1-1

CHAPTER 1
SOLUTIONS

1-1 Total daily withdrawal

Given: Population in 2000 = 281,421,906

Solution:

a. Using the total daily withdrawal of 5,400 Lpcd:

(281,421,906 people)(5,400 Lpcd) = 1.52 x 1012 L · d-1

b. Converting to m3

1.52 × 1012 L · d -1
3
= 1.52 × 10 9 m 3 · d -1
1000L · m

1-2 Estimate per capita withdrawal for public supply

Given: Population data from 1950 to 2000 and corresponding public supply withdrawal

Solution:

a. Use a spreadsheet to estimate the withdrawal

Population Withdrawal, Year Withdrawal,

m3/d Lpcd

151325798 5.30E+07 1950 350.24

179323175 7.95E+07 1960 443.33
203302031 1.02E+08 1970 501.72
226542203 1.29E+08 1980 569.43
248709873 1.46E+08 1990 587.03
281421906 1.64E+08 2000 582.75

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 1-2

Problem 1-2:Per Capita Daily Water

Withdrawal for Public Supply

650.00
600.00
Liters per capita per day

550.00
500.00 Estimated = 575 Lpcd

450.00
400.00
350.00
300.00
250.00
200.00
150.00
100.00
50.00
0.00
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Year
Fig
ure S-1-2: Per capita daily water withdrawal

1-3 Additional average daily water production required

Given: 280 houses and, from text: 1,320 L · d-1 · house-1

Solution:
(280 houses)(1,320 L · d-1 · house-1) = 3.7 x 105 L · d-1

1-4 Additional average water production required with low-flush toilets

Given: 320 houses that have low flush valves that reduce water consumption by 14%
and, from text, 1,320 L · d-1 · house-1

Solution:

Additional demand = (320 houses)(1,320 L · d-1 · house-1)(1 – 0.14)

= 3.18 x 105 L · d-1
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 1-3

1-5 Repeat Prob. 1-3 for peak demand

Given: 280 metered houses, AWWA average

Solution:

a. From text: peak hour = 5.3(avg. day)

(5.3)(280 houses)(1,320 L · d-1 · house-1) = 1.96 x 106 or 2 x 106 L · d-1 at the peak hour

1-6 Water lost (in liters) in one year

Given: One drop per second, 0.150 mL per drop

Solution:

(0.150 mL · s-1)(86,400 s · d-1)(365 d · y-1)(1 x 10-3 L · mL-1) = 4,730 L · y-1

1-7 Monthly cost of not repairing valve

Given: Valves deliver 130.0 L · min-1, Water cost = $0.45 per cubic meter

Solution:

a. Assuming 30 d · mo-1

(130.0 L · min-1)(1440 min · d-1)(30 d · mo-1)(1 x 10-3 m3 · L-1) = 5,616 m3 · mo-1

(5,616 m3 · mo-1)($0.45 m-3) = $2,527.20 or $2,530 mo-1

1-8 Value of water lost

Given: Year 2000 data from Prob. 1-2, 15% water loss, cost of water = $0.45 m-3

Solution:

a. Amount of water lost

(1.6 x 108 m3 · d-1)(0.15) = 2.4 x 107 m3 · d-1

b. Value

(2.4 x 107 m3 · d-1)($0.45 m-3) = $1.08 x 107 or $1.1 x 107 d-1

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 1-4

1-9 Cost of bottled water

Given: 0.5 L bottle of water costs $1.00

Solution:

a. Convert L to m3

0 .5 L
−3
= 0.0005 or 5.0 x 10-4 m3
1000L ⋅ m
b. Cost

$1.00
−4
= $2 × 10 3 or $2000 m-3
5.0 × 10 m 3

1-10 Daily per capita withdrawal for South Carolina

Given: USGS circular 1268 at /usgs.gov

Solution:

a. From the web site

Domestic withdrawal for SC = 63.5 x 106 gal · d-1

Population = 4,010 x 103

b. Per capita

63.5 × 10 6 gal ⋅ d −1
= 59.94 Lpcd
( )(
4010 × 10 3 people 0.2642gal ⋅ L−1 )
1-11 Lowest domestic withdrawal in the world

Given: Pacific Institute web site (www.worldwater.org/table2.html)

Solution:

a. From the web site column labeled “Domestic Use” in m3 · p-1 · y-1

Gambia and Haiti tied at 1 m3 · p-1 · y-1

b. Convert to Lpcd

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 1-5

(1m 3
)( )
· p -1 · y -1 1000L ⋅ m 3
= 2.74 or 3 Lpcd
365d ⋅ y −1

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 1-6

CHAPTER 1
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

1-1 Defining hypothesis, theory, law

Given: Explanation to a non-scientist

Solution:

A hypothesis is a statement that under certain circumstances certain phenomena may be

observed.

A set of generalizations that may be tied together under a given set of assumptions are
formulated as a theory.

Theories that have gained acceptance over a long period of time are known as laws.

1-2 Per capita water consumption

Given: requirements to determine water consumption for local college or university

Solution:

Data to be collected include population served and the average water use for the
institution.

1-3 Internet search

Given: Clean Air Act and requirements to identify subject matter of Title II, chemical
name of first hazardous air pollutant under Title III, last year that carbon tetrachloride can
be produced.

Solution:

Title II addresses mobile sources.

First hazardous air pollutant is acetaldehyde.
1999 was the last year that carbon tetrachloride could be produced.

1-4 URL for regulations

Given: Federal Register and Code of Federal Regulations

Solution:

Find Federal Register at www.epa.gov/fedrgstr

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 1-7

Find Code of Federal Regulations at www.epa.gov/epahome/cfr40.htm

1-5 Shiny Plating Co. ethics problem

Given: Long ethics problem dealing with Shiny Plating Company

Solution:

In the interest of waste minimization, the company should install the pollution control
equipment. The two year payback is reasonable. “Lack of capital and high interest
rates,” are common excuses for not installing control equipment. The short payback time
is indicative of long term profitability of the control device.

1-6 Leather tannery ethics problem

Given: Long ethics problem dealing with leather tannery

Solution:

Select answer A. The discharge was illegal and not reporting is likewise illegal. Both
professional ethics and environmental ethics require the choice.

NOTE: Discussion Questions 1-7 through 1-10 appeared as a survey in Chemical Engineering in
1970/1971. The responses were collected and tabulated. Because of changes in the law as well as
society’s more progressive attitude toward and understanding of environmental ethics, the
1970/1971 responses are, at best, an anachronism. The answers provided below are the author’s
based current law as well as our understanding of environmental ethics in the 21st century.

1-7 The correct response is A. Using Table 1-5 as a guide, this is in keeping with the 1st, 2nd,
and 4th canons. Since the mid-1980s, all point source discharges must have an NPDES
permit. This plant would be in violation if they did not have a permit to discharge.

Part B: I would expect that most engineers would choose A but a survey of your class’
response would be a way to stimulate discussion and interest.

1-8 Based on environmental ethics, B is the correct choice. Using Table 1-5: 1st, 2nd, and 4th
canons

Part B: A is the correct choice based on environmental ethics.

1-9 The correct response is A. Besides being good environmental ethics, numerous
environmental laws and regulations (TOSCA, the toxic release inventory –Form R, and
Sorbane-Oxley Act) will force release of the information once the plant is in operation
even if the permitting process does not reveal it. Under Sorbane-Oxley the corporate

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 1-8

management may be liable for civil and criminal penalties for not revealing the
information.

1-10 Based on environmental ethics, the correct answer is D. Although the community
discharge is into the ocean, none of the arguments given by the engineer are correct
today. Manufacturers in the United States have eliminated phosphorus builders from their
products. Other sources of phosphorus are controlled by treatment at the wastewater
treatment facility. The ocean discharge approach is only valid if the discharge is
sufficiently distant from the tidal areas to prevent harm. This issue is not addressed in the
problem statement.

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may be displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of
the publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their
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