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LEARNING OUTCOME:
COOLING LOADS
I. Heat Gain, Cooling Load, and Heat Extraction Rate
2. Cooling Load
The rate at which heat energy must be removed to maintain the
temperature and humidity at the design values. It is taken as the
sum of the heat gain and the system heat loads. The cooling load
will generally differ from the heat gain since some of the heat gains
such as solar radiation are absorbed by the structure and the
contents and do not appear as cooling load until sometime later.
Add all of the sensible and latent loads discussed in item number nine,
the room sensible heat, RSH and the room latent heat, RLH are now
determined. Equate the two such as:
RSH RSH
RSHF = =
RTH RSH + RLH
i) Simple wall,
x
Outside Inside
air film air film
QST
to ti
Homogeneous Material
Non-homogeneous Material
AΔt
QST = UAΔt = UA(to - ti) =
RT
1
U =
RT
x1 x2
Outside to
ti
air film Inside
air film
a
C K1 K2
QST
QST = UAΔt
1 1
U = =
RT 1 1 x1 1 x2 1
+ + + + +
fo C k1 a k2 fi
Example:
Determine the heat transmission gain through a 12.0 m x 6.0 m external
wall with a cross section shown. Inside temperature is 24OC and
outside temperature is 34OC. The wall has a 1.5 m x 2.0 m flat glass
window. Face
Air space Brick
12.0 m
to = 34OC
2.0 m Concrete
ti = 24OC
Block
Window 1.5 m
6.0 m
Plaster
QST
Tile
Air space
Air Conditioning 6
Aw Δt
QSW =
RTW
4. a = 6.9 w/m2-k - for air space at 10 cm. thickness & assume 32OC mean temperature.
1 1
R = = = 0.145 m2-k/w
a 6.9 w/m2-k
7. fi = 8.5 w/m2-k - for still air w/ vertical orientation and horizontal heat flow direction.
Aw Δt
QSW =
RTW
AG Δt
QSG =
RTG
1 x 1
RTG = + k +
fo G fi
Where fo and fi have the same values with that of the wall.
AG = 2 x 1.5 = 3 m2
(3 m2)(34-24) k
QSG =
0.238 m2-k/w
QSG = 126.05 w
Air Conditioning 8
W
12:00 MN
30O E
6:00 PM 12:00 NN
2:00 PM
N ln2
P• Parallel
β
Ф
S
H
ln1
l d
o x
h
•A
y
Latitude angle, l is the angular distance north (+) or south (-) from
the earth’s equator to a point on the earth’s surface.
sinh
Tan ϕ =
sinl cosh + cosl tand
For values of d, use Table 17.5 page 579, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning by C. P.
Arora
Sunray
Glass
Absorbed solar heat
Inward flow
Outward flow of absorbed
of absorbed radiation (4%)
radiation (8%)
QSG = (SHGFmax)(R)(A)
R = Solar Factor
- Used to adjust the value of SHGF for other types of glass or internal
shading device.
- Table 17-8, page 601 by Arora
Sun Ray
External
Shading
Window
Glass
y
δ
Sunlit
w
Area
x
E
w
x ψ D
Sunlit Area
x
Elevation View of the Window
Not Drawn to Scale
y
Tan ϐ = Eq. 1, see isometric view.
w
D
Cos δ = Plan view.
w
Air Conditioning 14
D Eq. 2
w =
Cos δ
From Eq. 1,
y = w Tan ϐ Eq. 3
=
Tan ϐ
y = D Solve for y in meters.
Cos δ
-
Where: δ = ϕ + ψ
(+) - If the outer side of the window glass is opposite sides of south.
( ) - If the outer side of the window glass is same side of south.
x
Tan δ =
D
Example:
A window 2.4 m x 1.5 m is recessed 300 mm from the outer surface of
the wall facing 10O west of south. Other data are to be considered:
Design month ----------------------------------- March 21
Condition/Location -------------------------- 16O35’35” North latitude
Solar time`----------------------------------------- 3:00 PM
Glass specifications:
Thickness ------------ 6 mm
Type --------------------- Heat absorbing
Internal Shading --- Medium Venetian blinds.
Estimate the sunlit area and the solar heat gain.
Air Conditioning 15
Solution:
From Table 17.5 page 579 by Arora, for the month of March
21, d = 0O21” = 0.35O
ϐ = 42.79O = 43O
sinh
Tan ϕ =
sinl cosh + cosl tand
Sin45
Tan ϕ =
Sin16.6cos45 + cos16.6 tan0.35
ϕ = 73.62O = 74O
D E
δ
ϕ
δ = ϕ - ψ = 74O - 63O
δ = 64O
Air Conditioning 16
y = 0.638
m
x = D Tan δ = 0.3 Tan 64O
x = 0.615 m
A = (L - x)(h - y)
QSG = (SHGF)(R)(A)
R = (0.94)(0.75)(0.65)
R = 0.46
Convected
Absorbed solar heat
Sunray
Conducted
Radiated
Reflected
QOW = Solar heat gain through opaque surfaces including heat gain due
to temperature difference of outside and inside air with outside
and inside film coefficients.
QOW = UwA(CLTD)
Example:
Calculate the solar heat gain through an opaque wall 22m x 15 m
made up of 100mm concrete block with 50mm insulation (blanket &
batt mineral fiber) facing SW with solar time 2:00 PM. Outdoor
maximum and minimum daily range recorded are 38OC and 20OC. The
room is to be maintained at 24OC temperature.
38OC 24OC
Concrete
Insulation
block
From MRII Tables and Charts, page 93, average density of concrete block at
200 mm thickness is 2100 kg/m3. At 100 mm, density is (100/200 x 2100) is
1050 kg/m3.
m = 105 kg/m2
Table 18.9, Page 602 by Arora 3rd Ed., at SW, 2:00 PM, m = 105 kg/m2,
MRII Tables and Charts, page 93, for concrete block, 200mm thickness,
R = 0.37 m2-k/W
0.37(100mm)
R1 = = 0.185 m2-k/W
200mm
Air Conditioning 19
Table 4-4, page 68, RAC by Stoecker, for mineral fiber, 75-90 mm or an
average of 82.5 mm thickness,
R = 1.94 m2-k/W
1.94(50mm)
R2 = = 1.176 m2-k/W
82.5mm
For outside air film, cooling season, 3.4 m/s wind velocity,
Ro = 0.044 m2-k/W
Ri = 0.12 m2-k/W
RT = Ro + R1 + R2 + Ri = 1.525 m2-k/W
1 1
Uw = =
RT 1.525
Uw = 0.6557 W/m2-k
A = 22 x 15 = 330 m2
Qsw = 3,894.85 W
QFlrs = FPtEF
QRoofs = URAR(RETD)
(L x W x H)(NC)
V =
3600
L = Room length, m
W = Room width, m
Air Conditioning 21
H = Room height, m
NC = a + b(vel) + c(to – ti) = number of air changes
vel = outside wind velocity
= 3.40 m/sec for summer average value
a, b and c --- Infiltration constants, use Table 4-
5, page 70 by Stoecker.
Example:
Determine the heat gain from the occupants doing light works for an
office building 150m x 70m. Working time is 8 hrs.
Floor Area, m2
N =
Space occupied per person
A = 150 x 70 = 10,500 m
10,500 m2
N = = 840 persons
12.5 m2/person
N = Number of motors
QOL = (qLP)(N)
N = Number of occupants
- The same as in QOS
3. Ventilation standard VO
N = Number of occupants
- The same as in QOS