OTN Introduction

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OTN Introduction
©2008 Tata Communications, Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Confidential & Proprietary
Foreword
This course will introduce OTN, includes:

Optical transport hierarchy (OTH) , interface structure, overhead
Maintenance signals, function for different layers
Alarm and Performance events
Some common application scenarios of OTN.
Confidential & Proprietary

Objectives
Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:

Describe OTN frame structure, maintenance signals and function for
different layers
Outline alarm and performance events generation mechanism
Analyze the alarm and performance events and locate the failures in
OTN

Contents
Optical transport hierarchy

OTN interface structure
Multiplexing/mapping principles and bit rates
Overhead description
Maintenance signals and function for different layers
Alarm and performance events
Typical Scenarios of OTN

OTN
OTN（（Optical Transport Network））

An Optical Transport Network (OTN) is composed of a set of
Optical Network Elements connected by optical fiber links, able to
provide functionality of transport, multiplexing, routing,
management, supervision and survivability of client signals,
according to the requirements given in Rec. G.872

With the growing demand for services and bandwidth and simultaneous decrease
in capital budgets, the onus is now on operators to use their existing fiber
networks to satisfy the market needs.
Since the 1980s, SONET/SDH has met these needs by providing protection and
performance monitoring whilst supporting a flexible and transparent mix of traffic.
Whilst deployment of dense wavelength division multiplex (DWDM) networks
during the following decade served to increase existing fiber bandwidth, but it
severely lacked the protection and management capabilities inherent in
SONET/SDH technology.
DWDM deployment also came with a completely new set of network elements (NE)
including optical amplifiers, switches, multiplexers, demultiplexers, all of which
introduced a sub-layer into the network warranting constant monitoring to
guarantee fault-free traffic.
The aim of the optical transport network (OTN) is to combine the benefits of
SONET/SDH technology with the bandwidth expandability of DWDM. In short,
OTNs will apply the operations, administration, maintenance and provisioning
(OAM&P) functionality of SONET/SDH, to DWDM optical networks.
OTN – takes single wavelength SONET/SDH technology a step further
enabling transparent, wavelength manageable multi-wavelength networks.
Forward error correction (FEC) adds an additional feature to the OTN by
offering the potential for network operators to reduce the number of
regenerators used leading to reduced network costs.

Features of OTN
Compared with SDH and SONET ：

Ultra capacity with high accuracy, Terabit/second per fiber via DWDM
lines
Service transparency for client signals
Asynchronous mapping, powerful FEC function, predigest network
design and reduce the cost
Compared with traditional WDM
Enhanced OAM & networking functionality for all services
Dynamically electrical/optical layer grooming

OTN system
OTN
Jitter Equipment Structure Physic

management Network
and function and and layer Architectur
protection
wander features mapping feature e
s
G.874 G.8251 G.873.1 G.798 G.709 G.959.1 G.872
G.874.1 G.8201 G.873.2 G.806 G.7041 G.693 G.8080
G.7042 G.694

Contents


OTN network layers and interface structure
OPUk: Optical channel Payload Unit-k IP/MPLS ATM Ethernet STM-N

ODUk: Optical channel Data Unit-k
OTUk: completely standardized Optical OPUk
channel Transport Unit-k
OTUkV: functionally standardized Optical
ODUk（ODUkP、ODUkT）
channel Transport Unit-k
OTUk OTUkV OTUk OTUkV
OCh: Optical Channel with full functionality
OChr: Optical Channel with reduced
OCh OChr
functionality OMSn
OMS: Optical Multiplex Section OPSn
OTSn
OTS: Optical Transmission Section
OPS: Optical Physical Section OTM-n.m OTM-0.m
OTM: Optical Transport Module OTM-nr.m

OTM-n.m Containment Relationships
Client signal
OPUk OH
λn
OPUk payload
OTM-n. m
ODUk OH OPUk
OTUk[V] OH ODUk FEC λ2

λ1
OCh OChOH OCh payload
λ OSC
OCCo
OCCo
OCCo
OCG-n.m OCCp OCCp OCCp

Non-associated OH
OTM Overhead Signal (OOS)

OMU-n.m
comms OH
OMSn OH
OTM-n.m OTSn OH
OOS
n represents the maximum number of wavelengths that can be supported at the lowest bit rate supported on
the wavelength, m=1,2,3,12,23,123；
；
OTS_OH, OMS_OH, OCh_OH and COMMS OH information fields are contained within the OOS
OSC：
：Optical Supervisory Channel used to transmit OOS
11

OTM-nr.m Containment Relationships
Client signal
λ16
OPUk OH OPUk payload
OTM-16r.m
ODUk OH OPUk
λ2
OTUk[V] OH ODUk FEC λ1
OChr OCh payload
OCG-nr.m OCCp OCCp OCCp
OTM-nr.m
Fixed channel spacing, irrespective of signal level
1<n≤16, m=1,2,3,12,23,123
Without optical supervisory channel
12

OTM-0.m Containment Relationships
Client signal
OTM-0.m
OPUk OH OPUk payload
ODUk OH OPUk
OTUk[V] OH ODUk FEC
OChr OCh payload
OTM-0.m OPS0
The OTM 0.m supports a non colored optical channel on a single optical span with 3R
regeneration at each end.
m=1,2,3
Without optical supervisory channel
13

Contents

14

OTM multiplexing and mapping structure
OTM-0.m
×i
OCCr ×1 OChr
×1
1 ≤ i+j+k ≤ n
×j ×1
OTM-nr.m OCG-nr.m OCCr OChr Client signal
×k ×1 ×1 ×1
OTU3[V] ODU3 OPU3
×1 ×1 ×16
OCCr OChr ODTUG3
×1 ×4
Client signal
×1 ×1
OTU2[V] ODU2 OPU2
Client signal
×1 ×1
×1 ODTUG2
OCC OCh
×i ×4 ×1
1 ≤ i+j+k ≤ n ×1 ODU1 OPU1
OTU1[V]
×j ×1 ×1
OTM-n.m OCG-n.m OCC OCh
×k
×1 ×1
OCC OCh
×1
×1
Multiplexing
OSC OOS OTS, OMS, OCh, COMMS
Mapping
15

Types and capacity
Types nominal bit rate bit rate tolerance

OTU1 2 666 057.143 kbit/s
OTU2 10 709 225.316 kbit/s
OTU3 43 018 413.559 kbit/s
ODU1 2 498 775.126 kbit/s
ODU2 10 037 273.924 kbit/s ±20 ppm
ODU3 40 319 218.983 kbit/s
OPU1 2 488 320 kbit/s
OPU2 9 995 276.962 kbit/s
OPU3 40 150 519.322 kbit/s
16

（TDM）
ODUk（）
Low rate ODUk signals are multiplexed into high rate ODUk signals using
time-division multiplexing :
Up to 4 ODU1 signals are multiplexed into an ODU2 using time-division
multiplexing
A mixture of j (j ≤ 4) ODU2 and 16-4j ODU1 signals can be multiplexed into
an ODU3 using time-division multiplexing.
17

ODU1 into ODU2 multiplexing method
ODU1 floats in ¼ of the OPU2 payload area.

An ODU1 frame will cross multiple ODU2 frame boundaries.
Alignm
OPU1 OH
ODU1 Client layer signal
ODU1OH (e.g., STM-16, ATM, GFP)
x4
OPU1 OH
OPU2 OH
OPU1 OH
OPU1 OH
Alignm Client Layer Signal
OPU1 OH
Client Layer
(e.g. Signal
STM-16)
ODU2 ODU1 OH
ODU1 OH Client
Client
Layer
(e.g.
layer
Signal
STM-16)
signal
ODU2 OH ODU1 OH
ODU1 OH
(e.g. STM-16)
(e.g., STM-16, ATM, GFP)
OTU2
Alignm
OPU1 OH
OH
OPU1 OH
OPU2 OH
OPU1 OH
Client Layer Signal

OTU2 Alignm OTU2
OPU1 OH
ODU1 OH Client Layer

(e.g. Signal
STM-16)
ODU1 OH OPU2 Payload Client
Client
Layer
(e.g.
layer
Signal
STM-16)
signal FEC
ODU2 OH ODU1 OH
ODU1 OH
(e.g. STM-16)
(e.g., STM-16, ATM, GFP)
18

Contents

19

OOS
FDI-O
n
TTI FDI-P 3
2
1
BDI-O BDI-O FDI-O
BDI-P OMSn BDI-P FDI-P

OTSn
OCh
PMI PMI OCI
General Management Communications
TTI: Trail Trace Identifier

PMI: Payload Missing Indication
OCI: Open Connection Indication
BDI-O: Backward Defect Indication –Overhead
BDI-P: Backward Defect Indication – Payload
FDI-O: Forward Defect Indication –Overhead
FDI-P: Forward Defect Indication – Payload
20

OTN frame formats (k=1,2,3)
3824
3825
4080
14
15
16
17
1
8
7
OTUk
1 Alignm Client signal
OH
OPUk OH
2 mapped in
OTUK
OPUkk payload
OPU payload
3 ODUk FEC
OH
4
Client signal
OPUk - Optical Channel Payload Unit
ODUk – Optical Channel Data Unit k:
1 － 2.5G
OTUk – Optical Channel Transport Unit
2 － 10G
Alignment 3 － 40G
22

OTN electrical overhead overview
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
1 FAS MFAS SM GCC0 RES RES JC
TCM
2 RES ACT TCM6 TCM5 TCM4 FTFL RES JC
3 TCM3 TCM2 TCM1 PM EXP RES JC
4 GCC1 GCC2 APS/PCC RES PSI NJO
ODUk OH
TCMACT: Tandem Connection Monitoring Alignment OH
Activation/deactivation control channel FAS: Frame Alignment Signal
TCMi:Tandem Connection Monitoring i
MFAS: multi-frame Alignment Signal
FTFL:Fault Type & Fault Location reporting OTUk OH
channel SM: Section Monitoring
PM: Path Monitoring
GCC0:General Communication Channel0
EXP:Experimental
RES: Reserved for future international
GCC1/2: General Communication Channel
standardisation
1/2 OPUk OH
APS/PCC:Automatic Protection Swiching
PSI: Payload Structure Identifier
coordination channel/Protection JC: Justification Control
Communication Control channel NJO: negative justification opportunity
23

Frame Alignment Signal
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
TCM
byte 1 byte 2 byte 3 byte 4 byte 5 byte 6

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
OA1 OA1 OA1 OA2 OA2 OA2
FAS (Frame Alignment Signal)

A six byte OTUk-FAS signal is defined in row 1, columns 1 to 6 of the OTUk overhead.
OA1 is 0xF6(1111 0110 ) ，OA2 is 0x28(0010 1000).
24

Multi-Frame Alignment Signal
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
TCM
MFAS (Multi-Frame Alignment Signal)

MFAS OH Byte
defined in row 1, column 7；
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
The value of the MFAS byte will be incremented each OTUk/ODUk frame
.
.
and provides as such a 256 frame multi-frame.
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Individual OTUk/ODUk overhead signals may use this central multi-frame
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
MFAS sequence
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 to lock their 2-frame, 4 frame, 8-frame, 16-frame, 32-frame, etc., multi-

0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 frames to the principal frame.
..
..
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
..
25

OTUk section monitoring overhead
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
TCM
1 2 3 TTI (Trail Trace Identifier)

TTI BIP-8 a one-byte overhead is defined to transport the 64 byte TTI signal
The 64-byte TTI signal shall be aligned with the OTUk multi-frame and
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
transmitted four times per multi-frame.
BDI
IAE
SAPI BEI/BIAE RES

15
TTI struture：
16 16 bytes SAPI:Source Access Point Identifier
DAPI
31 16 bytes DAPI:Destination Access Point Identifier
32
32 bytes operator specific
Operator
specific
63
26

BIP-8 (Bit Interleaved Parity-8)

For section monitoring, a one-byte error detection code signal is defined.
This byte provides a bit interleaved parity-8 (BIP-8) code ；
The OTUk BIP-8 is computed over the bits in the OPUk (columns 15 to 3824) area of OTUk frame i, and
inserted in the OTUk BIP-8 overhead location in OTUk frame i+2
1 14 15 3824
Frame i OPUk
BIP8
Frame i+1
Frame i+2
27

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
TCM
1 2 3 BEI/BIAE (Backward Error Indication/ Backward Incoming

TTI BIP-8 Alignment Error)
A four-bit BEI and BIAE signal is defined.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 This signal is used to convey in the upstream direction the count of
BDI
IAE
SAPI BEI/BIAE RE interleaved-bit blocks and incoming alignment error (IAE) condition.
15 S During an IAE condition the code "1011" is inserted into the BEI/BIAE
16
field and the error count is ignored. Otherwise the error count (0-8) is
DAPI
31 inserted into the BEI/BIAE field.
32
Operator
specific
63
28

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
TCM
BDI (Backward Defect Indication)

1 2 3
A single-bit backward defect indication (BDI) signal is defined to convey
TTI BIP-8
the signal fail status detected in a section termination sink function in the
upstream direction.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
BDI is set to "1" to indicate an OTUk backward defect indication;
BDI
IAE
SAPI BEI/BIAE RES

15 otherwise, it is set to "0"
16
DAPI
31
32
Operator
specific
63
29

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
TCM
IAE (Incoming Alignment Error)
1 2 3 A single-bit incoming alignment error (IAE) signal is defined to allow
TTI BIP-8 the S-CMEP ingress point to inform its peer S-CMEP egress point
that an alignment error in the incoming signal has been detected.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 IAE is set to "1" to indicate a frame alignment error, otherwise it is
BDI
IAE
SAPI BEI/BIAE RES set to "0".

15
16 RES (Reserved)
DAPI two bits are reserved (RES) for future international standardization.
31
32
They are set to "00".
Operator
specific
63
30

OTUk GCC0 and RES overhead
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
TCM
GCC0 (General Communication Channel)

Two bytes are allocated in the OTUk overhead to support a general communications channel between
OTUk termination points
A clear channel which are located in row 1, columns 11 and 12
RES (Reserved)
Two bytes of OTUk overhead are reserved for future international standardization
located in row 1, columns 13 and 14
set to all ZEROs
31

ODUk path monitoring overhead
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
TCM
TTI / BIP-8 / BEI / BDI

1 2 3
For path monitoring, this overheads’ function are the same as OTUk
TTI BIP-8
SM signal, except BEI signal which doesn’t support BIAE function.
in row 3, columns 10 to 12
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
BDI
SAPI BEI STAT

15
16
DAPI
31
32
Operator
specific
63
32

ODUk path monitoring overhead
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
TCM
STAT (Status)
1 2 3
For path monitoring, three bits are defined as status bits
TTI BIP-8
They indicate the presence of a maintenance signal
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
BDI
SAPI BEI STAT

15 Bit 6 7 8 status
16
000 Reserved for future international standardization
DAPI 001 Normal path signal
31 010 Reserved for future international standardization
32 011 Reserved for future international standardization
Operator 101 Maintenance signal: ODUk - LCK
specific 110 Maintenance signal: ODUk - OCI
111 Maintenance signal: ODUk - AIS
63
33

ODUk TCM overhead
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
TCM
1 2 3 TTIi / BIP-8i / BEIi/BIAEi / BDIi

For each tandem connection monitoring field, this overheads’
TTIi BIP-8i
function are the same as OTUk SM signal
Six fields of ODUk TCM overhead are defined in row 2,
0 columns 5 to 13 and row 3, columns 1 to 9 of the ODUk
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
overhead
BDIi
SAPI BEIi/BIAEi STATi

15
16
DAPI
31
32
Operator
specific
63
34

ODUk TCM overhead
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
TCM
STAT (Status)
For each tandem connection monitoring field, three bits are defined as status bits.
1 2 3 They indicate the presence of a maintenance signal, if there is an incoming
TTIi BIP-8i alignment error at the source TC-CMEP, or if there is no source TC-CMEP active.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
BDIi
SAPI BEIi/BIAEi STATi

15 Bit 6 7 8 status
16 000 No source TC
DAPI 001 In use without IAE
31 010 In use with IAE
32
Operator
101 Maintenance signal: ODUk -LCK
specific
110 Maintenance signal: ODUk -OCI
63 111 Maintenance signal: ODUk -AIS
35

Nested and Cascaded ODUk monitored connections
TCM6 TCM6 TCM6 TCM6 TCM6 TCM6 TCM6

A1 B1 C1 C2 B2 B3 B4 A2
C1 - C2
B1 - B2 B3 - B4
A1 - A2
TCMi TCM OH field not in use TCMi TCM OH field in use
36

Overlapping ODUk monitored connections
TCM6 TCM6 TCM6 TCM6 TCM6

A1 B1 C1 B2 C2 A2
C1 - C2
B1 - B2
A1 - A2
TCMi TCM OH field not in use TCMi TCM OH field in use
37

ODUk GCC1/GCC2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
TCM
GCC1 / GCC2 (General Communication Channel)

Two fields of two bytes are allocated in the ODUk overhead to support two general communications
channels between any two network elements with access to the ODUk frame structure (i.e., at 3R
regeneration points).
The bytes for GCC1 are located in row 4, columns 1 and 2, and the bytes for GCC2 are located in
bytes row 4, columns 3 and 4 of the ODUk overhead.
38

Other overheads
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
TCM
TCMACT (TCM Activation/Deactivation)

APS/PCC (Automatic Protection Switching/Protection Communication Control)
EXP (Experimental)
FTFL (Fault Type & Fault Location)
39

OPUk payload structure identifier
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
TCM
PSI (Payload Structure Identifier)

0 PT One byte is allocated in the OPUk overhead to transport a
1 256-byte payload structure identifier (PSI) signal
aligned with the ODUk multi-frame.
Mapping PSI[0] contains a one-byte payload type. PSI[1] to PSI[255]
& concatenation are mapping and concatenation specific .
specific
255
40

Payload type code points
MSB 1 2 3 4 LSB 1 2 3 4 Hex code Interpretation
0000 0001 01 Experimental mapping
0000 0010 02 Asynchronous CBR mapping
0000 0011 03 Bit synchronous CBR mapping
0000 0100 04 ATM mapping
0000 0101 05 GFP mapping
0000 0110 06 Virtual Concatenated signal
0001 0000 10 Bit stream with octet timing mapping
0001 0001 11 Bit stream without octet timing mapping
0010 0000 20 ODU multiplex structure
0101 0101 55 Not available
0110 0110 66 Not available
1000 xxxx 80-8F Reserved codes for proprietary use
1111 1101 FD NULL test signal mapping
1111 1110 FE PRBS test signal mapping
1111 1111 FF Not available
41

Contents

42

Maintenance signals
（forward defect indication）
FDI（）
FDI is a signal sent downstream as an indication that an upstream defect has been detected.
An FDI signal is detected in a trail termination sink function to suppress defects or failures that
would otherwise be detected as a consequence of the interruption of the transport of the original
signal at an upstream point..
AIS and FDI are similar signals. AIS is used as term when the signal is in the digital domain. FDI is
used as the term when the signal is in the optical domain.
FDI is transported as non associated overhead in the OTM overhead signal (OOS).
43

Maintenance signals
（alarm indication signal）
AIS（）
AIS is a signal sent downstream as an indication that an upstream defect has been
detected. An AIS signal is generated in an adaptation sink function
An AIS signal is detected in a trail termination sink function to suppress defects or
failures that would otherwise be detected as a consequence of the interruption of the
transport of the original signal at an upstream point.
44

Maintenance signals
AIS（alarm indication signal）
ODUk-AIS is specified as all "1"s in the entire ODUk signal, excluding the frame alignment
overhead (FA OH), OTUk overhead (OTUk OH) and ODUk FTFL
The presence of ODUk-AIS is detected by monitoring the ODUk STAT bits in the PM and TCMi
overhead fields
1 78 14 17 3824
1 FA OH OTUk OH
FTFL
STAT
STAT
STAT
2
All-1s pattern
STAT
STAT
STAT
STAT
3
4
45

Maintenance signals
BDI (Backward Defect Indication)
Backward Defect Indication Payload defect (dBDI-P) is monitored at the OTS
and OMS layers. The purpose of monitoring this parameter is to allow for single
ended supervision of the trail
During signal fail conditions of the overhead signal, dBDI-P shall be set to false
46

Maintenance signals
OCI (open connection indication)
A signal sent downstream as an indication that upstream the signal is not connected to a trail
termination source
The presence of ODUk-OCI is detected by monitoring the ODUk STAT bits in the PM and TCMi
overhead fields.
The repeating "0110 0110" pattern is the default pattern; other patterns are also allowed as long as
the STAT bits in the PM and TCMi overhead fields are set to "110".
1 78 14 17 3824
1 FA OH OTUk OH
FTFL
STAT
STAT
STAT
2
Repeating “0110 0110” pattern
STAT
STAT
STAT
STAT
3
4
47

Maintenance signals
LCK (locked)
A signal sent downstream as an indication that upstream the connection is "locked", and no signal is passed
through.
The presence of ODUk-LCK is detected by monitoring the ODUk STAT bits in the PM and TCMi overhead fields.
dLCK shall be declared if the accepted STAT information (AcSTAT) is “101”. dLCK shall be cleared if the
accepted STAT information is not equal to “101”.
During signal fail conditions of the data signal, dLCK shall be set to false.
1 78 14 17 3824
1 FA OH OTUk OH
FTFL
STAT
STAT
STAT
2
Repeating “0101 0101”pattern
STAT
STAT
STAT
STAT
3
4
48

Maintenance signals
IAE (Incoming Alignment Error)

IAE at the OTUk layer: dIAE shall be declared/cleared if the IAE bit in the SM overhead field
(byte 3, bit 6) is “1”/ “0” for X consecutive frames. X shall be 5.
IAE at the ODUkT layer: dIAE shall be declared/cleared if the accepted STAT information
(AcSTAT) is/is not “010”.
During signal fail conditions of the data signal, dIAE shall be set to false .
BIAE (Backward Incoming Alignment Error)

dBIAE shall be declared/cleared if the BEI/BIAE bits in the SM/TCM overhead field (byte 3, bit 1
to 4) are/are not “1011” for X consecutive frames. X shall be 3.
During signal fail conditions of the data signal, dBIAE shall be set to false .
49

Maintenance and management signal
Management Network layers

signal
function OTUk ODUkP ODUkT
Alignment LOF/LOM Y Y –
Connectivity TTI Y Y Y
AIS Y Y Y
OCI – Y Y
LCK – Y Y
Maintenance
Signal LTC – – Y
BDI Y Y Y
BEI Y Y Y
IAE/BIAE Y – Y
Signal quality BIP-8 Y Y Y
50

OTN Layer Network Trail
Client signal
ODUkP
ODUkT
OTU/OCH OTU/OCH OTU/OCH
OMS OMS OMS
OTS OTS OTS
NODE A NODE B NODE C NODE D

TM REG ODU ADM TM
NODE A using general OTU, generate SM,PM,TCM1.
NODE B using regenerator OTU, terminate SM, generate SM.
NODE C using Line unit OTU, terminate SM,TCM1, generate SM.
NODE D using general OTU, terminate SM,PM.
51

Physical View Of A Linear OTN
OTN Client Signal OTN Client Signal
ODU
ODU ODU
Termination Termination
OCh/OTU OCh/OTU
OCh/OTU OCh/OTU OCh/OTU
Termination Termination Termination
OMS
OMS OMS
OMS OMS
OMS OMS
Termination Termination Termination Termination
OTS
OTS OTS
OTS OTS
OTS OTS
OTS OTS
OTS OTS
Termination Termination Termination Termination Termination Termination
Physical Physical Physical Physical Physical Physical

Layer Layer Layer Layer Layer Layer
ONE ONE ONE ONE ONE ONE
52
ONE = Optical Network Element
Contents

53

Alarm
Layer Alarm
OTUk OTUk_LOF、
、OTUk_AIS、
、OTUk_LOM、
、OTUk_TIM、
、OTUk_DEG、
、 OTUk_EXC、
、
OTUk_BDI、
、BEFFEC_EXC
ODUk_PM ODUk_PM_TIM、
、ODUk_PM_DEG、
、ODUk_PM_EXC、
、 ODUk_PM_BDI、
、
ODUk_PM_LCK、
、ODUk_PM_OCI、
、ODUk_PM_AIS、
、ODUk_LOFLOM
ODUk_TCMi ODUk_TCMi_TIM、
、ODUk_TCMi_DEG 、ODUk_TCMi_EXC 、ODUk_TCMi_BDI、
、
ODUk_TCMi_LCK、
、ODUk_TCMi_OCI、
、 ODUk_TCMi_AIS、
、ODUk_TCMi_LTC
OPUk OPUk_PLM、
、OPU2_MSIM、
、OPU3_MSIM
Remark: k=1,2,3,5G, i=1～6;

54

Suppression mechanisms of electrical layer alarm
OTUk_AIS ODUk_LOFLOM
OTUk_LOF ODUk_TCMi_LTC/OCI/LCK/AIS
OTUk_LOM ODUk_TCMi_TIM
ODUk_TCMi_B
DI
OTUk_TIM ODUk_PM_OCI/LCK/AIS ODUk_TCMi_IAE
ODUk_TCMi_BIAE
OTUk_IAE OTUk_BIAE OPUk_PLM OTUk_BDI ODUk_PM_TIM ODUk_TCMi_DEG
OTUk_DEG OPUk_MSIM OPUk_PLM ODUk_PM_BDI ODUk_PM_DEG
IAE and BIAE are not alarms, but IAE can suppress DEG which on the same level.
55

Performance events
layer Performance events
、、、、、、、
、、、、、、、
OTUk OTUk_BBE OTUk_BBER OTUk_BIAES OTUk_ES OTUk_FEBBE OTUk_FEBBER OTUk_FEES
OTUk_FESES OTUk_FESESR OTUk_FEUAS OTUk_IAES OTUk_SES OTUk_SESR OTUk_UAS
FEC_AFT_COR_ER
、、、、、
、、、、、
ODUk_PM ODUk_PM_BBE ODUk_PM_BBER ODUk_PM_ES ODUk_PM_FEBBE ODUk_PM_FEBBER
、
ODUk_PM_FEES ODUk_PM_FESES ODUk_PM_FESESR ODUk_PM_FEUAS ODUk_PM_SES
ODUk_PM_SESR ODUk_PM_UAS
、、、、、
、、、、
ODUk_TCMi ODUk_TCMi_BBE ODUk_TCMi_BBER ODUk_TCMi_BIAES ODUk_TCMi_ES ODUk_TCMi_FEBBE
、、、
ODUk_TCMi_FEBBER ODUk_TCMi_FEES ODUk_TCMi_FESES ODUk_TCMi_FESESR
、
ODUk_TCMi_FEUAS ODUk_TCMi_IAES ODUk_TCMi_SES ODUk_TCMi_SESR ODUk_TCMi_UAS
K=1,2,3,5G i=1～6.
56

Contents

58

Scenarios hypothesis
These hypothesis apply to all scenarios ：

TIM insert AIS downward, TIM suppression enable
Monitoring both SAPI and DAPI to report TIM
ALS、APR function disable
59

：point to point ODU2
Case：
ODU2P
OTU2 OTU2
A B C
Bidirectional client service between A and C station.

：general OTU (LSX)
A, C (ODU TM)：
）：regenerator
B (OTU REG）：
）： OTU (LSXR)
60

Functional block
ODU2P OTU2 OCh

source source source
function function function
A,C
ODU2P OTU2 OCh
sink sink sink
function function function
OCh OTU2 OTU2 OCh

sink sink source source
function function function function
B
OCh OTU2 OTU2 OCh

source source sink sink
function function function function
61

Insert LCK at node A
ODU2_PM_LCK
ODU2_LCK
ODU2_PM_aBDI
A B C
ODU2_PM_BDI
62

Fiber broken between A and B
R_LOS ODU2_PM_AIS
ODU2_aAIS
Fiber broken OTU2_aBDI

X
A B C
OTU2_BDI
ODU2_PM_BDI
63

Fiber degrade between A and B
OTU2_DEG
ODU2_PM_DEG
ODU2_PM_aBEI
Fiber degrade OTU2_aBEI
/
A B C
OTU2_BEI performance
ODU2_PM_BEI performance
64

Fiber badly degrade
OTU2_LOF
ODU2_aAIS ODU2_PM_AIS
ODU2_PM_aBDI
Fiber degrade OTU2_aBDI
/
A B C
OTU2_BDI
ODU2_PM_BDI
65

Receiving TTI is mismatch at B
SM_ExDAPI mismatch
OTU2_TIM ODU2_PM_AIS
ODU2_aAIS
OTU2_aBDI ODU2_PM_aBDI
A B C
OTU2_BDI
ODU2_PM_BDI
66

Receiving TTI is mismatch at C
PM_ExDAPI mismatch
ODU2_PM_TIM
ODU2_PM_aBDI
A B C
ODU2_PM_BDI
67

Client signal lost at A
R_LOS ClientSF
Fiber broken
x
A B C
68

Questions
What kinds of the components the OTM-n.m have?

OTSn, OMSn, OCh, OTUk/OTUkV, ODUk, OPUk
What’s the difference with the BIP-8 byte function among SM, PM, TCMi ?
All of them the BIP-8 is computed over the bits in the OPUk (columns 15 to 3824)
area, but for different layers on OTUk, ODUkP, ODUKT.
How many types of the TCM applications we have?

Nested, cascaded and overlapping
69

Contents

70

Abbreviations and Acronyms
3R Re-amplification, Reshaping and Retiming

AI Adapted Information
AIS Alarm Indication Signal
APS Automatic Protection Switching
BDI Backward Defect Indication
BDI-O Backward Defect Indication Overhead
BDI-P Backward Defect Indication Payload
BEI Backward Error Indication
BI Backward Indication
BIAE Backward Incoming Alignment Error
BIP Bit Interleaved Parity
CBR Constant Bit Rate
71

CMEP Connection Monitoring End Point

DAPI Destination Access Point Identifier
EXP Experimental
ExTI Expected Trace Identifier
FAS Frame Alignment Signal
FDI Forward Defect Indication
FDI-O Forward Defect Indication Overhead
FDI-P Forward Defect Indication Payload
FEC Forward Error Correction
GCC General Communication Channel
IaDI Intra-Domain Interface
IAE Incoming Alignment Error
72

IrDI Inter-Domain Interface

JOH Justification Overhead
MFAS Multi-Frame Alignment Signal
MFI multi-frame Indicator
MSI Multiplex Structure Identifier
NNI Network Node Interface
OCC Optical Channel Carrier
OCCo Optical Channel Carrier – overhead
OCCp Optical Channel Carrier – payload
OCCr Optical Channel Carrier with reduced functionality
OCG Optical Carrier Group
OCGr Optical Carrier Group with reduced functionality
73

OCh Optical channel with full functionality

OChr Optical channel with reduced functionality
OCI Open Connection Indication
ODTUG Optical channel Data Tributary Unit Group
ODTUjk Optical channel Data Tributary Unit j into k
ODU Optical Channel Data Unit
ODUk Optical Channel Data Unit-k
OH Overhead
OMS Optical Multiplex Section
OMU Optical Multiplex Unit
ONNI Optical Network Node Interface
OOS OTM Overhead Signal
OPS Optical Physical Section
74

OPU Optical Channel Payload Unit

OPUk Optical Channel Payload Unit-k
OSC Optical Supervisory Channel
OTH Optical Transport Hierarchy
OTM Optical Transport Module
OTN Optical Transport Network
OTS Optical Transmission Section
OTU Optical Channel Transport Unit
OTUk completely standardized Optical Channel Transport Unit-k
OTUkV functionally standardized Optical Channel Transport Unit-k
PCC Protection Communication Channel
PLD Payload
PMI Payload Missing Indication
75

PRBS Pseudo Random Binary Sequence

PSI Payload Structure Identifier
PT Payload Type
RES Reserved for future international standardization
SAPI Source Access Point Identifier
Sk Sink
SM Section Monitoring
So Source
TCM Tandem Connection Monitoring
TS Time Slot
TxTI Transmitted Trace Identifier
UNI User-to-Network Interface
76

OTN Introduction

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This course will introduce OTN, includes:

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Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:

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Optical transport hierarchy

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OTN（（Optical Transport Network） ）

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Compared with SDH and SONET ：

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Jitter Equipment Structure Physic

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Optical transport hierarchy

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OPUk: Optical channel Payload Unit-k IP/MPLS ATM Ethernet STM-N

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OTUk[V] OH ODUk FEC λ2

OCG-n.m OCCp OCCp OCCp

OTM Overhead Signal (OOS)

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OChr OCh payload

OCG-nr.m OCCp OCCp OCCp

Fixed channel spacing, irrespective of signal level

Without optical supervisory channel

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OTUk[V] OH ODUk FEC

OChr OCh payload

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Optical transport hierarchy

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Types nominal bit rate bit rate tolerance

OTU2 10 709 225.316 kbit/s

OTU3 43 018 413.559 kbit/s

ODU1 2 498 775.126 kbit/s

ODU2 10 037 273.924 kbit/s ±20 ppm

ODU3 40 319 218.983 kbit/s

OPU1 2 488 320 kbit/s

OPU2 9 995 276.962 kbit/s

OPU3 40 150 519.322 kbit/s

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ODU1 floats in ¼ of the OPU2 payload area.

Client Layer Signal

ODU1 OH Client Layer

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Optical transport hierarchy

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BDI-P OMSn BDI-P FDI-P

General Management Communications

TTI: Trail Trace Identifier

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byte 1 byte 2 byte 3 byte 4 byte 5 byte 6

FAS (Frame Alignment Signal)

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MFAS (Multi-Frame Alignment Signal)

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 to lock their 2-frame, 4 frame, 8-frame, 16-frame, 32-frame, etc., multi-

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1 2 3 TTI (Trail Trace Identifier)

OTN（（Optical Transport Network））