.  pnrslidb snrvh`n ds
snrvh`n ds uimnr Pn`thli :7 lr

ten `luitry,
lj Elif Glif,kn`dusn nvni hj Enrds
ten uimhsputnm jd`tkn `lishmnrnm
rncdhis ds dbnjt
tedt en rnshmnit
Elif ;.  ds prlvhmnm jlr hi hitnridthlidb `livnithlis tl
`livnithlis tl weh`e
ten Qehbhpphins hs d pdrty7 lr
Glif ilt liby tncplrdrhby kut jlr fllm. 0.  ky pukbh`dthli
pukbh`dthli hi hi d inwspdpnr lj fninrdb `hr`ubdthli hi
su`e pbd`ns dim jlr su`e thcn ds ten `lurt cdy lrmnr,
hi weh`e `dsn d
Pn`thli 4: d.  `lpy  lj
 lj ten succlis dim
Pnrvh`n ^pli Mnjnimdit k.  lrmnr  lj
  lj ten `lurt sedbb kn snit ky rnfhstnrnm
Velsn Hmnithty Lr Venrndkluts Drn ^igilwi cdhb tl ten bdst gilwi dmmrnss dmmrnss  lj ten
Hi diy d`thli wenrn ten mnjnimdit hs mnshfidtnm ds di uigilwi mnjnimdit, lr
lwinr , lr ten bhgn, lr weninvnr ehs lr enr wenrndkluts drn =.  hi diy ltenr cdiinr ten
cdiinr ten `lurt cdy mnnc sujjh`hnit.
uigilwi   dim `diilt kn ds`nrtdhinm ky mhbhfnit hiquhry , whtehi
uigilwi
ihinty (81) `dbnimdr mdys jrlc ten
t en `lccni`ncnit lj ten d`thli, Diy lrmnr frdithif su`e bndvn sedbb spn`hjy d rndslidkbn thcn,
thcn,
snrvh`n cdy? weh`e sedbb ilt kn bnss tedi shxty (:1) `dbnimdr mdys djtnr
mdys djtnr ilth`n,
4.  ky bndvn lj `lurt,
`lurt , whtehi weh`e ten mnjnimdit cust diswnr. (4>d)
;.  kn njjn`tnm upli ehc lr enr ky pukbh`dthli
pukbh`dthli   hi d
inwspdpnr lj fninrdb `hr`ubdthli dim IL]N? Liby jlr himhvhmudbs wel drn ilt rnshmnits dim ilt jluim
0.  hi su`e pbd`ns dim jlr su`e thcn ds ten `lurt cdy lrmnr. hi ten Qehbhpphins.

[^BN :-;4 DP DCNIMNM | PX ;148-;1;1

 CHGNB ELJHBNÔD MNBFDML PQN@HDB @LI][HK^]L[? DZ DK[DPDBML

@HZHB Q[L@NM^[N | D]]X. CNBHPPD [LCDID Q. P^D[N_ == 

Dppbhns Liby ]l D`thlis
4.  Hi rnc
;.  Tudsh hi rnc
Hj ylu bllg dt Pn`thli 4=, ht dppbhns tl diy d`thli. Jlr jlrnhfi
`lrplrdthli, ten dppbh`dkbn prlvhshli hs Pn`thli 4=. Qukbh`dthli hs
ilt in`nssdry tl kn wenrn ten mnjnimdit hs jluim. ]en lbm `dsns
whbb stdim tedt pukbh`dthli hi ten Qehbhpphins whbb sujjh`n.
Mhjjnrni`n Kntwnni Pn`thlis 4: dim 46
  4: cdy kn enrn kut wenrndkluts uigilwi
  46 hs ilt enrn dim ilt rnshmnit
Hj rnshmnit, kut ilt jluim hi ten
t en Qehbhpphins, teni Pn`thli 45?
Pn`thli 45
[nshmnits ]ncplrdrhby Lut lj ten Qehbhpphins
Veni diy d`thli hs `lccni`nm dfdhist d mnjnimdit wel?
4.  lrmhidrhby rnshmns whtehi ten Qehbhpphins,
;.  kut wel hs tncplrdrhby lut lj ht,
Pnrvh`n cdy ky bndvn lj `lurt, kn dbsl njjn`tnm lut lj ten
Qehbhpphins,, ds uimnr ten prn`nmhif Pn`thli. 
Qehbhpphins Pn`thli.   ds selwi ky ehs shfidturn
(4)  ]en hcplsshkhbhty lj prlcpt pnrslidb snrvh`n whtehi
snrvh`n  whtehi
d pnrhlm lj tehrty (01) `dbnimdr mdys jrlc hssun dim
rn`nhpt lj succlis7
(;)  ]en mdtn dim thcn lj
thcn lj ten ternn (0) dttncpts li dt bndst
(;) twl mhjjnrnit mdtns tl `dusn pnrslidb snrvh`n dim
ten mntdhbs
mntdhbs   lj ten hiquhrhns cdmn tl bl`dtn ten
mnjnimdit rnshmhif tenrndt7 dim
(0)  ]en idcn
idcn lj
 lj ten pnrsli dt bndst nhfetnni (45) yndrs lj
dfn dim lj sujjh`hnit mhs`rnthli rnshmhif tenrndt, idcn
lj `lcpntnit pnrsli hi `edrfn lj ten mnjnimdit‘s
ljjh`n lr rnfubdr pbd`n lj kushinss, lr idcn lj ten
ljjh`nr lj ten elcnlwinrs‘ dssl`hdthli lr
`limlchihuc `lrplrdthli lr hts `ehnj sn`urhty ljjh`nr hi
`edrfn lj ten `lccuihty lr kuhbmhif wenrn ten
mnjnimdit cdy kn jluim. (=d)
IL]N? Li`n ten succlis hs snrvnm hi > mdys, snrvnr cust cdgn
d rnturi whte ten `lurt dim snrvn d `lpy li ten pbdhithjj‘s `luisnb
`luisnb..
Nxdcpbn lj [nturi lj @lcpbntnm Pnrvh`n
‒[nspn`tjubby rnturinm tl ten `lurt whte ten hijlrcdthli tedt M
wds pnrslidbby snrvnm whte succlis li tehs mdtn dim li tehsteh s thcn
shfidturn li ten jd`n lj tehs lrhfhidb `lpy.–  

IL]N? Dppbhns tl diy d`thli. Nxtrdtnrrhtlrhdb snrvh`n hs dbblwnm hi Nxdcpbn lj [nturi lj ^isu``nssjub Pnrvh`n
diy d`thli uimnr Pn`thli 45. ‒[nspn`tjubby rnturinm tl ten `lurt whte ten hijlrcdthli tedt M
`diilt kn snrvnm whte succlis kn`dusn M edm dbrndmy clvnm
Pn`thli 48 jrlc ten dmmrnss himh`dtnm hi ten `lcpbdhit dim tenrnjlrn en
Bndvn lj @lurt `diilt kn bl`dtnm.–  
Diy dppbh`dthli tl ten `lurt uimnr tehs [ubn jlr bndvn tl njjn`t
snrvh`n hi diy cdiinr jlr weh`e bndvn lj `lurt hs in`nssdry sedbb Pn`thli ;4
kn cdmn ky? Qrllj lj Pnrvh`n 
Pnrvh`n 
4.  clthli hi wrhthif 
wrhthif  ]en prllj lj snrvh`n lj d succlis sedbb kn cdmn
;.  supplrtnm ky djjhmdvht
djjhmdvht lj
 lj ten pbdhithjj lr slcn pnrsli 4.  hi wrhthif ky
wrhthif ky ten snrvnr dim
li ehs knedbj, ;.  sedbb snt jlrte ten cdiinr, pbd`n, dim mdtn lj
mdtn  lj snrvh`n7
0.  sntthif jlrte ten frluims
frluims jlr
 jlr ten dppbh`dthli (46d) 0.  sedbb spn`hjy diy pdpnrs weh`e
pdpnrs  weh`e edvn knni snrvnm whte

ten prl`nss dim

Pn`thli ;1 =.  ten idcn
idcn lj lj ten pnrsli wel rn`nhvnm ten sdcn7 dim
[nturi  
[nturi >.  sedbb kn swlri
swlri tl
 tl weni cdmn ky d pnrsli ltenr tedi d
Vhtehi 01 `dbnimdr mdys 
mdys   jrlc hssudi`n lj succlis ky ten senrhjj lr ehs lr enr mnputy.
`bnrg lj `lurt dim rn`nhpt  tenrnlj,
  tenrnlj, ten senrhjj lr prl`nss snrvnr,
lr pnrsli dutelrhznm ky ten `lurt, sedbb `lcpbntn hts snrvh`n. Hj succlis wds snrvnm ky nbn`trlih` cdhb,
cdhb, d?
4.  prhitlut
prhitlut lj
 lj sdhm n cdhb,
Vhtehi > `dbnimdr mdys jrlc snrvh`n lj succlis, ten snrvnr sedbb ;.  whte d `lpy
`lpy lj
 lj ten succlis ds snrvnm, dim
jhbn whte ten `lurt 
`lurt   dim snrvn d `lpy 
`lpy   lj ten rnturi tl ten 0.  ten djjhmdvht
djjhmdvht lj
 lj ten pnrsli cdhbhif, sedbb `listhtutn ds
pbdhithjj‘s `luisnb? 
`luisnb?  prllj lj snrvh`n. (45d)
4.  pnrslidbby,
;.  ky rnfhstnrnm cdhb, lr IL]N? Cust kn iltdrhznm hj cdmn ky d pnrsli ltenr tedi d
0.  ky nbn`trlih` cndis dutelrhznm ky ten [ubns. senrhjj lr ehs lr enr mnputy.

Pelubm suksthtutnm snrvh`n edvn

snrvh`n edvn knni njjn`tnm, ten rnturi sedbb
stdtn ten jlbblwhif?

[^BN :-;4 DP DCNIMNM | PX ;148-;1;1

 CHGNB ELJHBNÔD MNBFDML PQN@HDB @LI][HK^]L[? DZ DK[DPDBML

@HZHB Q[L@NM^[N | D]]X. CNBHPPD [LCDID Q. P^D[N_ => 

Pn`thli ;;
Qrllj lj Pnrvh`n ky Qukbh`dthli
[^BN 4>  CL]HLIP 
Hj ten snrvh`n eds knni cdmn ky pukbh`dthli, snrvh`n cdy kn
prlvnm ky ten? Pn`thli 4
4.  djjhmdvht lj ten Clthli Mnjhinm 
Mnjhinm 
(d)  pukbhsenr, D clthli hs di dppbh`dthli jlr rnbhnj  ltenr
 ltenr tedi ky d pbndmhif. (4)
(k)  nmhtlr,
(`)  kushinss lr dmvnrthshif cdidfnr, tl weh`e IL]N? Ilt d pbndmhif. Kn`dusn ylu drndr n ilt dsghif ten `lurt jlr
djjhmdvht d d jdvlr lr prdynr. Xlu drn dsghif jlr slcntehif nbsn, bhgn wedt<

;.  `lpy  lj
 lj ten pukbh`dthli sedbb kn dttd`enm dim ky di ]l rnsnt ten s`enmubnm endrhif. ]l rn`lishmnr7 tl snt dshmn ten
0.  djjhmdvht selwhif ten mnplsht lj d `lpy lj ten succlis lrmnr lj mnjdubt.
dim lrmnr jlr pukbh`dthli 
pukbh`dthli  hi ten plst ljjh`n, plstdfn
prnpdhm, mhrn`tnm tl ten mnjnimdit ky rnfhstnrnm cdhb F[? Dppbh`dthli jlr rnbhnj ltenr tedi ky d pbndmhif.
tl ehs lr enr bdst gilwi dmmrnss. (48d) UQI?
4.  Clthli jlr Oumfcnit tl ten Mncurrnr tl Nvhmni`n
Pnrvh`n lj Pucclis ky Qukbh`dthli (; stnps!) 00) 
([ubn 00) 
4.  Qukbh`dthli ;.  Clthli jlr Oumfcnit li ten Qbndmhifs ([ubn 0=)  
( [ubn 0=)
d.  djjhmdvht lj pukbhsenr dim 0.  Clthli jlr Puccdry Oumfcnit ([ubn 0>)  0>)  
k.  dttd`e d `lpy lj ten pukbh`dthli
;.  [nfhstnrnm cdhb d `lpy lj succlis dim `lcpbdhit, Pn`thli ;
cdhb ht tl bdst gilwi dmmrnss lj mnjnimdit dim lrmnr Clthlis Cust Kn hi Vrhthif
jlr pukbh`dthli hi ten plst ljjh`n Dbb clthlis sedbb kn hi wrhthif nx`npt?
4.  telsn cdmn hi lpni `lurt  lr
 lr
IL]N? ; stnps! ;.  hi ten `lursn lj d endrhif lr
endrhif lr trhdb.
Pn`thli ;0
Zlbuitdry Dppndrdi`n 
Dppndrdi`n  D clthli cdmn hi lpni `lurt lr hi ten `lursn lj d endrhif lr
]en mnjnimdit's vlbuitdry dppndrdi`n hi ten d`thli sedbb kn trhdb selubm hccnmhdtnby kn rnslbvnm hi
rnslbvnm  hi lpni `lurt, djtnr ten
nquhvdbnit tl snrvh`n lj succlis.
succlis. dmvnrsn pdrty hs  fhvni ten lpplrtuihty tl drfun ehs lr enr
lpplshthli tenrntl.
lpplshthli  tenrntl.
]en hi`bushli hi d clthli tl mhschss lj ltenr frluims
fr luims dshmn jrlc
bd`g lj ourhsmh`thli lvnr ten pnrsli lj ten mnjnimdit sedbb kn  kn  Veni D Clthli Hs Kdsnm Li Jd`ts Ilt Dppndrhif Li [n`lrm
mnncnm d vlbuitdry dppndrdi`n.
dppndrdi`n. (;1d) ]en `lurt cdy endr ten cdttnr li?
4.  djjhmdvhts
djjhmdvhts lr
 lr
IL]N? Jhrst pdrt hs ten sdcn. Pn`lim pdrt `edifnm kn`dusn lj ;.  mnplshthlis
mnplshthlis prnsnitnm
 prnsnitnm ky ten rnspn`thvn pdrthns,
Lcihkus Clthli [ubn.
[ubn. Hj ylu jhbn d Clthli tl Mhschss, cust dbbnfn 0.  kut ten `lurt cdy
cdy   mhrn`t tedt ten cdttnr kn endrm
endrm  
dbb ten frluims. Hj ylur frluim hs hcprlpnr snrvh`n lj succlis, welbby lr pdrtby li lrdb tnsthcliy lr mnplshthlis. (;d)

hi`bumn ltenr frluims. Knjlrn hs ilt mnncnm d vlbuitdry IL]N? [ndbby mnpnims li ten `lurt hj teny dbblw tl drfun lrdbby.
dppndrdi`n.

Ilw, ml ilt
ilt   hi`bumn diy ltenr frluim. Hj ylu hi`bumn teni F[? Cust kn wrhttni.
tditdcluit tl vlbuitdry dppndrdi`n. Hj ylu jhbn d Clthli tl UQI? ]elsn cdmn hi lpni `lurt (clthli tl strhgn lut) lr hi ten
Mhschss, ylu edvn tl hi`bumn dbb ten
t en frluims, ltenrwhsn, teny drn `lursn lj ten endrhif.
mnncnm wdhvnm. H mli‘t gilw elw tl rn`li`hbn tehs ‐  Chgnb. 
 Chgnb.    Pelubm kn hccnmhdtnby rnslbvnm hi lpni `lurt
  Djtnr ten dmvnrsn pdrty hs fhvni ten lpplrtuihty tl
drfun ehs lr enr lpplshthli tenrn tl.

Pn`thli 0
@litnits
D clthli sedbb stdtn ten?
4.  rnbhnj  slufet
 slufet tl kn lktdhinm dim ten
;.  frluims upli
frluims upli weh`e ht hs kdsnm, dim
0.  hj rnquhrnm ky tensn [ubns lr in`nssdry tl prlvn jd`ts
dbbnfnm tenrnhi, sedbb kn d``lcpdihnm ky supplrthif
djjhmdvhts dim ltenr pdpnrs.
pdpnrs. (0)

[^BN :-;4 DP DCNIMNM | PX ;148-;1;1

 CHGNB ELJHBNÔD MNBFDML PQN@HDB @LI][HK^]L[? DZ DK[DPDBML

@HZHB Q[L@NM^[N | D]]X. CNBHPPD [LCDID Q. P^D[N_ =: 

6)  Clthli tl `di`nb stdtutlry bhni7
bhni7
IL]N? Clthli cust stdtn? 5)  Clthli jlr di lrmnr tl krndg hi lr jlr d wrht lj mnclbhthli7
mnclbhthli 7
4.  [nbhnj slufet 
slufet  8)  Clthli jlr hitnrvnithli
hitnrvnithli77
;.  Frluims upli weh`e ht hs kdsnm 
kdsnm   41)  Clthli jlr oumfcnit
jlr oumfcnit li ten pbndmhifs
pbndmhifs77
44)  Clthli jlr succdry oumfcnit 7
D``lcpdihnm Ky Pupplrthif Djjhmdvhts Dim Ltenr Qdpnrs Hj? 4;)  Mncurrnr tl nvhmni`n7
nvhmni`n7
4.  [nquhrnm ky tensn rubns 
rubns  40)  Clthli tl mn`bdrn mnjnimdit hi mnjdubt 7 dim
d.  Djjhmdvht lj cnrht li clthli tl bhjt lrmnr lj 4=)  Ltenr shchbdr clthlis.
mnjdubt  
mnjdubt
;.  In`nssdry tl prlvn ten jd`ts dbbnfnm tenrnhi 
tenrnhi  (k) Dbb clthlis sedbb kn snrvnm ky?
4.  pnrslidb
pnrslidb snrvh`n,
 snrvh`n,
WPn`thli =. Endrhif lj clthli. ” MnbntnmS ;.  d``rnmhtnm prhvdtn `lurhnr
`lurhnr lr
 lr
0.  rnfhstnrnm cdhb
cdhb,, lr
Pn`thli = =.  nbn`trlih` cndis sl
cndis sl ds tl nisurn tenhr rn`nhpt ky ten
Ili-Bhthfhlus Clthlis ltenr pdrty.
Clthlis weh`e ten `lurt cdy d`t upli whtelut prnoumh`hif ten
rhfets lj dmvnrsn pdrthns 
pdrthns  drn ili-bhthfhlus clthlis. ]ensn (`) ]en lpplshif pdrty sedbb
sedbb   jhbn ehs lr enr lpplshthli
lpplshthli   tl d
clthlis hi`bumn? bhthfhlus clthli whtehi jhvn (>) `dbnimdr mdys jrlc rn`nhpt
d)  Clthli jlr ten hssudi`n lj di dbhds succlis7
succlis 7 tenrnlj. Il ltenr sukchsshlis sedbb kn `lishmnrnm ky ten `lurt
k)  Clthli jlr nxtnishli tl jhbn diswnr 7 hi ten rnslbuthli lj ten clthli. ]en clthli sedbb kn rnslbvnm ky
`)  Clthli jlr plstplincnit 
jlr plstplincnit 7 ten `lurt whtehi jhjtnni (4>) `dbnimdr mdys mdys jrlc
 jrlc hts rn`nhpt lj
m)  Clthli jlr ten hssudi`n lj d wrht lj nxn`uthli7
nxn`uthli7 ten lpplshthli tenrntl, lr upli nxphrdthli lj ten pnrhlm tl jhbn
  su`e lpplshthli. (i)
n) Clthli jlr ten hssudi`n lj di dbhds wrht lj nxn`uthli7
nxn`uthli 7
j)  Clthli jlr ten hssudi`n lj d wrht lj plssnsshli7
plssnsshli7
f)  Clthli jlr ten hssudi`n lj di lrmnr mhrn`thif ten senrhjj IL]N? Ili-bhthfhlus cust dbsl kn snrvnm  li
  li ten dmvnrsn pdrty.
tl nxn`utn ten jhidb `nrthjh`dtn lj sdbn7
sdbn 7 dim Liby ten endrhif hs mhspnisnm whte, kut cdy kn lrmnrnm ky ten
e)  Ltenr shchbdr clthlis.
clthlis. `lurt (Pn`thli :). Bhthfhlus il clrn endrhif, kut fhvn di
lpplrtuihty tl lpplsn. @lurt whbb mn`hmn li ten clthli dim
]ensn clthlis sedbb ilt
ilt kn
 kn snt jlr endrhif dim sedbb kn rnslbvnm lpplshthli hj diy.
ky ten `lurt whtehi jhvn (>) `dbnimdr mdys jrlc
mdys  jrlc rn`nhpt
rn`nhpt tenrnlj.
 tenrnlj.
(i) Kut dbb clthlis sedbb kn snrvnm li ten dmvnrsn pdrty wentenr
bhthfhlus lr ilt!
IL]N? [dmh`db clthli `lcpdrnm tl 4886 [ubns kn`dusn knjlrn,
nvnry clthli cust kn snt jlr endrhif. Hi ili-bhthfhlus clthlis, Pn`thli :
ten dmvnrsn pdrthns drn ilt rnquhrnm tl lpplsn.
lpplsn . @lurts whbb oust Ilth`n lj Endrhif Li Bhthfhlus Clthlis7 Mhs`rnthlidry.
mn`hmn ht. ]en `lurt cdy?

4.  hi ten nxnr`hsn lj hts mhs`rnthli

mhs`rnthli,, dim
Ili-Bhthfhlus Clthlis ;.  hj mnncnm in`nssdry
in`nssdry jlr
 jlr hts rnslbuthli,
4.  Clthlis weh`e ten `lurt cdy d`t upli whtelut 0.  `dbb d endrhif li ten clthli.
prnoumh`hif ten rhfets lj dmvnrsn pdrthns
;.  Pedbb ilt kn snt jlr endrhif ]en ilth`n lj endrhif sedbb kn dmmrnssnm tl dbb pdrthns `li`nrinm,
pdrthns `li`nrinm,
0.  Pedbb kn rnslbvnm ky ten `lurt whtehi > `dbnimdr mdys dim sedbb spn`hjy ten thcn dim mdtn lj
mdtn lj ten endrhif. (>d)
jrlc rn`nhpt tenrnlj.
IL]N? Endrhif hs ilw di nx`npthli.
Pn`thli >
Bhthfhlus Clthlis Pn`thli 6
(d) Bhthfhlus clthlis hi`bumn? Qrllj lj Pnrvh`n In`nssdry 
In`nssdry 
4)  Clthli jlr khbb lj pdrth`ubdrs7
pdrth`ubdrs7 Il wrhttni clthli sedbb kn d`tnm upli ky ten `lurt whtelut
;)  Clthli tl mhschss
mhschss77 prllj lj snrvh`n tenrnlj, pursudit tl Pn`thli >(k) enrnlj. (:d)
 
0)
=)  Clthli jlr inw
Clthli jlr trhdb7
trhdb7
rn`lishmnrdthli7
rn`lishmnrdthli7 IL]N? Nvnrytehif ylu jhbn cust kn snrvnm li ten dmvnrsn pdrty!  
>)  Clthli jlr nxn`uthli pnimhif dppndb7
dppndb 7
:)  Clthli tl dcnim   djtnr d rnsplishvn pbndmhif eds knni
jhbnm7
[^BN :-;4 DP DCNIMNM | PX ;148-;1;1
 CHGNB ELJHBNÔD MNBFDML PQN@HDB @LI][HK^]L[? DZ DK[DPDBML

@HZHB Q[L@NM^[N | D]]X. CNBHPPD [LCDID Q. P^D[N_ =6 

Pn`thli 5
Clthli Mdy (`) Clthli jlr rn`lishmnrdthli 
rn`lishmnrdthli  lj ten `lurt‘s d`thli li ten
Nx`npt jlr clthlis rnquhrhif hccnmhdtn d`thli, wenrn ten `lurt djjhrcdthvn mnjnisns7
mnjnisns7
mn`hmns tl `limu`t endrhif li d bhthfhlus clthli, ten sdcn sedbb
kn snt li d Jrhmdy
Jrhmdy.. (6d) (m) Clthli tl suspnim prl`nnmhifs 
prl`nnmhifs   whtelut d tncplrdry
rnstrdhihif lrmnr lr hioui`thli hssunm ky d ehfenr `lurt7
F[? Clthlis li bhthfhlus clthlis sedbb kn snt li Jrhmdy.
UQI? ^ibnss ht rnquhrns hccnmhdtn d`thli. (n) Clthli jlr nxtnishli lj thcn tl jhbn pbndmhifs, djjhmdvhts lr
diy ltenr pdpnrs, nx`npt d clthli jlr nxtnishli tl jhbn di
Pn`thli 8 diswnr ds prlvhmnm ky Pn`thli 44, [ubn 447
44 7 dim
Lcihkus Clthli 
Clthli 
Pukon`t tl ten prlvhshlis lj Pn`thli 4 lj [ubn 8, d clthli (j)  Clthli jlr plstplincnit
plstplincnit hitnimnm
 hitnimnm jlr mnbdy
mnbdy,, nx`npt hj ht hs
dttd`ghif d pbndmhif, lrmnr, oumfcnit, lr prl`nnmhif sedbb kdsnm li?
hi`bumn dbb lkon`thlis teni dvdhbdkbn,
dvdhbdkbn , dim dbb lkon`thlis ilt d.  d`ts lj Flm,
sl hi`bumnm sedbb kn mnncnm wdhvnm.
wdhvnm . (5d) k.  jlr`n cdonurn lr
`.  peysh`db hidkhbhty lj ten whtinss tl dppndr dim
F[? Clthli dttd`ghif d pbndmhif, lrmnr, oumfcnit
oumf cnit lr prl`nnmhif tnsthjy.
sedbb hi`bumn dbb lkon`thlis teni dvdhbdkbn dim dbb lkon`thlis ilt
sl hi`bumnm sedbb kn mnncnm wdhvnm. Hj ten clthli hs frditnm
frditnm kdsnm
 kdsnm li su`e nx`npthlis, ten clvhif
pdrty sedbb kn wdrinm
wdrinm tedt
 tedt ten prnsnitdthli lj hts nvhmni`n cust
UQI? Mnjnisns dim lkon`thlis ilt mnncnm wdhvnm uimnr [ubn 8 sthbb kn tnrchidtnm li
tnrchidtnm li ten mdtns prnvhlusby dfrnnm upli.
Pn`thli 4?
4.  Bd`g lj ourhsmh`thli lj ten s ukon`t cdttnr
cdttnr   D clthli jlr plstplincnit, wentenr wrhttni lr lrdb, sedbb, dt dbb
;.  Bhths pnimnithd 
pnimnithd  thcns, kn d``lcpdihnm ky ten lrhfhidb ljjh`hdb rn`nhpt 
rn`nhpt   jrlc
0.  [ns oumh`dtd 
oumh`dtd  ten ljjh`n lj ten `bnrg lj `lurt nvhmni`hif pdycnit lj ten
=.  Qrns`rhpthli plstplincnit jnn jnn  uimnr Pn`thli ;4(k), [ubn 4=4, tl kn
sukchttnm nhtenr dt ten thcn lj ten jhbhif lj sdhm clthli lr ilt
Pn`thli 41 bdtnr tedi ten inxt endrhif mdtn. ]en `bnrg lj `lurt sedbb ilt
Clthli jlr Bndvn d``npt ten clthli uibnss d``lcpdihnm ky ten lrhfhidb rn`nhpt.
D clthli jlr bndvn tl jhbn d pbndmhif lr clthli sedbb kn (i)
d``lcpdihnm   ky ten pbndmhif lr clthli slufet tl kn
d``lcpdihnm
dmchttnm.. (8)
dmchttnm (d) Clthli tl mhschss nx`npt li ten jlbblwhif frluims?
Hj ylu bllg dt ten prlvhshli, ylu drn ilt dbblwnm tl jhbn d clthli
IL]N? Veni ylu jhbn di dcnimcnit. Xlu dttd`e ylur prlplsnm tl mhschss. Xlu `di liby jhbn C]M, hj ht hs il ourhsmh`thli, rns
dcnimcnits.  oumh`dtd, bhths pnimni`hd, lr
lr prns`rhpthli.

Pn`thli 44 (k) Clthli tl endr djjhrcdthvn mnjnisns7

Jlrc  
Jlrc
]en [ubns dppbh`dkbn tl pbndmhifs sedbb dppby tl wrhttni clthlis
sl jdr ds `li`nris `dpthli, mnshfidthli, shfidturn, dim ltenr
cdttnrs lj jlrc.
jlrc. (41)
Pn`thli 4;
Qrlehkhtnm Clthlis
]en jlbblwhif clthlis sedbb ilt kn dbblwnm?
(d) Clthli tl mhschss nx`npt
mhschss nx`npt li ten jlbblwhif frluims?
4)  ]edt ten `lurt eds il ourhsmh`thli lvnr ten sukon`t
cdttnr lj ten `bdhc7
;)  ]edt tenrn hs diltenr d`thli pnimhif kntwnni ten sdcn
pdrthns jlr ten sdcn `dusn7 dim
0)  ]edt ten `dusn lj d`thli hs kdrrnm ky d prhlr oumfcnit
lr ky ten stdtutn lj bhchtdthlis7
(k) Clthli tl endr djjhrcdthvn mnjnisns7
mnjnisns7
Venrn ml ylu jhim di djjhrcdthvn mnjnisn< Hi di diswnr. ^imnr
ten 4886 [ubn 4:, djjhrcdthvn mnjnisns, ten mnjnimdit `di jhbn d
clthli sl tedt ten `lurt whbb endr su`e mnjnisns kn`dusn ht `lubm
kn mhschssnm kdsnm li telsn djjhrcdthvn mnjnisns. Kut tedt wds
mhs`rnthlidry dt tedt thcn.
Vedt hj ten prlehkhtnm clthli hs frditnm kdsnm li su`e
nx`npthlis<
]en clvhif pdrty sedbb kn wdrinm tedt ten prnsnitdthli lj hts
nvhmni`n cust sthbb kn tnrchidtnm li ten mdtns prnvhlusby dfrnnm
upli.
Clthli jlr Qlstplincnit
4.  Ventenr wrhttni lr lrdb,
;.  Pedbb kn d``lcpdihnm ky ten lrhfhidb ljjh`hdb rn`nhpt 
rn`nhpt  
jrlc ten ljjh`n lj ten `bnrg lj `lurt nvhmni`hif

[^BN :-;4 DP DCNIMNM | PX ;148-;1;1

 CHGNB ELJHBNÔD MNBFDML PQN@HDB @LI][HK^]L[? DZ DK[DPDBML

@HZHB Q[L@NM^[N | D]]X. CNBHPPD [LCDID Q. P^D[N_ =5 

pdycnit lj ten plstplincnit jnn uimnr Pn`thli
;4(k), [ubn 4=4
[^BN 4:  CL]HLI ]L MHPCHPP* 
*dbrndmy rnclvnm
0.  ]l kn sukchttnm nhtenr?
d.  Dt ten thcn lj ten jhbhif lj sdhm clthli, lr
IL]N? Mhs`usshlis li bhths pnimnithd hi Pn`thli 4.
k.  Ilt bdtnr tedi ten inxt endrhif mdtn
  Bd`g lj `dpd`hty tl sun hs dbsl d frluim weni ten

=.  ]en `bnrg lj `lurt sedbb ilt d``npt ten clthli uibnss
pbdhithjj hs chilr, hisdin
d``lcpdihnm ky ten lrhfhidb rn`nhpt.
  Bd`g lj bnfdb pnrslidbhty tl sun hs dbsl d frluim weni


ten pdrty hs ilt ten rndb pdrty hi hitnrnst.

Pn`thli 40
Mhschssdb whte Qrnoumh`n Mhjjnrni`n kntwnni ilth`n lj bhs pnimnis, trdisjnrnn pnimnitn
Pukon`t tl ten rhfet lj dppndb, di lrmnr frdithif d?
bhtn. Xlu selubm ilt chx tenc up dim usn tenc hitnr`edifndkby.
4.  clthli tl mhschss lr
;.  di djjhrcdthvn mnjnisn tedt ten
d.  `dusn lj d`thli hs kdrrnm ky d prhlr [ubn 4: lj 4886 [ubns
 oumfcnit lr
 oumfcnit  lr Pn`thli 4. Frluims. 
Frluims. ” Vhtehi ten thcn jlr kut knjlrn jhbhif ten
k.  ky ten stdtutn lj bhchtdthlis7
bhchtdthlis 7 diswnr tl ten `lcpbdhit lr pbndmhif dssnrthif
dssnr thif d `bdhc, d clthli
`.  tedt ten `bdhc lr mncdim snt jlrte hi ten tl mhschss cdy kn cdmn li diy lj ten jlbblwhif frluims?
pbdhithjj‘s pbndmhif eds knni
h.  pdhm, (n) ]edt tenrn hs diltenr d`thli pnimhif kntwnni ten sdcn
hh.  wdhvnm, pdrthns jlr ten sdcn `dusn.
hhh.  dkdimlinm lr
hv.  ltenrwhsn nxthifuhsenm7 lr [nquhshtns
m.  tedt ten `bdhc li weh`e ten d`thli hs jluimnm 4.  Hmnithty lj pdrthns kntwnni ten ; d`thlis lr dt bndst ds
hs uinijlr`ndkbn uimnr ten prlvhshlis lj ten su`e ds rnprnsnit ten sdcn hitnrnst
stdtutn lj jrdums, sedbb kdr ten rnjhbhif lj ten ;.  Hmnithty lj rhfets dssnrtnm
rhfets dssnrtnm dim rnbhnj prdynm jlr
sdcn d`thli lr `bdhc.
`bdhc. (>, [4:) 0.  [nbhnj cust kn jluimnm li ten sdcn jd`ts  jd`ts  
=.  Hmnithty hi tensn pdrth`ubdrs selubm kn su`e tedt diy
Vedt hs ten rncnmy weni ten d`thli hs mhschssnm whte  oumfcnit weh`e cdy kn rnimnrnm li ten ltenr d`thli
prnoumh`nm< whbb, rnfdrmbnss lj weh`e pdrty dcluit tl rns oumh`dtd 
oumh`dtd 
Dppndb ten oumfcnit lr jhidb lrmnr. hi ten d`thli uimnr `lishmnrdthli

D clthli tl mhschss `di liby edvn ten jlur frluims, kut hj ylu [ubns li Vedt @dsn tl Mhschss hi @dsn lj Bhths Qnimnithd
jhbn di diswnr dim ylu rdhsn ylur DJ, ylu `di hi`bumn tensn ‐ H F[?  Mhschss ten ;im `dsn, bnt ten 4st `dsn rncdhi kdsnm li ten
F[? Mhschss
dbrndmy pdhm, `litrd`t hs ilt hi wrhthif. Ventenr C]M lr DM, hj rubn li prhlrhty hi thcn.
thcn.
frditnm, ten `lurt whbb mhschss ten `dsn kn`dusn ten `lurt
knbhnvns tedt ten bldi, jlr nxdcpbn, eds knni pdhm. Xlu `diilt UQI? Knttnr tedt ten 4 st `dsn hs mhschssnm ky ushif ten stdimdrm
UQI? Knttnr

rnjhbn ten `dsn, ylu dppndb

dppndb ten
 ten `dsn. lj?
4.  Clrn Dpprlprhdtn D`thli ]nst ]nst  ‐ d`thli wenrn ten rndb
hssuns `di kn jubby dim `lcpbntnby snttbnm
;.  Dith`hpdtlry ]nst 
]nst   ‐  jhrst `dsn hs jhbnm cnrnby tl
prnncpt ten `dsn, ten fllm jdhte lj ten pdrthns hs ten
`rhth`db nbncnit

JL[^C PELQQHIF? Klte whbb kn mhschssnm.

IL]N? Dmmhthli lj pdrthns whbb ilt infdtn ten nxhstni`n lj bhths

pnimnithd. Ds blif ds tenrn hs sukstdithdb shchbdrhty   lj pdrthns
whte ten sdcn `lccuihty lj hitnrnsts.

Hj tenrn hs il hmnithty lj pdrthns, tenrn hs il plhit hi `en`ghif

ltenr rnquhshtns.

Zhbbdrh`d Qdwiselp v. Fnridbn

(Tuhnthif lj ]htbn dim Diiubcnit lj ]htbn)

[^BN :-;4 DP DCNIMNM | PX ;148-;1;1

 CHGNB ELJHBNÔD MNBFDML PQN@HDB @LI][HK^]L[? DZ DK[DPDBML

@HZHB Q[L@NM^[N | D]]X. CNBHPPD [LCDID Q. P^D[N_ =8 

Hmnithty lj @dusns lj D`thli
4.  Ventenr ten sdcn snt lj nvhmni`n `di sustdhi klte
d`thlis
;.  Ventenr tenrn hs hmnithty lj ten nssnithdb jd`ts
]en twl `dsns drn mhjjnrnit liby hi ten jlrc lj d`thli, kut di
nxdchidthli lj ten dbbnfdthlis hi klte `dsns rnvndbs tedt ten
cdhi hssun rdhsnm, weh`e hs lwinrsehp lj ten bdim, dim ten
prhi`hpdb rnbhnj slufet, weh`e hs `di`nbbdthli lj ten lpplshif
pdrthns' ]@], drn sukstdithdbby ten sdcn. ]en nvhmni`n rnquhrnm
tl sukstdithdtn ten pdrthns' `bdhcs hs bhgnwhsn ten sdcn.
Veh`e lj ten twl `dsns selubm kn mhschssnm<   ilth`n.
Inhtenr. Ht rubnm jlr ten `lislbhmdthli
`lislbhmdthli lj
 lj ten `dsns. ]en Puprncn
@lurt fdvn rnbnvdit fuhmnbhins tl mntnrchin weh`e `dsn selubm
kn mhschssnm.
4.  mdtn lj jhbhif,
jhbhif, whte prnjnrni`n fninrdbby fhvni tl ten
jhrst d`thli jhbnm tl kn rntdhinm7
;.  wentenr ten d`thli slufet tl kn mhschssnm wds jhbnm
cnrnby tl prnncpt ten bdttnr d`thli lr tl dith`hpdtn
dith`hpdtn   cnrhts
hts jhbhif dim bdy ten kdshs jlr hts mhschssdb7 dim
0.  wentenr ten d`thli hs ten dpprlprhdtn vneh`bn  vneh`bn   jlr
bhthfdthif ten hssuns kntwnni ten pdrthns
Bhths pnimnithd hs ilt dbwdys d frluim lj mhschssdb weni ht hs il
blifnr prd`th`dkbn weni teny drn dbrndmy hi tenhr bdtnr stdfns.
Pukh` ]nbn`lc v. PKCD
Il hmnithty lj pdrthns kn`dusn PKCD hi ten jhrst `dsn wds ilt d
pdrty kut ten qudsh-oumh`hdb klmy endrhif ten `dsn.
Xns, ht hs d cdttnr lj rhfet. Jhbn d Ilth`n lj Mhschssdb dt
Mhschssdb  dt diy thcn
knjlrn ten snrvh`n lj diswnr dim clthli jlr succdry oumfcnit.
@di ten @lurt mniy<
Il, ht hs ilt d clthli kut d ilth`n. @lurt sedbb hssun di lrmnr
`lijhrchif ten mhschssdb.
]ypns lj Mhschssdb
4.  Vhte Qrnoumh`n ‐ `dsn `di il blifnr kn rn-jhbnm 
rn-jhbnm 
;.  Vhtelut Qrnoumh`n ‐ `di kn rn-jhbnm 
rn-jhbnm 
F[? Vhtelut prnoumh`n, nspn`hdbby hj iltehif hs stdtnm hi tedt
UQI?
4.  Veni sl stdtnm tl kn whte prnoumh`n 
prnoumh`n  
;.  ; Mhschssdb [ubn 
[ubn ‐ Veni d ilth`n hs jhbnm ky Q wel
w el eds
li`n mhschssnm hi d `lcpntnit `lurt dim d`thli kdsnm
li lr hi`bumhif ten sdcn `bdhc, lpnrdtnm ds di
 
dmoumh`dthli upli ten cnrhts 
d.  Ds hj tenrn wds dbrndmy prnsnitdthli lj
nvhmni`n  
nvhmni`n
[lxds v. @D
@IJP cust kn jhbnm hi hihthdtlry pbndmhifs. Hj d`thli hs mhschssnm
dim dttdhis jhidbhty, hj rn-jhbns, il edrc hi dttd`ehif kut ilt
rnquhrnm tl cnithli prnvhlus `dsn. Kut hj tenrn hs pnimhif `dsn
lr mn`hmnm `dsn upli ten cnrhts (rns oumh`dtd), dttd`e `dsn.
Cnrnby d mhschssdb li ten hihthdthvn lj ten pbdhithjj. Il innm tl
cnithli kn`dusn il bhths pnimnithd lr rns oumh`dtd.

Mltcdtrhx v. Bnfdsph MKQ v. Qhiflb

Dppbh`dthli lj dith`hpdtlry tnst. Jhbnm jhrst `dsn cnrnby tl Pn`thli 4 hs ilt dppbh`dkbn. Clthli tl whtemrdw ky d `lrplrdthli
prnncpt ten d`thli. mhm ilt edvn d Kldrm [nslbuthli dutelrhzhif ehc tl whtemrdw.

LK Olvnihr v. Cd`dchr [ndbty

Vedt hs ten rncnmy hj tenrn hs d jlrcdb mnjn`t<  Jhbn

[^BN 46  MHPCHPPDB LJ D@]HLIP   Jhbn d clthli jlr
`lishmnrdthli lr di dcnimnm `lcpbdhit. [hsgy tl whtemrdw dim
rn-jhbn mun tl bhths pnimnithd lr jlruc selpphif.
s elpphif. Ilt ten `dpthli
Pn`thli 4
weh`e `litrlb kut ten klmy. Frdithif lj clthli `dcn djtnr jhbhif
Mhschssdb ^pli Ilth`n ky Qbdhithjj
lj sn`lim `lcpbdhit. Il bhths pnimnithd lr jlruc selpphif.
D `lcpbdhit cdy kn mhschssnm ky ten pbdhithjj ky jhbhif d ilth`n
lj mhschssdb dt diy thcn knjlrn snrvh`n lj ten?
ten?  
Mdnb v. Kninmh`tl
4.  diswnr  lr
 lr lj d
Nitnrtdhi ilth`n lj mhschssdb jhrst nvni hj d clthli wds jhbnm jhrst.
;.  clthli jlr succdry oumfcnit .
@lurt selubm edvn jhrst `lijhrcnm ten ilth`n lj mhschssdb.
m hschssdb.

^pli su`e ilth`n knhif jhbnm, ten `lurt sedbb hssun di lrmnr lrmnr  
Pn`thli ;
`lijhrchif ten mhschssdb.
mhschssdb. ^ibnss ltenrwhsn stdtnm hi ten ilth`n,
Mhschssdb ^pli Clthli lj Qbdhithjj
ten mhschssdb hs whtelut  prnoumh`n,
 prnoumh`n, nx`npt tedt d ilth`n lpnrdtns
Nx`npt ds prlvhmnm hi ten prn`nmhif sn`thli, d `lcpbdhit sedbb
ds di dmoumh`dthli upli ten cnrhts weni
cnrhts weni jhbnm ky d pbdhithjj wel
ilt kn
ilt  kn mhschssnm dt ten pbdhithjj's h istdi`n sdvn upli?
eds li`n mhschssnm hi d `lcpntnit `lurt di d`thli kdsnm li lr 4.  dpprlvdb
dpprlvdb lj
 lj ten `lurt dim
hi`bumhif ten sdcn `bdhc. (4)
;.  upli su`e tnrcs dim `limhthlis 
`limhthlis  ds ten `lurt mnncs
prlpnr.
@di d pbdhithjj `edifn ehs chim dim whtemrdw<

[^BN :-;4 DP DCNIMNM | PX ;148-;1;1

 CHGNB ELJHBNÔD MNBFDML PQN@HDB @LI][HK^]L[? DZ DK[DPDBML

@HZHB Q[L@NM^[N | D]]X. CNBHPPD [LCDID Q. P^D[N_ >1 

Hj d `luitnr`bdhc eds knni pbndmnm ky d mnjnimdit prhlr tl ten 0.  whtelut prnoumh`n tl ten rhfet lj ten mnjnimdit tl
snrvh`n upli ehc lr enr lj ten pbdhithjj's clthli jlr mhschssdb, prlsn`utn ehs lr enr `luitnr`bdhc hi
`luitnr`bdhc hi ten sdcn lr hi d
ten mhschssdb sedbb kn bhchtnm tl ten `lcpbdhit.
`lcpbdhit . snpdrdtn d`thli.

]en mhschssdb sedbb kn? ]ehs mhschssdb sedbb edvn ten njjn`t lj d i dmoumh`dthli upli ten
4.  whtelut prnoumh`n 
prnoumh`n  tl ten rhfet lj ten mnjnimdit tl cnrhts,, uibnss ltenrwhsn mn`bdrnm ky ten `lurt. (0d)
cnrhts
prlsn`utn ehs lr enr `luitnr`bdhc hi d snpdrdtn
snpdrdtn d`thli
 d`thli
;.  uibnss whtehi 4> `dbnimdr mdys jrlc ilth`n lj ten IL]N? Hj mnjnimdit mlns ilt dppndr, pbdhithjj `di dsg ten `lurt
clthli en lr sen cdihjnsts ehs lr enr  prnjnrni`n
 prnjnrni`n   tl tl prnsnit nvhmni`n nx pdrtn.
pdrtn. En whbb ilt kn mn`bdrnm hi mnjdubt.
edvn ehs lr enr `luitnr`bdhc rnslbvnm hi ten sdcn
d`thli. Frluims jlr Mhschssdb
0.  ^ibnss ltenrwhsn spn`hjhnm hi ten lrmnr, d mhschssdb 4.  Q jdhbs tl dppndr  li
 li ten mdtn lj ten prnsnitdthli lj ehs
uimnr tehs pdrdfrdpe sedbb kn whtelut prnoumh`n. nvhmni`n-hi-`ehnj li ten `lcpbdhit jlr il ousthjhdkbn
=.  D `bdss suht sedbb ilt kn mhschssnm lr `lcprlchsnm `dusn. 
rndsli lr `dusn. 
whtelut ten dpprlvdb lj ten `lurt. (;d) ;.  Q jdhbs tl prlsn`utn ehs d`thli jlr di uirndslidkbn bnifte
lj thcn jlr
thcn jlr il ousthjhdkbn rndsli lr `dusn. 
`dusn. 
[nquhrncnit jlr Mhschssdb lr @lcprlchsn lj d @bdss Puht 0.  Q jdhbs tl `lcpby whte [ubns lj @lurt lr diy lrmnr  lj
 lj ten
 Dpprlvdb lj ten `lurt. Cndihif< @di ten idcnm rnprnsnitdthvns `dusn. 
`lurt jlr il ousthjhdkbn rndsli lr `dusn. 
hi ten `bdss suht jhbn d ilth`n lj mhschssdb hi ten `bdss suht< Il. Ht
eds tl kn d clthli wentenr lr ilt ten diswnr eds knni snrvnm. Mhschssdb
]eny‘rn ilt ten suht.  
ten liby pnlpbn hivlbvnm hi ten `bdss suht.  4.  Ky clthli lj mnjnimdit 
mnjnimdit  
;.  @lurt cltu prlprhl 
prlprhl 
IL]N? Qbdhithjj `di whtemrdw ehs d`thli (ds d cdttnr lj rhfet) jlr
IL]N? Qbdhithjj
sl blif ds ten diswnr eds ilt ynt knni snrvnm dim tedt ht hs ilt @di d `lurt mhschss whtelut clthli jhbnm ky pbdhithjj<
d `bdss suht. F[? Il ‐ [ubn 8 Pn`thli 4!
UQI?
Bdim`nitnr v. Qli`n, Hi`. 4.  Hj mhschssdb hs jdubt lj ten pbdhithjj ([ubn 46 Pn`thli 0)
Bdim`nitnr lktdhinm jdvlrdkbn lrmnr. ]eni jhbnm d clthli tl ;.  Veni li hts jd`n, `lcpbdhit selws bd`g lj ourhsmh`thli
mhschss hts lwi `lcpbdhit. Frditnm ky ten []@. @di teny sthbb lvnr ten sukon`t cdttnr
kninjht Bdim`nitnr< Il! Xlu mhschss ylur `lcpbdhit, nvnrytehif 0.  [ns oumh`dtd
nbsn mn`hmnm hi ten `lcpbdhit hs il blifnr nxhstnit. Nvnrytehif =.  Bhths pnimnithd
flns whte ten mhschssdb! >.  Qrns`rhpthli
:.  Puccdry rubn
@edi ]di v. ]di
Oumfcnit dbrndmy jhidb ht `di il blifnr kn mhsturknm. Vedt edppnis tl `luitnr`bdhc<
@di pursun hi d snpdrdtn
sn pdrdtn d`thli.

Bhc ]n`g @eudi v. ^y

[ubn 46 mlns ilt spn`hjy diy `luitnr`bdhc. Vedt wds mhschssnm IL]N? Dmoumh`dthli Li ]en Cnrhts 3 [ns Oumh`dtd
enrn wds oust d `lcpbdhit ilt ten
t en d`thli htsnbj.
Ptl. Mlchifl-Mdvhm v. Oumfn Funrrnrl
Pn`thli 0 Jdhburn tl dttd`e d @IJP. Mhschssdb whte prnoumh`n cust kn
Mhschssdb Mun tl Jdubt lj Qbdhithjj spn`hjh`dbby stdtnm, hj diltenr spn`hjh` rubn hs dppbh`dkbn. Dppby ten
Hj? spn`hjh` rubn?
4.  jlr il ousthjhdkbn `dusn,
`dusn, 4.  [ubn 46 Pn`thli 0  0  ‐ Vhte Qrnoumh`n
;.  ten pbdhithjj jdhbs tl dppndr 
dppndr   li ten mdtn lj ten ;.  [ubn 6 Pn`thli >  >  ‐  Hj ylu ml ilt dttd`e d @IJP, ylur
prnsnitdthli lj ehs lr enr nvhmni`n hi `ehnj li ten d`thli whbb kn mhschssnm whtelut prnoumh`n.
`lcpbdhit, lr
0.  tl prlsn`utn ehs lr enr d`thli jlr di uirndslidkbn Olsnjhid @ruz v. @D
bnifte lj thcn,
thcn, lr @lithiulus plstplincnits. Lrmnr lj mhschssdb hs dutlcdth`dbby
=.  tl `lcpby whte tensn [ubns lr diy lrmnr lj
lrmnr  lj ten `lurt, whte prnoumh`n hj uimnr [ubn 46 Pn`thli 0.

]en `lcpbdhit cdy kn mhschssnm upli? Dtty. Qlitnols v. Mnshnrtl 

Mnshnrtl  
4.  clthli
clthli lj
 lj ten mnjnimdit lr Dksni`n jlr twl endrhifs hs ilt nilufe.
;.  upli ten `lurt's lwi clthli,
clthli,

[^BN :-;4 DP DCNIMNM | PX ;148-;1;1

 CHGNB ELJHBNÔD MNBFDML PQN@HDB @LI][HK^]L[? DZ DK[DPDBML

@HZHB Q[L@NM^[N | D]]X. CNBHPPD [LCDID Q. P^D[N_ >4 

Pn`thli = 0.  Cdihjnst jlr ten rn`lrm sthpubdthlis rnfdrmhif
Mhschssdb lj @luitnr`bdhc, ten jdhtejubinss lj ten rnprlmu`thlis 
rnprlmu`thlis  dim ten
@rlss-@bdhc, Lr ]ehrm-Qdrty @lcpbdhit. fniuhininss dim mun nxn`uthli 
nxn`uthli  lj ten dmvnrsn
]en prlvhshlis lj tehs [ubn sedbb dppby tl ten mhschssdb lj diy pdrthns‘ nvhmni`n7 
nvhmni`n7 
`luitnr`bdhc, `rlss-`bdhc, lr tehrm-pdrty `lcpbdhit. D vlbuitdry =.  [nsnrvn nvhmni`n 
nvhmni`n  ilt dvdhbdkbn dt ten prn-trhdb,
mhschssdb ky
mhschssdb  ky ten `bdhcdit ky ilth`n ds hi Pn`thli 4 lj tehs [ubn, kut liby hi ten jlbblwhif cdiinr?
sedbb kn cdmn? H.  Jlr tnsthclihdb nvhmni`n, ky fhvhif?
4.  knjlrn d rnsplishvn pbndmhif lr d.  ]en idcn lr
;.  d clthli jlr succdry oumfcnit hs snrvnm lr, k.   plshthli dim ten
0.  hj tenrn hs ilin, knjlrn ten hitrlmu`thli lj nvhmni`n 
nvhmni`n   `. idturn lj ten tnsthcliy   lj
dt ten trhdb lr endrhif. (=) ten prlplsnm whtinss7
HH.  Jlr ml`ucnitdry nvhmni`n dim ltenr
lkon`t nvhmni`n, ky fhvhif d

[^BN 45  Q[N-][HDB   pdrth`ubdr

nvhmni`n.
mns`rhpthli 
mns`rhpthli  lj ten

Il rnsnrvdthli sedbb kn dbblwnm hj ilt cdmn hi

Pn`thli 4
ten cdiinr mns`rhknm dklvn.
Veni @limu`tnm
Djtnr ten bdst rnsplishvn pbndmhif eds knni snrvnm dim jhbnm, ten?
(e)  Pu`e ltenr cdttnrs ds
cdttnrs ds cdy dhm hi ten prlcpt
ten prlcpt
4.  krdi`e `bnrg lj `lurt sedbb hssun,
mhsplshthli lj
mhsplshthli lj ten d`thli.
;.  whtehi jhvn (>) `dbnimdr mdys jrlc jhbhif, d
0.  ilth`n lj prn-trhdb weh`e sedbb kn snt ilt bdtnr tedi shxty
]en jdhburn whtelut oust `dusn lj d pdrty dim `luisnb tl dppndr
dppndr  
(:1) `dbnimdr mdys jrlc ten jhbhif lj ten bdst rnsplishvn
murhif prn-trhdb, mnsphtn ilth`n, sedbb rnsubt hi d wdhvnr
wdhvnr   lj diy
pbndmhif. (4d) lkon`thlis tl ten jdhtejubinss lj ten rnprlmu`thlis
rnprlmu`thlis cdrgnm, lr tenhr
 fniuhininss
 fniuhinin ss dim mun nxn`uthli
nxn`uthli..
IL]N? Bdst rnsplishvn pbndmhif hs ten diswnr kn`dusn rnpby, ds
d rubn, hs ilt dbblwnm. Il blifnr ten muty lj ten pbdhithjj kut ten
]en jdhburn whtelut oust `dusn lj d pdrty dim/lr `luisnb tl krhif
krdi`e `bnrg lj `lurt.
ten nvhmni`n 
nvhmni`n  rnquhrnm sedbb kn mnncnm d wdhvnr wdhvnr   lj ten
 prnsnitdthli lj
lj su`e nvhmni`n.
nvhmni`n.
Pplusns @lrpus v. @hthkdig
Jdubt lj ten pbdhithjj. Mhschssdb whbb liby dppby tl ten `lcpbdhit.
]en krdi`e `bnrg lj `lurt sedbb prnpdrn ten chiutns lj ten prn-
]en `luitnr`bdhc whbb `lithiun.
trhdb, weh`e sedbb edvn ten jlbblwhif jlrcdt? (Pnn prns`rhknm jlrc)
(;d)
Pn`thli ;
Idturn dim Qurplsn
IL]N? Qrn-trhdb hs ilt prn-trhdb liby.
]en prn-trhdb hs cdimdtlry
cdimdtlry dim
 dim selubm kn tnrchidtnm prlcptby
prlcptby..
Jdhburn ]l Dppndr Jdhburn ]l Krhif Nvhmni`n
]en `lurt sedbb `lishmnr?
(d)  ]en  plsshkhbhty lj di dch`dkbn snttbncnit   lr lj d Vdhvnr lj diy lkon`thlis tl Vdhvnr lj prnsnitdthli lj
ten? nvhmni`n uibnss ylu rnsnrvn
sukchsshli tl dbtnridthvn clmns lj mhsputn rnslbuthli7
rnslbuthli7   jdhtejubinss lj ten ylur rhfet.
(k)  ]en shcpbhjh`dthli
shcpbhjh`dthli lj
 lj ten hssuns7 rnprlmu`thlis cdrgnm
(`)  ]en plsshkhbhty lj lktdhihif sthpubdthlis lr dmchsshlis   fniuhininss dim mun
lj jd`ts dim lj ml`ucnits tl dvlhm uiin`nssdry prllj7 nxn`uthli.
(m)  ]en bhchtdthli lj ten iucknr dim hmnithjh`dthli 
hmnithjh`dthli  lj
whtinssns dim ten sntthif
sntthif lj
 lj trhdb mdtns7 Bhchtdthli lj ten Iucknr dim Hmnithjh`dthli lj Vhtinssns
(n)  ]en dmvhsdkhbhty lj d prnbhchidry
d prnbhchidry rnjnrni`n
rnjnrni`n lj
 lj hssuns tl d dim Pntthif lj ]rhdb Mdtns
`lcchsshlinr7 Hi prn-trhdb, whtinssns cust dbrndmy kn idcnm.
(j)  ]en  prlprhnty lj rnimnrhif oumfcnit li ten pbndmhifs,
lr succdry oumfcnit , lr lj mhschsshif ten d`thli
selubm d vdbhm frluim tenrnjlr kn jluim tl nxhst7
(f)  ]en rnquhrncnit jlr ten pdrthns tl?
4.  Cdrg tenhr rnspn`thvn nvhmni`n hj
nvhmni`n hj ilt ynt cdrgnm
hi ten oumh`hdb djjhmdvhts lj tenhr whtinssns7
;.  Nxdchin dim cdgn `lcpdrhslis lj ten dmvnrsn
 pdrthns' nvhmni`n
nvhmni`n   vhs-d-vhs ten `lphns tl kn
cdrgnm7
[^BN :-;4 DP DCNIMNM | PX ;148-;1;1
 CHGNB ELJHBNÔD MNBFDML PQN@HDB @LI][HK^]L[? DZ DK[DPDBML

@HZHB Q[L@NM^[N | D]]X. CNBHPPD [LCDID Q. P^D[N_ >; 

Pn`thli 0 trhdb, dim ten `lurt tl rnimnr oumfcnit li ten kdshs lj ten
Ilth`n lj Qrn-trhdb nvhmni`n ljjnrnm. (>d)
]en ilth`n lj prn-trhdb sedbb hi`bumn ten mdtns rnspn`thvnby snt jlr?
jlr ?
(d)  Qrn-trhdb7 Jdhburn lj Qbdhithjj dim @luisnb ]l Dppndr
(k)  @lurt-Diinxnm Cnmhdthli7 dim Mhschssdb lj d`thli whte prnoumh`n, uibnss ltenrwhsn lrmnrnm ky
(`)  Oumh`hdb Mhsputn [nslbuthli, hj in`nssdry. ten `lurt.

]en ilth`n lj prn-trhdb sedbb kn snrvnm li `luisnb, lr li ten pdrty Jdhburn lj Mnjnimdit dim @luisnb ]l Dppndr
hj en lr sen eds il `luisnb. ]en `luisnb snrvnm whte su`e ilth`n @dusn tl dbblw ten pbdhithjj tl prnsnit ehs lr enr nvhmni`n nx-
hs `edrfnm whte ten muty lj ilthjyhif ten pdrty rnprnsnitnm ky pdrtn whtehi tni (41) `dbnimdr mdys jrlc tnrchidthli lj ten prn-
ehc lr enr. trhdb, dim ten `lurt tl rnimnr oumfcnit li ten kdshs lj ten
nvhmni`n ljjnrnm. Phchbdr tl mnjdubt kut ml ilt usn ten tnrc
Ili-dppndrdi`n  dt diy lj ten jlrnflhif sntthifs sedbb kn
Ili-dppndrdi`n  mnjdubt!
mnncnm ds ilidppndrdi`n dt ten prn-trhdb dim
prn-trhdb  dim sedbb cnrht ten
sdcn sdi`thlis uimnr Pn`thli > enrnlj. (0d) Jdhburn lj Mnjnimdit
]l Jhbn Di Diswnr ]l Dttnim Qrn-]rhdb
IL]N? @luisnb selubm dbsl kn prnsnit ilt liby dt ten prn-trhdb Flvnrinm ky [ubn 8 Flvnrinm ky [ubn 45
kut dbsl dt ten @DC dim OM[. M whbb kn mn`bdrnm hi mnjdubt Q whbb kn dbblwnm tl prnsnit
nvhmni`n nx-pdrtn
Pn`thli = [ncnmy lj M hs tl jhbn d [ncnmy lj M hs tl jhbn di C[
Dppndrdi`n lj Qdrthns Clthli tl Bhjt Lrmnr lj
Ht sedbb kn ten muty lj ten pdrthns dim tenhr `luisnb tl dppndr dt Mnjdubt
prn-trhdb, `lurt-diinxnm cnmhdthli, dim oumh`hdb mhsputn
ten prn- M eds tl prlvn tedt en eds d M eds tl nxpbdhi wey en wds
rnslbuthli, hj in`nssdry. cnrhtlrhlus mnjnisn ilt dkbn tl dppndr jlr trhdb
]en ili-dppndrdi`n lj d pdrty dim `luisnb cdy kn nx`usnm liby
jlr? Pn`thli :
4.  d`ts lj Flm, Qrn-]rhdb Krhnj
;.  jlr`n cdonurn, lr ]en pdrthns sedbb jhbn whte ten `lurt dim snrvn li ten dmvnrsn
0.  muby sukstdithdtnm peysh`db hidkhbhty. pdrty, hi su`e cdiinr ds sedbb nisurn tenhr rn`nhpt tenrnlj dt bndst
ternn (0) `dbnimdr mdys knjlrn ten mdtn lj ten prn-trhdb, tenhr
D rnprnsnitdthvn
rnprnsnitdthvn cdy
 cdy dppndr li knedbj lj d pdrty, kut cust kn rnspn`thvn prn-trhdb krhnjs weh`e sedbb `litdhi, dclif ltenrs?
jubby dutelrhznm hi wrhthif 
wrhthif   tl nitnr hitl di dch`dkbn
snttbncnit, tl sukcht tl dbtnridthvn clmns lj mhsputn rnslbuthli,
rnslbuthli, (d)  D `li`hsn stdtncnit  lj
 lj ten `dsn dim ten rnbhnjs
rnbhnjs prdynm
 prdynm jlr7
dim tl nitnr hitl sthpubdthlis lr dmchsshlis lj jd`ts dim (k)  D succdry lj dmchttnm jd`ts dim
jd`ts dim prlplsnm
 prlplsnm sthpubdthli lj
sthpubdthli lj
ml`ucnits..
ml`ucnits jd`ts7
(`)  ]en cdhi jd`tudb dim bnfdb hssuns tl
hssuns tl kn trhnm lr rnslbvnm7
 
IL]N? ]enrn cust kn d spn`hjh` dutelrhty lj ten `luisnb. D pdrty (m) `lcchsshlinrs7
]en  prlprhnty lj rnjnrrdb 
rnjnrrdb  lj jd`tudb hssuns tl
`di dbsl dpplhit slcnklmy nbsn. Hj `lrplrdthli, knst pnrsli hs
ten `lrplrdthli‘s `luisnb
`luisnb kut cust hssun d vdbhm Kldrm (n)  ]en ml`ucnits lr ltenr lkon`t nvhmni`n 
nvhmni`n  tl kn cdrgnm,
[nslbuthli. stdthif ten purplsn tenrnlj7
(j)  ]en idcns
idcns   lj ten whtinssns, dim ten succdry   lj tenhr
Pn`thli > rnspn`thvn tnsthclihns7 dim
Njjn`t lj Jdhburn tl Dppndr (f)  D krhnj stdtncnit lj plhits lj bdw dim `htdthli lj
Veni muby ilthjhnm, ten jdhburn lj ten pbdhithjj dim `luisnb tl dutelrhthns.
dppndr whtelut vdbhm `dusn weni sl rnquhrnm, pursudit tl ten
inxt prn`nmhif Pn`thli, sedbb `dusn ten mhschssdb lj
mhschssdb lj ten d`thli. Jdhburn tl jhbn ten prn-trhdb krhnj sedbb edvn ten sdcn njjn`t ds
jdhburn tl dppndr dt ten prn-trhdb.
prn-trhdb . (5)
]en mhschssdb sedbb kn whte prnoumh`n,
prnoumh`n, uibnss ltenrwhsn lrmnrnm
ky ten `lurt. Bdimlhb v. Cdifumdmdtu
Dksni`n lj `luisnb dim pdrthns ilt ousthjhnm. Dppndrdi`n lj
D shchbdr jdhburn li ten pdrt lj ten mnjnimdit dim `luisnb sedbb pdrthns hs dbsl cdimdtlry. @luisnb eds muty tl ilthjy `bhnit.
kn `dusn tl dbblw ten pbdhithjj tl prnsnit ehs lr enr nvhmni`n
n vhmni`n nx-
pdrtn whtehi tni (41) `dbnimdr mdys jrlc tnrchidthli lj ten prn-
 [^BN : ;4 DP DCNIMNM | PX ;148 ;1;1
CHGNB ELJHBNÔD MNBFDML PQN@HDB @LI][HK^]L[? DZ DK[DPDBML

@HZHB Q[L@NM^[N | D]]X. CNBHPPD [LCDID Q. P^D[N_ >0 

KQH v. Mdiml
Endvy prnssurns lj wlrg `di kn d frluim jlr d mnjnisn
mn jnisn jlr ili-
dppndrdi`n ds blif ds teny nxnr`hsnm mhbhfni`n dim mhspdt`e hi
mhsputhif tenhr `bdhc. Mnpnims li ten `hr`ucstdi`ns.
]en `litnits lj ten prn-trhdb lrmnr sedbb `litrlb ten suksnqunit
prl`nnmhifs,, uibnss clmhjhnm knjlrn trhdb tl prnvnit cdihjnst
prl`nnmhifs
hiousth`n. (6d)

Zmd. Mn Dfdtnp v. [lmrhfunz Ml`ucnits hi Qrn-]rhdb

Lrhfhidb `lcpbdhit. [nd`enm prn-trhdb stdfn. @lcpbdhit wds
dcnimnm tl hi`bumn diltenr pdrty. [nquhrns diltenr prn-trhdb. Ky
hcpbndmhif QIK, tenrn wds diltenr `dusn lj d`thli. Ht mnpnims
li ten dcnimcnit.
Dkslbutn Cdidfncnit v. Cntrlkdig
Phi`n ten mnjnimdit wds dksnit, pbdhithjj wds dbblwnm tl prnsnit
nvhmni`n nx pdrtn.
Pn`thli 6
Qrn-]rhdb Lrmnr
^pli tnrchidthli lj ten prn-trhdb, ten `lurt sedbb hssun di lrmnr
whtehi tni (41) `dbnimdr mdys weh`e sedbb rn`htn hi mntdhb ten
cdttnrs tdgni up. ]en lrmnr sedbb hi`bumn?
(d)  Di niucnrdthli
niucnrdthli lj lj ten dmchttnm jd`ts7
(k)  ]en chiutns
chiutns lj
 lj ten prn-trhdb `lijnrni`n7
(`)  ]en bnfdb dim jd`tudb hssun/s tl kn trhnm7
(m)  ]en dppbh`dkbn bdw, rubns, dim ourhsprumni`n7
(n)  ]en nvhmni`n cdrgnm7
(j)  ]en spn`hjh` trhdb mdtns jlr `lithiulus trhdb, weh`e sedbb kn
whtehi ten pnrhlm prlvhmnm ky ten [ubns7
(f)  ]en `dsn jblw`edrt tl kn mntnrchinm ky ten `lurt, weh`e
sedbb `litdhi ten mhjjnrnit stdfns lj ten prl`nnmhifs up
tl ten prlcubfdthli lj ten mn`hshli dim ten usn lj thcn
jrdcns jlr nd`e stdfn hi sntthif ten trhdb mdtns7
(e)  D stdtncnit tedt ten lin-mdy nxdchidthli lj whtinss rubn  rubn  
dim clst hcplrtdit whtinss rubn
whtinss rubn uimnr D.C. Il. 10-4-18-
P@ (Fuhmnbhins jlr Qrn-]rhdb) sedbb kn strh`tby jlbblwnm7 dim
(h)  D stdtncnit tedt ten `lurt sedbb rnimnr oumfcnit li ten
pbndmhifs lr succdry oumfcnit, ds ten `dsn cdy kn.
]en mhrn`t tnsthcliy lj
tnsthcliy lj whtinssns jlr ten pbdhithjj sedbb kn hi ten
jlrc lj  oumh`hdb djjhmdvhts
djjhmdvhts.. Djtnr ten hmnithjh`dthli lj su`e
djjhmdvhts, `rlss-nxdchidthli sedbb prl`nnm hccnmhdtnby .
Qlstplincnit  lj prnsnitdthli lj ten pdrthns‘ whtinssns dt d
Qlstplincnit 
s`enmubnm mdtn hs prlehkhtnm
prlehkhtnm,, nx`npt hj ht hs kdsnm li d`ts lj Flm,
jlr`n cdonurn lr muby sukstdithdtnm peysh`db hidkhbhty lj ten
whtinss tl dppndr dim tnsthjy.
]en pdrty wel `dusnm ten plstplincnit hs wdrinmwdrinm   tedt ten
prnsnitdthli lj hts nvhmni`n cust sthbb kn tnrchidtnm  whtehi
  whtehi ten
rncdhihif mdtns prnvhlusby dfrnnm upli.
Pelubm ten lpplshif pdrty jdhb tl dppndr whtelut vdbhm `dusn
stdtnm hi ten inxt prn`nmhif pdrdfrdpe, ten prnsnitdthli lj ten
s`enmubnm whtinss whbb prl`nnm whte ten dksnit pdrty knhif
mnncnm tl edvn wdhvnm ten rhfet tl hitnrplsn lkon`thli dim
`limu`t `rlss-nxdchidthli.
4.  Ilth`n lj Qrn-]rhdb
;.  Chiutns lj Qrn-]rhdb ‐ sukchttnm ky ten `bnrg
0.  Qrn-]rhdb Lrmnr
Enhrs lj @lidedp v. Enhrs lj [nfnôd
Bdim mhsputn `dsn. Dmchttnm ky ten mnjnimdit tedt pbdhithjj
lwinm dim edm thtbn lvnr ten prlpnrty. Ht sedbb kn khimhif li ten
mnjnimdit dim nstlppnm jrlc `bdhchif ltenrwhsn.
Pn`thli 5
@lurt-Diinxnm Cnmhdthli
4.  Djtnr prn-trhdb dim,
;.  djtnr hssuns drn olhinm,
0.  ten `lurt sedbb rnjnr ten pdrthns jlr cdimdtlry
cdimdtlry `lurt-
 `lurt-
diinxnm cnmhdthli.
]en pnrhlm jlr `lurt-diinxnm cnmhdthli sedbb ilt nx`nnm 01
`dbnimdr mdys whtelut jurtenr nxtnishli. (i)
IL]N? Knjlrn dcnimcnit, tenrn wds il prl`nmurn li @DC dim
OM[. ]eny wlubm hccnmhdtnby kn snit jlr cnmhdthli. Qrn-trhdb whbb
kn suspnimnm wehbn teny rnslrt tl cnmhdthli.
Qrnsnitby, cnmhdthli sedbb kn cdmn djtnr prn-trhdb.
prn -trhdb.
Pn`thli 8
Oumh`hdb Mhsputn [nslbuthli
Liby hj ten oumfn lj ten `lurt tl weh`e ten `dsn wds lrhfhidbby
rdjjbnm hs `livhi`nm tedt snttbncnit hs sthbb plsshkbn, ten `dsn cdy
kn rnjnrrnm tl diltenr `lurt jlr
`lurt  jlr oumh`hdb mhsputn
m hsputn rnslbuthli.
]en oumh`hdb mhsputn rnslbuthli sedbb kn `limu`tnm whtehi d ili-
nxtnimhkbn pnrhlm lj 4> `dbnimdr mdys jrlc ilth`n lj jdhburn lj
ten `lurt-diinxnm cnmhdthli.
cnmhdthli.
Hj oumh`hdb mhsputn rnslbuthli jdhbs, trhdb knjlrn ten lrhfhidb `lurt
sedbb prl`nnm li ten mdtns dfrnnm upli.
Dbb prl`nnmhifs murhif ten `lurt-diinxnm cnmhdthli dim ten
kn `lijhmnithdb
 oumh`hdb mhsputn rnslbuthli sedbb kn `lijhmnithdb.. (i)
IL]N? Liby dppbh`dkbn weni @DC mlns ilt wlrg lut. Elwnvnr,
ten oumfn hs sthbb `livhi`nm lj d plsshkhbhty lj d snttbncnit. OM[
whbb kn `limu`tnm hi diltenr krdi`e lj ten `lurt. ]eny whbb
w hbb try tl
snttbn hi jrlit lj d oumfn.
 [^BN : ;4 DP DCNIMNM | PX ;148 ;1;1
CHGNB ELJHBNÔD MNBFDML PQN@HDB @LI][HK^]L[? DZ DK[DPDBML

@HZHB Q[L@NM^[N | D]]X. CNBHPPD [LCDID Q. P^D[N_ >= 

Qnrhlm
GD]D[^IFDIF
Ili-nxtnimhkbn pnrhlm lj 4> `dbnimdr mdys jrlc ilth`n lj jdhburn [D 64:1 
lj ten `lurt-diinxnm cnmhdthli. Hj OM[ jdhbs, ht whbb kn rnjnrrnm QDCKD[DIFDX BDV  
kd`g tl ten lrhfhidb `lurt.
@H[@^BD[ IL. 4=-80 Ouby 4>, 4880
@lijhmnithdb Dbb mhsputns drn sukon`t tl Kdrdifdy `li`hbhdthli, dim prhlr
Il stnilfrdpenr dim ht whbb ilt kn lj pukbh` rn`lrm. Iltehif hi rn`lursn tenrntl hs d prn-`limhthli
prn-`limhthli knjlrn
 knjlrn jhbhif d `lcpbdhit hi
ten @DC dim OM[ whbb ilt kn pdrt lj ten rn`lrms lj ten `dsn. `lurt lr diy flvnricnit ljjh`ns, nx`npt hi ten jlbblwhif
mhsputns?
Pn`thli 41
Oumfcnit Djtnr Qrn-trhdb 4. 
4.  Venrn lin pdrty hs ten flvnricnit
flvnricnit,, lr diy sukmhvhshli
sukmhvhshli   lr
4.  Pelubm tenrn kn il clrn `litrlvnrtnm jd`ts, lr histrucnitdbhty tenrnlj7
histrucnitdbhty  tenrnlj7
;.  il clrn fniuhin hssun ds tl diy cdtnrhdb jd`t, lr ;. 
;.  Venrn lin pdrty hs d pukbh` ljjh`nr lr ncpblynn,
ncpblynn, dim ten
pnrjlrcdi`n lj ehs ljjh`hdb jui`thlis7
mhsputn rnbdtns tl ten pnrjlrcdi`n jui`thlis7
0.  di dksni`n lj diy hssun, lr
0. 
0.  Venrn ten mhsputn hivlbvns rndb prlpnrthns bl`dtnm hi
=.  selubm ten diswnr jdhb tl tnimnr di hssun,
mhjjnrnit `hthns dim cuih`hpdbhthns,
cuih`hpdbhthns, uibnss ten pdrthns tenrntl
dfrnn tl sukcht tenhr mhjjnrni`n
m hjjnrni`n tl dch`dkbn snttbncnit ky di
]en `lurt sedbb, whtelut prnoumh`n tl d pdrty clvhif jlr dpprlprhdtn Bupli7
 oumfcnit li
li te
tenn pbndmhifs u
uimnr
imnr [ubn 0= lr succdry oumfcnit
oumfcnit =. 
=.  Diy `lcpbdhit ky lr dfdhist `lrplrdthlis, pdrtinrsehp lr
uimnr [ubn 0>, cltu prlprhl hi`bumn hi ten prn-trhdb lrmnr tedt  ourhmh`db niththns,
niththns, shi`n liby himhvhmudbs 
himhvhmudbs  sedbb kn pdrthns tl
ten `dsn kn sukchttnm jlr succdry oumfcnit lr oumfcnit li Kdrdifdy `li`hbhdthli prl`nnmhifs nhtenr ds `lcpbdhidits lr
ten pbndmhifs, whtelut innm lj plshthli pdpnrs lr cnclrdimd. rnsplimnits7
>. 
>.  Mhsputns hivlbvhif pdrthns wel d`tudbby rnshmn hi kdrdifdys
Hi su`e `dsns, oumfcnit sedbb kn rnimnrnm whtehi ihinty (81)
lj mhjjnrnit `hthns lr cuih`hpdbhthns,
cuih`hpdbhthns , nx`npt wenrn su`e
`dbnimdr mdys jrlc tnrchidthli lj ten prn-trhdb.
kdrdifdy uihts dmolhi nd`e ltenr dim ten pdrthns tenrntl dfrnn
tl sukcht tenhr mhjjnrni`ns tl dch`dkbn snttbncnit ky di
]en lrmnr lj ten `lurt tl sukcht ten `dsn jlr oumfcnit pursudit dpprlprhdtn Bupli7
tl tehs [ubn sedbb ilt kn ten sukon`t tl dppndb lr `nrthlrdrh. (i) :. 
:.  Ljjnisns jlr weh`e ten bdw prns`rhkns d cdxhcuc pnidbty lj
hcprhslicnit nx`nnmhif 4 yndr lr d jhin lvnr Q>,111.117
Vedt whbb prlcpt ten `lurt tl rnimnr oumfcnit< 6. 
6.  Ljjnisns wenrn tenrn hs il prhvdtn ljjnimnm pdrty7
4.  Cltu prlprhl 5. 
5.  Mhsputns wenrn urfnit bnfdb d`thli hs in`nssdry tl
in`nssdry  tl prnvnit
hiousth`n jrlc knhif `lcchttnm lr jurtenr `lithiunm,
;.  ^pli clthli ky diy pdrty jlr oumfcnit li ten
spn`hjh`dbby ten jlbblwhif?
pbndmhifs uimnr [ubn 0= lr succdry oumfcnit uimnr
d.  @rhchidb `dsns wenrn d``usnm hs uimnr plbh`n `ustlmy
d. 
[ubn 0> lr mntnithli7
k.   Qnththlis jlr edknds `lrpus ky d pnrsli hbbnfdbby
k.
Vedt ten `lurt sedbb ml< mnprhvnm lj ehs rhfetjub `ustlmy lvnr diltenr lr d
  Hi`bumn hi ten prn-trhdb lrmnr tedt ten `dsn kn sukchttnm
 pnrsli hbbnfdbby mnprhvnm lr li d`thif hi ehs knedbj7
jlr succdry oumfcnit lr oumfcnit li ten pbndmhifs
pbndm hifs `.  D`thlis `lupbnm whte prlvhshlidb rncnmhns su`e ds
`. 


  Vhtelut innm lj plshthli pdpnrs lr cnclrdimd. prnbhchidry hioui`thli,
pnrslidb prlpnrty dttd`ecnit,
dim supplrt mnbhvnry
murhif ten lj
pnimni`y
lj ten d`thli7 dim
m.  
m. D`thlis weh`e cdy kn kdrrnm ky ten Ptdtutn lj
Bhchtdthlis.

8. 
8.  Diy `bdss lj mhsputns weh`e ten Qrnshmnit cdy mntnrchin hi
ten hitnrnst lj ousth`n lr upli ten rn`lccnimdthli lj ten
Pn`rntdry lj Ousth`n7
41.   Venrn ten mhsputn drhsns jrlc ten @lcprnenishvn Dfrdrhdi
41.
(@D[B)7
[njlrc Bdw (@D[B )7
44.   Bdklr mhsputns lr `litrlvnrshns 
44. `litrlvnrshns  drhshif jrlc ncpblynr-
ncpblynn rnbdthlis7
4;.   D`thlis tl diiub oumfcnit upli
4;. oumfcnit upli d `lcprlchsn weh`e cdy
kn jhbnm mhrn`tby hi `lurt.
 [^BN : ;4 DP DCNIMNM | PX ;148 ;1;1
CHGNB ELJHBNÔD MNBFDML PQN@HDB @LI][HK^]L[? DZ DK[DPDBML

@HZHB Q[L@NM^[N | D]]X. CNBHPPD [LCDID Q. P^D[N_ >> 

[.D. 64:1 ‐ BL@DB FLZN[ICNI] @LMN
Pn`thli =1>
Pn`thli 088 Zd`di`hns hi ten Qdifgdt
Buplif ]dfdpdcdydpd Diy vd`di`y hi ten pdifgdt sedbb kn `elsni ky ten pdrthns tl
pdrthns tl ten mhsputn
@rndtnm hi nd`e kdrdifdy d buplif tdfdpdcdydpd, enrnhidjtnr rnjnrrnm jrlc dclif ten ltenr bupli cncknrs. Pelubm ten pdrthns jdhb tl dfrnn
li d `lccli `elh`n, ten vd`di`y sedbb kn jhbbnm ky blt tl kn mrdwi ky
mrdwi ky
tl ds ten bupli
bupli,, `lcplsnm lj ten puilif kdrdifdy, ds `edhrcdi dim
ten bupli `edhrcdi.
41-;1 cncknrs. ]en bupli sedbb kn `listhtutnm nvnry 0 yndrs 
yndrs  hi ten
cdiinr prlvhmnm enrnhi.
Pn`thli =16
Bnfdb Dmvh`n li Cdttnrs Hivlbvhif Tunsthlis lj Bdw
Diy pnrsli d`tudbby rnshmhif lr wlrghif,
wlrghif, hi ten kdrdifdy, ilt ltenrwhsn ]en prlvhi`hdb, `hty bnfdb ljjh`nr lr prlsn`utlr lr ten cuih`hpdb
cuih`hpdb bnfdb
nxprnssby mhsqudbhjhnm ky bdw, dim plssnsshif hitnfrhty, hcpdrthdbhty, ljjh`nr sedbb
ljjh`nr sedbb rnimnr bnfdb dmvh`n li cdttnrs hivlbvhif qunsthlis lj bdw tl
himnpnimni`n lj chim, snisn lj jdhrinss, dim rnputdthli jlr prlkhty ,
prlkhty , cdy ten puilif kdrdifdy lr diy bupli lr pdifgdt cncknr weninvnr
kn dpplhitnm
dpplhitnm d d cncknr lj ten bupli. in`nssdry hi ten nxnr`hsn lj ehs jui`thlis hi ten dmchihstrdthli lj ten
gdtdruifdif pdckdrdifdy.
D ilth`n tl `listhtutn ten bupli,
bupli , weh`e sedbb hi`bumn ten idcns lj
prlplsnm cncknrs wel edvn nxprnssnm tenhr whbbhifinss tl snrvn, sedbb Pn`thli =18
kn prnpdrnm ky ten puilif kdrdifdy whtehi ten jhrst 4> mdys jrlc ten Zniun
stdrt lj ehs tnrc lj ljjh`n.
ljjh`n. Pu`e ilth`n sedbb kn plstnm hi 0 `lisph`ulus (d) Mhsputns kntwnni pnrslis d`tudbby rnshmhif hi ten sdcn kdrdifdy
pbd`ns hi ten kdrdifdy `lithiulusby jlr d pnrhlm lj ilt bnss tedi 0 wnngs7 sedbb kn krlufet jlr dch`dkbn snttbncnit knjlrn ten bupli lj sdhm
kdrdifdy.
Pn`thli =1;
Jui`thlis lj ten Bupli (k) ]elsn hivlbvhif d`tudb rnshmnits lj mhjjnrnit kdrdifdys whtehi
kdrdifdys  whtehi ten
]en bupli sedbb? sdcn `hty lr cuih`hpdbhty sedbb kn krlufet hi ten kdrdifdy wenrn ten
(d) Nxnr`hsn dmchihstrdthvn supnrvhshli 
supnrvhshli  lvnr ten `li`hbhdthli pdinbs rnsplimnit lr diy lj ten rnsplimnits d`tudbby rnshmns,
rnshmns, dt ten nbn`thli
prlvhmnm enrnhi7 lj ten `lcpbdhit.

(k) Cnnt rnfubdrby li`n d clite tl

clite  tl prlvhmn d jlruc jlr nx`edifn lj
hmnds dclif hts cncknrs dim ten pukbh` li cdttnrs rnbnvdit tl ten
dch`dkbn snttbncnit lj mhsputns, dim tl nidkbn vdrhlus `li`hbhdthli pdinb
cncknrs tl sedrn whte lin diltenr tenhr lksnrvdthlis dim nxpnrhni`ns
hi njjn`thif spnnmy rnslbuthli lj mhsputns7 dim
Nxnr`hsn su`e ltenr plwnrs dim pnrjlrc su`e ltenr muthns dim jui`thlis
ds cdy kn prns`rhknm ky bdw lr lrmhidi`n.
(`) Dbb mhsputns hivlbvhif rndb prlpnrty lr diy hitnrnst tenrnhi
hitnrnst  tenrnhi sedbb kn
krlufet hi ten kdrdifdy wenrn ten rndb prlpnrty lr ten bdrfnr plrthli
tenrnlj hs shtudtnm.
shtudtnm .
(m) ]elsn drhshif dt ten wlrgpbd`n wenrn ten `litnimhif pdrthns drn
ncpblynm lr dt ten histhtuthli wenrn su`e pdrthns drn nirlbbnm jlr stumy,
sedbb kn krlufet hi ten kdrdifdy wenrn su`e wlrgpbd`n lr histhtuthli
hs bl`dtnm.
bl`dtnm.

Pn`thli =10 Lkon`thlis tl vniun sedbb kn rdhsnm hi ten cnmhdthli prl`nnmhifs 

prl`nnmhifs  
Pn`rntdry lj ten Bupli knjlrn ten puilif kdrdifdy7 ltenrwhsn, ten sdcn sedbb kn mnncnm
]en kdrdifdy sn`rntdry sedbb `li`urrnitby snrvn ds ten sn`rntdry lj ten wdhvnm.. Diy bnfdb qunsthli weh`e cdy `lijrlit ten puilif kdrdifdy hi
wdhvnm
bupli. En sedbb rn`lrm
rn`lrm ten
 ten rnsubts lj cnmhdthli prl`nnmhifs knjlrn ten t l cdy kn sukchttnm  tl
rnslbvhif lkon`thlis tl vniun enrnhi rnjnrrnm tl  tl ten
puilif kdrdifdy dim sedbb sukcht
sukcht d d rnplrt
rnplrt tenrnli
 tenrnli tl ten prlpnr `hty Pn`rntdry lj Ousth`n, lr ehs muby mnshfidtnm rnprnsnitdthvn, welsn rubhif
lr cuih`hpdb `lurts. En sedbb dbsl rn`nhvn dim gnnp ten rn`lrms lj tenrnli sedbb kn khimhif.
 prl`nnmhifs sukchttnm
 prl`nnmhifs sukchttnm tl ehc
eh c ky ten vdrhlus `li`hbhdthli pdinbs.
Pn`thli =41
Pn`thli =1= Qrl`nmurn jlr Dch`dkbn Pnttbncnit 
Pnttbncnit 
Qdifgdt if ]dfdpdfgdsui
]dfdpdfgdsuiml. ml. (d) Vel cdy hihthdtn prl`nnmhif
p rl`nnmhif -
 - ^pli pdycnit lj ten dpprlprhdtn jhbhif
(d) ]enrn sedbb kn `listhtutnm jlr nd`e mhsputn krlufet knjlrn ten bupli jnn, diy himhvhmudb wel eds d `dusn lj d`thli dfdhist diltenr himhvhmudb
d `li`hbhdthl
`li`hbhdthli
i pdinb tl
pdinb tl kn gilwi ds ten pdifgdt if tdfdpdfgdsuiml, hivlbvhif diy cdttnr whtehi ten dutelrhty lj ten bupli cdy `lcpbdhi,
enrnhidjtnr rnjnrrnm tl ds ten pdifgdt
pdifgdt,, `lishsthif lj 0 cncknrs wel lrdbby lr hi wrhthif,
wrhthif , tl ten bupli `edhrcdi lj ten kdrdifdy.
sedbb kn `elsni ky ten pdrthns tl ten mhsputn jrlc ten bhst lj cncknrs lj
ten bupli. (k) Cnmhdthli ky bupli `edhrcdi -
`edhrcdi - ^pli rn`nhpt lj ten `lcpbdhit, ten
bupli `edhrcdi sedbb whtehi ten inxt wlrghif mdy  mdy   succli ten
Pelubm ten pdrthns jdhb tl dfrnn li ten pdifgdt cncknrsehp, ten sdcn rnsplimnit(s), whte ilth`n
ilth`n   tl ten `lcpbdhidit(s) jlr tenc dim tenhr
sedbb kn mntnrchinm ky blts mrdwi ky
mrdwi ky ten bupli `edhrcdi. whtinssns tl dppndr knjlrn ehc jlr d cnmhdthli lj tenhr `lijbh`thif
hitnrnsts.
(k) ]en 0 cncknrs `listhtuthif ten pdifgdt sedbb nbn`t jrlc dclif
tencsnbvns ten `edhrcdi
`edhrcdi dim
 dim ten sn`rntdry
sn`rntdry.. ]en sn`rntdry sedbb prnpdrn Hj en jdhbs hi ehs cnmhdthli njjlrt whtehi 4> mdys jrlc ten jhrst cnnthif lj
ten chiutns lj ten pdifgdt prl`nnmhifs dim sukcht d `lpy muby dttnstnm ten pdrthns knjlrn ehc, en sedbb jlrtewhte snt d mdtn jlr ten `listhtuthli
tl ky ten `edhrcdi
cuih`hpdb `lurt. En tl tenhssun
sedbb bupli
dimsn`rntdry
`dusn tldim
kn tl ten prlpnr
snrvnm ilth`ns `hty lr
tl ten lj ten pdifgdt hi d``lrmdi`n whte ten prlvhshlis lj tehs
teh s @edptnr.
pdrthns `li`nrinm.
`li`nrinm. (`) Puspnishli lj prns`rhpthvn pnrhlm lj ljjnisns 
ljjnisns   - Vehbn ten mhsputn hs
uimnr cnmhdthli, `li`hbhdthli, lr drkhtrdthli, ten prns`rhpthvn pnrhlms jlr
]en bupli sn`rntdry sedbb hssun `nrthjhnm trun `lphns lj diy pukbh` ljjnisns dim `dusn lj d`thli uimnr nxhsthif bdws sedbb kn hitnrruptnm
hitnrruptnm  
rn`lrm hi
rn`lrm  hi ehs `ustlmy tedt hs ilt ky bdw ltenrwhsn mn`bdrnm `lijhmnithdb. upli jhbhif ten `lcpbdhit whte ten puilif kdrdifdy. kdrdifdy . ]en
 [^BN : ;4 DP DCNIMNM | PX ;148 ;1;1
CHGNB ELJHBNÔD MNBFDML PQN@HDB @LI][HK^]L[? DZ DK[DPDBML

@HZHB Q[L@NM^[N | D]]X. CNBHPPD [LCDID Q. P^D[N_ >: 

prns`rhpthvn pnrhlms sedbb rnsucn upli rn`nhpt
rn`nhpt ky
 ky ten `lcpbdhidit lj `ubturdb `lccuihthns sedbb kn dppbhnm hi snttbhif mhsputns
ten `lcpbdhidit lr ten `nrthjh`dtn lj rnpumhdthli lr lj ten `nrthjh`dthli tl kntwnni cncknrs lj ten `ubturdb `lccui
`lccuihthns.
hthns.
jhbn d`thli hssunm
d`thli hssunm ky ten bupli lr pdifgdt sn`rntdry?
IL]N? Veni teny ml ilt rnd`e di dch`dkbn snttbncnit whte ten
Qrlvhmnm, elwnvnr, ]edt su`e hitnrrupthli sedbb ilt nx`nnm :1 mdys 
mdys   pdifgdt, teny sedbb kn hssunm d @nrthjh`dtn tl Jhbn D`thli.
jrlc ten jhbhif lj ten `lcpbdhit whte ten
t en puilif kdrdifdy.
Pn`thli =40
(m) Hssudi`n lj succlis7 endrhif7 frluims jlr mhsqudbhjh`dthli   - ]en Drkhtrdthli
pdifgdt sedbb `livnin ilt bdtnr tedi 0 mdys jrlc hts `listhtuthli, li ten (d) ]en pdrthns cdy, dt diy stdfn lj ten prl`nnmhifs, dfrnn hi wrhthif 
wrhthif 
mdy dim elur snt ky ten bupli `edhrcdi, tl endr klte pdrthns dim tenhr tedt teny sedbb dkhmn ky ten drkhtrdthli dwdrm  lj
 lj ten bupli `edhrcdi lr
whtinssns, shcpbhjy hssuns, dim nxpblrn dbb plsshkhbhthns jlr dch`dkbn ten pdifgdt.
snttbncnit.
Pu`e dfrnncnit tl drkhtrdtn cdy kn rnpumhdtnm
rnpumhdtnm  whtehi > mdys jrlc
mdys jrlc ten
Jlr tehs purplsn, ten pdifgdt cdy hssun succlis 
succlis  jlr ten pnrslidb mdtn tenrnlj jlr ten sdcn frluims dim hi d``lrmdi`n
d``lrmdi`n whte ten prl`nmurn
dppndrdi`n lj pdrthns dim whtinssns knjlrn ht. enrnhidjtnr prns`rhknm. ]en drkhtrdthli dwdrm sedbb kn cdmn djtnr ten
bdpsn lj ten pnrhlm j lr rnpumhdthli dim whtehi 41 mdys ttenrndjtnr.
enrndjtnr.
Hi ten nvnit tedt d pdrty clvns tl mhsqudbhjy diy cncknr lj ten pdifgdt
ky rndsli lj rnbdthlisehp, khds, hitnrnst, lr diy ltenr shchbdr frluims   (k) ]en drkhtrdthli dwdrm sedbb kn hi wrhthif hi
wrhthif hi d bdifudfn lr mhdbn`t
mhs`lvnrnm djtnr ten `listhtuthli lj ten pdifgdt, ten cdttnr sedbb kn gilwi tl ten pdrthns. Veni ten pdrthns tl ten mhsputn ml ilt usn ten
rnslbvnm ky ten djjhrcdthvn vltn lj ten cdolrhty lj ten pdifgdt welsn sdcn bdifudfn lr mhdbn`t, ten dwdrm sedbb kn wrhttni hi ten bdifudfn lr
mn`hshli sedbb kn jhidb. Pelubm mhsqudbhjh`dthli kn mn`hmnm upli, ten mhdbn`t gilwi tl tenc.
rnsubthif vd`di`y sedbb kn jhbbnm ds enrnhi prlvhmnm jlr.
IL]N? Veni teny `diilt dfrnn tl snttbn, teny `di terlw ten kurmni tl
(n) Qnrhlm tl drrhvn dt d snttbncnit  
snttbncnit   - ]en pdifgdt sedbb drrhvn dt d ten kdrdifdy `dptdhi lr pdifgdt. ]enrn selubm kn thcn fhvni tl ten
snttbncnit lr rnslbuthli lj ten mhsputn whtehi 4> mdys jrlc ten mdy ht pdrthns tl rnpumhdtn knjlrn fhvhif ten drkhtrdthli dwdrm.
`livnins hi d``lrmdi`n whte tehs sn`thli. ]ehs pnrhlm sedbb, dt ten
mhs`rnthli lj ten pdifgdt, kn nxtnimhkbn jlr diltenr pnrhlm weh`e sedbb Pn`thli =4=

ilt nx`nnm 4> mdys, nx`npt hi `bndrby cnrhtlrhlus `dsns. Qrl`nnmhifs Lpni tl ten Qukbh`7 Nx`npthli
Dbb prl`nnmhifs jlr snttbncnit sedbb kn pukbh` dim hijlrcdb? Qrlvhmnm,
Pn`thli =44 elwnvnr, ]edt ten bupli `edhrcdi lr ten pdifgdt
p difgdt `edhrcdi, ds ten `dsn
Jlrc lj Pnttbncnit cdy kn, cdy cltu prlprhl lr
prlprhl lr upli rnqunst lj d pdrty,
pdrty , nx`bumn
nx`bumn ten
 ten
Dbb dch`dkbn snttbncnits sedbb kn? lj  prhvd`y, mn`ni`y,
pukbh` jrlc ten prl`nnmhifs hi ten hitnrnst lj prhvd`y, mn`ni`y, lr pukbh`
4.  hi wrhthif,
4.  clrdbs..
clrdbs
;.  hi d bdifudfn lr mhdbn`t gilwi tl ten pdrthns,
;. 
0.  shfinm ky tenc, dim
0.  Pn`thli =4>
=.  dttnstnm tl ky ten bupli `edhrcdi lr ten pdifgdt `edhrcdi,
=.  Dppndrdi`n lj Qdrthns hi Qnrsli
ds ten `dsn cdy kn. Hi dbb gdtdruifdif pdckdrdifdy prl`nnmhifs, ten pdrthns cust dppndr
hi pnrsli whtelut
whtelut ten
 ten dsshstdi`n lj `luisnb lr rnprnsnitdthvn, nx`npt jlr
Veni ten pdrthns tl ten mhsputn
mh sputn ml ilt usn ten sdcn bdifudfn lr mhdbn`t,
mh dbn`t, chilrs dim hi`lcpntnits wel cdy kn dsshstnm ky tenhr inxt-lj-ghi wel
ten snttbncnit sedbb kn wrhttni hi ten bdifudfn gilwi tl tenc. drn ilt bdwynrs.

Pn`thli =4; IL]N? Il bdwynrs! Inxt-lj-ghi selubm ilt kn d bdwynr.

@li`hbhdthli
(d) Qrn-`limhthli tl Jhbhif lj @lcpbdhit hi @lurt . - Il `lcpbdhit, pnththli, Pn`thli =4:
d`thli, lr prl`nnmhif hivlbvhif diy cdttnr whtehi ten dutelrhty lj ten Njjn`t lj Dch`dkbn Pnttbncnit dim Drkhtrdthli Dwdrm
bupli sedbb kn jhbnm lr histhtutnm mhrn`tby hi `lurt lr diy ltenr ]en dch`dkbn snttbncnit dim drkhtrdthli dwdrm sedbb edvn ten jlr`n dim
flvnricnit ljjh`n jlr dmoumh`dthli, uibnss tenrn eds knni d? njjn`t lj d jhidb oumfcnit lj
oumfcnit lj d `lurt upli ten nxphrdthli lj 41 mdys
4.  `lijrlitdthli
4.  `lijrlitdthli   kntwnni ten pdrthns knjlrn ten bupli jrlc ten mdtn tenrnlj, uibnss?
`edhrcdi lr ten pdifgdt, dim   rnpumhdthli lj ten snttbncnit eds knni cdmn lr d
;.  tedt il `li`hbhdthli lr snttbncnit eds knni rnd`enm   ds
;.    pnththli tl iubbhjy ten dwdrm eds knni jhbnm knjlrn ten prlpnr
`nrthjhnm ky ten bupli sn`rntdry lr pdifgdt sn`rntdry ds `hty lr cuih`hpdb `lurt.
dttnstnm tl ky ten bupli lr pdifgdt `edhrcdi lr uibnss ten
snttbncnit eds knni rnpumhdtnm ky tent en pdrthns tenrntl. Elwnvnr, tehs prlvhshli sedbb ilt dppby tl `lurt `dsns snttbnm ky ten
bupli uimnr ten bdst pdrdfrdpe lj Pn`thli =15 lj tehs @lmn, hi weh`e `dsn
(k) Venrn Qdrthns Cdy Fl Mhrn`tby tl @lurt. -
@lurt.  - ]en pdrthns cdy fl mhrn`tby ten `lcprlchsn lr ten pdifgdt `edhrcdi sedbb kn sukchttnm tl ten `lurt
tl `lurt hi ten jlbblwhif
jlbb lwhif histdi`ns? dim upli dpprlvdb tenrnlj, edvn ten jlr`n dim njjn`t lj d oumfcnit lj
(4)  Venrn ten d``usnm hs uimnr mntnithli7
(4)  mntnithli7 sdhm `lurt.
(;)  Venrn d pnrsli eds ltenrwhsn knni mnprhvnm lj pnrslidb
(;) 
bhknrty `dbbhif jlr
`dbbhif jlr edknds `lrpus prl`nnmhifs7 IL]N? Il innm jlr `lurt dpprlvdb nx`npt weni ht wds rnjnrrnm ky ten
(0)  Venrn d`thlis drn `lupbnm whte prlvhshlidb rncnmhns 
(0)  rncnmhns   `lurt.
su`e ds prnbhchidry hioui`thli, dttd`ecnit, mnbhvnry lj
pnrslidb prlpnrty dim supplrt pnimnitn bhtn7 dim Pn`thli =46
(=)  Venrn ten d`thli cdy ltenrwhsn kn kdrrnm ky ten stdtutn
(=)  Nxn`uthli
lj bhchtdthlis.
bhchtdthlis. ]en dch`dkbn snttbncnit lr drkhtrdthli dwdrm cdy kn nijlr`nm ky
(`) @li`hbhdthli dclif cncknrs lj himhfnilus `ubturdb nxn`uthli ky ten bupli whtehi : clites jrlc ten mdtn lj ten snttbncnit.
`lccuihthns.. - ]en `ustlcs dim trdmhthlis lj himhfnilus
`lccuihthns
 [^BN :-;4 DP DCNIMNM | PX ;148-;1;1
CHGNB ELJHBNÔD MNBFDML PQN@HDB @LI][HK^]L[? DZ DK[DPDBML

@HZHB Q[L@NM^[N | D]]X. CNBHPPD [LCDID Q. P^D[N_ >6 

Djtnr ten bdpsn lj su`e thcn, ten snttbncnit cdy kn nijlr`nm ky d`thli
d`thli   [nshmni`n hs mntnrchinm ky cncknrsehp hi ten kdrdifdy.
kdr difdy.
hi ten dpprlprhdtn `hty lr cuih`hpdb `lurt.
`lurt .
[dcls v. @D
IL]N? Jhbn di nxn`uthli lj oumfcnit
o umfcnit lj snttbncnit lr dwdrm.
@dsn krlufet knjlrn ten Bupli. Qdrthns wnrn ilt dkbn tl nitnr
hitl d snttbncnit. Bupli hssunm `nrthjh`dtn tl jhbn d`thli dim wnit
Pn`thli =45
[npumhdthli tl `lurt. Hs d `nrthjh`dtn tl jhbn d`thli ky ten Bupli sujjh`hnit<  Il,
 Il,
Diy pdrty tl ten mhsputn cdy, whtehi tni (41) mdys jrlc ten mdtn lj ten hcprlpnr rncnmy. ]eny cust try tl snttbn knjlrn ten pdifgdt.
snttbncnit, rnpumhdtn ten sdcn ky jhbhif whte ten bupli `edhrcdi d
stdtncnit tl tedt njjn`t swlri tl knjlrn ehc, wenrn ten `lisnit hs MH^ v. @D
vhthdtnm ky jrdum, vhlbni`n, lr hithchmdthli
hithchmdthli.. Pu`e rnpumhdthli sedbb kn @edifnm hts chim. ^imnr Pn`thli =4; weh`e snncs tl fhvn
sujjh`hnit kdshs jlr ten hssudi`n lj ten `nrthjh`dthli jlr jhbhif d `lcpbdhit   kdrdifdy `dptdhi dutelrhty, teni hj ht hssuns d `nrthjh`dtn tl jhbn
ds enrnhidklvn prlvhmnm.
d`thli teni ht hs sujjh`hnit `lcpbhdi`n. ]run iltwhtestdimhif
Pn`thli =48
Pn`thli =41.
]rdischttdb lj Pnttbncnit dim Drkhtrdthli Dwdrm tl t l ten @lurt
]en sn`rntdry lj ten bupli sedbb trdischt ten snttbncnit lr ten drkhtrdthli @edvnz v. @D
dwdrm tl ten dpprlprhdtn `hty lr cuih`hpdb `lurt whtehi > mdys jrlc ten [ns`hsshli `dsn. Hssun knjlrn kdrdifdy dim di dfrnncnit wds
mdtn lj ten dwdrm lr jrlc ten bdpsn lj ten tni-mdy pnrhlm rnpumhdthif ten rnd`enm. Dfrnncnit wds tl pdy rnitdbs. Dbbnfhif ili-
snttbncnit  dim
snttbncnit  dim sedbb jurihse `lphns tenrnlj tl nd`e lj ten pdrthns tl ten `lcpbhdi`n ky @edvnz. ]rhbbdid jhbnm rns`hsshli `dsn whte []@.
snttbncnit dim ten bupli `edhrcdi. Ventenr jhbhif lj ten rns`hsshli `dsn hs prlpnr<  Xns.
 Xns. Dbtelufe BF@
prlvhmns twl-thnrnm clmn lj nijlr`ncnit?
Pn`thli >4>
[njusdb lr Jdhburn lj Diy Qdrty lr Vhtinss
4.  Nxn`uthli lj puilif kdrdifdy
tl Dppndr knjlrn ten Bupli lr Qdifgdt ;.  D`thli hi rnfubdr jlrc weh`e rncnmy hs oumh`hdb ‐ d`thli
[njusdb lr whbbjub jdhburn lj diy pdrty lr whtinss tl dppndr knjlrn ten tl nxn`utn oumfcnit
bupli lr pdifgdt hi `lcpbhdi`n whte d succlis hssunm pursudit tl ten

prlvhshlis li ten Gdtdruifdif Qdckdrdifdy cdy kn puihsenm ky ten

`hty lr cuih`hpdb `lurt ds jlr himhrn`t `litncpt 
`litncpt  lj `lurt upli
dppbh`dthli jhbnm tenrnwhte ky ten bupli `edhrcdi, ten pdifgdt `edhrcdi,
lr ky diy lj ten `litnimhif pdrthns.
]en clmn lj rnslrthif tl rns`hsshli hs dvdhbdkbn hi d``lrmdi`n
whte Pn`thli =46. Mhrn`tlry lr lpthlidb hi idturn. ;1=4 `hvhb `lmn
li rns`hsshli.

Pu`e rnjusdb lr whbbjub jdhburn tl dppndr sedbb kn rnjbn`tnm hi ten rn`lrms 

rn`lrms 
Chfunb v. Clitdins (;14;)
lj ten bupli sn`rntdry lr hi ten chiutns
chiutns lj
 lj ten pdifgdt sn`rntdry dim Chfunb jhbnm `dsn jlr suc lj cliny. Clitdins dfrnnm tl pdy
sedbb kdr?
kdr?   terlufe histdbbcnits kut mhm ilt `lcpby. Bupli nxn`utnm
4.  ten `lcpbdhidit 
4.  `lcpbdhidit    wel jdhbs tl dppndr, jrlc snnghif oumh`hdb `nrthjh`dtn tl jhbn d`thli. Chfunb jhbnm `lbbn`thli `dsn. @D sdhm tedt
rn`lursn jlr ten sdcn `dusn lj d`thli, dim ht wds wrlif rncnmy kn`dusn lj Pn`thli =46. P@ sdhm
;.  ten rnsplimnit   wel rnjusns tl dppndr, jrlc jhbhif diy
;.  nijlr`ncnit ky nxn`uthli terlufe dch`dkbn snttbncnit hs liby
`luitnr`bdhc drhshif lut lj, lr in`nssdrhby `liin`tnm whte ten dppbh`dkbn weni pdrthns mhm ilt rnpumhdtn su`e snttbncnit hi
`lcpbdhit.
d``lrmdi`n whte Pn`thli =4:. @htnm @edvnz `dsn.
D pdifgdt cncknr wel snrvns ds su`e sedbb kn nithtbnm tl di
elilrdrhuc, ten dcluit lj weh`e hs tl kn mntnrchinm ky ten sdiffuihdi ^imnr Pn`thli =46, ht eds il blifnr knni dppbhnm. Veni en
`li`nrinm sukon`t tl ten prlvhshlis hi tehs @lmn `htnm dklvn. wdits tl fl kd`g tl znrl tedi tedt hs ehs kushinss. Chfunb wds
ilt bhchtnm. En wditnm tl `lbbn`t clrn tedi wedt wds snttbnm hi
Znr`hmn v. Oumfn Enridimnz ten dch`dkbn snttbncnit.
Oumfn selubm ilt mhschss ten `dsn hj pdrthns drn rnshmnits lj
mhjjnrnit `hthns lr cuih`hpdbhthns. Pn`thli =15.

Knrkd v. Qdbdi`d
Dbrndmy rnd`enm di dfrnncnit knjlrn ten pdifgdt hi jdvlr lj
Knrkd. Qdbdi`d rnjusnm tl `lcpby whte ten lrmnr. Knrkd jhbnm d
`dsn jlr uibdwjub mntdhinr. ]en Puprncn @lurt sdhm ht wds di
hcprlpnr rncnmy. Knrkd selubm edvn jhbnm hi `lurt d clthli tl
nijlr`n dfrnncnit weh`e wds tditdcluit tl d jhidb dim
nxn`utlry oumfcnit.

IL]N? [nslrthif tl kdrdifdy `li`hbhdthli prl`nnmhifs hs ilt d

 ourhsmh`thlidb rnquhrncnit.
Zniun ^imnr Kdrdifdy @li`hbhdthli
Fdr`ns v. @D
D`tudb lr peysh`db rnshmni`n ilt mlch`hbn.
 [^BN :-;4 DP DCNIMNM | PX ;148-;1;1
CHGNB ELJHBNÔD MNBFDML PQN@HDB @LI][HK^]L[? DZ DK[DPDBML

@HZHB Q[L@NM^[N | D]]X. CNBHPPD [LCDID Q. P^D[N_ >5 

[^BN 48  HI]N[ZNI]HLI  ]rdisjnrnn Qnimnitn Bhtn 

[ubn 0 Pn`thli 48
Bhtn  Hitnrvnilr  
Hitnrvnilr
[ubn 48
Qurplsn
Pn`thli 4
Qrlvhmn jlr ten suksthtuthli Nidkbn d strdifnr tl di
Vel Cdy Hitnrvnin
lj ten ]QB prn`hsnby kn`dusn d`thli tl kn`lcn d pdrty tl
D pnrsli wel eds d bnfdb hitnrnst 
hitnrnst 
en hs ilt d strdifnr kut d PHH prltn`t ehs hitnrnst dim ten
4.  hi ten cdttnr
cdttnr hi
 hi bhthfdthli, lr
lj ten trdisjnrlr, wel hs d `lurt hi`hmnitdbby tl snttbn dbb
;.  hi ten su``nss
su``nss lj
 lj nhtenr lj ten pdrthns, lr
pdrty tl ten d`thli. `lijbh`thif `bdhcs.
0.  di hitnrnst
hitnrnst dfdhist
 dfdhist klte, lr
=.  hs sl shtudtnm ds tl kn dmvnrsnby djjn`tnm djjn`tnm  ky d
mhstrhkuthli lr ltenr mhsplshthli lj prlpnrty   hi ten Ilrmh` Dshd v. @D
]enrn cust kn bnfdb hitnrnst li ten sukon`t cdttnr htsnbj, ilt liby
`ustlmy lj ten `lurt lr lj di ljjh`nr tenrnlj
di hitnrnst li ten pdrty mnjnimdit.
Cdy, whte bndvn lj `lurt,
`lurt, kn dbblwnm tl hitnrvnin hi ten d`thli.
Nbcdr Qnrnz v. @D
Bnfdb hitnrnst hi ten cdttnr cust kn d`tudb, mhrn`t dim cdtnrhdb
]en `lurt sedbb `lishmnr wentenr lr ilt ten hitnrvnithli whbb?
dim ilt shcpby `lithifnit dim nxpn`tdit. Nbcdr wds invnr ten
4.  uimuby mnbdy lr prnoumh`n 
prnoumh`n   ten dmoumh`dthli lj ten
bnfdb whjn sl il kdshs.
rhfets lj ten lrhfhidb pdrthns, dim
;.  wentenr lr ilt ten hitnrvnilr‘s rhfets cdy kn jubby
Dbjnblr v. Olsnjhid Edbdsdi
prltn`tnm hi d snpdrdtn prl`nnmhif.
prl`nnmhif. (4)
Qdrththli `dsn. Jhrst whjn eds bnfdb hitnrnst hi ten prlpnrty lj ten
euskdim.
IL]N? Clthli tl hitnrvnin hs ilt d cdttnr lj rhfet, kdsnm li ten
mhs`rnthli lj ten `lurt.
Lckumscdi v. Pdcdihnfl (;115)
(;115)  
Clthli jlr hitnrvnithli ky lckumscdi wds mnihnm jlr bd`g lj
Venrn Hitnrvnithli hs D Cdttnr lj [hfet
4.  Hitnrvnilr hs di himhspnisdkbn pdrty 
pdrty   kdshs. Ilt prlpnr kn`dusn il bnfdb hitnrnst eds knni dbbnfnm.
Ventenr ht selubm kn frditnm<   Xns, lckumscdi sujjh`hnitby
;.  Diy pdrty hi hitnrnst hi d `bdss suht sedbb edvn tl rhfet tl
dbbnfnm hts bnfdb hitnrnst. [hfet tl snng rnmrnss jlr hssudi`n lj ten
hitnrnst.  
hitnrvnin tl prltn`t ehs himhvhmudb hitnrnst. 
wrht lj prnbhchidry hioui`thli. Ilt liby d prhvdtn pdrty `di
hitnrvnin..
hitnrvnin
Pn`thli ;
]hcn tl Hitnrvnin
IL]N? Hitnrvnithli `diilt nxhst ds di himnpnimnit d`thli ‐ ht hs
]en clthli tl hitnrvnin cdy kn jhbnm?
liby suppbncnitdry dim di`hbbdry tl ten lrhfhidb d`thli.
4.  dt diy thcn knjlrn rnimhthli lj oumfcnit ky
oumfcnit  ky ten trhdb
`lurt.
Enhrs lj Cnmrdil v. Mn Znrd
;.  D `lpy
`lpy   lj ten pbndmhif-hi-hitnrvnithli sedbb kn
Mn Znrd hs ilt d strdifnr kut d trdisjnrnn pnimnitn bhtn. Il innm
dttd`enm tl
dttd`enm  tl ten clthli dim
tl jhbn d clthli tl h itnrvnin.
0.  Pnrvnm
Pnrvnm li
 li ten lrhfhidb pdrthns. (;)

Pn`thli 0
Qbndmhifs-hi-Hitnrvnithli
]en hitnrvnilr sedbb jhbn d? [^BN ;1  @DBNIMD[ LJ @DPNP 
4.  @lcpbdhit-hi-Hitnrvnithli
@lcpbdhit-hi-Hitnrvnithli hj  hj en lr sen dssnrts d `bdhc Pn`thli 4
dfdhist nhtenr lr dbb lj ten lrhfhidb pdrthns
pdrthns,, lr di @dbnimdr lj @dsns
;.  Diswnr-hi-Hitnrvnithli
Diswnr-hi-Hitnrvnithli   hj en lr sen uihtns uihtns   whte ten ]en `bnrg  lj
 lj `lurt, uimnr ten mhrn`t supnrvhshli lj
supnrvhshli lj ten oumfn, sedbb
mnjnimhif pdrty hi rnshsthif d `bdhc dfdhist ten bdttnr. gnnp d `dbnimdr lj `dsns jlr?
(0d) 4.  prn-trhdb,
;.  jlr trhdb,
Pn`thli = 0.  telsn welsn trhdbs wnrn dmolurinm lr plstplinm, dim
Diswnr tl @lcpbdhit-hi-Hitnrvnithli =.  telsn whte clthlis tl snt jlr endrhif.
]en diswnr tl ten `lcpbdhit-hi-hitnrvnithli sedbb kn jhbnm whtehi
4> `dbnimdr mdys jrlc ilth`n lj ten lrmnr dmchtthif ten Qrnjnrni`n sedbb kn fhvni tl?
Qrnjnrni`n sedbb
sdcn,, uibnss
sdcn uibnss d
 d mhjjnrnit pnrhlm hs jhxnm ky ten `lurt. (=d) 4.  edknds `lrpus `dsns,
;.  nbn`thli, `dsns,
Qnrhlm tl Diswnr di Dcnimnm @lcpbdhit-hi-Hitnrvnithli 0.  spn`hdb `hvhb d`thlis, dim
Hj ten dcnimnm @HH hs? =.  telsn sl rnquhrnm ky bdw. (4)
4.  Cdttnr lj [hfet  ‐ 4> `dbnimdr
4> `dbnimdr mdys jrlc snrvh`n 
snrvh`n 
;.  Cdttnr lj Mhs`rnthli 
Mhs`rnthli  ‐ 41 `dbnimdr
41 `dbnimdr mdys jrlc ilth`n lj
sdcn  
ten lrmnr dmchtthif ten sdcn 
 [^BN :-;4 DP DCNIMNM | PX ;148-;1;1
CHGNB ELJHBNÔD MNBFDML PQN@HDB @LI][HK^]L[? DZ DK[DPDBML

@HZHB Q[L@NM^[N | D]]X. CNBHPPD [LCDID Q. P^D[N_ >8 

Pn`thli ; Pn`thli 0
Dsshficnit lj @dsns Jlrc dim @litnits
]en dsshficnit lj `dsns tl ten mhjjnrnit krdi`ens lj d `lurt sedbb D sukplnid sedbb stdtn ten?
kn mlin nx`bushvnby ky rdjjbn
rdjjbn.. ]en dsshficnit sedbb kn mlin hi 4.  idcn lj ten `lurt dim
lpni snsshli lj
snsshli lj weh`e dmnqudtn ilth`n sedbb
ilth`n sedbb kn fhvni sl ds tl ;.  ten thtbn lj ten d`thli lr h ivnsthfdthli,
djjlrm hitnrnstnm pdrthns ten lpplrtuihty tl kn prnsnit. (;) 0.  sedbb kn mhrn`tnm tl ten pnrsli welsn dttnimdi`n hs
rnquhrnm, dim
IL]N? Djtnr `dsn hs rdjjbnm, succlis sedbb kn snrvnm. =.  hi ten `dsn lj d sukplnid mu`ns tn`uc, ht sedbb dbsl
`litdhi d?
d.  rndslidkbn mns`rhpthli lj ten kllgs,
k.  ml`ucnits lr tehifs mncdimnm weh`e cust
[^BN ;4  P^KQLNID   dppndr tl ten `lurt prhcd jd`hn rnbnvdit. (0)

Pn`thli 4 IL]N? Jhbn d rnqunst jlr sukplnid, weh`e hs usudbby nx pdrtn kut
Pukplnid dim Pukplnid Mu`ns ]n`uc snrvh`n li pdrthns cust kn cdmn.
Pukplnid Wdm tnsthjh`dimucS hs d prl`nss?
4.  mhrn`tnm tl d pnrsli [nquhshtns jlr Hssudi`n lj Pukplnid Mu`ns ]n`uc
;.  rnquhrhif ehc lr enr tl dttnim
dttnim dim
 dim tnsthjy
tnsthjy dt
 dt ten? 4.  ]nst lj [nbnvdi`y ‐  kllgs, ml`ucnits lr ltenr
d.  endrhif
endrhif lr
 lr rnbnvdit.  
rnqunstnm cust dppndr tl kn prhcd jd`n rnbnvdit.
k.  ten trhdb
trhdb lj
 lj di d`thli, lr ;.  ]nst lj Mnjhihtninss ‐ su`e kllgs cust kn rndslidkby
`.  dt diy hivnsthfdthli
hivnsthfdthli `limu`tnm
 `limu`tnm ky `lcpntnit hmnithjhnm. 
mns`rhknm tl kn rndmhby hmnithjhnm. 
dutelrhty, lr
0.  jlr ten tdghif lj ehs lr enr mnplshthli.
mnplshthli . Pn`thli =
Tudsehif d Pukplnid
Ht cdy dbsl rnquhrn ehc lr enr tl krhif whte ehc lr enr diy?
4.  kllgs
kllgs,, ]en `lurt cdy qudse d sukplnid mu`ns tn`uc?
  upli clthli prlcptby cdmn dim,
;.  ml`ucnits
ml`ucnits,, lr   hi diy nvnit,
0.  ltenr tehifs uimnr ehs lr enr `litrlb
` litrlb,, hi weh`e `dsn ht hs   dt lr knjlrn ten thcn spn`hjhnm tenrnhi hj ht hs?
`dbbnm d sukplnid mu`ns tn`uc.
tn`uc. (4d) 4.  uirndslidkbn dim lpprnsshvn, lr
;.  ten rnbnvdi`y lj ten kllgs, ml`ucnits lr
Pn`thli ; tehifs mlns ilt dppndr, lr
Ky Velc Hssunm 0.  hj ten pnrsli hi welsn knedbj ten sukplnid hs
]en sukplnid cdy kn hssunm ky - hssunm jdhbs tl dmvdi`n ten rndslidkbn `lst lj
d)  ]en `lurt knjlrn welc ten whtinss hs rnquhrnm tl dttnim 7 ten prlmu`thli tenrnlj.
k)  ]en `lurt lj ten pbd`n wenrn ten mnplshthli hs tl kn tdgni7
tdgni 7 =.  Wwhtinss jnns dim ghblcntrdfn dbblwnm ky
`)  ]en ljjh`nr lr klmy dutelrhznm ky bdw  tl
 tl ml sl hi `liin`thli tensn [ubns wnrn ilt tnimnrnmS
whte hivnsthfdthlis `limu`tnm ky sdhm ljjh`nr lr klmy7 lr
m)  Diy  Ousth`n lj
Diy Ousth`n  lj ten Puprncn @lurt lr ten @lurt lj Dppndbs ]en `lurt cdy qudse d sukplnid dm tnsthjh`dimuc li ten
hi diy `dsn lr hivnsthfdthli pnimhif whtehi ten Qehbhpphins. frluim tedt ten?
4.  whtinss hs ilt kluim tenrnky
Veni di dppbh`dthli jlr d sukplnid tl d prhslinr
prhslinr hs
 hs cdmn, ten d.  Cust kn bl`dtnm 411 ghblcntnrs lr bnss
 oumfn lr
 oumfn lr ljjh`nr  sedbb
 sedbb nxdchin dim stumy  `drnjubby
 `drnjubby su`e dppbh`dthli ;.  Hi nhtenr `dsn, ten sukplnid cdy kn qudsenm li ten
tl mntnrchin wentenr ten sdcn hs cdmn jlr d vdbhm purplsn. frluim tedt ten whtinss jnns dim ghblcntrdfn
dbblwnm ky tensn [ubns wnrn ilt tnimnrnm weni
tnimnrnm  weni ten
Il
Il prhslinr
 prhslinr snitni`nm tl? sukplnid wds snrvnm. (=)
  mndte
mndte,,
  rn`bushli pnrpntud lr
pnrpntud lr IL]N? Qnrsli wel dmvdi`nm ten sukplnid cust dbrndmy
  bhjn hcprhslicnit  dim
 dim dmvdi`n ten dcluit jlr ten rnprlmu`thli.
  wel hs `lijhinm hi diy pnidb histhtuthli sedbb kn
krlufet lutshmn ten pnidb histhtuthli jlr dppndrdi`n lr Pn`thli >
  dttnimdi`n hi diy `lurt   uibnss dutelrhznm ky ten Pukplnid jlr Mnplshthlis
Puprncn @lurt.
@lurt. (;d) Pghppnm. ]l kn mhs`ussnm uimnr ten [ubn li Mnplshthlis.

IL]N? Vedt hj tenrn hs d pnimhif `dsn hi Mdvdl dim dbb oumfns

drn hi d `lijnrni`n, ylu cdy fl tl ten @lurt lj Dppndbs lr
Puprncn @lurt weni ten sukplnid hs urfnit.
 [^BN :-;4 DP DCNIMNM | PX ;148-;1;1
CHGNB ELJHBNÔD MNBFDML PQN@HDB @LI][HK^]L[? DZ DK[DPDBML

@HZHB Q[L@NM^[N | D]]X. CNBHPPD [LCDID Q. P^D[N_ :1 

Pn`thli : Vedt hs ten `lisnquni`n lj jdhburn ky diy pnrsli whtelut
Pnrvh`n dmnqudtn `dsn tl lkny d sukplnid snrvnm upli<
Pnrvh`n lj d sukplnid sedbb kn cdmn hi ten sdcn cdiinr ds Mnncnm d `litncpt lj ten `lurt jrlc weh`e ten sukplnid hs
pnrslidb lr suksthtutnm snrvh`n lj succlis.
succlis. ]en lrhfhidb sedbb hssunm.  
hssunm.
kn nxehkhtnm  dim
 dim d `lpy  tenrnlj
 tenrnlj mnbhvnrnm tl ten pnrsli li welc
ht hs snrvnm. Vedt hj ten sukplnid wds ilt hssunm ky d `lurt<
]en snrvh`n cust kn cdmn sl ds tl dbblw ten whtinss d Mhslknmhni`n tenrntl sedbb kn puihsenm hi d``lrmdi`n whte ten
rndslidkbn thcn jlr prnpdrdthli dim trdvnb  trdvnb   tl ten pbd`n lj [ubn. 
dppbh`dkbn bdw lr [ubn. 
dttnimdi`n.
Pn`thli 41
@lsts jlr `lurt dttnimdi`n dim ten prlmu`thli lj ml`ucnits Nx`npthlis
dim ltenr cdtnrhdbs sukon`t lj ten sukplnid sedbb kn? ]en prlvhshlis lj Pn`thlis 5 dim 8 lj tehs [ubn sedbb ilt dppby 
dppby 
4.  tnimnrnm
tnimnrnm lr
 lr tl d whtinss wel rnshmns clrn tedi 411 ghblcntnrs jrlc
ghblcntnrs jrlc ehs lr
;.  `edrfnm
`edrfnm d``lrmhifby.
 d``lrmhifby. (:d) enr rnshmni`n tl ten pbd`n wenrn en lr sen hs tl tnsthjy ky ten
lrmhidry `lursn lj trdvnb. 
trdvnb. 
Pn`thli 6
Qnrslidb Dppndrdi`n hi @lurt Lr tl d mntnithli prhslinr hj
prhslinr hj il pnrchsshli lj
pnrchsshli lj ten `lurt hi weh`e
D pnrsli prnsnit hi `lurt knjlrn d oumh`hdb ljjh`nr cdy kn ehs lr enr `dsn hs pnimhif wds lktdhinm. (41d)
rnquhrnm tl tnsthjy ds hj en lr sen wnrn hi dttnimdi`n upli d
sukplnid hssunm ky su`e `lurt lr ljjh`nr. (6d) Fhb Fnôlrfd v. Oumfn Qnmrl Tuhtdhi
Cuih`hpdb endbte ljjh`nr. Cdskdtn hs clrn tedi 411gc dwdy jrlc
F[? D pnrsli `diilt kn `lcpnbbnm tl tnsthjy hj en eds ilt knni
F[? D Infrls Lrhnitdb. Pthbb kluim ky ten sukplnid kn`dusn ht wds d
snrvnm whte d sukplnid. `rhchidb `dsn. 411gc liby dppbh`dkbn tl `hvhb `dsns.

UQI? D pnrsli prnsnit hi `lurt knjlrn d oumh`hdb ljjh`nr cdy kn Oumfn lrmnrnm d wdrrdit lj drrnst. Qrlpnr kn`dusn sdi`thlinm ky
rnquhrnm tl tnsthjy ds hj en lr sen wnrn hi dttnimdi`n upli d Pn`thli 5. Vds ten ml`tlr ousthjhnm hi hfilrhif ten sukplnid
sukplnid hssunm ky su`e `lurt lr ljjh`nr. kn`dusn ten ghblcntrdfn wds ilt hi`bumnm< Il, en selubm edvn
jhbnm d clthli tl qudse lr `edrfn ht d``lrmhifby.

Pn`thli 5 Mhsthi`thli Kntwnni Pucclis dim Pukplnid

@lcpnbbhif Dttnimdi`n 
Dttnimdi`n  Pucclis Pukplnid
Hi `dsn lj jdhburn lj d whtinss tl dttnim, ten `lurt lr oumfn hssuhif Velc Mhrn`tnm
ten sukplnid, Mnjnimdit Vhtinss
4.  upli prllj lj ten snrvh`n tenrnlj dim lj Vedt hs Knhif Lrmnrnm
;.  ten jdhburn lj ten whtinss,
]l jhbn rnsplishvn pbndmhif ]l dppndr hi `lurt lr krhif
ml`ucnits
Cdy hssun d wdrrdit
wdrrdit tl
 tl ten senrhjj  lj
 lj ten prlvhi`n, lr ehs lr enr
Njjn`t lj Jdhburn tl @lcpby
mnputy , tl?
Cdy kn mn`bdrnm hi mnjdubt Cdy kn mn`bdrnm hi `litncpt
4.  drrnst ten whtinss dim
;.  krhif ehc lr enr knjlrn ten `lurt lr ljjh`nr wenrn ehs lr ehs dttnimdi`n
`lcpnbbnm cdy kn
ky ten hssudi`n lj
lr enr dttnimdi`n hs rnquhrnm, dim
ten wdrrdit jlr ehs drrnst
0.  ten `lst lj su`e wdrrdit dim snhzurn lj su`e whtinss
 Dppbh`dkhbhty
sedbb kn pdhm ky ten whtinss hj
whtinss hj ten `lurt hssuhif ht sedbb
mntnrchin tedt ehs lr enr jdhburn tl diswnr ten @hvhb `dsn liby Klte `rhchidb dim `hvhb `dsns
sukplnid wds whbbjub dim whtelut oust nx`usn.
nx`usn . (5d) Mhstdi`n Bhchtdthli
Ilin 411 ghblcntnrs kut liby jlr
Qrn-[nquhshtns lj Pdi`thlis `hvhb `dsns
4.  Qrllj lj snrvh`n
;.  Qrllj lj jdhburn tl dttnim NIM LJ PN@LIM NU C @LZN[ FN

Pn`thli 8
@litncpt  
@litncpt
Jdhburn ky diy pnrsli whtelut dmnqudtn `dusn tl lkny d Vlcni, teny edvn chims, dim teny edvn slubs,
sukplnid snrvnm upli ehc lr enr sedbb kn mnncnm d `litncpt ds wnbb ds oust endrts. Dim teny'vn flt
lj ten `lurt jrlc weh`e ten sukplnid hs hssunm. Hj ten sukplnid dckhthli, dim teny'vn flt tdbnit, ds wnbb ds
 oust knduty. H'c sl sh`g lj pnlpbn sdyhif tedt
wds ilt hssunm ky d `lurt, ten mhslknmhni`n tenrntl sedbb kn blvn hs oust dbb d wlcdi hs jht jlr.
puihsenm hi d``lrmdi`n whte ten dppbh`dkbn bdw lr [ubn. (8d) H'c sl sh`g lj ht! Kut... H dc sl blinby.
 ‐  OL
 OL CD[@E, BH]]BN VLCNI (;148)