WHAT IS CHEMISTRY?

- study of matter and the changes it undergoes.

- in Chinese characters, the meaning of chemistry is "the study of change"
- "Central Science"

WHY STUDY CHEMISTRY?

For the improvement of healthcare
Conservation of natural resources
Protection of the environment
Supply of energy
Safety in everyday life

As a citizen and consumer, it is in best interest to understand the effects, both

positive and negative, that chemicals can have and to arrive at a balanced
outlook regarding their uses.
BRANCHES OF CHEMISTRY?
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
the study of Carbon and its
compounds; the study of the
chemistry of life
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
the study of compounds not
covered by organic compound,
many inorganic compounds
contain metals
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
the study of the chemistry of
matter and the development of
tools to measure properties of
BIOCHEMISTRY
matter the study of chemical
processes that occur inside
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY of living organisms.
the branch of chemistry that
applies physics to the study of
chemistry, which commonly
includes the applications of
thermodynamics and quantum
mechanics to chemistry.
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
SCIENTIFIC METHOD is the systematic approach to research

Data obtained in research can be quantitative or qualitative or both.

Based on the data that were gathered, the researcher formulates a hypothesis, a tentative explanation
for a set of observations. Further experiments are devised to test the validity of the hypothesis in as
many ways as possible.

After large amount of data has been collected, the information are summarize in a concise way, as a
law. In science, law is a concise verbal or mathematical statement of relationship between phenomena that
is always the same under the same conditions.

Hypotheses that passed the experimental tests of validity may evolve to theories. A theory is a unifying
principle that explains a body of facts and/or those laws that are based on them.
Flowchart describing the
stages of Scientific
Method
 PARTICLES COMPOSING MATTER

ATOMS IONS MOLECULES

smallest particle particles with composed of
charge atoms
 CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
MATTER
is defined as anything that occupies space and has mass

SUBSTANCE/ PURE SUBSTANCE MIXTURES

is a form of matter that has a constant composition and is a combination of two or more substances in which the
distinct properties. substances retain their distinct identities.

ELEMENTS COMPOUNDS HOMOGENEOUS HETEROGENEOUS

is a substance that cannot
be separated into simpler
substances by chemical
means.
a substance composed of MIXTURE MIXTURE
atomsof two or more
composition of the mixture the composition of the
elements chemically
is the same throughout. mixture is not uniform.
united in fixed
proportions.
CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
Which of the following are homogeneous mixture? Which
are heterogeneous mixture?
a. Rubbing alcohol
b. Mixture of water and oi;
c. Mixture of salt and pepper
d. Carbonated soft drink
e. Human breath
 A B C D
STATES OF MATTER
SOLID
has a definite shape and definite volume, cannot be compressed to any
appreciable extent.

LIQUID
has a distinct volume independent of the container it occupies and
assume the shape of the container it occupies, it is also not compressible
to any appreciable extent.
GAS (VAPOR)
has no fixed volume or shape; rather it uniformly fills its container. It can
be compressed to occupy a smaller volume, or it can expand to occupy a
larger one.
Identify the following if it is a substance or mixture
a. Table sugar
b. Table salt
c. Iodized salt
d. Brown sugar
e. Distilled water
f. Soft drinks
g. Oxygen gas in a tank
PROPERTIES OF MATTER
PHYSICAL PROPERTY
can be measured or observed without changing the composition or identity of as substance. Color,
melting pointand boiling point are physical properties.

PHYSICAL CHANGE
the physical properties of asubstance changes but its composition remains unchanged.

CHEMICAL PROPERTY
is the ability of a substance of matter to undergo change in composition under a certain condition.

CHEMICAL CHANGE
also known as chemical reaction. One or more kind of matter are converted to new kind of matter with different
composition.
Classify the following examples as physical or chemical
properties.
a. Melting of ice
b. Evaporation of water
c. Rusting
d. Digestion
Identify if it is a chemical change or physical change.
a. Chopping a banana
b. Burning a gummy bear
c. Hold a wooden spoon over a flame
d. Photosynthesis
e. Radioactivity
f. Melting of ice
g. Metabolism
MEASURABLE PROPERTY OF MATTER

EXTENSIVE PROPERTY
depends on how much matter is being considered. Values of the same extensive property can be
added together.
Example mass, volume
INTENSIVE PROPERTY
does not depend on how much matter is being considered. Not additive.
Example density
Classify the following examples as intensive or extensive
properties
a. Boiling point
b. Weight
c. Volume
d. Density
SEPARATION TECHNIQUES
FILTRATION RE-CRYSTALLIZATION

process of separating solid from liquid in which it is a technique used for chemical purification.
suspended
MAGNETIC SEPARATION
DISTILLATION process in which magnetically susceptible material
pure liquid is condensed from the vapor given off is extracted from a mixture using a magnetic force.
by boiling solution
CENTRIFUGATION
EVAPORATION technique which involves application of centrifugal
use for separating a mixture of a soluble solid and a force to separate particles from a solution
solvent, process of heating the solution until the according to size, shape, density, viscosity of the
solvent eveporates. medium.

CRYSTALLIZATION
process by which a solid forms where the
atoms/molecules are highly organized into a
crystal. It can be pone by freezing, precipitating or
deposition.
CHROMATOGRAPHY
is the separation of a mixture by passing it in
solution or suspension or as a vapor through a
medium that moves at different rates.
How can the following components of the following
mixtures be separated?
a. Salt from salt water
b. Salt from a mixture of iron and salt
COMMON NAMES AND FORMULAS OF COMMON CHEMICAL
COMPOUNDS
MEASUREMENTS
Many properties of matter are quantitative so itis a must to specify the units.
Measurement can provide:
Macroscopic properties can de determined directly
Microscopic properties on atomic or molecular scale mustbe determined
by indirect method

Units are essential to stating measurements correctly.

SI Units (International Syetem of Units) preferred units to be used in

scientific measurements. Modern version of the metric system
SI BASE QUANTITIES
 MASS WEIGHT LENGTH TEMPERATURE
IS THE MEASURE IS THE FORCE SI UNIT- meter SI UNIT- Kelvin (K)
OF THE THAT GRAVITY (based on natural
AMOUNT OF EXERTS ON AN processes that can
MATTER IN AN OBJECT be repeated
OBJECT anywhere)

SI UNIT-kilogram
(defined in
particular VOLUME DENSITY
objects)
SI UNIT- cubic SI UNIT- kilogram
meter per cubic meter
DENSITY
 a. Gold is a precious metal that is chemically unreactive, it
is used mainly in jewelry, dentistry and electronic devices. A
piece of gold ingot with a mass of 301 g has a volume of
15.6 cm^3. Calculate the density of gold

b. A piece of platinum metal with a density of 21.5 g/cm^3

has a volume of 4.49 cm^3. What is its mass?
TEMPERATURE
 a. Solder is an alloy made of tin and lead that is used in
electronic circuits. A certain solder has a melting point of
224 C. What is its melting point in degrees Fahrenheit?

b. Helium has the lowest boiling point of all the elements at

-425F. Convert this temperature to degrees Celcius.

c. Mercury, the only metal that exists as a liquid at room

temperature, melts at -38.9C. Convert its melting point to
Kelvin.
NUMBERS: SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
In dealing with numbers that are extremely large or extremely small
associated with measurements, it is best to express the numbers in
SCIENTIFIC NOTATION.

where N is a number between 1 and 9 and n is the exponent, it is a positive or negative

integer (whole number)
NUMBERS: SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
ADDITION and SUBTRACTION of SCIENTIFIC NOTATION

To add or subtract using scientific notation, write each quantity- say N1

and N2- with the same component, n. Then combine N1 and N2 perform
the operation; the exponents remain the same.

MULTIPLICATION and DIVISION of SCIENTIFIC NOTATION

To multiply numbers expressed in scientific notation, multiply N1 and N2

in the usual way, but add the exponents together.
In dividing, divide N1 and N2 the usual way and subtract the exponents.
NUMBERS: SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
Take note it is important to indicate margin of error in measurement by
clearly indicating the number of significant figures (meaningful digits in a
measure or calculated quantity)

When significant figures are used, the last digit is understood to be

uncertain; the amount of uncertainty depends on the particular measuring
device that is being used.
NUMBERS: GUIDELINES USING SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
1. Any digit that is not zero is significant.
Example: 398 has 3 significant figures; 56373 has 5 significant figures

2. Zeros between non-zero digits are significant.

Example: 4007 has 4 significant figures; 708901 has six significant figures

3. Zeros to the left of the first non-zero (leading numbers) are not
significant.
Example: 0.081 has 2 significant figure; 0.0007 has one significant figure

4. If a number is greater than one, then all zeros written to the right of
the decimal point (trailing zeros) is counted as significant figures.
Example: 102.00 has 5 significant figures; 2.0 has 2 significant figures
NUMBERS: GUIDELINES USING SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
If a number is less than one, then the only zeros that are at the end of
the number and the zeros that between non-zero are significant.
Example: 0.3006 has 4 significant figures; 0.00420 has 3 sigfigs

5. For number that do not contain decimal point, the trailing zeros may
or may not be significant. To avoid ambiguity we will use scientific
notation.
Example; 400 may have 1 (the digit 4) or 2 (the digit 40) or 3 (the digit 400)
sigfigs. But using scientific notation it can be express as 4.0x10^2 having 2
significant figures
NUMBERS: SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
ADDITION and SUBTRACTION of SIGNIFICANT FIGURES

In addition and subtraction, the answer cannot have more digits to the
right of the decimal point than either of the original numbers. Rounding-
off procedure follows.

MULTIPLICATION and DIVISION of SIGNIFICANT FIGURES

In multiplication and division, the number of significant figures in the
final product or quotient is determined by the original number that has
the smallest number of significant figures.
NUMBERS: ACCURACY AND PRECISION

ACCURACY PRECISION
tells how close a refers to how closely two
measurement is to the or more measurements of
value of the quantity that the same quantity agree
was measured with one another
NUMBERS: ACCURACY AND PRECISION

Dart a shows good accuracy

and good precision

Dart b shows poor accuracy

and poor precision

a b
DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS (FACTOR- LABEL METHOD)

Careful measurements and proper use of significant figures, together with

correct calculations will yield accurate numerical results. The manswer
MUST be expressed in the desired units.

Dimensional Analysis procedure use to convert between units in solving

chemistry problems. Relationship between different units that express the
same physical quantity.
DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS (FACTOR- LABEL METHOD)
 You can connect with me by

EMAIL FACEBOOK TEXT

angelicairish.matiradepedqc.ph Angelica Irish Matira or Irish Matira 09163400972