ATOMS,

IONS, AND
MOLECULES
 PARTICLES COMPOSING MATTER

ATOMS IONS MOLECULES

smallest particle particles with composed of
charge atoms
 ATOMIC THEORY
Fifth century, Democritus said that all matter consists of very small,
indivisible particles which he called "atomos" (meaning uncuttable or
indivisible)

Experimental evidence from early scientific investigations provide support

for the notion of "atomism" and gradually gave rise to the modern
definitions of elements and compounds.

In 1808, John Dalton formulated the precise definition of the indivisible

building blocks of matter, called atom.

Dalton's work marks the beginning of the "Modern Era of Chemistry"

 ATOMIC THEORY
The hypotheses about the nature of matter on which Dalton's Atomic Theory is
based can be summarized as follows:

1. Elements are composed of extremely small particles called atoms.

2. All atoms of a given element are identical (same size, mass and chemical
properties). The atoms of one element are different from the atoms of all
other elements.
 ATOMIC THEORY
3. Compounds are composed of atoms of more than one element. In any
compound, the ratio of the numbers of atoms of any two of elements present is
either an integer or a simple fraction.
ATOMIC THEORY
 ATOMIC THEORY
.
4. A chemical reaction involves only the separation, combination or
rearrangement of atoms; it does not result in their creation or destruction.
 ATOMIC THEORY
Law of Definite Proportions
Law published in 1799 by Joseph Proust
States that different samples of the same compound always contain its
constituent elements in the same proportion by mass.

Law of Multiple Proportions

According to the law if two elements can combine to form more than one
compound, the masses of one element that combine with a fixed mass of
the other element are in ratios of small whole numbers..
 ATOMIC THEORY
Law of Conservation of Mass
By Antoine Lavoisier formulated this law by describing one of his
experiments involving mercuric oxide.
States that matter can be neither created nor destroyed.
THE STRUCTURE OF ATOM
ELECTRON PROTON NEUTRON
negatively positively electrically
charged charged neutral
particles particles particles
having a mass
slightly greater
NUCLEUS than that of
central dense
protons
core
THE STRUCTURE OF ATOM
ELECTRON
J.J Thompson -Cathode-ray tube experiment
R.A Millikan succeeded in measuring charge of electron in his
Oil Drop Experiment
PROTONS
J.J Thompson proposed "Plum Pudding Model"
Ernest Rutherford - with the Gold Thin Foil Experiment
discovered nucleus and protons
The charge of proton was measured in a different
experiment of Rutherford.
THE STRUCTURE OF ATOM
NEUTRON
James Chadwick prove the existence of neutron with his Thin
Sheet of Beryllium Experiment
THE STRUCTURE OF ATOM
ATOMIC NUMBER and MASS
NUMBER
ATOMIC NUMBER and MASS
NUMBER
ATOMIC NUMBER (Z)
is the number of protons in the nucleus of each atom of an
element

MASS NUMBER (A)

is the total number of neutrons and protons present in the
nucleus of an element

ISOTOPES
atoms that have the same atomic number but different mass
numbers.
Most elements have two or more isotopes.
 ISOTOPES

ISOTOPES
a. The atomic number identifies an element. The atoms of
isotopes of an element have the same number of protons and
electrons.

b. The atoms of isotopes of an element differ in the number of

neutrons.
ATOMIC NUMBER and MASS
NUMBER
ATOMIC NUMBER and MASS
NUMBER
ATOMIC MASS/WEIGHT
the average of isotopic masses, weighted according to the
naturally occurring abundances of the isotopes of the
element.

ATOMIC MASS UNIT (amu)

1 amu is defined as a mass exactly equal to one-twelfth of the
mass of one carbon-12 atom.
ATOMIC MASS UNIT (amu)
PERIODIC TABLE
 PERIODIC TABLE
PERIODIC TABLE
a chart in which elements having similar chemical and physical
properties are grouped together.
Periods- horizontal rows
Group/ Families- vertical columns

Main-group elements are those in group 1,2 and 13 to 18

Transition elements are those in group 3 to 12, all metal elements
that belong in the said group are also called transition metals.

Elements can be: Metal, Non-metal or Metalloid

Metal good conductor of heat and electricity
Non-metal is usually poor conductor of heat and electricity
Metalloid has a properties that are between metals and non-metal
 MOLECULES AND IONS
MOLECULES
is an aggregate of at least two atoms in a definite arrangement
held together by chemical forces (chemical bonds). It may
contain atoms of two or more elements joined in a fixed ratio.
Diatomic molecules- contains only two atoms.
Polyatomic molecules containing more than two atoms.

IONS
is an atom or a group of atoms that has a net positive or
negative charge.
Cation an ion with a net positive charge. The loss of one or more
electrons from a neutral atom.
Anion is an ion whose net charge is negative due to an increase in
the number of electrons.
MOLECULES AND IONS
 MOLECULES AND IONS
An atoms can lose or gain more than one electrons
Monoatomic ions- contains only one atoms. Ex. Na+, Cl-
Polyatomic ions- ions containing more than one atom. Ex. NH4+, CN-l

Monoatomic ions are named based on the element.

a. For cations, the name of the element is unchanged. If an
element can form two ions of different charges, the name, which
is usually modified by the suffix -ic for the ion with the higher
charge, and -ous for that with lower charge.
b. For anion, the name of the element is modified by the suffix
-ide.
 MOLECULES AND IONS
Several anions are polyatomic and are named based on the
atomic constituents and suffix -ide.
Example: OH- hydroxide ion; CN- cyanide ion

A number of polyatomic anions containing oxygen atoms are

named based on the root word of the central (or non-oxygen)
atom and the suffix -ate for the one with more oxygen and -ite
for the one with less oxygen atom.
Example: nitrate ion and nitrite ion

Some anions have common name ending with the suffix -ate. Like
acetate ion and oxalate ion.
 CHEMICAL FORMULA
Formula Weight/ Molecular Weight
of a substance is the sum of the atomic weights of the atoms in
the chemical formula of the substance.

Chemical Formula
to express the composition of molecules and ionic compounds in
terms of chemical symbol. By composition it also means the ratio
in which the atoms are combined.
Points out the composition of a molecule or ion.
Example: HCl- hydrocloric acid (muriatic acid)
 CHEMICAL FORMULA
Molecular Formula
True formulas of molecules.
gives the composition of the molecule, in terms of the actual
number of atoms present.

Empirical Formula
gives the composition of molecule, in terms of the smallest ratio
of the number of atoms present.

Allotrope
is one of two or more distinct forms of an element.
Example: Diamond and graphite both allotrope form of carbon
 MOLECULAR MODELS
Effective way of visualizing the molecules is by the use of molecular
models. Two standard type of molecular models are currently in
used.

Ball-and-stick model
show atoms as spheres and bonds as sticks.

Space-filling model
depicts what a molecule would look like if the atoms were scaled
up in size.

Structural Formula
shows how atoms are bonded to one another in a molecule. First
step in building molecular model is writing its structural formula.
MOLECULAR FORMULA

STRUCTURAL FORMULA

BALL-AND-STICK MODEL

SPACE-FILLING MODEL
CHEMICAL NOMENCLATURE
Nomenclature
the naming of chemical compounds

We must first distinguish between Organic and Inorganic compounds.

Organic compounds - contain carbon, usually in combination with
elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur.

Inorganic compounds all other compounds that are not included

in organic compounds.
Here are some carbon-containing compound that falls under
inorganic; carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, carbon disulfide,
compounds containing cyanide group and carbonate and
bicarbonate.
CHEMICAL NOMENCLATURE
Binary compounds
made up of two elements.

RULES FOR NAMING BINARY COMPOUNDS

A. IONIC COMPOUNDS
made up of cation and anion
named by giving the name of the cation first, followed by the
name of the anion.
Example:
NaI
FeS
CHEMICAL NOMENCLATURE
CHEMICAL NOMENCLATURE
RULES FOR NAMING BINARY COMPOUNDS

B. MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
made up of two non-metals
named by giving the name of the first nonmetal and then that
of the second nonmetal modified by the end -ide.
Example:
NO
CO
CHEMICAL NOMENCLATURE
RULES FOR NAMING TERNARY COMPOUNDS
made up of three elements.
in naming ternary compounds it follows the same rule of binary
ionic compound: the name of cation is given first, followed by
the name of the anion.
Example:
NaNO3
BaCrO4
CHEMICAL NOMENCLATURE
RULES FOR NAMING ACIDS
acids- yield hydrogen ions in aqueous solutions.

A. BINARY ACIDS
composed of hydrogen and other element usually a nonmetal
in naming, first part of the name starts with the prefix hydro-
followed by the name of the element modified by the ending -ic.
The second part consists of the word acid.
Name = hydro-(root name of the element)-ic + acid
Example:
HCl
CHEMICAL NOMENCLATURE
RULES FOR NAMING ACIDS

B. TERNARY ACIDS
made of hydrogen and an anion, usually containing oxygen.
the first part of the name consists of the root word of the name
of the element, modified by the ending -ic. The second part
consists of the word 'acid'.
if there is another acid with the same atoms, the suffix -ous is
used to denote the one with less number of atoms.
Name = (root name of the element)-ic or -ous + acid
Example:
HNO3
HNO2
FORMULA OF THE COMPOUND
In writing the formula, the total positive charges of the cations
should be equal to the total of the negative charges of the
anion.

The net charge should be zero.

If charges are numerically different this rule is apply: the

subscript of the cation is numerically equal to the charge of the
anion, the subscript of the anion is numerically equally to the
charge on the cation.
 PERCENT COMPOSITION
Percent composition
is the percent by mass of each element in the compound.