Nina Ian John “G” Rachel Mark Jocelle Edo Gienah Jho Kath Aynz Je Glad Nickie Ricobear
Teacher Dadang Niňa Arlene Vivs Paul F. Rico F. Ren Mai Revs Mavis Jepay Yana Mayi Serge Hung Tope Bien Ag
S2 L2: SIGNS and SYMPTOMS in PSYCHIATRY
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS IN PSYCHIATRY
Signs- observations & objective findings elicited by the clinician.
Symptoms- subjective experiences described by the patient.
Syndrome- group of s/s that together make up the recognizable
condition.
Phenomenology
-a school of philosophy & psychiatry that focuses on s/s as an event that
can be described & experienced.
-developed by Edmund Husserl & Karl Jaspers
-understand it through intuition & experience it through empathy.
"Personal World"- the way a person thinks or feels. It is abnormal when:
 springs from a condition that is recognized universally as
abnormal.
 separates the person from others emotionally
 does not improve the person w/ sense of "spiritual & material"
security
DESCRIPTIVE TERMS
Neurosis
-chronic or recurrent nonpsychotic disorder characterized mainly by
anxiety.
-it appears as a symptom such as obsession, compulsion, phobia, or
sexual dysfunction.
-the predominant disturbance is a symptom or group of symptoms that is
distressing to the individual& is recognized by him/her as an unacceptable
& alien; reality testing is intact.
Psychosis
-loss of reality testing & impairment of mental functioning
-manifested by delusions, hallucinations, confusion, & impaired memory.
-psychotic became synonymous with severe impairment of social and
personal functioning characterized by social withdrawal and inability to
perform the usual household and occupational roles
Psychotic (American Psychiatric Glossary) – grossly impaired reality
testing
February 10,2011
CLASSIFICATION
CONCIOUSNESS – state of awareness
A. Disturbances of consciousness
Appreciation – perception modified by person’s own emotions &
thought.
Sensorium – cognitive functioning of special senses.
1. Disorientation – disturbance of orientation in time, place, or person.
2. Clouding of consciousness – incomplete clear-mindedness w/
disturbances in perception & attitudes
3. Stupor – lack of reaction to, & awareness of surroundings
4. Delirium – bewildered, restless, confused, disoriented reaction assoc
w/ fear & hallucinations
5. Coma – profound unconsciousness
6. Coma vigil – coma w/c the pt appears to be awake w/ eyes open but
cannot be aroused
7. Twilight state – disturbed consciousness w/ hallucinations
8. Dreamlike state – complex partial seizure/ psychomotor epilepsy
9. Somnolence – abnormal drowsiness
10. Confusion – disturbance of consciousness in w/c reactions to
environmental stimuli are inappropriate; manifested by disordered
orientation in relation to time, place or person.
11. Drowsiness – a state of impaired awareness assoc w/ a desire to
sleep
12. Sundowning – syndrome in older persons that usually occurs at night
& characterized by drowsiness, confusion, ataxia & falling as a result of
being overly sedated w/ medications
B. Disturbances of Attention
Attention – amt of effort exerted in focusing on certain portions of an
experience; ability to sustain a focus on 1 activity; ability to concentrate.
1. Distractibility – inability to concentrate attention
2. Selective inattention – blocking out only those things that generate
anxiety.
3. Hypervigilance – excessive attention & focus on all internal & external
stimuli
4. Hyperpagia – excessive thinking & mental activity
5. Trance – focused attention & altered consciousness
Disinhibition – removal of an inhibitory effect that permits persons to lose
control of impulses
C. Disturbance in Suggestibility
1. Folie a deux/ Folie a trios – communicated emotional illness between
2 or 3 persons
2. Hypnosis – artficially induced modifications of conscousnsess
charaterzed by heightened suggestibility
EMOTION – complex felling state w/ psychic, somatic, & behavioural
components that is related to affect & mood.
A. Affect – observed expression of emotion
1. Appropriate effect – emotional tone is in harmony. Classified further
as broad or full effect
2. Inappropriate affect – disharmony between emotional feeling tone &
idea, thought or speech accompanying it
3. Blunted affect – severe reduction in intensity of externalized feeling
tone
4. Restricted or constricted affect – reduction in intensity of feeling
tone.
5. Flat affect – absence/ near absence of any signs of affective
expression
6. Labile affect – rapid & abrupt changes in emotional feeling tone
B. Mood – pervasive & sustained emotion subjectively
Page 1 of 5
experienced reported by the pt & observed by others
1. Dysphoric mood – unpleasant mood
2. Euthymic mood – normal range of mood
3. Expansive mood – expression of feelings w/o restraint
4. Irritable mood – person is easily annoyed & provoked to anger
5. Mood swings – oscillations bet euphoria & depression/ anxiety
6. Elevated mood – mood more cheerful than usual
7. Euphoria – intesne elation w/ feelings of grandeur
8. Ecstasy – feeling of intense rupture
9. Depression – psychopathological feeling of sadness
10. Anhedonia – loss of interest in pleasurable activities
11. Grief/ Mourning – sadness appropriate to a real loss; aka
bereavement
12. Alexithymia – inability in describing or being awar of emotions/mood
13. Suicidal ideation – thoughts/ act of taking one’s own life
14. Elation – feelings of joy, euphoria, triumph, intense self-satisfaction, or
optimism.
15. Hypomania – mood abnormality w/ the qualitative characteristics of
mania but less intense
16. Mania – characterized by elation, agitation, hyperactivity,
hypersexuality & accelerated thinking & speaking
17. Melancholia – severe depressive state
18. La belle indifferenece – inappropriate attitude of calm or lack of
concern about one’s disability
C. Other Emotions
1. Anxiety – feeling of apprehension
2. Free-floating anxiety – pervasive, unfocused fear not attached to any
idea
3. Fear – anxiety caused by consciously recognized & realistic danger.
4. Agitation – severe anxiety associated w/ motor restlesness; similar to
excitability w/ easily triggered anger/ annoyance
5. Tension – increased & unpleasant motor & psychological activity.
6. Panic – acute, episodic, intense attack of anxiety associated w/
overwhelming feelings of dread & autonomic discharge
7. Apathy – dulled emotional tone
8. Ambivalence – coexistence of 2 opposing impulses toward the same
thing in the same person at the same time
9. Abreaction – emotional release or discharge after recalling a painful
experience
10. Shame – failure to live up to self-expecations
11. Guilt – emotion secondary to doing what perceived as wrong
12. Impulse control – ability to resist an impulse drive or temptation to
perform an action
13. Ineffability – escstatic state in w/c person states it is indescribable
inexpressible & impossible to convey to another person
14. Acathexis – lack of feeling of assoc w/ an ordinarily emotionally
charged subject; in cathexis, the feeling is connected
15. Decathexis – detaching emotions from thoughts, ideas, or persons.
D. Physiological Disturbances associated w/ Mood – signs of
somatic dysfunction most associated w/ depression (aka Vegetative
signs)
1. Anorexia – loss/ decrease appetite
2. Hyperphagia – increase take of food
3. Insomnia – lack /diminished ability of sleep
a. Initial – difficult falling asleep
b. Middle – difficulty sleeping through the night w/o waking up &
difficulty going back to sleep
c. Terminal – early morning awakening
4. Hypersomnia – excessive sleeping
5. Diurnal variation – mood is regularly worst in the morning,
immediately after awakening, & improves as the day progresses.
6. Diminished libido - ↓ sexual interest, drive & performance (↑ = manic)
7. Constipation – inability/difficulty to defecate
8. Fatigue – feeling of weariness, sleepiness, or irritability following a
period of mental/bodily activity
9. Pica – craving/eating/non-food substances
10. Pseudocyesis – pt has s/s of pregnancy
11. Bulimia – insatiable hunger & voracious eating
12. Adynamia – weakness & fatigability
MOTOR BEHAVIOR (conation) – includes impulses, motivations, wishes,
drives, instincts, & cravings as expressed by a person’s behaviour/ mental
activity
1. Echopraxia – pathological imitation of movement or 1 person by
another
2. Catatonia & Postural Abno – seen in catatonic schizophrenia & some
pt with brain dse
a. Catalepsy – immobile position that is constantly maintained
b. Catatonic excitement – agitated, purposeless, motor activity,
uninfluenced by external stimuli
c. Catatonic stupor – slowed motor activity, often to the point of
immobility & seeming unawareness of surroundings
d. Catatonic rigidity – voluntary assumption of a rigid posture, held
against all efforts to be moved
e. Catatonic posturing – voluntary assumption of an inappropriate or
bizarre posture, generally maintained for long periods
f. Cerea flexibilitas (Waxy flexibility) – person can be modeled into a
position that is maintained
g. Akinesia – lack of physical movement
3. Negativism – motiveless resistance to all attempts to be moved or to
all instructions
4. Cataplexy – temporary loss of muscle tone & weakness precipitated by
a variety of emotional states
5. Stereotypy – repetitive fixed pattern of physical action or speech
6. Mannerism – ingrained, habitual involuntary movement
7. Automatism – automatic performance of an act or acts generally
representing unconscious symbolic activity
8. Command automatism – automatic following of suggestions
9. Mutism – voicelessness w/o structural abnormalities
10. Overactivity
a. Psychomotor agitation – excessive motor & cognitive activity,
usually non-productive & in response to inner tension
b. (Hyperkinensis) – restless, aggresive, destructive activity
c. Tic – involuntary, spasmodic motor movement
d. Sleepwalking (Somnambulism) – motor activity during sleep
e. Akathisa – subjective feeling of muscular tension secondary to
antipsychotic or other meds, w/c can cause restlessness, pacing,
repeated sitting and standing
f. Compulsion – uncontrollable impuls to perform an act repetitively
 Dipsomania – compulsion to drink alcohol
 Kleptomanina – compulsion to steal
 Nymphomania – compulsion for coitus in woman
 Satyriasis – compulsion for coitus in man
 Trichotillomania – compulstion to pull out hair
 Ritual – automatic compulsive activity
g. Ataxia – failure of muscle coordination ; irregularity of muscle
action
h. Polyphagia – pahthological overeating
i. Tremor – rhythmical alteration in movement (usually faster than 1
beat a second)
j. Floccilation – aimless picking usually at clothes, common ly seen
in delirium
11. Hypoactivity (hypokinesis) - ↓ motor & cognitive activity
12. Mimicry – simple, imitative motor activity of childhood
13. Aggression – forceful, goal-directed action that may be verbal or
physical; motor counterpart of rage, anger & hostility
14. Acting out – direct expression of an unconscious wish/ impulse in
action living out unconscious fantasy impulsively in behaviour
15. Abulia – reduced impulse to act & think
16. Anergia – lack of energy (anergy)
17. Astasia abasia – inability to stand or walk in a normal manner, even
though normal leg movements can be performed ina sitting or lying
down position
18. Coprophagia – eating of filth of feces
19. Dyskinesia – difficulty performing voluntary movements
Page 2 of 5
20. Muscle rigidity - muscles remain immovable, seen in schizophrenia
21. Twirling – present in autistic children who continually rotate in the
direction in w/c their head is turned
22. Bradykinesia – slow motor activity w/ ↓ normal, spontaneous
movement
23. Chorea – random & involuntary quick, jerky purposeless movement
24. Convulsion – involuntary, violent muscular contraction/ spasm
 Clonic convulsion – muscles alternately contract & relax
 Tonic convulsion – muscle contraction is sustained
25. Seizure – sudden onset of symptoms such as convulsions, LOC, &
psychic or sensory disturbances
 Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizure – generalized onset of
tonic-clonic movements of the limbs, tongue biting, &
incontinence followed by slow, gradual recovery of
consciousness & cognition. (aka grand mal seizure &
psychomotor seizure)
 Simple partial seizure – localized ictal onset of seizure w/o
altered consciousness
 Complex partial seizure – localized ictal onset w/ altered
consciousness
26. Dystonia – slow, sustained contractions of the trunk or limbs
27. Amimia – inability to make gestures or to comprehend those made by
others
THINKING – goal-directed flow of ideas, symbols & associations initiated by
a problem or task & leading toward a reality-oriented conclusion
PARAPRAXIS/FREUDIAN SLIP - unconscious motivated lapse from logic,
part of normal thinking
ABSTRACT THINKING – is the ability to grasp the essentials of a whole, to
break the whole into parts & to discern common properties
A. General distrubances in Form or Process of Thinking
1. Mental disorder – clinically significant behavior/ psychological
syndrome associated w/ distress/disability
2. Psychosis – inability to distinguish reality from fantasy
Neurosis – mental disorder in w/c reality testing is intact
3. Reality testing – objective evaluation & judgment of the world outside
the self
4. Formal though disorder – disturbance in the form of thought rather
than the content of thought, thinking characterized by associations,
neologisms, & illogical constructs. Person is defined as psychotic
5. Illogical thinking – thinking containing erroneous conclusions/ internal
contradictions
6. Dereism – mental activit not concordant w/ logic/ experience
7. Autistic thinking – preoccupation w/ inner private world
8. Magical thinking – a form of dereistic thought; thoughts, word, actions
assume power
9. Primary process thinking – general term for thinking that is dereistic,
illogical, magial; normally found in dreams, abnormally in psychosis
10. Emotional insight – deep level of understanding/awareness that is
likely to lead to positive changes in personality & behavior
B. Specific disturbances in Form of Thought
1. Neologisms – new word created by pt
2. Word salad – incoherent mixture of words & phrases
3. Circumstantiality – indirect speech that is delayed in reaching the
point but eventually gests from original point to desired goal
4. Tangentiablitiy – inability to have goal-directes associations of thought
5. Incoherence – thought that is not generally understandable
6. Perseveration – response to ap revious stimulus after a new stimulus
has been presented
7. Verbigeration – meaningless repetition of specific words or phrases
8. Echolalia – psychopathological repeating of words or phrases of 1
person by another
9. Condenstaion – fusion of various concepts into 1
10. Irrelevant answer – answer that is not in harmony w/ question asked
11. Loosening of associations – flow of thought in w/c ideas shift from 1
subject to another in a completely unrelated way
12. Derailment – gradual or sudden deviation in train of thought w/o
blocking
13. Flight of ideas – rapid, continuous verbalizations or plays on words
produce constant shifting form 1 idea to another, but thend to be
connected
14. Clang association – association of words similar in sound but not in
meaning
15. Blocking – abrupt interruption in train of thought or idea is finished;
after a brief pause, person indicates no recall of what was said
16. Glossolalia/ Speaking in Tongue – expression of a revelatory
message through unintelligiblie words. (aka cryptolalia – a private
spoken language)
C. Specific disturbances in Content of Thought
1. Poverty of Content – thought taht gives little information because of
vagueness, empty repetitions, or obscure phrases
2. Overvalued idea - unreasonable, sustained false belief maintained
less firmly than a delusion
3. Delusion – false belief, based on incorrect interference about external
reality, not consistent w/ pt’s intelligence & cultural background
 Bizarre Delusion – absurd, totally implausible, strange false
belief
 Systematized delusion – false beliefs/ beliefs united by a
single event or theme
 Mood-congruent delusion – delusion w/ mood-appropriate
content
 Mood-incongruent delusion – delusion w/ content that has
no association to mood/mood neutral
 Nihilistic delusion – false feeling that self, others, or the
world is nonexistent or coming to an end
 Delusion of poverty – a person’s false belief that he/she is
bereft or will be deprived of all material possessions
 Somatic delusion – false belief involving functioning of the
body
 Paranoid delusions – include persecutory delusions &
delusions of reference, control & grandeur.
 Delusion of persecution – person’s false belief that
he/she is being harassed, cheated or persecuted
 Delusion of grandeur – a person’s exaggerated
conception of his/her importance, power or identity
 Delusion of Reference – a person’s false belief that
the behavior of others refers to him/herself
 Delusion of Self-Accusation – false feeling of remorse &
guilt
 Delusion of Control – false feeling that a person’s will
thoughts, or feelings are being controlled by external forces
 Thought Withdrawal – delusion that thoughts are
being removed from a person’s mind by other persons
or forces
 Thought Insertion – delusion that thoughts are being
implanted in a person’s mind
 Thought Broadcasting – delusion that a person’s
thought can be heard by others
 Thought Control – delusion that a person’s thoughts
are being controlled by other persons/forces
 Delusion of Infidelity (delusional jealousy) – false belief
derived from pathological jealousy about a person’s lover
being unfaithful
 Erotomania/ Clerambault-Kandinsky Complex –
delusional belief, more common in women, that someone is
deeply inlove with them
 Pseudologia phantastica – a type of lying in w/c a person
appears to believe in the reality of his/her fantasies & acts
on them; associated w/ Munchaused syndrome, repeated
feeling of illness
4. Trend/ Preoccupation of Thought – centering of thought content on a
particular idea
5. Egomania – pathological self-preoccupation
6. Monomania – preoccupation w/ single object
Page 3 of 5
7. Hypochondria – exaggerated concern about health that is based not
on real organic pathology but, rather, on unrealistic interpretation of
physical signs or sensations as abnormal
8. Obsession – pathological persistence of an irresistable thought or
feeling w/c can’t be eliminated from consciousness by logical effort
9. Compulsion – pathological need to act on an impulse that, if restricted,
produces anxiety; repetitive behavior in response to an obsession
10. Coprolalia – compulsive utterance of obscene words
11. Phobia – persistent irrational, exaggerated & invariably pathological
dread of a specific stimulus or situation
a. Specific phobia – circumscribed dread of a discrete obj or
situation
b. Social phobia – dread of public humiliation, as a fear in public
speaking, performing or eating in public
c. Acrophobia – high places
d. Agoraphobia – open places
e. Algophobia – pain
f. Ailurophobia – cats
g. Erythrophobia – blushing/red
h. Panphobia – everything
i. Claustrophobia – closed spaces
j. Xenophobia – strangers
k. Zoophobia – animals
l. Needle phobia/ Blood Injection Phobia – receiving injection
12. Noesis – a revelation in w/c immense illumination occurs in association
w/ a sense that a person has been chosen to lead & command
13. Unio mystica – an oceanic feeling of mystic unity w/ an infinite power;
not considered a disturbance in thought content if congruent w/
person’s religious/ cultural milieu.
SPEECH – ideas, thoughts, feelings as expressed thorough language;
communication through the use of words & language
A. Disturbance in Speech
1. Pressure of Speech – rapid speech that is ↑ in amt & difficult to
interrupt
2. Volubility (Logorrhea) – copious, coherent, logical speech
3. Poverty of Speech – restriction in the amt of speech used
4. Nonspontaneous Speech – verbal responses given only when asked
or spoken to directly; no self initiation of speech
5. Poverty of Content of Speech – speech that is adequate in amt but
conveys little info because of vagueness, emptiness/ stereotyped
phrases.
6. Dysprosody – loss of normal speech melody (prosody)
7. Dysarthria – difficulty in articulation, not in word finding or in grammar
8. Excessively Loud or Soft Speech – loss of modulation of normal
speech volume
9. Stuttering – frequent repetition or prolongation of a sound or syllable,
leading to markedly impaired speech fluency
10. Cluttering – erratic & dysrrhythmic speech
11. Acalculia – nonsense speech associated w/ markedly impaired
comprehension
12. Bradylalia – abnormally slow speech
13. Dysphonia – difficulty/ pain in speaking
B. Aphasic Disturbances – disturbances in language output
1. Motor Aphasis – disturbance of speech caused by a cognitive disorder
in w/c understanding remains but ability to speak is gross impaired.
AKA Broca’s, nonfluent & expressive aphasia
2. Sensory Aphasia – organic loss of ability to comprehend the meaning
of words. AKA Wernicke’s, fluent & receptive aphasia
3. Nominal aphasia/Anomia/Amnestic Aphasia – difficulty finding
correct name for an object
4. Syntactial Aphasia – inability to arrange words in proper sequence
5. Jargon Aphasia – words produced are totally neologistic; nonsense
word repeated w/ various intonations & inflections
6. Global Aphasia – combination of a grossly non-fluent aphasia & a
severe fluent aphasia
7. Alogia – inability to speak because of mental deficiency or an episode
of dementia
8. Coprophasia – involuntary use of vulgar or obscene language.
PERCEPTION - process of transferring physical stimulation into
psychological informatio; mental process by w/c sensory stimuli are brought
to awareness
A. Disturbances in Perception
1. Hallucination – false sensory perception not associated w/ real
external stimuli
a. Hypnagogic Hallucination – false sensory perception occuring
while falling asleep
b. Hypnopompic Hallucination – false perception occuring while
awakening from sleep
c. Auditory Hallucination – false perception of sound
d. Visual Hallucination – false perception involving sight consisting
of both formed images & non-formed images
e. Olfactory Hallucination – smell
f. Gustatory Hallucination – taste
g. Tactile/Haptic Hallucination – touch; Phantom Limb – sensation
from amputated limb
h. Formication – crawling sensation on/under the skin
i. Somatic/ Cenesthesic Hallucination – things occuring in the
body
j. Lilliputan Hallucination/ Micropsia – objects are seen as
reduced in size
k. Mood-congruent Hallucination – the content is consistent w/
either a depressed/manic mood
l. Mood-incongruent hallucination – content is not consistent
m. Hallucinosis – associated w/ chronic alcohol abuse & that occur
w/in a clear sensorium
n. Delirium Tremens – clouded sensorium
o. Synesthesia – caused by another sensation
p. Trailing Phenomenon – perceptual abnormality associated w/
hallucinogenic drugs in w/c moving obj are seen as a series of
discrete & discontinous images
q. Command Hallucination – false perception of orders that a
person may feel obliged to obey or unable to resist
2. Illusion – mis perception or misinterpretation of real external
sensory stimuli
B. Disturbances Associated w/ Cognitive Disorder & Medical
Conditions
1. Agnosia – inability to recognize & interpret the significance of sensory
impressions
2. Anosognosia (Ignorance of Illness) – a person’s inability to
recognize a neurological deficit as occuring to him/herself
3. Somatopagnosia (Ignorance of the Body)/ Autopagnosia – inability
to recognize a body part as his or her own
4. Visual Agnosia – inability to recognize objects or persons
5. Astereognosis – inability to recognize objects by touch
6. Prosopagnosia – inability to recognize faces
7. Apraxia – inability to carry out specific tasks
8. Simultagnosia – inability to comprehend more than 1 element of a
visual scene at a time or to integrate the parts into a whole
9. Adiadochokinesia – inability to perform rapid alternating movements
10. Aura – warning sensations such as automatisms, fullness in the
stomah, blushing & changes in respiration, cognitive sensations &
affective states
C. Disturbances associated w/ Conversion & Dissociative
Phenomena – somatisation of repressed material
1. Hysterical Anesthesia – loss of sensory modalities resulting from
emotional conflicts
2. Macropsia – objects seem larger than what they are
Page 4 of 5
3. Micropsia – smaller B. True Insight – understanding of the objective reality of a
4. Depersonalization – person’s subjective sense of being unreal, situation, coupled w/ the motivation & the emotional impetus to master the
strange or unfamiliar situation
5. Derealization – subjective sense that the environment is C. Impaired Insight – diminished ability to understand the objective
strange/unreal reality of a situation
6. Fugue- taking on a new identity w/ amnesia for the old identity
7. Multiple Personality – 1 person who appears at different times to be 2 JUDGMENT – ability to assess situation correctly & act appropriately in the
or more entirely different personalities situation
8. Dissociation – unconsicious defense mechanism involving the A. Critical Judgment – ability to assess, discern & choose among
segregation of any group of mental or behavioural processess form the various options in a situation
rest of the person’s psychic activity B. Automatic Judgment – reflex performance of an action
C. Impaired Judgment – diminished ability to understand a situation
MEMORY – information stored in the brain is latter related to correctly & to act appropriately
unconsciousness.
ORIENTATION – normal state of oneself & one’s surrounding in terms of
TPP.
A. Disturbances of Memory
1. Amnesia – partial/total inability to recall past experiences
a. Anterograde – after a point in time
b. Retrograde – before a point in time
2. Paramnesia – falsification of memory by distortion of recall
a. Fausse reconnaissance – false recognition
b. Retrospective Falsification – memory becomes unintentionally
distorted
c. Confabulation – unconscious filling of gaps in memory
d. Deja vu – illusion of visual recognition in w/c a new situation is
incorrectly regarded as are petition of a previous memory
e. Deja entendu – illusion of auditory recognition
f. Deja pense – illusion that a new thought is recognized as a
thought previously felt or expressed
g. Jamais vu – false feeling of unfamiliarity w/ a real situation that a
person has experienced
h. False Memory – a pt’s recollection of & belief in, an event that did
not actually occur
3. Hypermnesia – exaggerated degree of retention & recall
4. Eidetic Image – visual memory of almost hallucinatory vividness
5. Screen memory – consciously tolearbly memory covering for a
painful memory
6. Repression – characterized by unconscious forgetting of
unacceptable ideas/ impulses
7. Lethologica – temporary inability to remember a name/a proper
noun
8. Blackout – amnesia experienced by alcoholics about behavior during
drinking bouts
B. Levels of Memory
1. Immediate – reproduction or recall of perceived material w/in seconds
to minutes
2. Recent – recall of events over past few days
3. Recent past – recall of events over past few months
4. Remote – recall of events in distant past

INTELLIGENCE – ability to understand, recall, mobilize, & constructively

integrate previous learning in meeting new situations
A. Mental Retardation – sufficient lack of intelligence
B. Dementia – organic/ global deterioration of intellectual functioning
w/o clouding of consciousness
C. Pseudodementia – clinical features resembling a dementia not
caused by organic condition
D. Concrete Thinking – literal thinking; limited use of metaphor w/o
understanding nuances of meaning
E. Abstract Thinking – ability to appreciate nuances of meaning;
multidimensional thinking

INSIGHT – ability to understand the true cause & meaning of situation

A. Intellectual Insight – understanding of the objective reality of a
set of circumstances w/o the ability to apply the understanding ina any useful
way to master the situation

Page 5 of 5