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HYRONS COLLEGE PHILIPPINES Inc.

Sto. Niño, Tukuran, Zamboanga Del Sur

SEC. No.: CN200931518


Tel. No.: 945 – 0158
hyronscollege.phil.inc.2015@gmail.com
BACHELOR OF ELEMENTARY EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

PRELIM

MODULE

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY FUNDAMENTALS


Module Course Code IT 100
Module Name Information Technology Fundamentals
Semester taught 1st Semester
Module Instructor Mashelet V. Valle

On successful completion of this module,


students should be able to :

LO1. Help the learners become competent and


confident users of Information Technology
Fundamentals who can make efficient,effective
and creative use of basic application software in
Module Learning Objectives and Competences their everyday activities.

LO2. To encourage the learners to become


critical and reflective users ofInformation
Technology Fundamentals who can evaluate the
capabilities and limitations of the teachnology
and of social,
technical,political,thical,organisastional and
economical principles associated with its use.

LO3.To encourage the learners to develop the


appropriate personal skills that are essential for
independent learning.

LO4. To prepare the learners for the society of


tomorrow by making them adaptable users of
computers who have the necessary openness and
flexibility of mind to be able to adjust to fututre
changes in the technology.

In this module you can learn about different parts


of a computer, as well as some of the key
concepts of Information Technology
Fundamentals , such as those relating to
networks and security:
– Understand what hardware is, know about
Module Content factors that affect computer performance and
know about the peripheral devices.
– Understand what software is and give
examples of common applications software and
operating system software.
– Understand what Information Technology
Fundamentals is and give examples of its
practical applications in everyday life.
– Understand health and safety and
environmental issues in relation to using
computers.
– Recognize the important security issues
associated with using computers.
– Recognize the important legal issues in relation
to copyright and data protection associated with
using computers.

Information Technology Fundamentals


IT 100

PRELIM

Chapter 1

Introduction of the Computer System

Computer Definition
 An electronic system designed to manipulate data. They are machines for storing, moving, adding and
subtracting, and evaluating data. All computers have four basic functions: input, processing, storage,
and output.
 Electronic device that processes data, converting it into information that is useful to people.
 All computers are controlled by programmed instructions, which give the machine a purpose and tell it
what to do.
 A general purpose device that can be programmed to carry out a set of arithmetic or logical operations
automatically.
 A programmable machine.

Characteristics of Computer
 It is an automatic electronic machine
 It has a memory and can manipulate data
 It has logic functions
 It responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner
 It executes a prerecorded list of instructions called a program

Importance of Computers
In Business
 Helped workers in business perform their jobs more efficiency, since their introduction in the 1980s.
 Money saved for various business activities.
o For example, a small business can maintain a database of customers in its computer. The
business can then send coupons or special promotions to these customers by email. Companies
also save on paper costs when interacting through their computers. Also, a small manufacturing
company can automate part of its production line with computers. The automation process would
help the manufacturer cut back on labor costs.
 Help the businessman save time.
o For example, a businessman can write a report, do a spell check, edit it and distribute the report
in just a few hours--even long distance. Previously, companies used typewriters for reports
where redactions were made on various pages. These pages then needed to be retyped until the
report was error free. Managers then needed to copy the reports and mail them to employees in
different cities. Consequently, the report writing process took much longer with a typewriter than
a computer. 
 Allow for greater interaction among employees, agencies, clients and customers. Managers can conduct
conference calls, show training videos and even conduct webinars or web-based seminars online with
computers. This inter-connectivity between businesses, clients or customers can even be administered
internationally. 
 Human resource managers can more readily collect resumes from job applicants through computers and
the Internet. Moreover, architects can create virtual models of their buildings and check for dimensional
accuracies.

In Education
 Brilliant aid in teaching.
o Online education has revolutionized the education industry. Computer technology has made the
dream of distance learning, a reality. Education is no longer limited to classrooms. It has reached
far and wide, thanks to computers. Physically distant locations have come closer due to Internet
accessibility. So, even if students and teachers are not in the same premises, they can very well
communicate with one another.
 Computer software helps better presentation of information.
o Internet can play an important role in education. As it is an enormous information base, it can be
harnessed for retrieval of information on a variety of subjects. The Internet can be used to refer
to information on different subjects. Both teachers and students benefit from the Internet.
Teachers can refer to it for additional information and references on the topics to be taught.
Students can refer to web sources for additional information on subjects of their interest. The
Internet helps teachers set test papers, frame questions for home assignments and decide project
topics.
 Computer hard drives and storage devices are an excellent way to store data.
o Knowledge of computers can propel one's career in the right direction. Computers are a part of
almost every industry today. They are no longer limited any specific field. They are used in
networking, for information access and data storage and also in the processing and presentation
of information. Computers should be introduced early in education.

Limitations of Computer
 It cannot generate information on its own.
o The concept of artificial intelligence shows that the computer can think. But still this concept is
dependent on set of instructions provided by the human beings.
 It cannot correct wrong instructions.
o If you mistakenly entered P50 per hour, it cannot respond to the actual rate of P40 per hour.
 Computer is dependent on prepared instructions.
o Have programs with number of steps leading to a precisely defined goal.
 A computer has no capability to derive meaning from objects.
o Cannot interpret your favorite poem or your present mood.

Types of Computer
 Digital
o This type of computer work by the numbers. That is, it breaks all types of information into tiny
units, and use numbers to represent those pieces of information. All information is represented
using the digits 0s and 1s. Digital computer also works in very strict sequences of steps,
processing each unit of information individually, according to the highly organized instructions it
must follow. Modern computers are digital.
 Analog
o Represents data as variable across a continuous range of values. The earliest computers were
analog computers. Analog computers are used for measuring of parameters that vary
continuously in real time, such as temperature, pressure and voltage. Analog computers may be
more flexible but generally less precise than digital computers. Early analog computers were
mechanical devices, weighing several tons and using motors and gears to perform calculations.

Types of Digital Computers


 Supercomputers
o The most powerful; special high-capacity computers used in very large corporations. The best in
terms of processing capacity and also the most expensive ones. These computers can process
billions of instructions per second. Normally, they will be used for applications which require
intensive numerical computations such as stock analysis, weather forecasting etc. Other uses of
supercomputers are scientific simulations, (animated) graphics, fluid dynamic calculations,
nuclear energy research, electronic design, and analysis of geological data (e.g. in petrochemical
prospecting).
o Perhaps the best known super computer manufacturer is Cray Research. Some of the
"traditional" companies which produce super computers are Cray, IBM and Hewlett-Packard.
 Mainframe Computers
o Capable of great processing speed and data storage; occupy specially wired, air-conditioned
rooms; insurance companies use to process information about millions of policyholders.
o Can also process data at very high speeds vi.e., hundreds of million instructions per second and
they are also quite expensive. Normally, they are used in banking, airlines and railways etc for
their applications.
 Minicomputers
o Known as midrange computers; are refrigerator sized machines used in medium sized companies
or departments in large companies.
o These are lower to mainframe computers in terms of speed and storage capacity. They are also
less expensive than mainframe computers. Some of the features of mainframes will not be
available in mini computers. Hence, their performance also will be less than that of mainframes.
 Microcomputers
o Least powerful but most widely used and fastest-growing type of computers. The invention of
microprocessor (single chip CPU) gave birth to the much cheaper microcomputers. They are
further classified into:
1. Desktop
a. The most popular computer systems. These are also known as personal computers or
simply PCs. They are usually easier to use and more affordable. They are normally
intended for individual users for their word processing and other small application
requirements. System unit is the main component of a desktop PC which is the case
that houses the computer’s critical parts.
2. Media Center System Units
a. Also known as home theater PC (HTPC) or media center computer is a device that
combines some or all the capabilities of a personal computer with a software
application that supports video, photo, audio playback, and sometimes video
recording functionality. In recent years, other types of consumer electronics,
including gaming systems and dedicated media devices have crossed over to manage
video and music content. The term "media center" also refers to specialized
application software designed to run on standard personal computers.
3. Laptop or notebook
a. Portable computers. They are lightweight computers with a thin screen. They are also
called as notebook computers because of their small size (weighs between 3 and 8
pounds and about 8 ½ by 11 inches). They can operate on batteries and hence are very
popular with travelers. The screen folds down onto the keyboard when not in use.
4. Tablet PC
a. Newest development in portable computers. Allows you to enter data, write notes,
and select commands using a pen stylus. Handwritten data is digitized and converted
to standard text that can be further processed by a word processor. Some models can
be connected to a keyboard and a full-size monitor, have a fold-out keyboard, so they
can be transformed into a standard notebook PC.
5. Handheld computers
a. Or Palm computers such as Personal digital assistants (PDAs) and smartphones, are
amongst the smallest computing devices. These systems typically combine pen input,
writing recognition, personal
organizational tools, and communications capabilities. Can do note taking or contact
management like telephone numbers, addresses, keeping track of dates or agenda and
data can synchronize with a desktop.
o When you think of a microcomputer, perhaps you think of just the equipment itself. That is, you
think of the monitor or the keyboard. Yet, there is more to it than that. The way to think about a
microcomputer is as part of an information system.

Information System
 A combination of hardware, software, infrastructure and trained personnel organized to facilitate
planning, control, coordination, and decision making in an organization.
 An integrated set of components for collecting, storing, and processing data and for delivering
information, knowledge, and digital products. Business firms and other organizations rely on
information systems to carry out and manage their operations, interact with their customers and
suppliers, and compete in the marketplace. For instance, corporations use information systems to reach
their potential customers with targeted messages over the Web, to process financial accounts, and to
manage their human resources.
 It has 5 parts and these are:
o People
 the most important part of an information system
 Our lives are touched everyday by computers- many time the contact is direct and
obvious, such as creating documents using a word processing program or when
connecting to the internet.
 What you can do with computer? Instant messaging, Web-based applications, Personal
Web site, Virus protection, TV tuners and video clips, Digital photography, Music, Home
networking, Spyware, Job opportunities
o Procedure
 The rules or guidelines for people to follow when using software, hardware, and data are
procedures. These procedures are typically documented in manuals written by computer
specialists. Software and hardware manufacturers provide manuals with their products.
These manuals are provided in either printed or electronic form.
o Software
 Software is another name for programs
 Programs are instructions that tell the computer how to process data into the form you
want
 System software: Operating system, Utilities, Device drivers
 Application software: Basic applications or General-purpose and Specialized applications
o Hardware
 The collection of physical elements that constitutes a computer system. Computer
hardware refers to the physical parts or components of a computer such as the monitor,
mouse, keyboard, computer data storage, hard drive disk (HDD), system unit (graphic
cards, sound cards, memory, motherboard and chips), etc. all of which are physical
objects that can be touched. In contrast, software is instructions that can be stored and run
by hardware.
o Data
 Raw, unprocessed facts, including text, numbers, images, and sounds.
 Document files - created by word processors to save documents such as memos, term
papers, and letters.
 Worksheet files - created by electronic spreadsheets to analyze things like budgets and to
predict sales.
 Database files - typically created by database management programs to contain highly
structured and organized data. For example, an employee database file might contain all
the workers’ names, social security numbers, job titles, and other related pieces of
information.
 Presentation files - created by presentation graphics programs to save presentation
materials. For example, a file might contain audience handouts, speaker notes, and
electronic slides.

Information Processing Cycle


 Set of steps that a computer follows to receive data, process the data according to instructions from a
program, display the resulting information to the user, and store the results.
 The sequence of events in processing information, which includes (1) input, (2) processing, (3) storage
and (4) output.
o Input - the first event in the cycle. This stage involves collection of data from external sources or
from within the system. One can break this stage into three sub-stages, namely acquisition, data
entry, and validation. After the data has been acquired from the source, it is entered into the
current system upon which it is validated so that the correct results are obtained. The commonly
used input devices are computer keyboard, bar code readers, scanners, output from another
system, etc.
o Processing - In this stage the computer processes the minutest details entered. This makes the
data entered usable. If the computer was not able to process data, it would not be of any use and
it would be a big mess. The system used for processing, along with the data entered will decide
the kind of output which the user will get.
o Output - The processed information is now transmitted to the user. After processing the data,
there can be further interactive queries asked or routine reports can be given. There can be
printed reports, which may be given to the user. The output can also be given in the form of
audio as well as video. In some cases, the results may only be displayed on the computer
monitor.
o Storage - After the data has been processed along with the output to the user, it is also stored.
Some of the commonly used data storage methods are disk storage, tertiary storage, etc. Storing
the data also serves another purpose. You will not have to repeat the entire cycle again. Often the
storage is done in both digital as well as hard copy format. At the same time, backup of the
digital format is also maintained which can be retrieved in case of system crash.

Information Technology Fundamentals


IT 100

PRELIM

Chapter 2

The Internet and the Web

Want to communicate with a friend across town, in another state, or even in another country? Looking for a
long-lost friend? Looking for travel or entertainment information? Perhaps you’re researching a term paper or
exploring different career paths. Where do you start? For these and other information-related activities, most
people use the Internet and the Web.

Internet
 Often referred to as the Information Superhighway because it connects millions of people across the
globe. The Internet moves ideas, data, and information through networks.
 Launched in 1969 when the United States funded a project that developed a national computer network
called Advanced Research Project Agency Network (ARPANET).
 The largest global network, connecting smaller networks worldwide.
 Facts about the Internet:
o No one owns the Internet
o There is no Internet, Inc.
o The Internet is a network of networks.
The Web
 Provides an easy-to-use, intuitive multimedia interface to connect to the Internet.
 Introduced in 1991 at the Center for European Nuclear Research (CERN).
 Referred to as the World Wide Web (WWW).
 An information-sharing model that is built on top of the Internet.

Difference between Internet and the Web

The Internet is the actual network. It is made up of wires, cables, satellites, and rules for exchanging
information between computers connected to the network. Being connected to this network is often described as
being online. The Internet connects millions of computers and resources throughout the world. The Web is a
multimedia interface to the resources available on the Internet. Every day over a billion users from nearly every
country in the world use the Internet and the Web.

Prior to the Web, the Internet was all text—no graphics, animations, sound, or video. The Web made it possible
to include these elements. It provided a multimedia interface to resources available on the Internet. From these
early research beginnings, the Internet and the Web have evolved into one of the most powerful tools of the 21st
century.

Common Internet Uses


 Communicating
o The most popular Internet activity. You can exchange e-mail with your family and friends almost
anywhere in the world. You can join and listen to discussions and debates on a wide variety of
special-interest topics.
o Sending e-mail and discussion group participation or chatting.
 Shopping
o One of the fastest-growing Internet applications. You can window shop, look for the latest
fashions, search for bargains, and make purchases.
 Searching
o For information has never been more convenient. You can access some of the world’s largest
libraries directly from your home computer. You can find the latest local, national, and
international news.
 Entertainment
o Options are nearly endless. You can find music, movies, magazines, and computer games. You
will find live concerts, movie previews, book clubs, and interactive live games.
 Education / E-learning
o Is another rapidly emerging Web application. You can take classes on almost any subject. There
are courses just for fun and there are courses for high school, college, and graduate school credit.
Some cost nothing to take and others cost a lot.

Accessing the Internet


 Once you are on the Internet, your computer becomes an extension of what seems like a giant computer
- a computer that branches all over the world.
 Common methods of Internet access in homes include dial-up, landline broadband (over coaxial cable,
fiber optic or copper wires), Wi-Fi, satellite and 3G/4G technology cell phones.
 Internet Service Providers (ISPs)
o Most common way to access the Internet.
o Already connected to the Internet and provide a path or connection for individuals to access the
Internet.
o Uses variety of connection technologies: DSL, Cable and Wireless Modems

Browsers
 Are programs that provide access to Web resources.
 This software connects you to remote computers, opens and transfers files, displays text and images, and
provides in one tool an uncomplicated interface to the Internet and Web documents.
 Browsers allow you to explore, or to surf, the Web by easily moving from one Web site to another.
 Four well-known browsers are Mozilla Firefox, Apple Safari, Microsoft Internet Explorer, and Google
Chrome.
 Browser is software that allows users to navigate the Web and read the multimedia formatted pages.
 When connected to the Internet, a document is sent to your computer usually coded in HTML
(Hypertext Markup Language) or some variation.
o Interprets the HTML codes displaying page
 May contain
 Hyperlinks - allow users to quickly connect to other pages or Web sites.
 Graphics
 Text
 Multimedia elements
 The browser interprets the HTML formatting instructions and displays the document as a Web page.

 Special browsers
o Mobile Browsers – designed to run on these portable devices.
o Is displayed on a very small screen and special navigational tools are required to conveniently
view Web content.
o The Apple iPhone, for example, enables you to “pinch” or “stretch” the screen with two fingers
to zoom Web content in and out.
 Connect to Web sites using URL addresses (uniform resource locator).

In order for a user to access web resources, the location or address must be specified.
These addresses are called Uniform Resource Locators or URLs.

The two parts of URL:


1. Protocol - are rules for exchanging data between computers.
 The protocol http (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
 Is used for Web traffic and is the most widely used Internet protocol.
 It is the foundation of data communication for the World Wide Web.
 HTTP functions as a request-response protocol in the client-server computing model.
A web browser, for example, may be the client and an application running on a
computer hosting a web site may be the server. The client submits an HTTP request
message to the server. The server, which provides resources such as HTML files and
other content, or performs other functions on behalf of the client, returns a response
message to the client. The response contains completion status information about the
request and may also contain requested content in its message body.
2. Domain Name - indicates the specific address where the resource is located.
 Top-level domain - identifies the type of organization who owns the website. (See image in
the previous page).

Communication
 the most popular Internet activity
 In business, electronic communication has become a standard, and many times preferred, way to stay in
touch with suppliers, employees, and customers.

Some popular types of Internet communication are:


 E-mail
o is the transmission of electronic messages over the Internet. All you need to send and receive
e-mail is an e-mail account, access to the Internet, and an e-mail program.
o Two of the most widely used e-mail programs are Microsoft’s Outlook Express and Mozilla
Thunderbird.
o A typical e-mail message has three basic elements:
 Header
 Address
o Addresses of the persons sending, receiving, and, optionally, anyone
else who is to receive copies.
o Basic parts:

o
o In our example e-mail, dcoats is Dan’s user name. The server
providing e-mail service for Dan is usc.edu. The top-level domain
indicates that the provider is an educational institution.
 Subject - A one-line description, used to present the topic of the message.
 Attachments - Many e-mail programs allow you to attach files such as
documents and image files.
 Message – the message.
 Signature - provides additional information about the sender. This information may
include the sender’s name, address, and telephone number.

Spam – unwanted and unsolicited e-mails. Computer viruses that can destroy your computer system
can be attached to this spam messages. Because of this, spam blockers (or spam filters) were creates.
These programs use a variety of different approaches to identify and eliminate spam.

Tips to blocking spam:


 Choose a complex address
 Keep a low profile
 Don’t ever respond to spam
 Use anti-spam
 Instant messaging
o Extension of email that provides direct, live communication between two or more people.
o You need to register to use instant messaging services.
o Different services do not always play well together. Universal instant messenger programs
are being developed (i.e. Digsby, Pidgin, Qnext), to overcome this limitation.
o Some services include video - audio and file-sharing.
o Famous IM services today:
 Yahoo! Messenger
 AOL’s Instant Messenger
 Microsoft’s MSN Messenger

 Social networking
o One of the fastest-growing uses of the Internet.
o Connecting individuals to one another.
o Three basic categories:
 Reuniting sites
 are designed to connect people who have known one another but have lost
touch; for example, an old high school friend that you have not seen for
several years.
 Classmates Online and Facebook.
 Friend-of-a-friend sites
 Are designed to bring together two people who do not know one another but
share a common friend.
 Friendster and My Space
 Common interest sites
 Bring together individuals that share common interests or hobbies.
 Flickr (images) and YouTube and Vimeo (video).
 Blogs, Microblogs and Wikis
o Web blogs or Blogs
 Postings that are date- and time-stamped and then arranged with the most recent items
shown first.
 Like online diaries with personal information; others focus on information about a
hobby or theme, such as knitting, electronic devices, or good books.
o Microblogs
 Publishes short sentences that only take a few seconds to write, rather than long
stories or posts like a traditional blog.
 Twitter, very famous.
o Wikis
 a Web site specially designed to allow visitors to fill in missing information or correct
inaccuracies.
 “Wiki” comes from the Hawaiian word for fast, which describes the simplicity of
editing and publishing through wiki software.
 Wikipedia – online encyclopedia with over 20 languages.

Searching
 Search Tools
o Search Engines
 Are specialized programs that assist you in locating information on the Web and the
Internet.
 To find information, you go to a search service’s Web site (like Google) and use its
search engine.
 Note: a recent study by the NEC Research Institute found that any one search engine
includes only a fraction of the informational sources on the Web. Therefore, it is good to
use more than one search engine when researching important topics.
o Metasearch Engines
 Are programs that automatically submit your search request to several search engines
simultaneously. The metasearch engine receives the results, eliminates duplicates, orders
the hits, and then provides the edited list to you.
o Specialized Search Engines
 Focus on subject-specific Websites. Specialized sites can potentially save you time by
narrowing your search.

Web Utilities
 Are specialized utility programs that make using the Internet and the Web easier and safer.
 Are browser-related programs that either become part of your browser or are executed from your
browser.
 Examples of Web Utilities:
o Plug-ins - are programs that are automatically started and operate as a part of your browser.
o Filters - block access to selected sites.
o File Transfer Utilities - Using this software, you can copy files to your computer from specially
configured servers. This is called downloading. Also to copy files from your computer to another
computer on the Internet. This is called uploading.
o Internet security Suite - is a collection of utility programs designed to maintain your security and
privacy while you are on the Web.
ACTIVITY 1
Identify the following statement and write your answer in the space provided.
_______1. Electronic device that processes data, converting it into information that is useful to people.
_______2.This type of computer work by the numbers. That is, it breaks all types of information into tiny
_units, and use numbers to represent those pieces of information. All information is represented using
the digits 0s and 1s.
______3.Represents data as variable across a continuous range of values.
______4.Palm computers such as Personal digital assistants (PDAs) and smartphones, are amongst the
smallest computing devices.
______5.It indicates the specific address where the resource is located.
______6.These are rules for exchanging data between computers.
______7.Provides an easy-to-use, intuitive multimedia interface to connect to the Internet.
______8.Least powerful but most widely used and fastest-growing type of computers.
______9.Raw, unprocessed facts, including text, numbers, images, and sounds.
______10.Portable computers. They are lightweight computers with a thin screen.
______11.It is the transmission of electronic messages over the Internet.
______12.It is the first event in the cycle. This stage involves collection of data from external sources or
from within the system
______13.A Web site specially designed to allow visitors to fill in missing information or correct
inaccuracies.
______14.The most popular computer systems. These are also known as personal computers or simply PCs.
______15.A combination of hardware, software, infrastructure and trained personnel organized to facilitate
planning, control, coordination, and decision making in an organization.

ACTIVITY 2

Write T if the statement is true and F if the statement is false.


1. After the data has been processed along with the output to the user, it is also stored.
2. Domain name are rules for exchanging data between computers.
3. Shopping is one of the common internet uses
4. Graphics allow users to quickly connect to other pages or Web sites.
5. Software is the collection of physical elements that constitutes a computer system
6. Database files typically created by database management programs to contain highly structured and
organized data.
7. Search engines are specialized programs that assist you in locating information on the Web and the
Internet.
8. A computer has no capability to derive meaning from objects.
9. Software are programs that provide access to Web resources.
10. The Internet is the actual network. It is made up of wires, cables, satellites, and rules for exchanging
information between computers connected to the network

ACTIVITY 3
Write a reflection paper on how an internet plays a role in the society. (Write your answer at the
back of the paper)

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