MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD (1ST SEMESTER- 1A)

1.1

 Pattern is a term used to describe repeating objects or events.

 In Ian Stewart’s book “Nature’s Numbers”, he stated “by using mathematics to
organize and systematize our ideas about patterns, we have discovered a great
secret: nature’s patterns are not just there to be admired, they are vital clues to
the rules that govern natural processes”.
 self-organized patterns which means patterns formed without external
intervention
 invoked organized patterns which means patterns formed with external
intervention

1.2

 Fibonacci sequence is a sequence of numbers in which terms are obtained by

adding the two previous terms in the sequence
 “Fibonacci sequence” was named after an Italian mathematician Leonardo
Pisano Bigollo commonly known as “Leonardo Fibonacci”
 Spiral pattern of seeds in Sunflower; Broccoli; Flower petals

1.3

 Mathematics helps Organize Patterns and Regularities in the World

 Mathematics helps organize these patterns which are clues to uncover the
underlying rules and regularities in the world
 Mathematics helps Predict the Behavior of Nature and Phenomena in the World
 Math does help predict the behavior of nature and phenomena in the world. It is
often desirable to describe the behavior of some reallife system or phenomenon,
whether physical, sociological, or even economic, in mathematical terms.
 The mathematical description of a system of phenomenon is called a
mathematical model and is constructed with certain goals in mind.
 Here are some known mathematical models:  Newton's Laws of Motion 
Electromagnetic Equations  Theory of Relativity  Pythagorean Theorem 
Exponential Growth Model
 Mathematics helps Control Nature and Occurrences in the World for our Own
End
 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD (1ST SEMESTER- 1A)

 Weather forecasting (helps us plan our everyday activities)  Medical trials

(helps us discover new treatments, detect, diagnose and reduce the risk of
disease)  Population growth (helps us prepare the possible effects in economics,
environment and health)
 Mathematics has Numerous Applications in Making it Indispensable

2.1

 According to Dr. Burns, “the language of mathematics makes it easy to express

the kinds of thoughts that mathematicians like to express.
 A number is a mathematical object used to count, quantify, and label another
object. These include the elements of the set of real numbers (ℝ), rational
numbers (ℚ), irrational numbers (ℚ’), integers (ℤ), and natural numbers (ℕ).
 Operation Symbols include addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (x or ),
division ( or /) , and exponentiation (𝑥 𝑛 ), where x is the base and n is the
exponent.
 Relation Symbols include greater than or equal ( ), less than or equal (), equal
( ), not equal ( ), similar (), approximately equal (), and congruent ().
Congruent figures are the same shape and size. Similar figures are the same
shape, but not necessarily the same size. On the other hand, two quantities are
approximately equal when they are close enough in value so the difference is
insignificant in practical terms.
 Grouping Symbols include parentheses ( ), curly brackets or braces { }, or square
brackets [ ]
 Variables are another form of mathematical symbol. These are used when
quantities take different values. These usually include letters of the alphabet.
 Set theory symbols these are those used in the study of sets. These include subset
(  ), union (), intersection (), element (), not element (), and empty set (
)
 Logic symbols include implies (), equivalent (), and (), or (), for all (),
there exists (), and therefore ()
 Statistical symbols include sample mean (𝑥 ), population mean (), median (𝑥 ),
population standard deviation (), summation (  ) and factorial (n!), among
others
 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD (1ST SEMESTER- 1A)

 Mathematical expression (analog of a ‘noun’) defined as a mathematical phrase

that comprises a combination of symbols that can designate numbers (constants),
variables, operations, symbols of grouping and other punctuation. However, this
does not state a complete thought
 A mathematical sentence makes a statement about two expressions. The two
expressions either use numbers, variables, or a combination of both. It uses
symbols or words like equals, greater than, or less than and it states a complete
thought.
 An open sentence is a sentence that uses variables; thus it is not known whether
or not the mathematical sentence is true or false.
 A closed sentence, on the other hand, is a mathematical sentence that is known to
be either true or false.

2.2

 A set is a well-defined collection of distinct objects. The objects in sets can be

anything: numbers, letters, movies, people, animals, etc.
 Each object belonging to a set is called the element or member of the set.
 roster method, the elements of the set are enumerated, separated by a comma (,),
 and enclosed in a pair of braces ({ }).
 The set with no elements is called the empty set or null set and is denoted by ∅ or
{}
 The set with only one element is called the singleton set.
 If a set contains all the elements under consideration, then it is called a universal
set, denoted by 𝑼.
 A set is finite if it consists of a finite number of elements; otherwise, it is infinite
 a relation 𝑅 from set 𝑋 to set 𝑌 is a subset of 𝑋 × �
 The domain of the relation 𝑅, denoted by (𝑅), is the set of all first coordinates in
the ordered pairs which belong to 𝑅.
 The image of the relation 𝑅, denoted by 𝐼(𝑅), is the set of all second coordinates
in the ordered pairs in �
 A binary operation ∗ on 𝑆 is a function from 𝑆 × 𝑆 into 𝑆 such that for 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑆,
we have 𝑥 ∗ 𝑦 for ∗ (𝑥, 𝑦).
 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD (1ST SEMESTER- 1A)

2.3

 A proposition is a declarative sentence that is either true or false, but not both.
 The truth or falsity of a statement is called its truth value.
 Letters are commonly used to denote propositional variables such as p, q, r, and
s.
 Compound propositions are formed by combining one or more existing
propositions using logical operators or connectives
 A compound proposition that is always true, no matter what the truth values are
assigned to its propositions, is called a tautology.
 A compound proposition that is always false is called a contradiction.
 a compound proposition is neither a tautology nor a contradiction, then it is
called a contingency.
 A predicate is a sentence containing variables. For example, “𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟”, “𝑦 + 2 = 10”, and “𝑥 − 𝑦 > 𝑧” are predicates
 . A counterexample is a value assigned to a variable for which the statement is
false
 Quantifiers refer to the amount to which a predicate is true over a particular
domain of discourse or simply, the domain, which is the set of values for which
the statement is defined
 Universal Quantifier; Existential Quantifier
 Negation ; NOT P ~𝑝
 Conjunction : P AND Q 𝑝 ∧ 𝑞
 Disjunction ; P OR Q 𝑝 ∨ 𝑞
 Conditional : IF P, THEN Q 𝑝 → 𝑞
 Biconditional : P IF AND ONLY IF Q 𝑝 ⟷ 𝑞

P Q ~P P^Q PVQ P→Q P⟷Q

T T F T T T T
T F F F T F F
F T T F T T F
F F T F F T T

3.1
 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD (1ST SEMESTER- 1A)

 An argument in propositional logic is a sequence of propositions.

 The premises contain the reasons or the evidence and the conclusion contain the
main claim
 The two basic types of arguments are deductive and inductive arguments
 Deductive argument is an inference having conclusion that proceeds from the
premises with absolute necessity
 The conclusion which is arrived by inductive reasoning is also called conjecture.
 An inductive argument has no touch of validity or invalidity
 Types of Inductive arguments
o A generalization (more accurately, an inductive generalization) proceeds
from a premise about a sample to a conclusion about the population.
o A statistical syllogism proceeds from a generalization to a conclusion
about an individual.
o Simple induction proceeds from a premise about a sample group to a
conclusion about another individual
 A counterexample is a specific case which shows that a conjecture is false

3.2

 A pattern can either be seen physically or it can be observed mathematically by

applying algorithms
 Pattern recognition is the process of recognizing patterns by using machine
learning algorithm. It can be defined as the classification of data based on
knowledge already gained or on statistical information extracted from patterns
and/or their representation
 An ordered list of objects (usually numbers) such as 4, 9, 14, 19, 24, 29, … is
called a sequence
 The numbers in a sequence that are separated by commas are the terms of the
sequence