LANDMINE DETECTOR

A project Report Submitted in partial fulfillment of the

requirement for the

Award of the degree 0f

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Submitted by

Y.ANUSHA

07551A04B0 (NUM)

Under the Guidance of

N.V.LALITHA,

Associate professor,

Department of ECE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

GODAVARI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

(Affiliated to J.N.T.U, Kakinada, Accredited by NBA, Approved by A.I.C.T.E)
 RAJAHMUNDRY (A.P)
April 2011
GODAVARI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY
(Affiliated to J.N.T.U, Kakinada, Accredited by NBA, Approved by A.I.C.T.E)

NH-5, CHAITANYA KNOWLEDGE CITY RAJAHMUNDRY 533 294 (A.P)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Certificate
This is to certify that the project work entitled LANDMINE DETECTOR is being
submitted for partial fulfillment of Bachelor Of Technology in Electronics &
Communication Engineering to Godavari Institute Of Engineering And Technology,
Rajahmundry, A.P, affiliated to the JNTU, Kakinada, is bonafied work done by
Y.ANUSHA, bearing Roll.No:07551A04B0 under my guidance during the academic year
2010-2011 and it has been found suitable for acceptance according to the requirement of
University. The results embodied in the project have not been submitted to any other
University or institute for the award of degree.

N.V.Lalitha Dr.V.Sailaja

Project Guide HOD, ECE

2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my beloved guide Dr.V.Sailaja, Professor and

HOD, Department of Electronics and communication Engineering, her valuable guidance and cooperation in

the successful completion of this dissertation work. She initiated, channeled my thoughts and extended

timely suggestions for which I deeply indebted to her. Without her support and encouragement, I would

never have been able to complete the project successfully.

My profound thanks to Dr. L.S.Gupta, principal, Godavari Institute of Engineering and

Technology for his support.

We express our sincere thanks to our Management, GIET, Rajahmundry for providing such a

platform for implementing the ideas in our mind.

I am also grateful to teaching and non teaching staff members of Department of Electronics and

Communication Engineering for their valuable suggestions and kind co-operation.

Last but not the least I deem it a pleasure to thank one and all that helped me directly or indirectly in

carrying out this project.

Name: Y.ANUSHA

Pin num: 07551A04B0

3
CONTENTS
• Acknowledgments
• Abstract
• List Of Figures
• List Of Tables

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 ***************

1.2 ****************

1.3 ****************

Chapter 2 ****************
2.1***************
2.2**************
……………………….
…………………
…………..
CONCLUSION
References

4
 ABSTRACT

The aim of this project is to design a Metal Detector, as the name indicates
used to detect the metallic objects. It used a sensing coil. This coil should be kept near
metallic objects for detection. Input of circuit is a weak colpitt’s R.F. range oscillator.
Sensing coil forms parts of tuned oscillator.
When coil is brought nearer to a metallic object, energy is absorbed and
oscillator fails to work. Then final transistor conducts and buzzer is activated. It uses a 9v
battery. After connecting battery, adjust the preset resistor till the circuit stops sounding.
This circuit is most useful for security checking. It can also be used in industry
for detection of unwanted metal objects. Also for the search of hidden metal objects at
airport entrances, public houses, court houses.

5
 LIST OF FIGURES

1.1 NAME********************
PG.N0
2.2 NAME********************
PG.N0

LIST OF TABLES
1.1 NAME********************
PG.N0
2.2 NAME********************
PG.N0

6
7
 CHAPTER
N0.1

INTRODUCTION

With heightened criminal activities crosses the world, it has become vitally necessary to
prevent gunmen, knife men, kidnappers and suicide bombers from gaining access into sensitive and highly
populated public places such as hotels, banks, airports, stadium, theaters, government and business
headquarters. Since many of the deadly weapons used by these societal miscreants are made from
combinations/synthesis of metallic materials, one effective way to stop these hardened and determined
criminals in their track is the installation and use of metal detectors in these strategic public places.

8
 These detectors help to identify and confirm the presence of metallic objects on persons, luggages
and consignments, thus assisting security operatives to sort these individuals and luggages and determine if
the metallic objects on them are for safe or harmful use. This has helped to arrest and stop potential killers,
terrorists and similar criminals.

DESCRIPTION

Metal detectors are effective and useful security tools employed in strategic places such as
airports, banks, stadiums, government houses and major hotels to detect the presence of ferro, para and dis-
magnetic metals on persons, luggages and consignments. The study presents a metal detector comprising an
RF oscillator, a detector/smoothing unit, comparator and a switching/signaling unit. A transistor colpitt
oscillator is used with its inductor being a toroidal coil, thus acting as a transducer converting magnetic
variations to voltage level changes through direct feedback mechanism.
The tank circuit is set such that the feedback voltage is just sufficient to maintain oscillation.
Magnetic variations caused by materials distort the initial set position, automatically cutting off oscillation
and hence the transistor due to the biasing techniques employed. The comparator is set to switch to a
negative voltage whenever the potential at its positive impact falls below 0.5 V and vice-versa. The
performance of the detector was satisfactory, particularly for short-range applications. It detected both
ferrous and non-ferrous metals like steel and aluminum at a range determined by the type of material and its
relative size.

MATERIALS AND METHODSM

9
Block diagram of the metal detector

Power Supply: The power supply unit could be a battery source or an a.c. source incorporating a rectifier
and filter.

Oscillator:
Oscillators are essentially signal generators whose configurations are either Resistor-
Capacitor (RC) type or Inductor-Capacitor (LC) type. Electrical oscillation is due to the interchange of
electric and magnetic energy stored in the electric field of the capacitor and magnetic field of the inductor
due to the 1800 phase shift in their operation. A specific type of LC oscillator, the colpitt oscillator was used
in this design. Figure 2a, b are examples of the colpitt oscillator, the simple common-base and common-
collector variants. Figure 3 and 4, respectively shows a practical colpitts oscillator and an ideal model of the
oscillator
Key features of the Colpitts Oscillator are its simplicity (needs only a single inductor) and
robustness. The feedback needed for oscillation is taken from a voltage divider made by the two capacitors.
Ideal frequency of oscillation is:

10
2) Simplified colpitts oscillators; a) simple common-base; b) simple common-collector
3) Practical colpitts oscillators

Colpitts Oscillator
Colpitts Oscillator is recognized by a small capacitor tapping the TUNED CIRCUIT to monitor the
waveform.

The colpitts oscillator consists of a tuned circuit made up of inductor L1 and capacitor CT
(sometimes called the tuning capacitor) and a transistor in common-base mode. At the frequency of
operation for the circuit, the capacitor C1 on the base of the transistor prevents the base moving (rising and

11
falling) and this puts it in the common bas
configuration.

Resistor Rb is the base bias resistor. It is designed to turn the transistor on at the beginning of the cycle.

Re is the emitter resistor and keeps the emitter from the 0v rail so the emitter can be injected via capacitor
Cf (the feedback capacitor) to keep the oscillator operating.

This circuit has two features we will cover in detail. They are:
1. EMITTER FEEDBACK
2. The TUNED CIRCUIT

Emitter Feedback

For a circuit to be self-oscillating it must have positive feedback. This can come in a
number of forms. It can be intentional or due to poor design. If a circuit is not designed correctly it can self-
oscillate. This is an undesirable situation as the frequency at which the circuit oscillates is unknown and
uncontrollable. We are dealing with CONTROLLED FEEDBACK.

Using controlled feedback we can provide positive feedback to either the base or emitter.

Up to now we have shown how delivering a waveform to the base of a transistor will allow it to
amplify the signal but the same effect can be gained by injecting the waveform into the emitter.

The base and emitter are effectively tied together and separated by 0.7v. Any waveform
delivered to the base can be delivered to the emitter but if it is delivered to the emitter, it must be 100 times
"more powerful" to produce the same voltage shift.

Tuned Circuit

The TUNED CIRCUIT also called the PARALLEL RESONANT CIRCUIT or TANK
CIRCUIT and the two components that make up this arrangement called PASSIVE devices. In other words
they are not active (amplifying) devices such as transistors and each component by itself cannot amplify, but
when they are placed together, they perform an amazing feat. They AMPLIFY a signal (a pulse) delivered to

12
them and turn the pulse into a natural curvy waveform called a sine wave.
The two components we are talking about are: a coil and a capacitor. When they are placed in parallel, they
produce a circuit that has a natural frequency of oscillation.

Depending on where it is placed in a schematic (circuit diagram), it can be called a RESONANT

CIRCUIT or TANK CIRCUIT. TANK CIRCUIT is reserved for its placement in the output of a
transmitter, where the effect of the circuit is to store energy (like a tank of water) that has been delivered in
short bursts and deliver it over a long period of time.

Before we go into the discussion it's best to see the coil and capacitor in action. Watch the
animation below and see the "charges of electricity" moving from the capacitor to the coil and back
again. It's the time take to charge the capacitor and then go to the coil to produce magnetic flux, that creates
the gradual rise and fall (voltage rise and fall) across the combination.

TUNED CIRCUIT

To start the circuit

into operation, a short burst of
energy has to be applied. This has not been shown in the animation above, but if you mouse over the frame
opposite it will be pulsed with a burst of energy. The energy from the pulse goes into the capacitor because
it is uncharged and readily accepts the pulse. The coil, on the other hand, has a characteristic called
IMPEDANCE and this prevents it from accepting the initial burst of energy.

After a burst of energy is pumped into the circuit, the coil and capacitor respond by producing a
sinewave. This is an amazing effect for two seemingly simple components and is one of the earliest
phenomena to be discovered. Without it, electronics would never have got off the ground; certainly not in
the radio field.

It is the basis of all transmitters as well as many other types of radio circuits. The name "Tank
Circuit" came from ham radio operators who used a coil and capacitor in the output of their transmitters to
improve the output. The circuit stores bursts of energy from the output stage like a tank and delivers it
smoothly to the antenna.

13
 The way it does this is the energy is firstly passes into the capacitor. The energy (the voltage) is
also presented to the coil and it is converted to magnetic flux. This flux cuts the turns of the coil and
produces a voltage that is of opposite polarity and this has the effect of pushing against the incoming
voltage. That's why the capacitor is first to receive the energy. As it charges, the coil gradually begins to
accept a flow of energy and since the coil has a very low resistance; it eventually takes over to take the
charge from the capacitor.

The coil converts the energy into magnetic flux and this is passed to the surrounding air or into the
core material of the coil. While the coil is receiving energy and producing magnetic flux, the flux is called
EXPANDING FLUX. But the capacitor soon runs out of energy and the flux cannot be maintained. The flux
surrounding the coil COLLAPSES and produces COLLAPSING FLUX and the magnetic flux lines cut the
turns of the coil to produce a voltage (and current) in the coil that IS OPPOSITE POLARITY to the original
voltage.

When the magnetic lines fully collapse, the capacitor is fully charged (but slightly less than before
due to the losses in the circuit) and the cycle repeats, this time with the voltage from the capacitor in the
OPPOSITE DIRECTION to the original charge. This action will repeat a number of times. Each time the
amplitude of the voltage will be slightly less (due to losses in the circuit).

All it requires is the initial pulse to be presented to the circuit AT THE CORRECT TIME and the
circuit will repeat its transfer of energy form coil to capacitor and back again. This is done by a circuit
monitoring the waveform and turning on at exactly the correct instant so that the losses are replaced and the
full amplitude is maintained.

The result is a sinewave that can have amplitude greater than the applied voltage. This is amazing
and is due to the collapsing magnetic flux producing a voltage that is higher than the delivering voltage. The
voltage mainly depends on the speed at which the field collapses. If this voltage is double the applied,
the quality factor or "Q" factor is 2. If the voltage is 10 times, the Q factor is 10. Some parallel resonant
circuits can have a Q factor of 20, 50, 100, 500 or more. It all depends on the coil and the percentage of
energy tapped off for monitoring etc.

The tuned circuit is very important. Even though it appears to be very simple, it takes a lot of skill
to design for the correct Q. The physical size of the coil and capacitor must be worked out as well as the

14
correct value and placement of the parts as the current that circulate between the two can be higher than the
current entering the circuit!

A high Q arrangement is required in a receiver to obtain good selectivity - so that adjacent stations
can be separated from one another. A low Q will cause them to come through in a jumble. A tank circuit in
the output of a transmitter will have a low Q as most the energy will be transferred to the antenna during
each cycle and its main function it to match the output stage to the antenna, rather than provide a high Q
factor.

The animation below shows the voltage across the combination is changing direction very quickly
to produce a SINEWAVE. This is shown on the CRO (Cathode Ray Oscilloscope). The waveform on the
CRO will be stationary when it is set-up correctly. The red mark on the screen indicates the peak, zero and
minimum values of the waveform and these correspond to the voltage on the capacitor at different points in
the cycle.

Once the Tuned Circuit is given a pulse, the energy will flow back and forth between the two
components an infinite number of times, except the fact that the voltage decreases on each cycle due to the
losses (mainly in the coil) when the energy is converted into magnetic flux then back into "electricity."

15
Torodial Coil
This is an inductive coil wound on a torus which is a surface of revolution generated by
revolving a circle in 3 dimensional space about an axis coplanar with and not touching the circle .To gain
insight into the superior advantages of the toroidal coil, a mathematical examination of the geometry of the
torus will be helpful. A torus can be defined parametrically by:

u, v = In the interval (0, 2Π)

R = The distance from the center of the tube to the center of the torus
r = The radius of the tube

Coils wound on toroids have the following advantages:

 High inductance for the physical space occupied
 No coupling or interaction with adjacent components
 Exceptional Q values when wound correctly
 Low cost, simple to mount and secure mechanically
Toroids are particularly useful as inductors in electronic circuits, especially at low frequencies. The formula
for calculating the inductance of toroid is:

L = Inductance in nano henrys

N = Number of turns
AL = Inductance factor

16
Comparator Design
The principle behind the operation of the metal detector is based on voltage comparison and
switching. Thus, the oscillator must be biased in such a way to achieve this switching. One obvious way is
to connect the transistor such that at one stage oscillation occurs and at another oscillation ceases. The
change in voltage passes to a comparator which has a preset voltage level determined by the circuit’s
parameters. A colipitts oscillator with direct feedback from a resonant load to the input was used.
The design of the comparator simply involves setting resistor value such that at operation of
the oscillator the voltage on the non-inverting input exceed that at the inverting input and vice-versa when
the oscillator is cut off. When the oscillations go out, the transistor becomes automatically off because of the
biasing technique used.

Electronic Wailer

The general purpose power amplifies BD131 and 132 were used having a minimum gain (hFE) of
20 and collector current of 3A. The transistors were biased to operate at cut-off.
The electronic wailer produces an audible note that slowly rises in pitch until it get to a steady value.
Resistor-capacitor combination determined the time rate of the charge and discharge of the capacitor.
In below figure, C2 is responsible for producing the initial rising pitch of the note due to a rising voltage
across it producing a rising current, hence a faster charge and discharge rate of C1 brought about by the rapid
saturation and cut-off of both transistors TR1 and TR2.

17
CHAPTER
N0.2

18
 Metal Detector

METAL DETECTOR is based on a Colpitts Oscillator. This is a very simple but effective project
using a single transistor to generate magnetic flux in a 12cm (5inch) diameter coil. An AM radio is placed
near the coil and tuned until a tone of the lowest frequency is heard. The Metal Detector project becomes a
RADIO STATION and transmits to the AM radio. When the radio is "tuned in" the tone from the speaker is a very
low frequency.
When a piece of metal is brought near the coil, the Metal Detector changes frequency and this is
picked up by the radio and a whistle is heard. The coil is very sensitive and a small coin can be detected at a
range of 10cm. You can use this project to hunt for coins at the beach and detecting the gold etc.
There is an enormous difference between detecting gold and ordinary metals (called base metals).
Apart from the fact that gold is over 1000 times more expensive, its magnetic differences are such that we
can produce a metal detector that will discriminate between metals, both ferrous and non ferrous, and
GOLD! Gold detectors have come a long way in the past 15 years, especially during the rapid rise in gold
prices, about 10 years ago. At that time, "GOLD!" was on everyone's lips and as its price soared, GOLD
FEVER took over and fossickers by the thousands took to the countryside to try their luck.

19
 In areas where gold was found some 100 years ago in Australia, the country was dotted with
prospectors combing the hills and flood-plains with gold detectors. Encouraged by reports of sizeable
nuggets being discovered, buyers flocked to purchase gold detectors. Prospecting shops sprung up
everywhere and offered detectors not much more complex that this model with an amplifier (the equivalent
to the AM radio), for $299! You may laugh, but when gold fever strikes, people do the craziest of things.
The chance of picking up a nugget of gold is a million to one. This is because the ground where
they are found is quite often filled with iron and other minerals that will affect the reading of electronic
detecting equipment and reduce their sensitivity. To overcome this we must employ very sophisticated
circuitry so that only the "signature" of gold is registered on the equipment.
As you can imagine, detecting the difference between an aluminum ring-pull from a small nugget
is an almost impossible task as ring-pulls are generally closer to the surface and swamp the minute signature
of any lumps of gold that may be buried deeper in the ground.
Also the background effect of the minerals in the soil has to be cancelled and when you do this,
you lose some of the sensitivity of the detector. The answer is to tune the equipment for the terrain you are
covering so that it is at peak performance. This requires a fair degree of skill and that's why more advanced
detectors are available on the market.

20
 To start you in this interesting field we have designed a very simple detector. It only requires a
handful of components and an evening's work. It's not only gold that's worth finding but a whole range of
items including money, jewellery, metal objects and things that have been lost for 100 years or more. One of
the best places to search is the beach. Lots of things are lost in the sand every year and it's very easy to scan
the surface with a detector and dig them up.
Because this project is very simple we have not called it a gold detector as it cannot discriminate
between any of the base metals and gold. Instead, the word "gold detector" can only be introduced with a
more elaborate model where some form of discrimination is available.
We have called this design a "metal detector" as it lets you know when anything of a ferrous or
non- ferrous nature is placed in the field of the coil. This metal detector is finally used in archeological
department for the detection of buried metal objects. It can also be used in industry for detection of
unwanted metal objects. Also for the search of hidden metal objects at airport entrances, public houses,
court houses (security purpose).

How Circuit Works

We will start the discussion when the conditions have settled down after a few cycles and the
voltage on the base of the transistor is stable (fixed by the "holding" or "resisting" action of the 10n
capacitor).
The circuit is an oscillator and the way it keeps oscillating is due to positive feedback. This is the
case with all oscillators and the component that provides the feedback is the 1n capacitor between the
collector and emitter of the transistor. It may seem unusual that the transistor can be turned on via the
emitter to keep it oscillating, but in fact it does not matter if the emitter or base receives a signal as the
important factor is THE VOLTAGE DIFFERENCE between these two terminals.
If the base is kept fixed and the emitter voltage is reduced, the transistor sees a higher voltage
between the base and emitter and it is turned ON harder. If the voltage on the emitter increases, the transistor
turns OFF as the difference between the two is reduced. This is exactly what happens in this circuit. The 1n
capacitor between the collector and emitter influences the voltage on the emitter to turn the transistor on and
off. It does this by constantly monitoring the voltage on the tuned circuit and passing the change to the

21
emitter. In this project, the TUNED CIRCUIT is the parallel components consisting of the inductor and the
1n capacitor across it.
We start when the transistor turns ON and allows a pulse of energy to enter the tuned circuit. The
pulse of energy (current) starts by trying to entering both the coil and capacitor. You would think the coil
has the smallest resistance but the capacitor is uncharged and presents a theoretical zero resistance and
begins to charge. When a small voltage appears across it, you would think the coil would become the least
resistance as it consists of only a few turns of copper wire.
But the wire is wound in a coil and forms an inductor (it has inductance). When a voltage is
applied to it, the low resistance of the inductor allows a current to flow but this current produces magnetic
flux that cuts the turns of the coil and produces a back-voltage that opposes the incoming current. It works
like this: Suppose you supply 200mV to the coil. The back voltage it produces may be as high as 199mV
and thus you only have 1mV with which to push current into the coil. If the resistance of the coil is 100milli-
ohms, the current will be about 10mA. The capacitor will accept more than this and so it gets charged first.
As the voltage on the capacitor increases, it presents its voltage to the inductor and allows a current
to flow (at a rate which the coil will accept) to produce magnetic flux. This flux is called electromagnetic
lines of force and creates an expanding field. The capacitor cannot provide energy for very long and after a
short time the current reduces and this causes the magnetic field to begin to collapse.
The collapsing magnetic field produces a voltage that is opposite to that originally supplied to it
and the bottom of the coil becomes positive with respect to the top. If we think of the coil as being a tiny
battery we see it adds its voltage to the 9v of the supply and the collector end of the coil becomes higher
than 9v.
This voltage is detected by the 1n feedback capacitor (between the collector and emitter) and it
passes the voltage to the emitter where it increases the emitter voltage. The base of the transistor is kept
stable and fixed by the holding action of the 10n capacitor and the transistor turns off slightly. This action
continues and eventually the collector can be considered to be removed from the circuit so that it puts no
load on the tuned circuit. When an inductor is not loaded like this, the collapsing magnetic field will produce
maximum voltage.
This is the case in the circuit above and as the magnetic field collapses, it produces a voltage
(about 25v) that is considerably higher than that applied to it. This voltage is passed to the "C" component
of the tuned circuit (the 1n capacitor connected across the coil) and the capacitor charges up.
When all the magnetic flux has been converted to voltage the capacitor is charged and it begins to
deliver this charge back to the coil. In the process, the voltage across the capacitor is reduced and this

22
voltage is detected by the 1n capacitor across the collector emitter terminals of the transistor. The result is
the voltage on the emitter is reduced and the transistor is turned on slightly to deliver a pulse of energy to
the tuned circuit. This is when another pulse of energy is injected into the system and the cycle repeats. The
frequency of the circuit is about 140 kHz and is set by the inductance of the coil and the capacitor across
it. When we place a piece of metal in the magnetic field of the coil, some of the lines of flux pass through
the metal and are converted to an electric current called an EDDY CURRENT in the metal.
This means we lose some of the magnetic flux and so there is less available to return to the coil
when it begins to collapse. This means the reverse-voltage produced by the coil will be lower and so the
capacitor will take less time to charge to its maximum value. Thus the transistor will be turned on sooner
and so the frequency of the circuit increases.
The flux produced by the coil is electromagnetic radiation identical to radio waves of the same
frequency. If we place a radio near the coil and tune it to a harmonic, the two frequencies will "beat"
together and produce a "quiet spot" on the radio. When a piece of metal enters the field of the coil, the
frequency changes slightly and a low-frequency tone is emitted from the speaker. A shift in frequency of as
little as a few hertz will be clearly heard and this is why the circuit is so effective. The sensitivity of the coil
depends on making the circuit change frequency at the slightest insertion of a metal object. This requires
operating the transistor at amplitude that is not overdriving it, so that the slightest injection of a piece of
metal into the field will alter the frequency. It is important to note that the amplitude of the waveform is also
reduced when a piece of metal is introduced but the radio is not set up to detect this. Other metal detectors
detect the drop in amplitude. Detection of metal can be indicated by a loud speaker (buzzer) or an LED.

Indicating Devices
Light Emitting Diode (LED)
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. When a light-emitting diode is
forward biased (switched on), electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device,
releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence and the color of the light
(corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy gap of the semiconductor.

23
LEDs are produced in a variety of shapes and sizes. The 5 mm cylindrical package (red, fifth from the left)
is the most common, estimated at 80% of world production. The color of the plastic lens is often the same as
the actual color of light emitted, but not always. For instance, purple plastic is often used for infrared LEDs,
and most blue devices have clear housings. There are also LEDs in SMT packages, such as those found on
blinkies and on cell phone keypads (not shown).
Light-emitting diodes are used in applications as diverse as replacements for aviation
lighting, automotive lighting (particularly brake lamps, turn signals and indicators) as well as in traffic
signals. The compact size, the possibility of narrow bandwidth, switching speed, and extreme reliability of
LEDs has allowed new text and video displays and sensors to be developed, while their high switching rates
are also useful in advanced communications technology. Infrared LEDs are also used in the remote control
units of many commercial products including televisions, DVD players, and other domestic appliances.

BUZZER
A buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device, which may be mechanical,
electromechanical, or electronic. Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include alarms, timers and
confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or keystroke. A piezoelectric element may be driven by an
oscillating electronic circuit or other audio signal source. Sounds commonly used to indicate that a button
has been pressed are a click, a ring or a beep. Electronic buzzers find many applications in modern days.

24
Round Piezo Buzzer with large sound output, ideal for warning indication

Features

• High Quality Design

• Flying Leads Included
• Easy Mounting

Construction
All the parts fit on a small PC board with two wires from the coil and two from the battery.

25
Parts List
220R – (red-red-brown)
47k – (yellow-purple-orange)
1n – (green caps-102)
4n7 – (green cap-472)
10n – (green cap-103)
47u electrolytic
BC 547 Transistor
Slide switch
9v Battery and Battery snap
6.5m winding wire (gauge not critical)
The search coil is made by winding 16 turns around a circular object 12cm diameter. This can be a
juice bottle or even a square object as the coil can be made circular afterwards. Use 4 pieces of sticky tape or
electricians tape around the turns to keep them in place and glue the coil to the base board with silicon
sealant. The base-board has a wooden handle screwed to it at an angle of 60°. You will also need a small
transistor radio taped to the handle near the base so that it can pick up the field from the coil and detect
when the frequency of the oscillator changes. The diagram below shows the best layout.

Connect the battery and turn the transistor radio on. Tune across the dial and you get a number of spots
where the radio will produce a whistle as a result of its local oscillator beating with the output of the coil of

26
the detector. We got the best result at about 1400 kHz and this is where the tone could be adjusted to a very
low frequency. When the detector was swept over a 20¢ coin at about 10cm, the change in the tone could
easily be detected. The frequency of the oscillator of the metal detector will change slightly as the battery
voltage falls and as the temperature of the circuit increases on a hot day. This can be compensated by
adjusting the frequency of the radio so that the tone is kept as low as possible.

Testing
1. Continuity test:-
First of all we checked the dot board that all the insulations are as per the design of DOT board and showing
continuity with the help of multimeter.

2. Short circuit test:-

Then we checked the board for any unwanted short circuits with the help of multimeter and circuit layout.

3. Soldering:-
In the next step, we soldered the required components. And then we checked that there are no unwanted
shorts occurred due to soldering without putting IC's and keeping power supply off.
4. Power supply test:-
In the next step, we put power supply on and checked whether required voltage is appearing at the required
voltage is appearing at the required points i.e. +Vcc and GND at the respective points.

Precautions:-

• Do not wind tinned copper wire around the coil to hold the turns in place as this will create a
shorted-turn and prevent the circuit from oscillating.
• It's best not to have any metal items near the coil as they will reduce its effectiveness. This includes
nails and screws in the base-board. Metal objects that are away from the centre of the field are ok as
they will have no effect.
• If you have taken too long to solder the transistor or used a very hot iron, it may be overheated and
its gain will be reduced.
 This will prevent the oscillator starting up.
 Replace the transistor and take more care with soldering.

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 • The winding wire for the search coil is insulated with enamel to prevent the turns shorting against
each other. But if you damage this coating by scraping or kinking the wire you may get two turns
where the copper is touching each other. This will create a shorted turn and prevent the oscillator
working.
 Prevent any damaged sections touching each other.
CONCLUSION

Thus the detector can be extensively used in clearance of mine fields

REFERENCES
• Wikipedia - The free encyclopedia
• http://www.8051projects.info/
• http://www.instructabal.com/

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