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Problem 3.2. Stored-double-carry and stored-triple-carry representations

The radix-4 number system using the digit set [0,4] is a stored-carry representation. Use the digit sets
[0,5] and [0,6] to form the radix-4 stored-double-carry and stored-triple carry number systems,
respectively.
a. Find the relevant parameters for carry-free addition in the two systems (i.e., the range of transfer
digits and the comparison constants). Where there is a choice select the best value and justify your
choice.
b. State the advantages (if any) of one system over the other.

Solution:
a. Stored-carry representation
Redundant number systems aims to achieve carry-free addition by dividing the positional sum into
transfer digits and interim sum.
In stored-carry representation for radix-r using digit set [α,β] α=0 and β=r. In this case for radix-4 using
digit set [0,4] here α=0 and β=4.
Given below is the addition of two numbers in stored-carry form with radix-4 using digit set [0,4]

3 2 0 4 3 1 2 4
+ 1 4 3 4 2 3 1 4 Operand digits in [0,4]
___________________________
4 6 3 8 5 4 3 8 Positional sums in [0,8]
| | | | | | | |
0 2 3 0 1 0 3 0 Interim sums in [0,3]
/ / / / / / / /
1 1 0 2 1 1 0 2 Transfer digits in [0,2]
_______________________________
1 1 2 5 1 2 0 5 0 Sum digits in [0,5]
| | | | | | | | |
1 1 2 1 1 2 0 1 0 Interim sums in [0,3]
/ / / / / / / / /
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 Transfer digits in [0,1]
_____________________________
0 1 1 3 1 1 2 1 1 0 Sum digits in [0,4]
Here, the range of transfer digits when chosen to be [0,2] we get the sum of the digits in [0,5] which is
outside the desired digit set [0,4] hence is not the best value to be chosen for the range of transfer digits.

Whereas, when we select transfer digits in the range [0,1] we get the sum of digits in [0,4] which is the
desired result. Therefore, we can say that it is the best range of the transfer digits.

The range of comparison constants is found to be [0,3].

Stored-double-carry representation
In stored-double-carry representation for radix-r using digit set [α,β] α=0 and β=r+1. In this case for
radix-4 using digit set [0,5] here α=0 and β=5.
Here the transfer digits will be in the range[λ,µ] where λ≥ α/(r-1) and µ≥ β /(r-1). So we get the range of
transfer digits to be [0,2] in this case.

SAVIKA SINGHA | 18MVD0063
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Given below is the addition of two numbers in stored-double-carry form with radix-4 using digit set [0,5]

5 2 0 5 3 1 5 4
+ 1 4 3 4 2 3 5 4 Operand digits in [0,5]
___________________________
5 6 3 9 5 4 10 8 Positional sums in [0,10]
| | | | | | | |
1 2 3 1 1 0 2 0 Interim sums in [0,3]
/ / / / / / / /
1 1 0 2 1 1 2 2 Transfer digits in [0,2]
_______________________________
1 2 2 5 2 2 2 4 0 Sum digits in [0,5]

Here, the range of transfer digits is found to be [0,2] and we get the sum of digits in [0,5] which is the
desired result. Therefore, we can say that it is the best range of the transfer digits.
The range of comparison constants is found to be [0,3].

Stored-triple-carry representation
In stored-triple-carry representation for radix-r using digit set [α,β] α=0 and β=r+2. In this case for radix-
4 using digit set [0,5] here α=0 and β=6.
Here the transfer digits will be in the range [λ,µ] where λ≥ α/(r-1) and µ≥ β /(r-1). So we get the range of
transfer digits to be [0,3] in this case.
Given below is the addition of two numbers in stored-triple-carry form with radix-4 digit set [0,6]

3 5 0 4 6 1 4 4
+ 6 4 3 4 6 3 6 5 Operand digits in [0,6]
___________________________
9 9 3 8 12 4 10 9 Positional sums in [0,12]
| | | | | | | |
1 1 3 0 0 0 2 1 Interim sums in [0,3]
/ / / / / / / /
2 2 0 2 3 1 2 2 Transfer digits in [0,3]
_______________________________
2 3 1 5 3 1 2 4 1 Sum digits in [0,6]

Here, the range of transfer digits is found to be [0,3] and we get the sum of digits in [0,6] which is the
desired result. Therefore, we can say that it is the best range of the transfer digits.
The range of comparison constants is found to be [0,3].
b. As illustrated above we can see that the stored-carry representation of radix-4 number system using the
digit set [0,4] although uses a smaller digit set, as compared to stored-double-carry representation of
radix-4 number system using the digit set [0,5] and stored-triple-carry representation of radix-4 number
system using the digit set [0,6], and has less redundancy but it takes two iterations to reach the desired
result.
Hence, the system of representation of radix-4 number system stored-double-carry using the digit set [0,5]
and stored-triple-carry using the digit set [0,6] is advantageous as compared to the stored-carry
representation of radix-4 number system using the digit set [0,4].

SAVIKA SINGHA | 18MVD0063