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The number of people who visited HN The number of people visiting Hanoi/ the
number of visitors
OVERVIEW
The overall trend was upward/ downward Xu hướng tổng thể là tăng/ giảm
All figures experienced ... except for ... Tất cả các chỉ số đều chứng kiến ... ngoại
trừ ...
Experienced the fastest growth Đã chứng kiến sự tăng trưởng mạnh nhất
There were significant changes in ... Đã có sự thay đổi lớn trong ...
Increased An increase
Rose A rise
Grew A growth
Climbed A climb
Leaped
Rocketed
Surged A surge
Dropped A drop
Declined A decline
Fell A fall
Slumped A slump
Dove A dive
Plummeted
Remained steady
Stayed constant
Degree Speed
Huge
Minimal Minimally
D. PREPOSITIONS
E. CONNECTING SENTENCES
1) Before/After + V-ing, S + V + adv
After declining rapidly, the number of cars increased remarkably.
2) S + V + adv, then more/less + adv
Only used for 2 movements in the same direction
The number of cars declined slightly in 2000, then more sharply in the next 6 years.
3) S + V1 + adv, but later/then + V2 + adv
Only used for 2 movements in the opposite directions
The number of cars declined slightly in 2000, but then went up sharply in the next 6
years.
4) There was a/an + adj1 + N1, which was followed by + a/an + adj2 + N2
There was a slight decline in the number of cars, which was followed by a sharp growth.
5) S + V + adv, V-ing … and then …
The number of cars declined slightly in 2000, remaining constant in the next 5 years and
then grew slightly at the end of the period.
F. COMPARISON LANGUAGE
Structure Example
Both P and Q rate rose / fell + time, but Unemployment rates in both countries rose
the figures for P were significantly higher. over the period shown, but the figures for
the US were significantly higher.
The most + adj + N was seen in the X The most dramatic decrease was seen in
sector. the industrial sector.
The biggest change was seen in …, which The biggest change was seen in the
fell/rose + adv over the period. proportion of Internet users in the US,
which fell steadily over the period.
Of the x items, S + V + the most … Of the 6 items, consumers spent the most
money on laptops.
The X was the most + adj + type + time Football was the most common type of
hobbies from the late 1970’s onwards.
X accounted for / took up / occupied the Plants accounted for the largest proportion
largest proportion of Y. of electricity used.
There were more X than Y + Ving, figure A In 2003, there were more boys than girls
versus figure B. suffering obesity, over 700 thousand versus
about 650 thousand.
The X rate rose / increased by …, but there From 1990 to 200, the employment rate in
was a much smaller rise/increase in Y. Yemen rose by 40%, but there was a much
smaller rise in the figure for Italy.
The figures for A and B were lower, at The figures for oil and gas were much
about x% and y% respectively. lower, at about 12% and 8% respectively.
66% of people = a large proportion of = Nuclear power became the most important
precisely two thirds of … fuel source in France in 2000, producing
almost 75% of the country’s electricity.
Constituted 35% of …
In contrast The most popular form of holiday among the Welsh was self-catering
with over 60% choosing to cook for themselves. In contrast, only 5%
of the English chose this form of vacation and hotel accommodation
was much more popular at 48%
In comparison Almost 50% of the English, Scots, and Northern Irish chose to stay in a
hotel for their holiday. In comparison, staying in self-catering
accommodation was much less popular with around 10% of people
choosing this.
However The general pattern was for hotel accommodation to be the most
popular with around half people choosing it. The majority of the
Welsh, however, chose to stay in self-catering accommodation.
On the other It is clear that a majority of the British chose to stay in hotel for their
hand holiday. On the other hand, there was an exception to this because
over 50% of the Welsh opted for self-catering accommodation.
While While there are 4 million miles of train lines in the UK, there are only 3
million in France.
Whereas Whereas the majority of the French prefer to travel to work by train,
only a small minority of the British do.
Although Although 15% of the French read novels, only 5% of the British do.
But Almost 25% of French females study maths with a private tutor, but
nearly 60% study English with one.
A number + more / less / 5 million fewer units of gas were sold in 2014.
fewer
period.
Three / Four times Four times as many people chose to heat their house
with electricity as with gas.
2) Sequencing Language
Example
- The third step is when the bricks are put in a cooling chamber.
- The process ends when the bricks are packaged and ready to be delivered to
customers.
3) Synonyms: End = Culminate; At the same time = While = As = Simultaneously
B. Useful expressions for Introduction
- The diagram / process + illustrates / demonstrates / shows + the procedures / the
various stages / steps in producing + something.
- The diagram / process shows + how + something is / are manufactured / produced.
-> With example:
1/ A + shows / describes / illustrates + how + clause
E.g: The diagram below shows how salt is removed from sea water to make it
drinkable.
2/ A + shows / describes / illustrates + noun
Note: Illustrate thường được dùng cho diagram để miêu tả 1 quá trình gì đó