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SECOND YEAR

HOSPITALITY TOURISM BUSINESS TECHNOLOGY


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What Is Tourism?
Before engaging in a study of tourism, let’s have a closer look at what this term means.

Definition of Tourism
There are a number of ways tourism can be defined, and for this reason, the United
Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) embarked on a project from 2005 to
2007 to create a common glossary of terms for tourism. It defines tourism as follows:

Tourism is a social, cultural and economic phenomenon which entails the movement of
people to countries or places outside their usual environment for personal or
business/professional purposes. These people are called visitors (which may be either
tourists or excursionists; residents or non-residents) and tourism has to do with their
activities, some of which imply tourism expenditure (United Nations World Tourism
Organization, 2008).
Using this definition, we can see that tourism is the movement of people for a number
of purposes (whether business or pleasure).

Definition of Tourist
Building on the definition of tourism, a commonly accepted description of a tourist is
“someone who travels at least 80 km from his or her home for at least 24 hours, for
business or leisure or other reasons” (LinkBC, 2008, p.8). The United Nations World
Tourism Organization (1995) helps us break down this definition further by stating
tourists can be:

Domestic (residents of a given country travelling only within that country)


Inbound (non-residents travelling in a given country)
Outbound (residents of one country travelling in another country)
The scope of tourism, therefore, is broad and encompasses a number of activities.

NAICS: The North American Industry Classification System

Given the sheer size of the tourism industry, it can be helpful to break it down into
broad industry groups using a common classification system. The North American
Industry Classification System (NAICS) was jointly created by the Canadian, US, and
Mexican governments to ensure common analysis across all three countries (British
Columbia Ministry of Jobs, Tourism and Skills Training, 2013a). The tourism-
related groupings created using NAICS are (in alphabetical order):

1. Accommodation
2. Food and beverage services (commonly known as “F & B”)
3. Recreation and entertainment
4. Transportation
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5. Travel services
These industry groups are based on the similarity of the “labour processes and inputs”
used for each (Government of Canada, 2013). For instance, the types of employees and
resources required to run an accommodation business — whether it be a hotel, motel,
or even a campground — are quite similar. All these businesses need staff to check
in guests, provide housekeeping, employ maintenance workers, and provide a place for
people to sleep. As such, they can be grouped together under the heading of
accommodation. The same is true of the other four groupings, and the rest of this text
explores these industry groups, and other aspects of tourism, in more detail. 

The Hospitality Industry

When looking at tourism it’s important to consider the term hospitality. Some define
hospitality as “the business of helping people to feel welcome and relaxed and to enjoy
themselves” (Discover Hospitality, 2015, ¶ 3). Simply put, the hospitality industry is
the combination of the accommodation and food and beverage groupings, collectively
making up the largest segment of the industry. You’ll learn more about
accommodations and F & B in Chapter 3 and Chapter 4, respectively.

Why tourism planning is important

Tourism planning should be an integral part of any destination’s tourism development

plan in order to achieve the best results and satisfy all stakeholders. Tourism planning

is key to maintaining sustainable tourism and whilst some destinations do this very

well, others (often developing countries), fail the recognise the importance of effective

tourism development planning.

In this post I will explain why tourism planning is so important and recommend some

literature for further reading on this topic. This information on tourism planning

should be helpful to a number of tourism stakeholders, including business

entrepreneurs, Government bodies and tourism workers. It is also useful for those

studying travel and tourism as well as those who have a general interest in the

subject. For an introduction to the concept of tourism policy and planning visit this

post- ‘The different levels of tourism policy and planning‘. 


What is tourism planning?

Tourism development refers to the growth and maintenance of the tourism industry in

a given locality. And, of course, tourism planning is a very important part of this.


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On a basic level, tourism development can be defined as creating strategies and plans

to increase/develop/encourage tourism for a destination. The fundamental reason


behind planning and implementing strategies for developing the tourism sector is

primarily to make money and to subsequently increase the GDP of a country/area.

You might also be interested in my post- ‘What is tourism? A definition of tourism‘ 

Tourism development consists of many elements including, but not limited to:

developing and managing private-public partnerships, assessing the competitors to

gain competitive advantage, ensuring responsible and sustainable development,

viewing tourism as an interconnected system and a demand-driven sector, assessing

private sector investment and international cooperation, tourism clustering and

involvement by the Government.

ccording to Williams cited in Mason (2003);  

‘The aim of modern planning is to seek optimal solutions to perceived problems and

that it is designed to increase and, hopefully maximise development benefits, which

will produce predictable outcomes’.

And Getz (1987) cited in Pearce (1989) defines tourism planning as;

“A process, based on research and evaluation, which seeks to optimise the potential

contribution of tourism to human welfare and environmental quality”


Basic stages in tourism development planning

Tourism development planning is no simple task and there are many variables to

consider. There are also different levels of tourism planning and policy. Fortunately,

destinations can learn lessons from other areas which have been successful or

otherwise. Take for example, over dependence on tourism in Egypt as I explain in this

post- Why Unpaid Business is Better than No Business: The Case of the Egyptian

Boatman. It is also worthwhile to look at the tourism policies of similar

destinations. Some strong examples include Jamaica and Cape Town.

On a basic level, the main stages in tourism development planning include: the

analysis of previous tourist development; evaluation of the position of tourism in the

area including competition; formulation of relevant tourism policy by Government; the

defining of a development strategy and the formation of a programme of action.


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The benefits of tourism development

Tourism development planning enables a range of benefits to all stakeholders involved,

for example:
 It increases income and jobs from tourist spending
 It helps preserve cultural and natural heritage for tourists
 It increases understanding of other cultures
 It builds new facilities such as sewage for whole communities or new roads

You might also be interested in my post- ‘Best Universities In The UK To Study Travel

and Tourism‘
The costs of tourism development

There are also some costs which must be considered and planned for, which include:
 Costs of implementing tourist facilities can be costly
 The environment can be destructed to make room for hotels etc. to be built
 Social standards may be undermined e.g. topless women in Dubai
 The natural environment may be polluted
Formulating an approach to tourism policy and planning

There are six ‘golden rules’ that should be applied when formulating an approach to

tourism planning and policy, as outlined by Inskeep (1991).

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1.

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Goal
oriented

Clear recognition of tourism’s role in achieving broad national and community goals
1. Integrative

Incorporating tourism policy and planning into the mainstream of planning for the

economy, land use and infrastructure, conservation and environment


1. Market driven

Planning for tourism development that trades successfully in a competitive global

marketplace
1. Resource driven

Developing tourism which build on the destination’s inherent strengths whilst

protecting and enhancing the attributes and experiences of current tourism assets
1. Consultative

Incorporating the wider community attitudes, needs and wants to determine what is

acceptable to the population


1. Systematic

Drawing on primary or secondary research to provide conceptual or predictive support

for planners including the experiences of other tourism destinations


You might also be interested in my post- ‘What is ‘begpacking’ and why is it so bad?’
Why tourism planning is important

Tourism planning really can make or break a destination. If done well, it can ensure
the longevity of the tourism industry in the area, take good care of the environment,

have positive economic outcomes and a positive benefit to the community.

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What are the consequences of having a lack of tourism planning or poor tourism
planning? • The consequences of having a lack of tourism planning or poor tourism
planning is that the tourism industry is unorganized, the tourist does not take the
opportunity to travel, the numbers of tourists decrease. and profits decrease.

A. PHYSICAL IMPACTS • Damage or permanent alteration of the physical environment


• Damage or permanent alteration of the historical/cultural landmarks and resources •
Overcrowding and congestion • Pollution • Traffic problems
20. B. HUMAN IMPACTS • Less accessibility to services and tourist attractions for local
residents resulting in local resentment • Dislike of tourist by local residents • Loss of
cultural identities • Lack of education of tourism employees in skills and hospitality •
Lack of awareness of the benefits of tourism to the destination area.
21. C. MARKETING IMPACTS • Failure to capitalize on new marketing opportunities. •
Erosion of market shares due to the actions of competitive destination area. • Lack of
sufficient awareness in prime markets • Lack of clear image of destination area in
potential markets. • Lack of cooperative advertising among individual operators •
Inadequate capitalization in packaging opportunities.
22. D. ORGANIZATIONAL IMPACTS • Fragmental approach to the marketing and
development of tourism, often involving “competitive splinter groups”. • Lack of
cooperation among individual operators. • Inadequate representation of the tourism
industry’s interests. • Lack of support from local public authorities. • Failure to act on
important issues, problems and opportunities of common interest to the industry.
23. E. OTHER IMPACTS • Lack of sufficient attractions and events. • High seasonality
and short lengths of stay. • Poor or deteriorating quality of facilities and services. •
Poor or inadequate travel information services.

TOURISM PLANNING IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES • In general planning for tourists is


less difficult in developed countries than it is in developing ones. • Planning is
important and should provide a quality environment for both tourists and residents. •
The planning process for tourism development is the same as in city or regional
planning. Most problems involve policy decisions on alternative land uses for the
health and welfare of the citizens.
25. • In countries with less control over the economic sector, guidelines and
ordinances can restrict private development to prescribed areas, while in others, all
development can be directed by the central government. • Target countries or states
can be identified as potential tourist generators through research and market analysis.
Proper planning include government assistance in direct advertising to attract tourist.
26. • In developed countries, planning and construction of infrastructure facilities is a
must particularly in areas that do not have them. For regions that have existing
infrastructure, the planning process should include alternatives to improve or further
develop it.
27. TOURISM IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES • Tourism is important in bringing the
much needed foreign currency for developing countries. Mexico and Spain for example
have benefited very much from tourism. • Other advantages are increased employment
opportunities and the development of infrastructure. Roads, water and sewage systems
provided for tourists also help local industries.
28. • Planning in developing countries should consider the cultural impact of| tourism
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on the area. Many times the culture may be so fragile that tourism can greatly
influence it particularly in developing countries. • In a developing society, people tend
to adopt the lifestyle of the tourists changing their clothing, food and other customs. In
this way the local culture is greatly influenced or altered.
29. BARRIERS TO PLANNING The following are the barriers to tourism planning and
the problems associated with it. 1. Many people are against planning in principle,
particularly within the free-enterprise system. Many businessmen view tourism
planning as an encroachment into their domain and are skeptical of its real value.
30. Classification of Travelers Based on Personality – Psychocentrics – Allocentrics
Based on the Purpose of Travel – Regular Business Traveler – Business Traveler
attending meetings, conventions and congresses – Incentive Travelers Pleasure
Travelers – Resort Travelers – Family pleasure travelers – The elderly – Singles and
couples
31. Based on Personality: Psychocentrics @ people who are centered on self, are
inhibited and unadventuresome @ they have the strong desire for consistency and the
familiar Allocentrics @ people having interest and attention on the other persons, are
highly curious and thrive on stimulation and change @ they have a strong need for
variety and new experiences

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