Quarter 2 / Final Module Marinduque Academy, Inc.: Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction

Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction
MARINDUQUE ACADEMY, INC. QUARTER 2 / FINAL Module
Here’s a map of the Philippines. Study and remember by heart the regions and
provinces and their location in the map.
Regions of the Philippines

SOURCE: https://asiapacific.anu.edu.au/mapsonline/base-maps/regions-philippines
1
LESSON 5
Rainfall-Induced Geologic Hazards
What are you expected to know, do, and value?

At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:
(1) Analyze and explain the causes of rainfall-induced geological hazards:
landslides and sinkholes;
(2) Recognize signs of impending geological hazards;
(3) Interpret geological maps; and,
(4) Apply mitigation strategies to prevent loss of lives and properties
What do you need to know?
Landslide
A landslide, also called “landslip”, is a ground movement on a sloping
terrain. Because of the angle on the ground, gravity induces the land to move
downward. The hazard of landslides can be
induced further or aggravated by rain. Areas
with tropical climates such as the Philippines
experience prolonged rains especially during the
wet season.
A high vulnerability to rainfall-induced
landslide hazards is characterized by areas with
steep slope, dense population, and denuded
ground. Without plants and trees whose roots
can absorb water and hold the soil together,
subsequent rainwater can continue to loosen up
the soils that anchor the buildings. Eventually, Landlide is Brgy. Bocboc caused by
a heavy downpour of rain can quickly destroy heavy rainfall (October, 2020)
SOURCE:
these buildings and communities, giving way https://www.facebook.com/bryan.man
to landslides, mudslides, mudflows. oy.9/posts/3811944508838355
Sinkholes
Sinkholes are depression or
holes on the ground that resulted
from the collapse of the surface
layer of the soil. It occurs in areas
where the soil foundation is made
of soft minerals and rocks such
as limestone, salt beds, or any
acidic rock.
The collapse of the ground
can also be triggered by any type Sinkhole in San Nicolas, Batangas
of land movement that cause SOURCE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=dlDpZp2QXnY
vibrations such as earthquakes,
volcanic activities, and even human development activities such as construction
2
and industrial activities. Most of the new sinkholes recently discovered are
linked to land-use practices, especially groundwater pumping (poso), ground
excavation, and land development. It should be noted that sinkholes are
natural formations that serve as an underground basin or a reservoir of water.
Because of alteration of land, the natural water drainage is sometimes changed
as well, such that new water diversion is formed creating a new sinkhole.
Signs of Impending Landslides or Sinkholes

For landslides:
1. Springs, water seepage, or water saturated grounds in areas that are not
typically wet
2. Soil that loosens and moves away from foundations
3. New cracks or unusual bulges on cemented ground or walls
4. Underground utility lines that are broken due to vibrations or tremors
from the surface of the ground
5. Buildings, poles, walls and fences are leaning (humahapay)
6. Sudden rapid flow of creek waters carrying more silted water [silt:
sediment]
For Sinkholes:
1. Groundwater that does not provide the same amount and quality as
before or has become cloudy, acidic, silted, or soiled
2. Sign posts or poles that are suddenly leaning, slumping, sagging,
slanting, or bent
3. Ponds that have recently formed or puddles that grow or have never
disappeared.
PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES IN CASE OF A LANDSLIDE OR A SINKHOLE
Landslides
If you are prone to landslides:
1. Plant more trees, grasses, and other vegetation to prevent soil erosion and
for compaction of soil.
2. Build channels for diversion of mudflow or debris flow to direct the flow
away from your property. However, make sure that the diversion does not
affect any neighbor or any property and/ or cause more significant
damage as a result.
3. Do not build your house on or near steep slopes, mountain edges,
drainages, or natural erosion valleys.
Before a Landslide:
1. Be familiar with your surroundings. Watch for any changes in appearance
or positions of these objects. When there is a sudden debris flow, this
could be a good indicator of an incoming landslide.
2. Avoid open storm-water drainage and run-off as these areas are likely to
receive debris and soil from higher elevations, especially when there is a
storm or heavy rainfall.
3. Be updated on news regarding the condition of your area. Be aware of the
disaster plans of your local government.
3
4. Learn and participate in emergency response and evacuation plans for

your community.
During a Landslide:
1. Be attentive to unusual sounds such as cracking objects, moving debris,
and rolling boulders.
2. Stay away from the path of debris. This is more dangerous if mudflow
occurs because it increases in strength as it meets more water from
ponds or streams and it could be aggravated (palalalain) by heavy rain.
3. Stay on elevated (mataas) and sturdy (matatag) area. Avoid low-lying
areas and steep slopes.
4. If escape is not possible, curl into a tight ball and protect your head.
Find a structure that can serve to protect you from the flow of debris.
After a Landslide:
1. Avoid the slide area. There is still danger of more landslides.
2. Listen for the latest emergency information. Follow warnings and
instructions by the local government.
3. If the landslide is caused by rainfall, watch out for flooding as it will follow
the same path taken by the debris flow.
4. Check for injured or trapped people near the slide, and for damaged
structures and other potential hazards. Report these immediately to the
rescuers or authorities.
Sinkholes
If sinkholes are not detected earlier and it appears suddenly, do
the following:
1. Find refuge in a stable ground or open area.
2. Wait until the structures on and around the sinkhole stops moving. Do
not attempt to go back and retrieve your belongings.
3. Wait for the local government’s announcement when it is safe to go back.
After a Sinkhole’s Appearance

1. Stay away from the sinkholes.
2. Monitor the damages on objects. For example, if the crack gets longer and
wider, the sinkhole may still be enlarging.
3. Do not throw anything into the sinkhole. Anything thrown into it may
contaminate the groundwater.
4. Secure whatever is left of your properties and relocate to safe grounds,
preferably far from this location because the same bedrock or soil profile
may characterize the vicinities of the sinkhole.
How much have you learned?
Checkpoint. Turn your module to page 23 and accomplish the task.
4
Marinduque is on the top of the most landslide prone

provinces in the Philippines.
SOURCE: http://philippinegeographic.blogspot.com/2013/08/top-10-most-landslide-prone-provinces.html
5
LESSON 6
Hydro-meteorological Hazards
1. Distinguish and differentiate among and between different hydro-
meteorological hazards
2. Interpret different hydro meteorological hazard maps
3. Recognize signs of impending hydro-meteorological hazards
4. Value the importance of appropriate measures/ interventions before, during,
and after hydro-meteorological hazards
The geographic location of the Philippines does not only pose

geological threats but also hydro-meteorological hazards. The Philippines
in the Northern Hemisphere, which is above the equator. The area near the
equator, known as the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), is where
trade winds meet. Trade winds flow in opposite directions and this is the
reason that strong swirling of winds happens.
Hydro-meteorological Hazards are dangers associated with the natural

processes or phenomena involved in the transfer of water and energy between
the land surface and the lower atmosphere. The energy and water release from
one area to another causes impacts that may be challenging to communities
living within the vicinity of the occurrence. Among the hazards associated with
these are typhoons, thunderstorms, flash floods, floods, storm surges,
tornadoes, El Niño and La Niña.
Typhoons
Typhoons or bagyo are intense circulating winds with heavy rain over
tropical waters and land. Typhoons are actually tropical cyclones whose winds
have reached more than 118 kilometers per hour, which is why it is described
as “intense”.
As a background, tropical cyclones in the Philippines usually begins on
the surface of the warm northwestern portion of the Pacific Ocean. The increase
in temperature and humidity can induce the trade winds in the atmosphere to
spiral as it moves from a higher pressure area to a lower pressure area. The
energy of the swirling movement can strengthen as it moves westward.
Depending on the speed of the wind, tropical cyclones are recently classified in
the table below:
6
The track of Typhoon Quinta (Molave) which passed through Southern Luzon including
Marinduque last October, 2020
SOURCE: https://www.rappler.com/nation/weather/typhoon-quinta-pagasa-forecast-
october-26-2020-11am
In some cases, winds do not develop and just naturally dissipate before
reaching land.
If typhoons make a landfall, they usually lose their energy. The large
mass of land, especially terrains characterized by mountains and slopes, breaks
up the pressure of the cyclone. Typhoons also weaken when they enter a cooler
and drier environment because they come from warm, moist tropical air.
The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services
Administration (PAGASA) monitors the behavior of the cyclones as they
approach Philippine territory. There are now five public storm warning signals
(PSWS) established by PAGASA. Table 1.2 presents the descriptions of the
warning signals, the impacts of the winds, and the precautionary measures for
each signal number.
UPDATED TROPICAL CYCLONE CLASSIFICATIONS

TROPICAL DEPRESSION Winds of up to 61 kph
TROPICAL STORM Winds of up to 62 to 88 kph
SEVERE TROPICAL STORM Winds of up to 89 to 117 kph
TYPHOON Winds of up 118 to 220 kph
SUPER TYPHOON Winds exceeding 220 kph
Table 1.1 Updated Tropical Cyclone Classifications
7
PAGASA’s REVISED STORM WARNING SYSTEM

(as of May, 2015)
SIGNAL NO. 1 Winds of 30 to 60 kph in the next 24 hours
SIGNAL NO. 5 Winds of more than 220 kph in the next 12 hours
Table 1.2 PAGASA’s Revised Storm Warning System
Thunderstorm
A thunderstorm, also known as electrical storm, is a storm characterized
by heavy rain with the presence of thunder and lightning. Thunderstorms may
not have strong winds in contrast with typhoons. Thunderstorms happen
because there is an uneven distribution of heat in the air and on land. The heat
from the surface of Earth flows upward and the cold air from the atmosphere
sinks to the ground. This transfer of heat is a natural process and it can make
the air unstable. If the rising warm air becomes rapid with the presence of
moisture, thunderstorms take place. Thus, warm air and moisture are key
factors in the formation of thunderstorms.
Thunderstorms usually happen in summer because of the atmosphere’s
high humidity and high temperature. The lightning comes from the separation
of charged particles in the clouds. The collision of water droplets in the clouds
due to rising moisture breaks away the electrons (negatively charged particles),
and these are gathered in the lower portion of the clouds. The upper portion of
the clouds, on the other hand, becomes positively charged. When the clouds are
close to the ground and pick up a positively charged object, an electric current
is produced. Sometimes, the voltage is so high because of the large amount of
heat produced. The very rapid expansion of the local air results in
reverberations of thunder.
The hazard in thunderstorms is associated with the following:
 Heavy rainfall that can lead to flooding;
 Lightning that can electrocute humans and livestock and damage
electrical facilities;
 Air turbulence which can displace or disorient a flying aircraft; and
 Air that can burn buildings and vegetation
Flood
A flood is the presence of
excessive water on a supposedly
dry land. It can be caused by
continuous heavy rain or poor
drainage. Usually, low-lying
areas are prone to flooding
because they receive all the
water coming from higher
elevations. Flashflood in the Poblacion of Mogpog last November 1,
In densely populated 2020 SOURCE:
https://www.facebook.com/ManilaStandardPH/posts/508
areas, flooding may become a 5188191492120
problem because of limited
8
spaces. Crowding of structures and people may aggravate drainage issues

leading to more serious problems such as the following:
 Disruption of commercial and industrial operations leading to loss
of income
 Stand-still traffic causing paralysis in network transportation and
communication
 Displacement of properties resulting from corrosion and water
intrusion
 Waterborne diseases such as leptospirosis and typhoid fever
Flash Flood
A flash flood is a rapid flow of water on saturated soil or dry soil or any
foundation that has poor absorption capability. This usually takes place in
slopes such as mountains, volcanoes, and waterways where the peak of
maximum force takes place downstream. Flash floods are usually caused by
extensive rainfall but can also be induced by man-made structures such as
water overflows from a dam. Low-lying areas or those along the slopes are most
prone to flash floods. The intensity, speed, and volume of water gushing down
the slopes can drown people and damage the structures along its path.
Storm Surge (Daluyong)

A storm surge is an abnormal rise in coastal waters due to massive force
from the sea or from the air above the sea. Storm surges can be caused by a
strong typhoon or a sea quake. The force from the strong winds of a typhoon or
from the movement of sea bottom from a quake push the seawaters towards the
shore. Storm surges can instantly flood coastal areas. The accumulation of
water can reach into the hinterland (surrounding areas) and may cause more
flooding in low-lying inland. If the coast is shallow, storm surges can be
disastrous. Storm surges can also be aggravated by the occurrence of high tide.
In this case, surge height is higher and can wipe out more structures on the
shore.
Tornado and Whirlwind (Buhawi at Ipu-ipo)

A tornado is a rapidly rotating column of air that is in contact with the
air and land. Its rotational movement is so violent that it can pick up objects
from the ground and sling them away at far places.
According to PAGASA (2011), an average of 12-24 tornadoes hit the
country every year, mostly occurring in flat terrains such as Mindanao and
Central Luzon, especially Nueva Ecija and Bulacan. Tornadoes form when there
are strong winds and low thunderstorm clouds. As the warm air on the ground
comes in contact with the thunderstorm clouds, a cyclonic, counterclockwise
motion happens. Tornadoes belong to the major (or greater) category of
whirlwinds that have bigger and stronger cyclonic winds. Because of the funnel-
like swirl of winds, tornadoes can destroy structures and uproot trees. However,
in most cases, tornadoes occur in the country dissipate or are too weak to do
any major damage.
9
Temperature Changes in Global Climate Systems
El Niño
The El Niño phenomenon refers to the large-scale warming of the ocean
and atmosphere across the central and east-central Equatorial Pacific. This
event begins with the heating up of the Pacific Ocean near the equator. Trade
winds in the ITCZ would move the heated waters westward toward Southeast
Asia, including the Philippines while some global winds blow the warmer waters
and air toward the western portion of the Americas. In effect, the winter seasons
of Canada and the western portions of the United States become warmer than
the average temperatures. In like manner, warming takes place in the
Philippines during the cold season of December.
La Niña
La Niña begins in the eastern part of the Pacific Ocean, much similar to
the location of El Niño. The sea surface temperatures during this period become
lower by 3 – 5 degrees Celsius. Cyclones formed during this time shift westward
going to the direction of China. In effect, the Philippines is affected by the
excessive rainfall and cold temperatures.
Tools for Monitoring Hydro-meteorological Hazards
1. Doppler RADAR is used to measure important weather parameters such

as amount of rainfall and direction, speed and intensity of winds. These
data are used to forecast weather conditions and upcoming typhoon
weeks before the occurrence.
2. Automated Rain Gauge is usually installed in telecommunication cell
sites and locate areas with excessive amount of rainfall. This is used to
detect possible flooding and flash floods.
Natural Sign of Impending Hydro-meteorological Hazards

Most of the hydro-meteorological hazards can be heard seconds before
they reach your area. Rumbling sounds usually indicate the coming of a
tornado, flash floods, and storm surges
Clouds are also good indicator of a weather disturbance. They indicate

certain weather events. If a typhoon is coming, the direction if cloud movement
shows the destination of an upcoming typhoon.
Appropriate Measures Before, During, and After Hydro-meteorological

Hazards
Before Any Hydro-meteorological Hazard

1. Store enough food, drinking water, and medicine. Foods that require little
or no preparation and do not easily spoil are ideal.
10
2. Have a working flashlight, spare batteries, candles, and matches ready.

Electric power may be cut off by hazard or by the authorities as a safety
precaution.
3. Meet will all members of your family and make plans for evacuation to a
higher or safer ground especially if you live in a low-lying area or near a
coast, river, or creek.
4. Reinforce the roofs, windows, and structural supports or foundations of
your house to withstand strong winds or water current. Make sure your
roofs are securely held, and that there are no leaks.
5. Transfer valuables, appliances, and furniture to a higher ground
especially if your place is flood-prone.
6. Participate in clean-up activities to clear waterways such as canals,
ditches, creeks, streams, and rivers of wastes or garbage.
7. Remove dead or rotting trees and branches that may fall and can be
carried away by water current.
During Any Hydro-meteorological Hazard

1. If there is no advice to evacuate, stay indoors. Keep calm and do not got
to isolated or open areas.
2. Listen to weather updates by PAGASA and advisories by the NDRRMC. If
the electricity is out, use battery-powered radios.
3. If you see any signs of water rising, unplug any electrical equipment and
switch off the main circuit breaker or fuse box.
4. Move to a safer ground or evacuate as advised by local authorities. Wear
protective clothing as you move to the evacuation site.
5. Bring basic necessities such as food, drinking water, extra clothes, and
medicines to the evacuation site.
6. Beware of open electrical cables that can electrocute when these come in
contact with water. Power surges from lightning can cause serious
damage.
7. Do not go near windows and doors.
After Any Hydro-meteorological Hazard

1. Wait for any announcements from local authorities as to whether it is safe
to return home or not. Listen to weather updates or advisories from local
authorities. Get information on which areas are still not passable or
accessible and avoid going to these places until cleared of any
obstructions.
2. Report fallen power lines or cracked roads to local authorities.
3. Check your house for any damage and do needed repairs immediately. If
your house is heavily damaged, leave the area immediately. Do not go
back until it has been examined and declared safe by a professional
engineer or architect.
4. Watch out for live wives or any electrical outlet immersed in water. Have a
licensed electrician or a knowledgeable person inspect electrical
connections and appliances before you use them.
5. Boil water before drinking as it may be contaminated.
11
LESSON 7
Fire Hazards
1. Recognize and identify elements of the fire triangle in different situations
2. Analyze and explain the different causes of fires
3. Determine the various degrees of burns
4. Value the importance of appropriate measures and proper procedure in
addressing a fire incident

Fires can be devastating. They lead to property loss, injuries,
environmental damage, and sometimes deaths. It is therefore essential that
everyone has safety knowledge in the prevention of fires and preparedness in
dealing with them.
Fire is produced by the process of rapid oxidation of any material

resulting in burning. Oxidation means that oxygen molecules interact with
different substances in the environment,
making it unstable and thus creating a
reaction. When burning happens, heat,
light, and other reaction products are
released.
Fire Triangle is a model that shows

the three essential components that when
present together can start a fire and
sustain it – fuel, heat, and oxygen. Fire Triangle
Source:
https://www.sc.edu/ehs/training/Fire/01
Causes of Fire _triangle.htm
1. Natural – those that result from natural hazards such as lightning and
volcanic activities.
2. Man-made – those caused by human or machine errors; faulty electrical
wirings, unattended ignition sources, thrown cigarettes, flammable
substances at home and gasoline leaks from vehicles.
Classification of Burns
Burns are tissue injuries caused by heat, electricity, radiation, or
chemicals. They can cause pain, swelling, blistering, scarring, and, in severe
cases, even death. Burns can also lead to infections because the damaged skin
can no longer act as barrier against harmful microorganisms.
12
1. First – degree Burns. The outer layer (epidermis) is affected. Because the
damage is slight, the person is still able to function well with tolerable
pain. The area that is burned is red and dry without any blisters.
2. Second – degree Burns. The
depth of burn has reached into
the dermis in this degree. Because
of the severity, this part of the
skin may not function anymore.
Blisters are usually the first sign
of second-degree burns. The fluid
beneath the skin spreads until the
epidermis falls away, opening the
dermis to the outside
environment. When this happens,
the function of the skin to retain
fluid and heat, and block
infection, no longer happens. Classification of Burns
Burns also can reach nerve Source:
https://www.homeopathyworks.com/blog/
endings, which is why second- suffered-a-burn-homeopathy-can-help/
degree burns are painful.
3. Third – degree Burns. The epidermis, dermis, and the underlying fat
tissue are damaged. This is the most serious burn. The muscle and even
the bone may be affected. Aside from the loss of function of the skin in
terms of protection, and fluid and heat retention, many nerve cells die
such that the victim may no longer feel anything. The burnt area of the
skin may appear white or charred.
Basic Response Procedure during Fire Incidents

When there is a fire breakout, two hazards need to be dealt with: fire and
smoke. In most cases, smoke is the primary cause of fatalities due to
suffocation. A thick smoke makes escape difficult not only because it covers the
pathway; it also irritates the eye and disrupts breathing.
Here are some tips on what you can do in case of building fires:
1. Find an area where smoke has not yet reached. If there is a lot of smoke,
stay low and crawl on your hands and knees. Smoke naturally rises or
tends to fill the topmost portion of an enclosed area.
2. Do not panic as this will keep you disoriented and make you lose your
focus.
3. Evacuate the area or room by going to the nearest exit. If you are not
familiar with the building’s lay-out, follow the arrows or directions that
lead to the exit.
4. While evacuating the room, leave it closed to prevent the entry of smoke.
Do not lock the door to allow others to escape in the same route or
passage.
5. If you can, assist people with special needs, but do not carry them
downstairs. Going down with a load may impede an immediate passage.
Notify emergency personnel if you know or suspect someone is still inside
the building.
6. Do not use elevators. Use the stairs to get out of the building.
7. Do not attempt to go back inside the building until it has been declared
safe by the fire department.
13
If your clothes catch fire:

1. Do not panic or run.
2. Do the stop, drop, and roll method. Stop immediately or stay where you
are. Running will make the fire worse as the fire will grow with added
oxygen. Drop to the ground and cover your face with your hands. Then
roll over back and forth until the fire has been put out.
If assisting people who are burnt

1. Do not attempt to remove the clothing. In second – to third – degree
burns, clothes may stick to the skin, and removing the clothes may
aggravate the injury and expose the skin more to infection. If clean cotton
cloth or gauze is available, use it to carefully cover the burned area.
2. Do not attempt to treat a third-degree burn on your own. Bring the burn
victim to the hospital or call for medical assistance immediately. While
help is on its way, elevate the burned part above the level of the victim’s
heart. Do not undress the victim, and do not move clothing that was
stuck to the burn.
3. Do not soak or immerse burns in cold water, apply ice or ice water, or
apply ointment. Do not put butter or oil directly on the burned area. Do
not break blisters that form over the burn. Burns are open wounds that
require aeration for faster healing. Cold water may temporarily stop
bleeding and reduce some pain, but it can extend the damage of the burnt
area. These things may cause more damage to the burned parts.
4. Check vital signs such as breathing and blood circulation.
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) might be necessary.
Fire Emergency and Evacuation Plans

The key element to a successful and effective fire emergency response
plan is to make sure it is accessible to all concerned people. Training and drills
should be conducted regularly for everyone to be familiar with the emergency
procedure. Here are some basic guidelines in preparing a fire emergency plan:
1. The contact number of government agencies such as the local fire
department should be known.
2. The occupants of the building should know how and where to report
an emergency. The proper authority will know how to assess the
situation and address it.
3. Occupants of the building should be made aware of emergency routes
and exits.
4. All operators should be reminded of safe shutdown procedure for
equipment and facilities to prevent any damage or additional hazard.
5. All written emergency plans should always be updated, maintained,
and tried on a regular basis.
6. A building’s emergency evacuation layout plan should be posted
conspicuously to constantly remind the members of the building of the
proper procedure for emergencies.
14
LESSON 8
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
1. Discuss the key concepts, principles, and elements of DRRM
2. Recognize the importance of DRRM
3. Discuss different community-based practices for managing disaster risk
to specific hazards
4. Prepare survival kits and materials for one’s family and for public
information and advocacy (long range task; individual commitment
needed)
Concept of Disaster Risk Reduction and Management

Hazards can be prevented (maiwasan) or mitigated (mabawasan).
Disaster risk reduction and management (DRRM0 is a systematic approach to
identifying, assessing, and implementing strategies and plans that aims to
reduce the damage caused by natural hazards. If disaster risk is reduced, the
probability of a hazard event becoming a disaster is small.
DRRM includes the concepts of mitigating and preparing for the adverse
impacts of hazards, reducing vulnerabilities to hazards, wise management of
land and the environment, and increasing disaster resilience of communities.
The United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction

The United Nations (UN) General Assembly created the United Nations
International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) in 1999 as part of the
UN Secretariat. UNISDR aims to guide and coordinate the efforts of a wide range
of partners to achieve substantive reduction in disaster losses and build
resilient nations and communities as an essential condition for sustainable
development. Among its objectives are the following: climate change
adaptation; increasing investment in DRRM; building disaster-resilient
cities, schools, and hospitals; and strengthening the international system
for DRRM.
Importance of DRRM
15
Asia and the Pacific are identified to have the most number and highest
frequency of disaster impact. According to the Asian Development Bank (2014),
more than half of the world’s deaths and losses occurred in Asia-Pacific region
between 1970 and 2012, and this accounted for 43% of the total global
socioeconomic losses.
DRRM should be given utmost priority in the Philippines because of the
following reasons:
1. The Philippines, by virtue of its geographical location, is exposed to
numerous geological and hydro-meteorological hazards. To lower the
risks of disasters brought by these natural hazards, it is important
that a DRRM be in place.
2. The Philippines, being a developing country, may not have enough
materials and support to address the immediate needs of disaster
victims and to recover from the damage of the disaster. To be prepared
for the potential damage of disasters, a DRRM needs to be
implemented.
3. DRRM is essential in building a more equitable and sustainable future
for the communities in high risk areas for disasters.
The involvement of everyone in implementing the DRRM from planning to

implementation is imperative so that during the time of a hazard event, each
person knows exactly his or her role and function.
Key Principles of DRRM

The key principles of DRRM justify why certain changes have to be made
(if any) and explain the urgency of creating a DRRM plan.
1. Development can either increase or decrease disaster risk.
2. DRRM policies, laws, and regulations will not save lives unless
implemented in communities.
3. The community is the front line of disaster risk management.
4. DRRM is not a stand-alone activity. It considers the network that
connects communities internally and externally.
5. The main objective of DRRM is to build a resilient community.
Elements of DRRM Plans

A DRRM plan covers all stages of development from planning all the way
to execution. It also incorporates feedback, recommendations, and guidance
taken from various sectors of the society. It is a cyclic process of updating
information and plans to make the DRRM more specific and suitable to the
community.
1. Assessment and analysis

a. Hazard profile – likelihood, frequency, severity, warning, and like
impacts of hazards
b. Vulnerability of area – exposure of the community to the
identified hazard and how they could be affected
c. Capacity of the community – identification of all available and
accessible facilities and services
2. Design
a. Issued identified during the analysis;
b. Identification of responsibility, priorities, and competencies of
individuals and institutions or agencies carrying out the task;
16
c. Identification of other programs and strategies that may

complement, add, or duplicate with other programs;
d. Potential partners, allies, and networks; and,
e. Source of funding and its restrictions.
3. Results of Implementation – Implementing the DRRM plan is usually
in the form of a drill. Regular implementation is important because
new conditions or unforeseen situations always arise in communities
because of dynamism. The outcome of the implementation should be
properly and accurately documented so that any necessary changes in
the DRRM design can be made immediately.
Community-based DRRM
A community-based DRRM is essential to develop, implement, and
maintain an effective early warning system in a hazard-prone community.
Through community preparedness plan, the community is informed and trained
on how to prepare for hazard events and emergencies. For an effective
community preparedness plan, communities need to be actively involved in it.
The key components of a community-based preparedness plan are:

I. Community Profile
A. Identification of vulnerable communities
B. Manpower
a. Experts conducting risk assessment
b. Rescue team
i. Search and Rescue
ii. Medical Assistance
iii. Relief distribution
c. Relational connectivity with local authorities, NGOs, etc.
II. Physical Infrastructure

III. Risk Assessment
IV. Early Warning Systems
V. Emergency Response Protocol
A. Search and Rescue
To ensure their safety, rescuers should:
1. Wear protective gear at all times.
2. Constantly monitor vital signs. If there are signs of
exhaustion, the search and rescue operation schedule
should be adjusted, or the personnel be rotated. If possible,
additional people should be brought in.
3. Decontamination of rescuers and their equipment should
be done before leaving the rescue site to prevent the spread
of health hazards or secondary contamination.
B. Needs of Survivors
In the midst of losing properties and loved ones, survivors need to
address their basic needs. A well-planned DRRM provides survivors
with:
1. Clean, potable water
2. Ready-to-Eat food
3. Huge, secure, and safe evacuation centers
17
4. Visible, accessible, and equipped health care providers

5. Debriefing
C. Survival Kits and materials
D. General Evacuation Procedure

The following are general guidelines that need to be remembered
and followed in an evacuation:
1. Be aware of the emergency exits and warning calls of the
buildings you frequently go to.
2. When emergency alarms are sounded, keep calm and try to
keep others calm, too.
3. Exit the buildings using the stairwells. NEVER use the
elevator.
4. If there is a DRRM personnel directing people on what to do,
follow his or her instructions to facilitate a systematic and
orderly evacuation or DRRM procedure.
5. Once in the assembly area, notify authorities of people who
need assistance such as the injured, trapped, or disabled.
6. Never reenter the building unless it can be declared safe by
authorities.
E. Recovery Plans
F. Community Disaster Reduction Fund
Complete Contents of a Survival Kit
18
Source: https://www.untvweb.com/featured_content/untv-emergency-preparedness-home-
supply-kit-go-bag-checklist/
LESSON 9
Government Policies and Services toward
Managing Disasters

1. Explain DRRM-related laws and policies
2. Justify the important role played by every citizen in upholding DRRM-
related laws and policies
General Profile of Disaster Risks in the Philippines

The geographical location and geological make-up of the Philippines make
it more important for our country to develop and put into practice a reliable
DRRM program, in addition to climate change program. Many human and
animal casualties and infrastructure damages from various forms of disasters in
recent years have affected the economy and the lives of millions of Filipino
families.
From the hydro-meteorological perspective, typhoons alone have
negatively affected agriculture, infrastructure, and private properties, and they
have induced more hazards such as floods and landslides.
The Philippines also experiences disasters from earthquakes and volcanic
eruptions. Within the past 25 years, at least five destructive earthquakes were
recorded by Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS),
among which are the 1990 Luzon earthquake and the Moro Gulf tsunamis.
Again, hazards lead to disasters only if vulnerability and exposure of
communities remain high. Communities are considered highly vulnerable if
these are located in hazard-prone areas. This is why disaster plans need to be
seriously considered and implemented at once.
The Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA)
19
Participants in the World Disaster Reduction Conference held in Kobe,

Hyogo, Japan, in January, 2005 realized the urgent need to prepare for and face
the challenges of disasters around the world.
By the end of the conference, many countries, including the Philippines,
vowed to find ways to realize the primary objective of the conference – to build
the resilience of nations and communities to disasters. In the said assembly,
the HFA, or the 10 – year plan to make the world safer from natural hazards
and to reduce disaster losses, was developed. The following HFA priorities were
endorsed:
Primary Action 1: Ensure that disaster risk reduction is a national and
local authority with a strong institutional basis for
implementation
Primary Action 2: Identify, assess, and monitor disaster risks and
enhance
early warning
Primary Action 3: Use knowledge, innovation, and education to build a
culture of safety and resilience at all levels
Primary Action 4: Reduce the underlying risk factors
Primary Action 5: Strengthen disaster preparedness for effective response
at all levels
Relevant Laws Associated with Disasters

Following the Hyogo Conference, three Philippine laws were formulated
and instantly executed to guide and direct efforts to mitigating disasters.
1. Climate Change Act of 2009, also known as R.A. 9729 – The law
recognizes the constitutional right of the people to have a clearer
environment. It mandates the formulation and implementation of plans and
strategies that would lower the vulnerability of local communities, especially
the most vulnerable sectors of the society. It encourages the integration of
disaster plans into all climate change activities, programs, and initiatives.
2. The People’s Survival Fund Act of 2011, also known as R.A. 10174 –
This law was established to help achieve the objectives of the climate change
adaptation programs. The law was initially set at ₱ 1 billion per year and
may be augmented from various sources through donations, endowments,
grants, and contributions.
3. The Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010,
also known as R.A. 10121 – Following this law is the birth of the National
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC). The key
objective of the organization is “to strengthen the capacity of the national
government and the local government units (LGUs), together with partner
stakeholders, to build the disaster resilience of communities, and to
rationalize arrangements and measures for reducing disaster risks… (Sec. 2,
RA 10121). The executive arm and under secretariat of the NDRRMC is the
Office of Civil Defense (OCD), which is under the Department of National
Defense (DND).
Thematic Areas of the NDRRMC
20
(Source: https://slideplayer.com/slide/5295723/)
DRRM Policies and Regulations
Declaration of “State of Emergency”

The national government can declare that a particular disaster area is in
a “state of emergency” depending on the severity of the disaster and the number
of affected lives. When this happens, it is acceptable to suspend or change some
functions of the executive, legislative, or judiciary during this period. This
declaration is a warning given to the people to adjust or change their normal
operations and behavior. It also instructs certain government agencies to
implement their emergency plans. Provincial governors are given the authority
to carry out emergency measures needed in the aftermath of the disaster such
as the following:
a. Procurement or purchase of relief supplies and emergency materials
without public bidding, regardless of amount, as long as these are
absolutely indispensable and urgent to prevent imminent danger or
loss of life and property
b. Disbursement of local funds by the local treasurer to purchase or
subsidize materials or services in relation to emergency response
It should be noted that the declaration of “state of emergency” cannot be
used as an occasion for the local government to conduct searches, seizures,
arrest without warrants, and other political moves considering that the entire
area is in a helpless situation. Hence, its declaration is limited only to any
activity related to disaster management.
Declaration of “State of Calamity”

This declaration is defined in Section 3 (II) of RA 10121 as the “condition
involving mass casualty and/ or major damages to property, disruption of
means of livelihood, roads and normal way of life of people as a result of the
occurrence of natural or human-induced hazard”. The President is given the
authority to declare this in any barangay, municipality, city, province, or region,
upon the recommendation of the NDRRMC. When this happens, such cases are
implemented:
 Prices of basic commodities are controlled
21
 Buyers and traders are strictly monitored for overpricing,

profiteering, or hoarding of prime commodities and basic
necessities
 Adjustments of budgets or funds are done for repair and safety
upgrading of public infrastructures and facilities
 Government financing or lending institutions grant no – interest
loans to the most affected section of the population
The Calamity and Quick Response Funds
The Calamity Fund (CF) is a reserved fund to be used for the purpose of
covering expenses related to assistance, relief, and rehabilitation of
communities that are affected by natural and man-made hazards. The
NDRRMC, which was chosen to lead in all disaster risk-related activities,
manages this fund. The Secretary of National Defense is the chairperson of the
NDRRMC. The heads of the following government agencies are the vice-
chairpersons: Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG), Department
of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD), Department of Science and
Technology (DOST), and National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA).
They advise the President on any status of disaster-related activities that
include calamity fund allocation. Upon the approval of the Office of the
President (OP), the fund request is forwarded to the Department of Budget and
Management (DBM). In return, DBM releases the Special Allotment Release
Order (SARO) directly to the appropriate implementing agency or the Local
Government Unit (LGU).
The Quick Response Fund (QRF) is a standby fund reserved by

government agencies for catastrophes and calamities that require immediate
response. The agencies that have this built-in QRF are DPWH, DND-OSEC,
DepEd, DSWD, and Department of Agriculture (DA). It is different from the CF
in that the request for fund does not require recommendation from the
NDRRMC and approval of the OP. However, if it gets depleted, the
replenishment will have to go through the same process of requesting a CF.
Handling Humanitarian Assistance

The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
(OCHA) in the Philippines was created in 2007 for response preparedness for
frequent natural hazards. It closely works with the OCD to ensure that
preparedness activities and response to disasters are carried out in accordance
with humanitarian principles, are timely, are effective and efficient, and
contribute to long-term recovery.
Prohibited Acts during a Disaster

During a disaster, affected communities are in a state of depression and
desperation such that cases of theft, abuse, corruption, and looting become a
propensity for survival. In this regard, the NDRRMC makes sure that security,
order, and justice still prevail, especially for those who are more helpless and
distraught. Among the acts considered as crimes or offenses and are thus
prohibited and may be grounds for penalties or fines, as cited in RA 10121 (Sec.
19) are the following:
1. Negligence of duties or tasks leading to destruction, loss of lives,
critical damage of facilities, and misuse of funds;
22
2. Prevention of entry and distribution of relief goods in disaster-stricken

areas, including appropriate technology, instruments, accessories, or
disaster team or experts;
3. Seizure, purchase, consumption, or resale of relief goods, equipment,
or other forms of assistance intended to disaster victims;
4. Diversion or misdelivery of relief goods, equipment, or other forms of
assistance aside from the rightful recipients;
5. Misrepresentation of the source of relief goods, equipment, and other
forms of assistance by tampering with, covering, replacing, or defacing
labels, or repacking foods;
6. Substitution or replacement of relief goods with items that are cheaper
or inferior in quality;
7. Illegal solicitation from other institutions/ organizations or using false
or inflated data to request for funding, relief goods, equipment, and
other forms of assistance; and
8. Instances of tampering with or stealing hazard-monitoring and
disaster-preparedness equipment and accessories.
See Final Checkpoint on page 26-28.

CHECKPOINT 1 Name:________________________________ Score:_________
Accomplish the following tasks. Write your answers legibly.
A. Describe the following hazards:

1. Landslide:
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. Sinkhole:
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
B. Briefly explain the root cause/s of landslides and sinkholes.

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
C. What will you do to recognize or identify the signs of impending landslides

or sinkholes in your locality?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
D. Based on the geo-hazard map, Marinduque is on the top of the 10 most

landslide prone province in the Philippines.
a. Why do you think so? (Bakit kaya?)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
23
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
b. Based on what you’ve answered, what can you do to mitigate
(mabawasan) the risk brought by that hazard in our province?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
E. Imagine yourself as already a young professional 8 to 10 years from

now. What profession are you in and how will you use your profession or
vocation in creating impact to the preservation of nature particularly in
Marinduque?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
CHECKPOINT 2 Name:_________________________________Score:_________
Accomplish the following tasks. Write your answers legibly.
A. Characterize the following hydro-meteorological hazards:

1. Typhoon:
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. Thunderstorm:
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3. Flash flood:
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
4. Flood:
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
5. Storm surge:
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
6. Tornado:
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
7. El Niño:
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
24
8. La Niña:
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
B. How does the geographical location of the Philippines make it prone to

typhoons and thunderstorms?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
C. If typhoons are frequent (madalas) hazards in the Philippines, why does

our country still experience high number of casualties and significant
damages to lives and properties every year?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
CHECKPOINT 3 Name:_________________________________Score:_________
A. Describe the following elements of the fire triangle:

1. Fuel:
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2. Heat:
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3. Oxygen:
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
B. Why do you think the following situations can cause fire?

1. Electrical wiring:
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2. Unattended ignition sources like lighted candles and cooking stoves:
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3. Cigarettes:
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
4. Chemicals at home like gasoline, thinners and spray paint:
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
25
5. Gasoline leaks from vehicles:

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
C. Make a basic fire assessment of your home. Note those areas which you
think pose fire hazard. After doing so, justify whether your home is safe or
prone to fire hazard and propose certain intervention to mitigate its risk.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
FINAL CHECKPOINT
Joshua 1:9
Be strong and courageous.
Do not be afraid; do not be discouraged,
for the Lord your God will be with you wherever you go.
Name:_________________________________________________________Score:_________
A. Write T if the sentence is correct. Otherwise, rephrase the sentence to

make it logical and accurate.
_____1. The Climate Change Act of 2009 raises the issue on how countries
contribute to the worsening of Earth’s atmosphere.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_____2. There is concern on the formulation and implementation of disaster
policies for the vulnerable sectors of the society.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_____3. The People’s Survival Fund sets the maximum to ₱ 1 billion every year.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_____4. The Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010
encourages disaster resilience of all the communities in the country.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_____5. The Department of Environment and Natural Resources oversees the
execution of all policies, plans, and actions developed by the Department of
National Defense (DND).
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_____6. Only the DND has the authority to implement emergency measures in
any area after the aftermath of a disaster.
26
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_____7. Each lead agency in the thematic areas set by the NDRRMC has a
separate function and is independent of the programs it builds for the
communities.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_____8. It is acceptable to change the functions of executive, legislative, and
judiciary systems of an area that is declared in a “state of emergency.”
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_____9. When an area is declared to be in a “state of calamity,” it is acceptable
to raise prices of basic commodities because of the shortage in supplies.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_____10. For purposes of disaster response, the Quick Response Fund can be
accessed even without the recommendation of the NDRRMC and the Office of
the President.
B. Write on the blank the letter of the answer that matches the activity
covered by the elements of a disaster plan. Choose your answers from the
options in the box.
a. Assessment and analysis c. Implementation
b. Design d. Monitoring and evaluation
_____1. Potential partners or networks for communication or for

humanitarian assistance are identified in this stage.
_____2. Some possible changes can be determined in this stage when the
drill is done.
_____3. Constant communication with identified partners or networks is
done during this stage.
_____4. The likely hazards of a particular area are identified and
measured.
_____5. The results of the drill or practice are disseminated to all
concerned.
C. Give one example for each item in your survival kit for each of the
following categories:
Food: Sanitation:
First Aid: Clothing:
Sources of light: Documents:
D. Explain these words uttered by Former Secretary General of the United

Nations, Ban Ki-moon: “Reducing disaster risk and increasing
resilience to natural hazards in different development sectors can
have multiplier effects and accelerate achievement of the
millennium development goals”
Guide Questions:
27
1. In your own words (Filipino, English or Marindukanon), what is resilience

and why is it an important values?
_______________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. In your own experience, is resilience easy to achieve? What makes it easy
or difficult to achieve?___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3. Given an example of the development sectors that Ban Ki-moon refers to?
What is its role? ________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
4. What is a multiplier effect? Give one specific example in the context of
achieving or not achieving resilience to natural hazards. Use a natural
hazard that has the highest level of disaster risk in your area.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Name:_______________________________________________Score:________________
Here’s a blank Philippine Map. Familiarity of the different regions and

provinces in our country is significant especially in locating those areas
prone to various natural-hazards. Label as much area as you can. Number it
and write its name on the blank spaces around the map. You also have the
option to color the areas.
28

Quarter 2 / Final Module Marinduque Academy, Inc.: Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Quarter 2 / Final Module Marinduque Academy, Inc.: Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction

MARINDUQUE ACADEMY, INC. QUARTER 2 / FINAL Module

Regions of the Philippines

What are you expected to know, do, and value?

What do you need to know?

Signs of Impending Landslides or Sinkholes

PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES IN CASE OF A LANDSLIDE OR A SINKHOLE

4. Learn and participate in emergency response and evacuation plans for

After a Sinkhole’s Appearance

How much have you learned?

Checkpoint. Turn your module to page 23 and accomplish the task.

Marinduque is on the top of the most landslide prone

What do you need to know?

The geographic location of the Philippines does not only pose

Hydro-meteorological Hazards are dangers associated with the natural

UPDATED TROPICAL CYCLONE CLASSIFICATIONS

PAGASA’s REVISED STORM WARNING SYSTEM

spaces. Crowding of structures and people may aggravate drainage issues

Storm Surge (Daluyong)

Tornado and Whirlwind (Buhawi at Ipu-ipo)

Temperature Changes in Global Climate Systems

Tools for Monitoring Hydro-meteorological Hazards

1. Doppler RADAR is used to measure important weather parameters such

Natural Sign of Impending Hydro-meteorological Hazards

Clouds are also good indicator of a weather disturbance. They indicate

Appropriate Measures Before, During, and After Hydro-meteorological

Before Any Hydro-meteorological Hazard

2. Have a working flashlight, spare batteries, candles, and matches ready.

During Any Hydro-meteorological Hazard

After Any Hydro-meteorological Hazard

How much have you learned?

Checkpoint. Turn your module to page 24 and accomplish the task.

What do you need to know?

Fire is produced by the process of rapid oxidation of any material

Fire Triangle is a model that shows

Basic Response Procedure during Fire Incidents

If your clothes catch fire:

If assisting people who are burnt

Fire Emergency and Evacuation Plans

How much have you learned?

Checkpoint. Turn your module to page 25 and accomplish the task.

What do you need to know?

Concept of Disaster Risk Reduction and Management

The United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction

The involvement of everyone in implementing the DRRM from planning to

Key Principles of DRRM

Elements of DRRM Plans

1. Assessment and analysis

c. Identification of other programs and strategies that may

The key components of a community-based preparedness plan are:

II. Physical Infrastructure

4. Visible, accessible, and equipped health care providers

D. General Evacuation Procedure

Complete Contents of a Survival Kit

What are you expected to know, do, and value?

What do you need to know?

General Profile of Disaster Risks in the Philippines

The Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA)

Participants in the World Disaster Reduction Conference held in Kobe,

Relevant Laws Associated with Disasters

Thematic Areas of the NDRRMC

Declaration of “State of Emergency”

Declaration of “State of Calamity”