GRAMMAR

IMPORTANTIII: Cdutareain acestfisier seva facecu combindiadetasteCTRL + F

l.ARTICOLUL

A)ARTICOLULDEFIMT: TgE
-seprotrrlili : - the- in f4a consoaoclor
!i a semivocaleior
;
egll!: -dremap,.&ewiotlow, therloivgrsity;
-sepronunti : - thi - in f,atacuvintelorcareincepcu o vocali ;

eg!!!: -theeyes, theapple;

FOLOSIREA ARTICOLULUI DTFINIT TEE

.d - h luoclele cardin:le:eg!!!: - from the South;

Exoeplieli ! : - from Easrto west ;

B. - Jtui qi insulela plural:eg!!!:- the United Statesof America, theWest Indies;

C. -r6uri,rnfi li rnunli:eg!!!: - theBlack Sea, the Capbatians,the Danube;

D'rn
cadnr
unor
expre-'""
"'
i{ffi{#iff.*Hi*'
oo the otherhald - pe de altdparie;
tinp
:;l*'rus,#aceia5i ;

dupi: bot!, half, quite, all , double,rourd!!!

OBS!!!Articolulhotar6tthesefolosegte
Eg!! !:.all tLep-eople
, ha.FOeprice, rouadtbeooon;

'
Il
OBSI!! Adicolul the apare9i in shuctura:"the ....1he....":
Eg!!!:-thesooner....the
better;
-the more....theeasisr;
-the morehterestingtle book is the moreI like il

oBS ! ! ! Afticolul definit the semai traduceta limba romani prin pronumeleadjeotivale:
ce1,cea, cei , celesauarticoleleposesive:a , al , ai , ale .
Eg!!!: Alied the GrearAlfred cel Mare ;
The SecoodWorld War-Al doilear&boi mondial:

CAND Iru SE FOLOSESfi ARTICOLUL!

A. -titlu ti Dr@ederudenii:eg!!!:- QueorMary , auotDori ;

Exceplie! ! !: - the Princessof Wales;

B. -16ri ti.or€$o:eg!!!:
- Cleccc, Pais, Genay ;
Exceplie!!!:- ThePadsof today;

C. - numede Eunti fi lacud:eg!!!:- mountSt.Michael, lake Geaeva;

D. - shizi , piete , clidiri 9i nllmeproprii:egl!!: - Reged Street,Time Square,Tower

Btidge ;

E. - noliuaigeoeralo:eg
!l!: - love, hate,

.F. - numede materii(substanle):€g

!!!: - sah, sugar, oil ;

G. - luai , zile, anotimpuri:eg!!!:- July , Monday, summer;

Exceplie!!l: - the secondMoodayio Juae;

H. - expresiiftutr articol:egl!!: - at r@donl ;

- at dawn,
- at last ;
- at nigbt ;
- at trootr;
- bYmistake;
- by chance;
- to shakehatrd;
- to go by t|ai! ;
- at first sight;
B)ARTICOLIJL NEHOTARATI'AN

A * c6ndfolosimpe ,,a": - inainteauaui ouvantcareincq)e cu o codsoanisauo

semivocali ti seprcnunli : [a] ;
B. - cAodfolosim pe ,,an":- inainteaunui cuventoareincepeou o vooaldSi sepronunti:
[aen];

OBS:!! Articolul hotftet intoduce de obiceiun elementnou.Elpoatefi intalnit in fala

substaotivelorprecedatesauinsofitede adjective.
-
Eg!!!: a goodteacher,ahouseon fue;

Articolul nehot6rataparein uneleiA) - shucturigamaticalc:eg!!! : - ooceupona time ;

- a blue eyedgirl ;
- -
B) exFesii:egl!!: to bein a rage;
-tobeinahitry;
-tobeaialoss;
- to be itr a low voic6 ;
- it's a shame;
- on zmaverage;
- asa rtrle ;
Q - ioainteauui rume predicativ:eg!! !:
He ie violonist.
Shebecamea teacher.

OARTICOLUL ZERO !

A. - numede$ri , contineote,persoane, zilele sept*uanii:eg!!!:- Afica , Fra.Ec€

,
AlicA Monday;

B. - substantivefolositecu sensgeneral:eg!!!:- Metalsaremaleable,

- Childreolike sweets.
- I(no$r'1edg€
is power.

C. -numedeculori:eg!!!:- white,black,red, yellow, blue;

D. - truruede sporturi:eg!!!:- football, t€Dnis, box ;

E. - limbi:eg!!!:- English, Geoaan,French;

F. - meselezilei:eg!! !: - tea, lutrch,snack,di&er, soup€r,brcakfast

;

G. - itraioteasub$t@tiyglorabstractesaunumedematerii:eg!!!:- care, death,hate,

watettea;
 2.PREPOZITIA

hepozilia sti de obiceillaintea substautivuluisaBpronumeluipentu a aralarel4ia

dintre acest$rbstarfiv saupronrlre Si alt cuvet1tdin propozifie.

EG!!!:
Putthis book on thetable.

Givethis book to him.

In propozililedemai sussubstaotilrl ,,table"esteobiectulprepoziliei,,on"; 9i pronumele

,,him" esteobiectulpreozitiei,,t0".

NotS!!!: Sr$stantiqrlsaupronumeleplasatdup[ prepozitieestetrumit OBIECTIJL

prepozitiei.

EXCXPTtr:

a, - intr-o plopozitiepasivd:eg!!!:- He waslaughedat.

b, - in propozilii relative9i interogative:eg!

! ! : - This is the manI told you about.
- Wtrereis he comingfrom?

c. - dupi uneleinfinitive(cu sensuluneipropozilii rclativ€):eg!!!: - I haveno petrto write

ltth.

d, - l! propozilii afimative careiocepcu : Who,Wlat ,%ich

egll!: - WhatI amloeking at is Jobn'shouss.

e. - in uneleexclarnafii:eg!!!:- Wl|at troublettrey'vegot itrto!

atributivceg!| ! : - mat moYie?IhemovieI'm looking at.

f. - in subordoaatele

PREPOZITILE SIJNI:

a. - simple:eg!!!:-about, on , under;
b, - compuse:eg!!!: - into , withio, without;
c. - coEpl€xe:eg! ! !: - becauseof , insteadof ;
d. - loculiuoiprepozilionale:eg! ! !: - by meals of , in tbemiddle of ,onbehalfof ;

4
PRXPOZITNDE TIMP:

zi:eg!!!:- oDSunday, otr Christmas

1.ON- cu referirela o aDumita day;

2.IN - cu referie la o pe oadadetimp:eg!ll:-in June, in 1994, il themomi:rglevening;

3.AT - cureferirela ord:eg!!!:- at 5 o'clock, at 6 p.m., atnight ;

4.FARI PRIPOZITIE - nu sefolosescprepozilii cu : this , next , last, tomorow ,

yesterday;

PREPOZITII DE LOC:

cu referirela : - o linie:egll!:- onthe edge;

1.ON- sefoiose$te
- o suprafala:eg!!!:- on thetable;

cu referirela o zond :eglI i : - in my bag. in Paris:

2.IN - sefolose;Le

3.AT - sefolosegte - atthestation;

cureferirela un anumitpunctsauo pozitie:eg!!!:

pozifiafa!6dedoueeleaente:eg!!!:- betweeD
4.BETWEEN- exprimE theschooiatrd
the bank;

PREPOZITfi DE MISCARX:

1.FROM- exprimepunctuldeplecarc:eg
!l!: - fromSpair;

2.TO- exprimadestinalia
:eg!!!:- to theseaside
;

3.LNTO- exprimepetrunderca
intr-unloc:eg:!!:- inlo thecar;

4.OUTOF - expdmdmiicareadintr-unloc:egl!!:- outof thecar;

PREPOZITII CARE EXPRIMA MIJLOCLTL DE TRA.NSPORT:

1.BY - :eg!! ! : - by car/taxi/plale/boa/air,itain ;

2.ON- :eg!!l:- on fool,&orseback ;

PREPOZITtrDE AGENT:

BY - :eg!!!:- Theplayis writteDby Shaw.

- It wasmadeby haad.
PREPOZIT :

1. about- despre;
2. above- deasupB;
3. across- de-acumezigll ;
4. along - de-aluogul ;
- unullengaaltul;
5. alongside
6. among - i.atle ;
7. around- imprejur;
8. at- la;
9. before- inainte;
10.below - dedesupt;
11.beneath- $rb , maijos de ;
12.besides in afardde ;
13.beyond dincolo de;
14.by - de , de cdtre, prin ;
15.for - pe!tru ;
16.in - in ;
17.inside- iniuntru ;
18.into - in , inspre;
19.near- mnge;
20. Eotwithstanding- cu toatece i
21.of- de;

23. opposite- de vis-a-vis;

24. over peste;
25.past- pe la,ngE . dincolode;
26. roud - in jurul ;
27. since- de , de la;
28.throughout-prin , leste, dupe;
29. to - la , cdtrei
30.under- sub;
31.up -pen5h , in susul, c5te ;
32. within - in , inAuntul , nu maitarziu de ;
33.without- fhre;
 3.AD\'ERBUL

Adverbulpoatedeteminarm verb(eg!!l:- Shesingsbeautitully.), un adjectiv(eg!!!!

exhemelybealtiful)saurl1lalt adverb(egl!!:-very
late).

MODUL DE FOR\IdRE

Majodtateaadverbelordelqg4 seformeazdprin addugarea

sufixului =!L la un adjectiv.

ADJECTTV AD\TRB
slow slowly
easy easily
EUe ll'uiy
wholiy
useful usetully
tull firlly

OBS:!!Adjectiveleterminateio -ic primescterminalia

-ally :
-
Eg!!1:-fartastic faatastically;
- dipiomatic diplomatically;

OBS!!! Uoeleadverbeau aceeagi

formi cu adjectivelecorespunzdtoarc
: j
Eg!!!:-hard, Aiendly;lovely;or y; early;fast;late;straight;

$TIPURI DE ADYERBE:

I.ADITRBE DE TIP SI DE FRECI'ENTA:

eg!ll: - yesterday - ieri ;

- soon- curand;
- oftetr- deseori;
- aiways- itrtotderma;
2.ADVERBEDE MOD:

egl!!: - slovdy- lent;

- bmvely - cu curaj ;
- dErrl] - JuPaor.

N.B.!! | Uneleverbeca become/turn, keepftemair/stay, look , seem, taste, sdell suDt

'JEsatede adjectivesillde adverbe.
eg!!!:-smellsgood;

3.AD\IERBEDE LOC:

eg!!!: - nearby- aproape;

- t elow - dedesupti
- dov!-jos ;
- here - aici ;

4.AD\IERBE CARE INDICA GRADUL:

- complet;
egl! l: - absolutely/completely/eotircly
- incredibly- incredibilde ;
- perfectly- perfect;
- simply-pur 9i simplu;
- really - in mod real ;
- very - foajte ;

s.AI)\'ERBE CARE SE REFERA,LA O INTREAGA PROPOZITM :

egll!: - actually- defapt;

- evidortiy/obviously- evident;
- honestly- sincer;
- slrpdsingly - in modsurpdnzitor ;
 B)POZITLA AD!-ERBELOR IN PROPOZITIE:

l.Adverbeledetimpnehoterat(now, sometimes , later, once) , precum$i adverbele

de
modseplaseaza inte subiectsi predicat, cAndacesta din urmeestesimplu:
eglll: - I sometimes playchess.
- He heartilytha*ed you.

2.Acelea$i adverbe(vezi
punctul1) , oandpredicahrl
estecompusseplaseazd
intrep64ile
acestuia, dup6pdmul auxiliar
eg!l!: - I haveneverplayedchess.
- I shouldneverhaveplayedwith him.

3.Candacesteadve$e(vezipuncteleI si 2 ) aparla incepurulsaula sfbrtitulpropoziliei,

ideeaexprimatS deeleesteaccentuatd
.
egll!: - SrddeDly, I remembered.
- I remembered suddeoly.

4.Adyerbele detimphotedtseplaseazifie la-nceputul

fie la sfarsitulpropoziliei(ceva
maifrecventla sfarsit).
- Egll+ -rfeste*ryl wentto*rdt. '-
- I went to Brar yesterday.

s.Cendin Diopozilieexisti mai mutteadverb€ordineaest€:

MODMANNER) + LOC(PLACE) + TIMP(TIME)

eg!!!: - We arrived!4bh ir:rLondonvesterday,

123

6.Adverbele demodcaredetermineun verbintr-opropozilieactiveseplaseazidupd

verbulrcspectiv.
Eglll: - He nmsquickll'.
- Shesingsbeautifully.

Acelea$iverbe, htr-o propoziliepasiv5, sult prccedatede adverbulde mod , elefiind la

participiultrecutfi avindin consecinJd
o valoareadjectiyala.

Egl!l: - Thepoemwasclearlyrecited.
 4.CONJI]NCTL{

Are rolul de-afacelegitura intre propozilii.

FELURILE CONJUNCTMI:

leagdintreele propoziliideacelagifel:
I.CONJUNCTtr COORDONATOARE:-Care

1. accordingly - in consecinF;
2. also - deasemenea;
3. and- $i ;
4, as well as - preoum$i ;
5. besides-h plus;
- atat....cet9i;
both....aDd

8, either... or - sau... sau;

9. neither...nor nici...nici;

- in consecinl6:
I l. consequeDtly(therefore)
12,hence- deaiciurmeaza
s5:
13.bowever- oricum,tofuSi;
14. stil - totuti ;
15.uevertheless- totuti ;
16. moreoyer/futhermore- mai mult decatatat:
17.or - saui
18. so - aladal ;
19,therefor - pdn urmare;
20.yet- rotu9i;

10
2.CONJLTNCTtr ieagio propoziliesecundare
SLTBORDONATOARE:-care deregenta
sa:

1. after - dupi ce ;
2. although./though- de$i;
3. as- l.deoarece
, 2.pecand,in timp ce, 3.a9a
cum;
4. as ... as- la fel ca ;
5. asiflas though- ca$i cand;
6. because- deoarece;
7, before - iDainteca ;
8. if- dacd;
9. lest- casenu ;
10.no sooner...than - de-abia....
ca ;
I i. since- cum , deoarcce;
12.that - cd ;
13.till -pand ce;
14.unless- dacdnu;
15.$hen car]d;
16.wbeDever - ori de ceteori ;
17.whereas-in timp ce(sefoloseitecendsefaceo comparalie)
;
-
18.whether dace(introduce o completivd
directe);
19 t{-hil" q@p 9" ,

11
 5.SUBSTANTIWIL

IGENUL SIJBSTANTII'ULUI

a)GENIfL_!44qgIJLIN,pentflr persoaneSiaaimalede sexmasculiD:

eg!!!: - man- be$at;

- horse* cal ;

b)GENUL FEMININ pentrupersoane9i animalede sexfem;n;n:

egl!!: - girl - fate;

- duck- rati i
* La genulfeminin suntgi substaativele: ship- corabie; motor car- matinA;

FEMININELE FORMATE DE LA GENUL MASCTTLIN+ ESS

Prince I Priocess
Aclor I AcEess
Negro I Negress

Host hostess

*Aaimalele mici precum qi copiii , obiecte srut de genul neutru.

c)SIJBSTANTI\IELEl\-EUTRI devinprir persooifi

care:

a')DE GEN N'-ASCULIN:

-elementelenatuale,rdurile,munfii,tunetul,timpul,ooartea,soarele,vam,toamna
, iama , ziua , somnul, etc.;

eg!!!: - air , ball , book, box , bread, buildhg , bus, crocodile, eror , fish , flag , flute
, fork, glory, helicopter,honour,house,indifference, land, light, meta1,
motrkey, mouse,net,novel,olunber,oceaa,oil, IDge,petal,pig,root,
shark.sun.tea.etc,

12
b,)DE GEN FEMIND{:
-fo4elenatu i mai pulin violetrte, luDa, marea, natura, patria, numede liri , orate ,
. primavara. anele. ttiinlele, noaprea
univers;rali . dimineala . sedra:

GENLTLNEUTRU sefolosettepedtrulucruri , pentrusubstantiveneiffuflelite:

Forlr' - e.rrh hmcl .

d)GENIJLCOMUN PENTRUAMBELE SEXE:

L architect- arhitectarhitecte;
2. altist artist/aftista;
3. autlor - auto/autoarc;
4. ciient clienrcliente;
5. cook- bucatarfuucitereasd ;
6. cousin- verisor/verigoarS
;
7. daDcer- dansator,/dansatoare
;
8. doctor- doctor/doctorila ;
9. friend-prieter/prieteni ;
10.guest- invitat/invitate;
I 1. owner-p.opierar/proprietireasd
;
12.parcnt- pdrinte;
13.passenge.pasager/pasagerS ;
14.photografer- fotogaflfotografd;
15.physiciao- doctor/doctorigai
I 6. physicist- fiziciadfiz iciani ;
17.prisoner- prizonier/prizonieie ;
I8. reader- ciritor/cititoare ;
19.scholar- invalatinvalala ;
20. sooker fumltor/fumitoare i
21.spouse - so/soa,td ;
22.teacher- profesor/profesoara;

13
 PLURALUL SIJBSTANTTITJLUI

NODII +s cuFcuPs
book-books
-s i -ss; -ch i -x: -sh : -z : +es bus-buses
-zz fox-foxes
class-chsses
beach-beaches
dish-dishes
-l: -la +ves calf-calves
life.lives
wife.\diYes
self-selYes
excep6il
roof-roofs
scarf-scarfs
chief-chiefs
dwarf-dwarfs
cliff-cliffs
+oes echo-echoes
mosquito-mosquito€s
!regro-negroes
volcano-volcanoes
tomato-tomatoes
Potato-potatoes
exceptii:
radio,piano,photo,cucroo;
ConsoaEa+Y +ies counfry-countries
family-families
sky-skies
baby-babies
ExceDfe:
Penny-Pence
Vocala+Y Y+s boy-boys
toy-toys
play-plays
daY.4utt
 PLLIR .LLIL NEREGULAT AL SUBSTAA'TTWTL
UI

SINGULAR i PLURAI
I-[AN MEN

TOOTH I TEETH

PLURALE PRO\'EMTE DIN LIMBI STRAII{E

A)DD{ LIMBA LATN{A:

SINGULAR PLURAL TR.A.DUCERN

agenalum \genda agead5./agende;
alga algae alga/alge;
acquarium acquaria acYariu/acvarii;
glmnasium gymnasia/siums gimnazidgimnazii;
stimulus stimuli stimuYstimuli;
stratum sIrata strat/sFaturi;

b}DIN LIMBA GREACAI

StriGL'ILAR PLIJR.AI, TRADUCERX

analysis atralyses anulrziluD.lizei
axts ax€s axi/axe;
basis bases baz5'lbzze;
cnsls cnses cr'la lcrizei
metropolis metropolises metropoli/metropole;
 PLURALE ASIMILATE DI LIMBA ENGLEZA

SINGULAR PLIJRAL TRADUCERE

arena areDas areni/arene;
orcus clrcuses circ/circuri;
alilemma dilemmas dilemi/dileEe;
diploma diplomas diplomi/diplome;
geDus geduses genidgenii;
idea ideas idee/idei;
Ilunus [unuses mi-uus/minusuri;
oPera operas oP€r5/opere;
umbrella umbrellas umbrelA/u0brele;

STIBSTANTT}'ENUMAI CU TORME DE PLURAL

(obiecte)fomate din douepdrJiaumrmaiforma deplural:

A-Substantivele

SIJ'BSTANTIV TRADUCERE
goggles ochelaride proteclie;
pUers Patenq
$cales c:iDtar; + \'ERB LA PLURAL
sclssorl toartece;
glasses ochelai;
tongs cre$1e;
trousets paDtaloni;

EG! ! !:- a pair of scissors- o foalfeca/operechedefoarfece;

ThesetousersgI9 loDg.

OBSII!: Numerareasubstantivelor
trumaicu 6m.deDluralsefacecu : A PAIR OF

B.Adjectivesauparticipiisubstadtivizate:

Egl!!:-thepoor- cei seraci;

- f},c ini rcd -.Fi .tniti

nemarcatela plual:
C.Substantive

- vite;
Eg!!!:-cattle
- people- oameni;

16
 SUBSTANTnE NLMAI CU FORI'IA DE SINGI-IAR

A. - substantivelenenusa€bile colcrcte .

Egl!!: - silver, gold, sulphuricacid, bread, butter, ham, sand, water;

casaDd;i \rater sepot folosi la plural cu \aloarestili$ice , pentrua

N.Bl ! : Substantivele
exprimacantidli mad .
Egl!!: - thewatersofthe sea; thesandsofthe desert;

B. - substantivele
nenuftarabileabstaacte
.

Eg!!!:- advice,info.mation,knowledge
, progress
, evidence,research
, busiDess
,
wisdom,interest,etc.;

C. - substantiveconcrcteca :

Egll!: - money, luggage, firmiture, equipmeot,etc.;

D. - uDelesubstantiveterminatein ,,-S":

Egl!!: - news,measles
; matlematics;

N.B.!!! Cuantificareaunorsubstantive caadvice,infomation, rews , fumitue sepoate

facecu : .,apieceof' , .,anitem of' , etc.
Ee!!!:-twoDieces ofadvice:

E. - altesubstantive: salt , work , merchandise

, strenght;

17
 SUBSTANTI!'E CU ACEEASI FORIIA PENTRU PLUR{L SI SINGIJI-AR

Eg!!!:- sheep,fish, deer;

Substantivece sefolosescdupacontextcu :

I'ERB LA PLURAL !'ERB LA SINGI,-I,AR

-c3ndreferireae la membrii componenli - cAndsedenumeite

colectivitatea
ca
ai colectivteFi: un irheg:

Eg!!!: - Paul'sfamilyareat home. Eg!!!:- Paul'sfamilyis large.

- Theteamarctrrining. - The teamis very good.

OBS!!!:Aceastiregulaseaplicapentrusubstantiveie
: family, class, crew, audience
,
coD]mittee, tea!] , board, police.

q,,h<r,nr;vFlF 6^r fi '

a)COLTNTABLE - numexabile:

- se numdracu adjective : some, many , a lot of , few , a few ;

eglll: - Thereis an omngeon the table.(sg.) ;

- Therc qlg Eany orangesod tbe table. (p1.) ;
- There are ql&I orangesleft. (+) - pozitiv ;
- There are few oradgesleft. (-) - negativ ;

b)LT.ICOIJNIABLE - nenumerabile :

- substantivelecu nume de materii si substanfe; cuantificarea lor se poate face cu '

a')-g pieceqlr4 sliceof! a bottleof ,e spoonof! a bunchof! a kilogramof ;

eglll: - a piece ofcake, a slice ofbread, a bunch ofonion, a spoonofoil , a kilo of

wheat ;

b') - some, much, a lot of, q little,little :

eglll: - Tbereis much sugarir l ow tea.

- There is a little sugar left. (+) - pozitiv ;
- There is !@9 sugarleft. (-) - negativ ;

l6
 CAZURILE SIJBSTANTII'TTLTTI

I.CAZUL GEMTIV

a)GEMTntIL PREPOZITIONAL : of the /a

-sefolosettecu :

l. - substantivecodune :

egM: - thecolourof thesky- culoarea cerului;

- the authorof the book - autorulcerlii ;
- rle ligbrof thecandle- IJminrlumdnalii :

? - rlen''miri oenmficp

-{ratul Lon&a ;
eg!!!:- thecity of LoDdotr

3. - cu numeproprii , in locul gerftiluiui sintetic(deobiceipefltrua sublida numele

propnu):

egl!l: - thepaintingsof Tumer- pictwilelui Tumer;

b)GEMTI'VUL SII{TETIC : l$Q(pt sgt's ; pt pl - s')

1.- sefolosegtecu numeproprii saucu D]]medepsrsoane:

eg!!!:- Mark'sredcar-maginaro'ie a lui Mark,

- teacher'sbooks- cd4ileprofesorului ;
- my Aiend'spareBts- pdrinfii prietenuluimeu;
- my friends' parents- pdrinlii prieterilor mei ;

2. - sefolosetrecu substantive
colective:

- independenla
egll!: - Lhenation'sindepeDdence naliunii:

i9
3. - sefolosegte
cudenumirigeografice
ti aleunorinstitulii:

history- istodaAnglier;
eg!l!: - Etrgland's
- the school'sprogramme programultcolii ;

4, - sefolose$tecu adlerbeca : ioday , yesterday, tonight saucu substaDtive

care
exprimdtimpul , spaliul , saugrcutatea:

eg::::- ]esrerday's
oer/spaper- ziaruldeieri :
- distanledeo Eila ;
- a mile'sdistaoce

5. -se folosestecandsubstantinl deterdinatesteomis :

eg!!!:- thebutcher's(shop)- magazinul

micelanrlui;
- MadamTussaud's(muselm);

6. - sefolose$tein uneleexprcsii:

eg!!!:- a needle'seye- urechea unui ac ;

- -
to one'sheart'scontent dupepofta inimii ;
- for God'ssake peotu numelelui Dunmezeu;
- for safety'ssake- penbusiguranle;
- themind'seye- ochiulminlii ;
- art for afi's sake- arti dedragulartei;

7. - sefolose$tecaDdobiectuldenumitestepersonifical:

egl!!: - theEarti's crust- scoarF?emantuluiI

- theoceans roar. vurenrloceanLrlui
;

l.CAZUL NOMINATIV. THI..JA...

- IIEO?,WEAT?

Egl!!: - Thewaiteris wearingwhitegloves. - Cbelnerul

poartdmanuqialbe,

- Who wearswhite gloves?- Cinepoartamanuti albe?

- Thewaite!....

20
 2.CAZUL CEI\-ITIV- OF TIIE/A . 'S/S

-wHosE?,\LHrcE?,\LHrCH OF?,$IEAT?

Eg!!l: - The glovesofthe waiterarewhite.

Sau - Minu5ile chelneruluisurt albe.
- The waiter's glovesare$'hite.

-mose glovesarcwhite?- Ale cui menu9i$mt albe?

- Thewaiter's.....

3.CAZUL DATTV_ TO TEE/A

- TO WHOM? : WHO(M) ....TO ;

- FOR WEOM? : WEOO{) ....FOR ;
- \'XAT .... TO ? ; TO WT-A.T.... ? ;

Eg!!!: - Don't forgetto givea tip to thev aiter.

- Nu uitase-idaibacAig
chelnendui.
- Don't forgetto give the waiter a tip.

4.CAZLA,ACUZATW - THE/A

- \YEOM? - pentru persoane;

- \\aEAT? - pentru obiecte;

Egl!!: - Let's callthewaiter.- Sachemimchelnerul.

Whom...?

5.CAZUL VOCATT!-( _)

egl!!: - Waitsr!Thebill please.

- Chelener!
Nota, te rog.

21
 6,A}JXCTN'{JL

N.B.lMn limbaenglezAadjectivele dupi gensau

suntinvariabile, eleneacorddndu-se
pe carele determini .
numercu substantivele

INIREBARI : - of n'hatsort ? - dece fel ? ;

- in what state? in cestare? ;
-which?-caie?;

GR{DELE Df, COMPARA.TM ALE ADJECTI\,TLOR

l.COMPARATLA SINITTICAIREGULATA

GRADUL COMPARA.TTV SUPERLATIV SIJPERLATIV

POZITTV DE RXLATTV ABSOLITT
SUPERIORITATE
big - mare Bigger - mai mare the biggest--ceimai very big -foarte
marc mate
drY - uscat drier the driest verydry
easy- u9or easrer the easiest very easy
lat - gas fatter the fattest verv fat
great - mare greater the greatest very great
happy -fericit happier ttrehappiest very happy
hard - ta.re harder the hardest Yeryhard
hot - cald hotter the hottest very hot
kind - alrabil kinder tle kindest Yerykind
loog - lung longer the loDg€st very long
lrice pldcut llrcer ttre nicest very !.ice
short - scult shorter the shortest Yery short
sdall - mic smaller the smallest very small
strong -pulennc slronger the strongest Yerystrong
tsll - inalt taller the tallest Yerv tall
thick - glos thicker tbe thickest very thick
thln - sublire thinn€r the thinnest very th.in

22
N&lll ComparJlia
sinrericJ scfacepenrluadjecrire1eformatedir :
- o silabe - eg:l!:- rich ;
- dolri silabecu accentui pe ultima- eg!!l:- polite ;
- douAsilabesi teminatiile: -y ,-er ,-ow,-leprecedate -
deo consoane
eg!!!:-happy, cleYer, narrow r able

Q!$!! - consoanafinali , dupi o vocalescurtdsedubleaza:

t g l l l : - b i g - b i g g e-r b i g g e s r ;

- -y in poziliefinal5prece,jai
deo consoaniseiransfomAin -ie
- -
eg!l!: easy-easier €a$iest ;
- adjectiveleteminate in -e primescdoar-r , rcspectiv-st
eg!!!:- Iiue- finer - finest;

2.COMPARA,TLC,
ANAI,ITICA

GRADUL SUPERLATIV SUPI]RLATTV

POZ]TT\' DE RELATIV ABSOLUT
SUPERIORITATE
abject more abject most rbject very abject
aDrupt moreabrupt mostsbrupt ver) abrupt
active more active Eost actiY€ Yeryactive
amiable more amiable most amiable very amiable
attractiYe mor€ attractive mostattractive very attractive
beautifirl more beautiful most beautiful very beautiirl
cunous morecunous mostcuiious very ctrrious
foolish more loolish most foolish Yery foolish
huge morehuge mosthuge very buge
severe more $evere mostsevere YerY severe
sulcere more srncere mosr sdcere verv sincere
skilled more skilled most slilled very skilled
sociable more sociable most sociable very sociable
unfit mote unfit mostunlit very ulfit
uqiust rnoreutrjust most unjust veryunjust
urban€ more urba0e most urbane very urbaue
untidy more untidy mostutrtidy very utrtidy

more- mai ... most- celaai extrem€ly

arr{ully
qurte

23
 doi the last - ultimul
far farther/further the farthest very far
departe ftal depdte cel mai departe foadedepade
in inner the inmost-cel mai
in interior mai in interior iD interior
the innerhost -
liuntric la maxim
out outer/utt€r the outerEost-cel
in exterior mai in extedor mai in exterior
the
utmost/uttermost-
in exterior1aDa\im
up upper the upmost-celmai
sus mai sus (de)sus
the uppermost-sus
la maxim
beneath netier the nethermost
dedesupt mai dedesupt cei mai de dedesupt
hind hinder the hinderEost-
in spate mai in spate ultinul dia spate
the hindmost-cel
mai din spate
fore former the foremost-cel
in fate mai in fari mai din fata
the first - pdmul

FORMAREA ADJECTII'ULIJI

- prin addugarea
de suhxe:

€g!!!: -y i doudy, dirtv;

-ly : frierdly , homell,;
-like : chilallike , lifelilie ;
-ish : selfish, foolish;
-able, -ible i acceptable , convertible;
-ive I attractiYe, impressive;

-prin adiugareadeprefi,xe:

eg!!!: un- : unpleasaut; unfavourable; unacceptable

; uninteresting;
in- : incapable ; indifferert ;
dis- : dishonest; disagreeabl€ ;
ir- : iirespotrsibl€;
im- : impossible ;

25
ADJECTIW COMPUSE

-primulelernenr pe al doilea.
il derermina

1. ADJNOUN + NOUN-ED: eg!!!:fair - haired; bad - tempered;

2. ADJ + ADJ: eg!!l:dark- tlue; light- grey;
3. NOLIN+ ADJ : eg!!l: sea- sick; sno$- Fhite ;
4. ADJ/ADVrNOUN + PRESENT/PASTPARTICIPLE : eg!!!:good- looking
: b a r d - s o r k i n g: n e t - p a i n t e d :

ALTE CONSTRUCTU

l.She is very well-thought--of as a teacher.

She is greatly admired as a t€acher.

2.He is a well-to-do mao.

He has enoughmoley to live confodably.

3.He is a would-be champion.

He is uling or bopingLobe a champior

CLASIIICARE ADJf,CTITELOR

I.ADJECTnTE CALITATM(adj. of quality)

-clever- dettept(aptd); degtepli(epte)

;
-good- bun(i) ; buni(e);

2.AlJECTnaE POSESJVE(possesive
adi)

-my - meu, Dea, mei , mele ;

-your - teu , ta , tii , tale ;
-his - lui , siu , sa, sii , sale;
-her- ei , s6u, sa, sdi, sale;
-its- lui , ei , s6i, sale, slu , sa;
-our - nostnr, noastre, no$tri, ooaste ;
-].orrl - vostru, voa$ra , voitlii , voasfte,
-their - lor . dentilor , danselor, dumrealor;
eg!!!:- my fiiend; your &iend;her friend; our friend;your friend; their fricqd; its
friend

26
 3.ADJECTnT, INTEROGATIV- RXLATnTE(interosative-relativ€
adi)

I.INTEROCATNT:

l.WHICII? - care?,pe care?;

egll!: Wtrichhorse...-Care
casa?/Acatacasa?;

2.\,|Elgg_OI? caredinhe?;
- Caredintrebaieti.,..?
egM:\\hich ofthe boys....? ;

3.!a&g? - ce?, care? ;

€g!!!:Whattrees...?- Carecopaci....
?;

4.wIl{T IflI\.D/SORT qI ?- cefel de ? i

egl!!:\nut kild ofgiil....?- Cefel defata....?

5.11'HOSE? - al, a, ai , alecui?;

eglll:XAosegil....?- A cuifata.....?;

2',1
2.RXLATII'E

1.\r!1IO{are ;
eg!!!:theboywho l:oowsyou- bdiatulcarete cunoatte;

2.WHOSE- al , a, ai , alecarui/carei,/caror:
eg!!!:tbeboywhosefather...- beiatulal ceruibte...;
-
theboywhoseparents...beiatulai cAruiparinli....;
theboyswhosefather... -beiedi al cerortad...;
theboyswhosefathers... - bfielii ai cerortali....;

3.TO \IEOM - cdruia,ctueia, cerora;

egl!!: theboyto whomyourecommended thebook...- bdiatulceruiai-ai recomandat
canea....;
the boysto whom you recommendthe book....- beieii cerorale recomarzi
caxtea...;

4.WE0M -pe care;

eg! I |: theboywhorayousee...- bdiah.rl
pe care-lvezi.,.;

5.TE-AT,/WIHICH- care, pe care:

eglll: tle colourthat/whichyoulike....- culoarea
care-li place....:

6.WEICE OF - caredintre , cui dintre ;

eg!l!: He knowswhichof usliveshere.- El gtie caredintrenoi locuietteaici.;

7.WEAT - care, ce, cat ;

eg!!!:Teli mewhat timeis it . - Spune-mi
cate ceasul.

8.$aHAT KIND/SORT OF - ce fel de

eg! ! !: He knowswhatkind of a giri sheis.

28
 4.ADJECTNT DEMONSTRATI\'E

a) - deapropiere:
THIS - acest, acesta, aceasta, aceasld;
TEESE - acetti , aceltia, aceste, acestea;

b) - de depertare:
TE-{T - acel, acea, acela, aceea;
THOSE- acei, acele, aceia, acelea;

c)Tm, ONE(WEO , TEAT) acel, acelacare, celce, cel carc, cea,aceeacale:

eg!!!: The onewhohrowsusis here- Cel/cea
catene cunoa$te
e aici.;

d)IT - acela,aceia:
eg!!!:- Wasit you...?- Tu ai fostacela"..?;

e)THE FORMER - primul(din doue), cel dintei(dindoi) , prima(dinclasa);

THE LATTER - (cel de)-aldoilea, (ceade)e doua, ultimul(din doi) . ultiDa(dir

doue);

eg! I ! : JohnandWilliam are6:iends.Theformer is a faxmer, the latter is an engineer.

t)THE FIRST -prildul , prima , primii , primele/ cel , cea, cei , celedint6i ;

g)Tffi LAST- ultimui, ultima.ultimii, ultinele/ cel, cea,cei, ceiedin urm6;

h)Tm OTEER - ceblalt, cealaltd,ceilalli, celelalte;

i)ANOTEXR- att, alta, o altA,alte;

eg!!!:He will be stalng in Engiandfor anotheryear.

j)SUCH- astfelde. asemenea ! aga;

eg! ! I : sucha boy - un astfeldebaiat ;
peoplesuchas....-oameni crunar fi./cadeexemplu.,.,;
We hopeneverto havesuch experience. - Speremsinu avemniciodatao astfelde
expenenla.

k)Tffi SAME - acela$i, aceeati, aceial,,

I)ONEAND TEE SAME - unulsi acelafi/unasi aceea$i

;
n)THE \a0RY - chiar, tocmai, insu$i, ins6$i;
eg!!!:the very boywho/that- chiar/insuli/tocmai bdiahrlcare;
This is the yery book I Deed.- Aceastaestechiarcaxteade car€ave?un
nevole.

29
 5-A,DJECTIVECANTITATII'E _ NEIIOTARATE

a)SOME- unii , uaele, werm , weo ;

-sefoloseqtein propozilii afirmative;
-candaparein propozilii interogativesespeiesAseobtinaun r;spunsafiirnativ;

egl!!: Cometo seeussomeSuday.- Vino pe la loi in weo duminich;

r-:- rL- -b--!.

This matterhassomeimportance.- Chestirmea astaate o oarecareimpofianld.

I know him to somedegree.- II $tiuintr-o oarecarcmeslue.

b)ANY:

- orice. fiece:
I . - in propoziliiafirmaLive
eg!I !: They calt comeat any hour of the day.Ei pot veni la orice orddin zi.

2. - in propozifii irterogative- odce?, fiece?, weut? , !:reo?;

egll!: Do you like anybook?- If placeoricecarte?

3. - in propozitii negative- nici un , nici o ;

eg!!!:I ca:motfiad any escuse. - Nu pot gdsinici o scuzS.

c)NO - sefolose$tenumaiin propozilii oegative- nici un , nici o ;

egll!: He will spareno pains.- El nu va crulanici un efort.;
No admittance - InuareinterzisA.
-
No smoking Fumatulinterzis .;

d)FEW - pulini , pufue ;

eg!l:: - felv of us- pu.tinidintrenoi ;

e)A FEW - puginVde>nri . puline/destule

:
egl!!:He hasa few friends. - E1aredestuiprieteni.

tQL-fE A FEW - a goodfew - somefew -many * a largemrmber-mulli /multe;

egl!!: - He hasgotquitea few fiends , El aremulfi/destui
prieted.;

30
g)LITTLE pulin(i),mic(d),mici;
eg!!!:I drinklittle tea, littlc ooffee.- Eu beaupulin ceai,pulinecafea.

h)A LITTLE - pulirl/destul, pulintdestule , cateceva, cat ;

eg!!!:- A little is betterthanmore- Mai binemaipulin decatdeloc;
- We havea fittle beer, anda iittle wine . - Avem cevabere$i cevavh.

i)MUCH - mult/multa;

j)14-{NY - multimulte ;

k)PLENTY OF - mult(5), mulli(e);

egU: We haveplenty of time.- Avem timp berechet.;

i)A LOT OF - o multimede ;

m)EACH - fiecare(luat
in parte);

n)EVERY - fiecare, toli , toate;

o)SE\aERAI-- caliva, cdteva, mai mulli , mai multe ;

eg!!!:He hasseveralfiiends.- El arecalivaprieteni.;
Severalof us wenthomeon foot- Mulli didtretroi au me.sacasApejos.

p)ENOUGE- destul(6),suficient(a
);

q)CERTAINE - anumili(e), unii , unele;

r) A CERTAI\E - un anumit.o anumit6. Im anlune'oarecare:

 COMPARATIA ADJECTTITLOR

A.DCRI}IAREA INTERIORITATTI

I.COMPARATfWIL DE INFERIORITATE - sefomeazacu :

maipulin.....................decet
1ess.............thatr- ;
eglll: My ca!is lessexpersivethanyous. - Matinameaestemaiieftind(pulin
scumpd)
decata ta.

2.SUPERLATIILL DE IMERIORITATE - seexprimApin :

the least- ceVcea maipu!n....;

eg!l!: This is the least important of our problems.- Aceastaesteceamaipulin
imDortaoudinfe Droblemele
noastre.

BJXPRIMARIA EGALITATtr SI A DIFERXNTEI

l.EGALITATEA _ seexpriml priD :

- la fel de.............,.......
as.................as ca9i ;
-
eglll: Peteris astall ashis father. Petieestela fgl deinaltca9i tatil stu.

2.DIFERENTA - seexprimdprin :

not so...,........,,,..as
not as,............,,....as
eg!!!:Theweatheris uot sobad asit wasyesterday.- Vremeanu e a;aurati caien.
-
Therainisn't as coldasit $as thismoming. Ploaianu e a9aderececaazi
dimineali.
 C.D'PRIMAREA SUPERIORITATII

Trebuiesdlbem cont demrmirul de silabedin careestefo.mat adjecti\,'ulla

comparatirul9i superlativulde superioritate.

I.ADJECTn/ELE SCLTRTXT

a.COMPARATn'LIL DE SUPERIORITATE - sefomeaztr adaugdndsulxul -er , ai

doileatermenal comparaliei esteintrodusdeconjunclia
TEAN:
egll!: Benis tauer than his father.- Benestemaiinaltdecattateisdu.

b.SIIERIATI\.'UL DE SIJPERIORITATE - sefomeazaadeugandsufixul -esti

umbrellayou'vegot.- Voi cumpfuaceamaiieftindumbreld
eglll: I'll takethe cheapest
Decareo aveu,

T.ADJICTIVELTI;T]NGI

a.COMPARATn'UL DE SUPERIORITATI - selormeazScu :

more..,....,,...,ttrall
egll!: I foundthebookmoreinterestingthan thefita. - Am gesitcarteamaiinteresantd
decatflmul.

b.SIPERLATIIATL DE SUPERIORITATE _ seexprimdprin :

themost.....
carI haveeverseen.- E ceamaiscumpa
eg!!!:It's themostexpensive magindpe
carc
amvdzut-ovrcodaie.

33
3.CONSTRUCTILE : DIN CE IN CE MAI : TOT MAI
- seexplimeprin doudcomparativelegateprin conjuncliaAND;

a)ADJECTnTLE SCURTET
eg!!!:Th€daysaregettingshorterand shorter.- Zileleslmtdioceio cemai scurte.
Therain is lessand lesscold - Ploaiaestetot maiDutinrece.

b)ADJECTI!'ELE LUNGI:
eg!!!:?etlolis more and moreexpensive. - Benzinaeste!o1maiscumpd.
Shebecarnelessandlessinterestedin tbe book afterpage100.
Ea a devenittot mai pulin intersatade cartedupt paginaI 00.

c)CAZUL COMPARATIEI NERXGULATE

eg!!l: Thingsarcgettingbetterandbetter.- Lucmrilemergdin cein cemaibine

4.COMPARATI\IIL DUBLU
Coostuctia : CU CAT .... + COMPAR4.TIV....+ CU ATAT....+COMPARATIV
TII[,...........+COMPARATIV.....+TIIE..............+
COMPA.RATW
egll!: The more I seehim , the lessI like him.- Cu catil \dd maimult , cuatatil plac
ma1pulm,
The more , the merrier, - Cu catmai multi cu atatmai bine.

5.COMPAR.ATIVUL CALIFICATIV:
Comparatiwl adumitoradjectivesefolosegtecaadj. atributca in cazll comparaliei
impliciteilltre doueeiemente:
Eg!!!:He livesin thenewerpartof thetowD.- El locuie$tein zotra(cea)Erailoue a
ora$ului.
I tookthebiggerbox.-Anx luatcutiaceamaimarc.
 COMPARATIA A}JECTNTLOR COMPUSE

GRADUL MPARATIV SUPERI,ATIV SUPERLATIV

POZITIV DE RELATTV ABSOLUT
SIJPERIORITATE
n ell-paid ihe best-paid Yerywell-paid
binepletit
goodlooking better-looking tbe bestlooking Yerygood-looking
ardtos
sweet-natured more sweet-natrrgd the mostsrreet- very slveet-natured
butrla suflet natured
short-sighted more short-sighted the mostshort- very short-sighted
miop sighted

EXPRESII

1.BY FAR + COyPAR-A.TME SUPERIORITATE = MULT MAI

EGlll: -by far better(thao)...

-cumult maibwr,6ine(decdt)...;
-by far 1,orsc(than)...
-by far more(than)...
-by far less(tha.'r)...
-hv far F,/licr/rh,n,
-hv frr diffi.nlfifh,nr
-by far easie{than)...

2,GOOD/GREATDEAI,:

EG!ll: - good/$eatdealbetterthan....- cumult maibinedec6t....

;
-good/$eatdeallater...- cu mr.t maitaftiu.....;
-good,€reat
dealmorecarcfully...

35
 ADJXCTTT'ULSTTBSTANTTVAI

FORNtrA:
Lrnadjectivfolosit ca substantivesteintotdeunaprecedatde articolulhotedt TEE cu
excepliacazuluicande vorbadespreadjectivecaredesemneaze limbavorbitaintr-o tare_

Eg!!!: The Frencheata 1otof bread.

Sheis studyingEnglish.

L\TRXBUI}{TARE

A) Utr subsiantivabstractpoatese inlocuiascdEa substantivabstract(maialesia limba

literard),
Eg!!!: The probabletreverhappens. - Probabilul
nu areniciodataioc.

B) Un adjectivconcretpoatefi utilizat cu un verb la plrral , desemneazd

totalitateaunui
grup deindivizi remanendde obiceiinvariabil.
Egl!!: therich- bogalii;
the poor saracii;
TEe Englis[ iid soEnglishl

C) Un adjectivpoatefi utilizat casubstantivla sing]]iar:

Eg!!l: Thisisnot the greetrI waotedfor thecufiains.- Nu esteverdelepe caremi l-am
dodt pentrupedele.

D) Adjectjvecareexprimanalionaiitalile
' adjectivelecareseterminein : -ch , -sh, -ss, -sesuntintotdeuoa
invariabile
. chiardacd
suatutilizatecasubstantive.
Egl!l: The Japanese arever]'succesfirl.W€ shouldtry to leamJapatrese.

- adjectivelecareauterminalia-an suntinvariabilecaadjectjvenu ti ca substantive:

eg!!l: He borowedAmericanbooksfromthelibrary.
The Americans like fast-foodshops.

It is saidthat the Italians arcvery attistic.

Italian shoesarevery well designed.
 T.NTDMRAI,UL

N.B.::l IIUNDRID . TIiOt SA.\D . MILLION nuprioesc-s la pluralcandintlain

compoziriaDumemlului.Cand acestecuvintesuotsubstantive, eleprimescteminatia de
plua1, -s.
eg!I I : hundreds of cakes- sutedeprdjituri

I.NIJANERALUL CARDIN.A.L:
eg!!1:- 80- eighty;
- 101- otre,/a
hundredandone;
- 1005- one/athousandandfive
- 15- fifteed;

2.NUMER-ALUL ORDINALI
eg!!!: - lst - first;
- 2nd- second;
- 3rd - the third ;
- 9th - the ninth ;
- l0l st - the huirdredandfirst ;
- fust(ly) - in primul rand ;
- Richaxdlll - Richardthe third
: thi.id(br) i4 al tleilea rand ;
- 100th- the(one) hundreth ;

3.NI'MERAI,tIL FRr\CTIOIiAI :
egll!: - 1/2- a/oaehalf;
- 1/3 - a /onethird ;
- l/4 - a,/onequatrer;
- 3/4 - tlree quaners;
- 1/5- a,/onefifth ;
- 3./5- threehffhs ;
- I % ' oneatrda half;
- % hour- halh an hour ;
- ll hour - a quarterof adhow ;

4,NLMER{LIL COLECTIV:
- e adeseodfolosit ca substaativ:
eg:::: - enlerin couples - inLragi
catedol
- a pair ofscales- o balanF;
- a scoreofpeople 20 deoameni;
- threedozenofeggs- trei duzinideouA;

37
5.NUMERALUL MULTIPL]CATIV:
;glI!;
- - Let's roultiplyit six-fold.-Sdl multiplicSnx
de$aseon '
- A two-foldincrease -
wasnoticed S-aobselvato crcgterededouaod

6.NLMERALUL ADVERBIAL:
eg:::r - oDce- o da!5:
- twice - de dou6ori ;
- tbreetimes- de trei ori ;
- four times- de patruori ;

T.NUMERALUL DISTRIBUTF':
egl!!: - one by one- unulcaleunul ;
- two bYtwo - doi catedoi ;

8.CITIREA NIJMERELORZECIMALEI
egll!: - 4.5- fourpointfive ;
- 0.53- pointfive three;

@daca0 seafldsingurin stingavirgulei

nu se ciie$te(vezimai sus).

9.E}PRIMAREA DATEI:
Sat. 18, 1995- Septembet ninetyive ;
, nineteeB
theeighteen
"gLI-- -18thSept-1995- the lSthof September,
nineteerdtretyflve ;
- He wasbomon the 1sthof Sepleober'

1O.E)(PRIMAREA OREI:
egM: - It's fiveo'clock.
- 5:10- ten(minutes)Pastfive ;
-
- 4:50 ten(minutes) to five ;
- 5:30r halfpastfive ;
- 5:15- a qurferPastfive ;
- 5:45- a quarterto slx ;

38
 B,PRONLr}{EI,E

NR. PERSOANA PRONI]}TE PRONI]1!I ADJECTIl/ PR

PERSONAL E POSESIV DE
subieel= obie!t= POSESIV INTARIRX SI
nomirlativ :rcuzativ REFLEXr\I
ME A@{E MY MYSELF
I amhere Helpm€! The fault is It's my fault.
(eu sunt (Ajute- Bine. @ vinamea-) I did it mlrelf.
aici) (\'ioa e a (eu insuni ar]r
mea) fAcut-o-de

I hurt myself.
{M-am reoit.-
reflexiv)
YOU YGU PIE! YOUR YOURSELF
(hr) (pe (al tau.a (tnu,ta,tdi, (hrinsufj/tu
tin?,te) ta,ait6i,ale tale) insel -
tai")
(te- jefle,-iv)

Hn{ sr3 HIS EIMSELF

(el) {eeri) {allalatlale (hd) (el insSi
lui) int6rire);
(s- - reflexiv)
SHU IIER Iry39 EEI{ IIERSELF

3. tea) (pe ea) (atall at/ale (ei) (eains?4i-

et
(s- - refle&iv)
IT IT ITS ITS I t s-ut-t
(el ea) (peeyea) (aJ/alalale 0ui/et (insufi/?nse$i-
lni/ei)
(s- - reflexiv)
'iI=_ US 9rBr OUR OURSEI,!'ES

(noi) @eroi) (aIlaJala\e (noastr5-hosttu .{noi

trcasue) /no$tu:i/noashe)(ingine,/insene-

(ne- - reflexia)

39
 YOU YOU YOURS

(voi) | (pevoi) (a|alatlale (voastr6,/vostru (vo1

/vottd/voashe) ingiv6,tnsevi-

(va-,v-,-

TEEMSEL\TS

(ei inqi5i/ele
hsele-intarirc);
(s- - reflexiv)

2.PRON{nIELE SI ADJECITnJL DEMONSTRATIV

NUMAR DE APROPIERE DE DEPART

SINGLTLAR TITIS TIIAT
(acesta/aceasrtacesraceastd) (acelalaceealdceVa. ea)
PLI,TRAL TIIESE TIlOSE
(acegtitacestea/acetti./acesle) (aceia/acelea./acei/ac
ele)

3.PRONUMELE SI ADJECTIVIJL INTEROGATW

SUBIECT OBIECI POSESIV

lllHO? wHoot{)? WEOSE?

(cine?) (pe cine) (aValaleiaicui)
TO WEOM?
(cui)

VfHAT?(ce)
STIICH?(care) HOW MUCH?(cdt/citd)
HOw M4!lY_l(cai/cate)

40
 4.PRONL,}M SI ADJECTI\,'E NEHOTARA.TE

I.SOME - cevar'ni$te/pu1in(e)/unele/cefiva
etc.;

- sefolosettein propoziliiafirmative:
egl!!: I [eed somesalt.

-sefoloseste
in propoziliiinterogative
careexprimdo invitalie:
-.lll Ul^r,l,t -^,. liL. ^^ff-.t
"^-.

2.AliY

- lreun , weo , ceva in propozitii interogative:

eg! | :: Is therean] salt lefi?

- nici ua , nici o - in propoziliinegative;

eg!l!:Therearetr'tany objections.

- odce , odcare- in propozilileafirmative;

egl!!:Any busis good.

3.NO

- nici un/o- in propoziliinegativecu verbul1aformaafirmativalll

Eel!!: Thereareno obiectioDs.

N.B.::l SON{E9i ANY pot apereaSi I:rd substantivcapronume; NO Duapaiesingw

deciesteintotdemaadjectiv.

s.ALTE PRONIIIIE NEHOTARATE

l.SOMEBODY/SOMEONE- cineva:

2.9LMEfEING - ceva;

3,ANYBODY/ANYONE - oricine propozilii afirmative;

- cineva-propozilii interogative
- aimell - propozilii negatiye;

4.ANYIEfrlG - orice propoziliiafirmative;

- ceva- propozilii interogative
- nimic- propoziliinegative;
5.NOBODY- nimenilcu
verbulla altrmaliv::l)
:

6.NONE - nici unuyuna(cuverbul la afirmativ) ;

T.NOTHING- nimic(cuverbulla ahrmativlll):

8.EACHONE - fiecare;

9.EVERY ONE/EVERYBODY - toatelumea;

I0.EI'ERYTHING - totul ;

s.ADJECTIT'E NEIIOTARATE

- E!'ERY - frecale;
-NO-dciun/o;

6.PRONI]ME CARE POT FI SI ADJ. NEEOTARATE

- ALL - toli/toate/to/toati ;
- OTEER-altalti;
- ANOTHER un alt(ul) ;
- BOTE - arnbii ;
- EACII - fiecare;
- MUCE - mulli ;
- NEITHER - nici unul dir doi ;
 9.\'ERBUL

PROBLEMEDE ORTOCRAFIE SI PRON-UNTIEA I'ERBELOR

L I erminalia-s lapersoana
a J-asingularprezenl
indicati\

REGULA CENERALA: -s lsl - shewallcs;

lzl - shereads;
EXCEPTtr:
A) - ve6ele terdhate fu : -s , -x , -z , -sh , -ch , -tch , capetiterminalia: es-[iz]-
eg!l!: hewatches ;
B) verbeleterminatein -y precedatde o consoandsetransformein : ies - [z] +
-
eg!!!:hetdes;

2.Terminalia;g! Ia trecutulsimplu$i palticipiul trecutI

RXGLLA GENER{LA : -€d [t] - I asked;

[d]-Iwatched;
lidl-lwanted;

EXCEPTT:
A) - consoanafinale se dubleazi cAndvocala careo precedeesteaccentuati :
eglll: I stopped(tostop) ;
T+ ^^^,---,1//r^ ^^^---\ .

B)-yfinal *i-ed : totly+itried'

-ehnal- e-d : to move+i moved;

3.Teminatia-ing :
a) - consoana finaldsedubleazicAndvocalacareo precede
estescufie$i accentuata
:
eg!!!:to stop+ stopping;

b) - y final seplstreaze:
eg!11: to tr"v- tying ;
to play- plaling ;

c) - e frnal seomite I
eg!l!:to lie-lying;
io have haUng;
exceDfi: to agiee- agrceing;
to see- seeing;
to be- beirg ;
 PRXSENTTENSE

OBSI!:: HA\aE - marcaperfectului;

-ING - ma.cacontinuitetii:

l.PRXSENTTENSESIMPLE

INTRXB[INTAREI

a) - expiimd o aciune caresepetece in mod obitnuit , repetat5i c.re are loc : diminea,ta
, la pdDz , seara, in fiecare zi .
egll!: We play teDnisevery secordday.

b) - exprimd un adevarpermanent$i generalvalabil.

eg!!!: Water boils at 100 degrees.

c) - exprimdo stare, un fapt carerimene leschimbato perioadi mai lungdde timp.

eg!! !: Shelives in London.

d) - exprime un eveniment care va avealoc in viitor.

egl!!: The train comestomorow at ten o'clock.

AD\TERBE(cmese folosescde obiceicu acesttimp):

- verbele 1aprezentul simplu apar iisolite de adverbelede frecvenfe : ahflays , usuall.v ,
often , sometimes, seldon/rarely , never , eyeryday,...

FORMA:

AIIRMATN'A:

+ VBIGS/[,S)- pentrupersoanaa 3-a

eg!!!: Ee goesto schooleveryday.

INTEROGATTVA:

do/does) + S + VBffolma infinitivali

egl!!: Do we seea movie every Sutrday?

Does h€ wash his teeth every momiDg?

44
NEGATWA:

+ l"B(don'tdoesn't) + l'B(forma infinitivali

eg!!l: Shedoesn'topenthewiDdoweverymoming.
I don't play football.

pelfu pe$oanaa 3-asingular!l

ES!!l: Doesn'tsefolose$te

2.PRXSENTCONTINUOUS

IIiTREBUINIARE:

a)- exprjnao acli,rne vorbirii.

careareloc in momenruytimpul
eg!! l: LooklIt'sraining.

b) - exprimao acliunecareareloc pentu o perioadi limitata in prezent.

egll!i wlat are youreadingthesedays?

c) - poatea\eao valoaredeviitor , exprimando acliunece va avealoc confolmrmui

programdinailte stabilit.
eg!!l:I'm meeeting!]y fiiendtonight.

ADVERBE SI EXPRXSI:
- sefolosettecuadverbele
gi erpresiile: no*- , at this moment, right no'w, etc.

FORMA:

AFIRMATIVA:

+ \rB(to be - sindplepresent) + \rB(-in

eg!!!: I am readitrgright no1t.

INTEROGATNA:

(ro be- simplepresent)+ S + rvtl(-i

eg! ! ! : .4.rethey playing iD thepark?

NEGATWA:

+ lfB(to be - simplepresent)+ NOT + rl/B(

egl!!: I am not playingteuis.

N,B.lll Uneleverbenu sepot folosicu formacodtinua:

a) - verbecareexldme o activitatemintalel
egll!: krow , remember,believe, mean, understand, forget, doubt , recognize,
realize.

b) - verbecareexprimi scntimentesaust&i suflete$ti:

eg!!!rlove, regret,preier,want, hate, fear, detest, ador€, desire.

J) -Igrlqquf" glp1tqr4qpe1cJplr_e
lelqoi qlt: _
egll!: see,hear, smeu, feel, notice, obserYe.

d) verbe care exprimd posesia:

eg!!!:have, belong,own.

e) - verbe modale :
e g l l ! :c a n. m a y . m u s t . s h o u l d .w o u l d . . . .
 3.PRISENT PERT'ECT

INTRXBLTINTARX:

a) - exprimeun evenimentcu utr caractertredefilit in tecut:

egM; I havewritten to my parents.

b) - sefolose$tecandrczultatuievenimentuluihecutpersisti in prczent:
eg!!!:I've caughtabadcold(Iamstill i11!l!).

c) - sereferdla acfuni careau al.utloc intr-utr intervaldetimp deschis,

neincheiat.Acliunea seafle incdsubcont'oiul vorbitorului.:
eg!!!: He haslived ia Londonfor 10years.(Locuiefte i.oLoDdrade 10aai)- intervalul
nu s-aincheiat.

d) - sefolosegtecu complinireaadverbialaJUST(tocmai)pentrua rcdao acliune

incheiatdrecent.:
egl!!: He hasjust left.(tocmaiaplecat),

e) - un verb Ia PreseDt
PerfectestedeterDinatdeun complementcircumpstamlialdetim!
saudeo temporald careindiceuDinterval detimD deschis!!!:
sinceI last sawyou, for two
eg!!!:all my Ufc, this year, today, sinceyesterday,
years. elc.

D - exp meo actiunecaracteristicd,

rcpetati:
played
eg!!!;I haveoftedseldom teDniswith him.

A-D1tsRBESI E)OREStr:
- sefoloseqte cu adverbele $i exp.esiile: sitrce, recently: never, ever,just , already,
for a long time , lately , this $eek/motrth/year;

FORltrAr

AIIRMATTVA:

+ VB(hsve/has)+ \lB(3'" forE

eg!!!:He hasdrunk histea-

 !!l! Penu-u
lormaa 3-asing ar sefolo'esteIIAS::

INTEROGATTVA:

j\aB(have,&as)
+ S + 1B(3" form

eg!!!i Eas he alreadyseenthe photo?

NEGATMI

+ NOT+ VB(3'" form

+ VB(have/has)

eg!!!:I haven'tseenyou since1996.

4.PRXSf,NT PERTECT CONTINUOUS

INTRXBUINTARE:

a) - exprimao acliuneinceputdin trecutcaresecotrtinuAio prezent:

egl!l: She'sbeencryingfor hours.

b) - exprim[ o acliunetrecutea1carui rezultatestevizibil in prezent.

eg!!!rIt's beenraining.

FORMA:

AIIRMATIVA;

+ \rB(haYe/has) + \aB@een)+ VB(-

eg!!l: We haye beenlooking at T.V. for two hours.

48
LNiTEROGATIVA:

+ S + \.'Bfteen) + VB(-
aYe,/has)

eg!!!:Eave you beentivingheresince2001?

NEGATWAI

= \rBlhave&as) - NOT + VB(been) \'BG

egll!: They haveu't beed reading all this time.

N.B.!!t:

a) - in urele cazurisepot folosi ambeleforme de perfect(PPSsi PPC):

egll!: How longhaveyoustudiedEoglish?
totugi daceverbul o permitee de preferatfolma coDtinua:
How lotrghaveyoubeenstudyingEtrgiish?

b) - Anumite verbe(veziN.B. de la presentcontinuous)au pot fi folositela fotua

continua.Dar candacesteaexprimeo actiunesitualiaseschimbA.Dg ex;I've hadthecal
for two years. DAR I've beed haring brealcfast
since8.

c) - PPSexprimi sava$ireaactiunii, in timp cePPCpuneaccentulpe acdune:

eg!!!: I havebeeneatingcakes.(Tot minancFejituri)
I have eatentbrcecakesso far.(Paneacumammetrcattrei.)

49
 N---ES

I.PAST TENSESIMPLE

gipentrua nu sefaceconfuziiintre timpurile:Pasl

OBS!!!:Pentruo maibunainlelegere
TenseSimplegiPresent
PerfectSimplesevor invetaceledouatimpuriprin comparalie.

OBSllll TimpudiePt siPPSexprimdo atrteriotatefa,tedeprezent.Deci

putemsetmgem
umibarea concluzie:

PPS PT
-usemeto expressa furishedaction; - useme to expressa firlishedaction;
youdon't saywhentheaction$'as you lel whenthe actio[ was
fidshed; finished;

vom $ti cum s! le folosimll!

INTRXBUT{TARE:

a) - exprimdo acliunecarea avutloc la un momentdatin trecutiar perioadadetimp s-a

incheiat.Actiunea nu mai estesubconltoluivorbitorului:
eg!l!:He lived in Londonfor tenyea6.(Alocuitirl Londra10ani.-Numailocuiegte.)

b) - PT sepoatefolosicu complinirica : today, this morning. etc.dacdacfiuneaeste

considerate caavaodul caracterdefinitsaucafiind desfesumtdintr-oDerioadiincheiate:
eglll: I solred a fcw problems
rhismoming.-inmomenrul vorbiriiestadupe-amiaz5.

c) - PT sefoloseltecu complinlea adverbialaJUST Now(chiar acun):

egll!:He leftjust norv,

d) - r.raverb la PT e detenninatdeun complementcircumpstamlialdetimp saude o

completive temporale careindic5o perioadi de timp incheiati!l!:
eg!!l:yesterday,last month, two yearsago, during the war , in 1986, whenI $as a
student.
egM:He didn't callwhile I wasoutyesterday....

e) - exprirnd'.:aevenimentcu u! caracterbile definit h trecut:

egl!!: I wrote to my parentsfromSiaaia.;

0 - sefolosegtecandrezultatulactiurlii nu mai esteneaparatvizibil in momeltul vorbirii:

eg!!!:I caughta badcoldin themountains.(But I amheathynow.)

50
g) - redeevenimenteprivite retospectiv i estetimpul naraliunii.

ADVERBE SI f,XPREST:
cu adverbelegi expresiile:
" sefolose$te yesterday,lasl nighvmonti/year, few
minutes/hours/daysago, onceupona time , onMonday.

FORMA:

AFIRMATIVAI

+ \aB(-ed
, 2"'form

es!!!: Yesterdavhe arnved to schoolat sevedo'clock.

INTEROGATIVA:

ivB(did)+ S - \aB(forma irlinitivall

eg!!!:Did I play tennis?

NEGATTVA:

+ \Bfdid)+NOT + VB(forma inlinitivall

egll!: Ee did not reach scboolyesterday.

)l
 2.PASTCONTTNUOUS

INTREBUINTARE:

a) - expdmao acliunecareela in deslhfurareinh'-unmomenttecut:

eglll: I wasreadingat 5 o'clockyesterday.

b) - exprimddoudacliuni caresedesfrgoarasimultanintr-un momentin tecut:

eg!!!:Whilemotherwascooking,Marywasbakingthecake.

c) - exprimeo acliunece sedesfbgoard

intr-un mome din tecut intrcruptade o acliune
scurti(pastsimple):
eglll: WhileMary waswatchingT.V. , thebell rung.

ADITRBE SI DGRESII:
- sefolose5te qi expresii:
cu um5toareleadverbe while , during , at tlis time yesterday
,from9to6,when.

FORMA

ATIRMATN A:

+ \'B(was/were)+ \aB(-in

eglll: IIe was teaching at 9 a-m.yesterday.

INTEROGATryA:

(nas/were)+S+VB(

eglll: Werc you waiting for him when he arrived?

NEGATIVA:

+ lB(was/were)+ NOT + \lBG

eglll: The teach€rwasn'tteachingyesterday

at 10
 3.PASTPERIECT SIMPLE

INTREBUINTARX :

a) exprimdo aclime sauun evenimentcarca alut loc tlrainleawui momenthecut:

eg!l!: Shehad alv/aysliyed in Buclarest, beforeshemovedto Germanya few years
ago.

b) - exprim5regetul fata de o acliunetrecute:

eglll I wishI hadD'teatensomuch.

c) - sefolosegte
in frazacondilionalidetip 3.

ADVERBE SI EXPREST:
- sefolosegecu urmatoareleadverbe$i expresii: before , when , after , for years , since

FORMA

AFIR}'-A.TTVAI

+ \B(had) + VB(3rd

eg:::r I bad abeadyleft qbeo you alTjved.

INTEROGATTVA:

+S+\'B(3rdform

eg!l!: Had he left beforethey arrived?

NEGATTVA:

+ VB(had)+ NOT + \rB(3rd

eg:::: He bad't left by sir p.m. yesterday.

 4.PASTPERT'ECTCONTNruOUS

INTREBUINTARE :

a) accentueaze ideeade desfEgurare a unei acliunipetrecuteinainteauneialte acliuni

Eecute:
egll!: I had beenlookingfor it for hous beforeI foundit.

b) - conformconcordanlei timpurilorsefolose$te
in vorbireaindirecteatuncicendverbul
dinregenteestela trecut.
eg!l!: He saidhe hadbeenstudyingEnglishlor sevenlyeals.

c) explimeo acliunecareincepeSjsetennindin trecutsauestein desfE$urare

inaintede
^ .^ii,,-^ r--^,,r;.
"lr;
eg:!::Shehad bceDcleanitrgtheroombeforetbeycarnebome.

ADITRBE:
- sefolose$te
cu adverbe
ca : for , since

FORMA

AT'IR\IATIVA

+ \aB(lad) + \B(been) + \rBC

eg! ! !: I had be€n eating for half an hour.

INTEROGATTVA:

+S+VB(been)+\aB(-

egl!!: Ead he bee! working for hours?

NEGATIVA:

- \rB(had)- NOT vB(beeo) VB(-ir

"
eg!!!: Ee hadn't been$ aiting for hours.

54
 4.PASTPf,RIECT CONTL\TUOUS

INTRXBM{TARE:

a)- accentueazd ideeadedesfEgurare a uneiacliunipetrecute

inainteauneialteacluni
d ecute:
eg!I ! : I had beenlooking for it for hous beforeI foundit.

b) - conformconcordanleitimpurilorsefolosegte
in vorbireaindkecteatuncicendverbul
dinregenteestela tecut.
eg!!!:He saidhe hadbeenstudyingEnglishfor severalyears.

c) - exprimdo aoliunecareincepe$i setennindio kecutsauestein desfEgurare

inaintede
o altAa4iunetecuta:
eg:l:rShehad beeocleaningtheroombeloretheycane home.

AD\TERBE:
- sefoloseSte
cu adverbe
ca : for , since

FORMA

AT'IRMATII'A

+ \aB(bad)+ YB(beeo)+ \rB('

eg! ! ! | I had be€n €ating for half an hour.

INTEROGATIVA:

+S+!T(been)+\'BC

egl!!: Had he beenworking for houlr?

NEGATWA:

+ \aB(had)+ NOT + \aB(been)

+ !ts(-ing)

eg!!!:Ee hadn't beenwaitingfor hours.

 ry--TIAE

l.FIJTT]R.ESIMPLE

INTREBUINTAREI

a) - exprimeanticipareaunei acliuni saustEri:

egll!: It will rain toElolrow.

b) - exprimAo intenliein viitor sauo deciziepe.tiu viitor luati in momentulvorbirii , nu

existaanteriorin mioteavorbitorului:
eg!!!:Oh , youcaD'tgetitlwait a minute,I'I help you...

N.B.!!!

1. SHALL , auxiliarulpentrupersoanaI singllar gi piurai , estefolosit mai mult rn

limbajul oficial , in vorbireacurcnteprefer.andu-se
WILL.De celemai multe ori se
folose$teformacontrasd('LL) ceeaceducela pierderea
distinclieidinre celedoue
fotue.

2. Prcpozit'leintdogative cu WILL la pssoanaa douapot exprimao rugeminte

egll!: WiU youhdp me?

3. Propozilileiaterogativecu SH-{LL expdmdfie o ofertd(Shall I go therefor you?), fie

cefereaurui sfat(\\hereshall I go?)

ADITER}E SI E)CRESII
- sefolose$ecu : tomorrow, nextda]/weevmonth.

FORttr{

AfiRMATTVA:

vB(witysbatl) - VB(forma infi oitiYalS

eg!!l: I'll finishmy homewolkthisevening.

)l
L\ITEROGATMj

wilvshall) + S + \.Bfforma infinitivali

eg! ! !: Will he go to the tleatle tomorow?

NEGATfVA:

+ \rBfw Vshau)+ NOT + lB(forma infiritivali

eg!!!:I won't(shan't)go
there.

2.FI]TURI CONIINUOUS

INTREBUINTARE I

a) - exprimdo acfiunein desfi rarc in viitor:

eg!!!: This timetomorrowI'll be havinglunch.

b) - exprimSo acliunecareurmeazisdaibaloc cafiind in ordineafireascA

a lucrurilor.
egl!!: I'I be writing to you-
Will yoube stayingwith us?

c) - expdmeo supoziliein legaturecu o aclirmecareareloc in prezetrt:

eg!l!:He'll be swimmingnow.(Acurno fi inotand.)

A.D\.ERBE SI EXPREStr:
-sefolose'tecu : this time tomorrory, at 5 o,clockp,D- , on Monday

FOR.NLA

AFIRMATTVA:

+ \aB(wilvsba[) - YB(be) + !B(

eg!l!: I will be huutingtomorrownight.

56
INTEROGATTVA:

wilvsha[) + S + \'B(be) + VB(-iag)

eg:!l: Sha Ibe goingthere?

NEGATryA]

+ \rB(wilyshal) - NOT " \tB(be) VBGiog)

eg!!l: Shewon't be eatingthis time tomortow.

3.FUTLIREPERI'ECTO'IITOR ANTERIOR)

INTREBUINTARI:

- exprimdo acliunecarenu a alut inci loc , dai careseva fi intAmplatitrairte deun

momert viitor.
eg!!!:Thistimetrextyear I'll havecompletedmy studies.(La anulpe wemeaastaini
voi fi terminatstudiile.)

FORMA:

AFIRIT-A.TMl

+ VB(wilyshal) + \aB(have)+ VB(3rd lorm

eg!!l: I will haYepaitrted"..

5',7
INTEROGATryA:

w rrshall) S VB(bave) - \-B(3rd form)

egl!!: Will you have painted-..

NEGATN-A:

+ + + l.Bf3rd form

4.FI]TURX PERFECT CONTIIiUOUSOTIITOR A.\TTERIOR)

L^ITR.EBUNiTARE:

- sefolose$tepentma accentuaideeade deslh$urarea uneiacliuni intr-un momeDtviitor.

eg!l!: I won't hayebeenworking for this compaayfor verylongwhenyouvisit us.Qiu
voi fi lucrandpentrualeasrafirmademull timp candoevei vizila.)

FORM,A.

ATIRMATTVA

+ VB(wilVshall) + \fB(have) + lrB(been) +

INTEROGATIVA:

r.ill/shall) + s + ave)+ VBfbeetr)+ \rBf-i!

eg!!!:Will you hav€beetrpahting...?

58
NEGATIVA:

+ l1ilL/shall)+ NOT + een)+ rf/B(-

s.ALTE MODI]_RIDE EXPRIMARX A \'IITORL,'LUI

l.BE GOING TO + I\-FIMTIV

INTREBUN{TARX:

a) - exprim5viitoruluneiintentiiprezedte:
egl!!:We are goingto pay hima visit.(Intentionem
sd-ifacemo viziti.)

b) - exprimaviiloruluncicauzeprezealel
egll!: lt's goingto rain , iookatthesky,(OsI plou5. priveitecerul.)

FORILA.

AFIRTi/L{-TfVA:

eg!! !: We are goirg to buy hera present.

II{TEROGATIVA:

eg!ll: What are you gohg to bu! her ?

NEGATTVA:

eg!!!: We aretr't going to stay up late.

59
z.BE ABOUT TO + lr\*FINITfV

- exprimt indeplinireaiminenti a unei acliuni h viitorul apropiat:

eg!!!:Theplaneis(iust)aboutto takeoff.(Avionulestepe punchrlde a decola-)

3.BE TO + INFIOMTIV

- exprimdun angaiament, un ordi]1sauuDviitor predestinat:

eg!!!:We are to meetat 10.&lrmeaz6 sane intahimla 10.)
You are to be in time.(Sdajungelila timp.)
Maybehe is to becomea priest.(Poate ci ii estedatsdajungepreot.)

4.PRXZENTULCONTINUU(vezif );

s.FUTURE IN TIIE PAST

MOD DE FORMARE:

1.- sefolose$te wouldin loc deyi! ;

2. - candviitorul esteexprimatprin ,,begoiDgto" , sefolose$tePAST CONTINUOUS
in loc de PRESENT CONTIIiUOUS.

niTREBUINTAREI

- concordanlatimpu.rilorcerefolostea acestuitimp cu rcferire la acliuni sausteri ceeiau

viitoareinta-rmmomenttaecut.
egll!: I knewhewouldsucced-($tiam ceva rcu$i.)
I thoughtyouF'ere goingto leave.(Credeam cevei reu$i.)

60
 TEEIONDTUANA!

COND.PREZENT COND. TRECUT

auxiLarul au"{iliarulwould/should,/could+
alirmatiY would./shou.ld,/could+ iljfmitilul perfectal verbuluide
infinitiwl scurt al verbului de conjugat(have + 3rd form)
conjugat
I should/would paint or I should/flould havepainted
I'd paint
(a$picta, ai picta etc.) (a$ E pictat, ai fi pictat)
interogativ you you
MODL'I- I I
DE ri!'ould she/he/it paint? Would she,he/ithaYepainted?
FORMARX
they they
negativ i i
rYe woDldn'/shordn't paitrt we wouldn'/shouldn'thave
you you painted

you you
she/he/itwou.ldn't paitrt sho/he/itwouldn't haYe
they they painted

6l
 IEqS]JBJaryeInl.

DEFIAIITION:
The subjonctive mood exprcssesar urueal Jvimral utraccomplishedstateJan event or it
expressesa possible state or event proj ectedinto future.

Subjonctil,ul poate fi : - sintetic , adicd concis , exprimat in generalpdntr-utr singlr

cuvant ;
- analitic , exDrimatprin douAsau mai multe cuvinte ;

SUBIONCTI!'LTL SINTETIC

I.SLTBJONCTn'UL PREZENT(formaveche)
- fiecventfolosit in etapelemai vechi de formarea limbii engleze, iar astezimai c..
seam6 in engleza americanlsauir stilulelevatori oficial;

FOR\IA:
- arc aceeaiiforme cainfiniti\'.ul scut(ptr toatepersoanele);
egl!!:i ask- (eu)saintreb; youask- (tu) si intebi ;....;

SEFOLOSESTX:

a) - in propozilii independente , mai aleszubfolma unor stucturi fixe , exprimando

urare,ododnla,etc.;
eg!!l:-Longlive Romania!(Sa hiiascdRomania!);
- Sobeit!(A$asefie!) ;
- Sufficeit to saythat.,.!(Ajunge sespunem ci..,l) ;
- Thanksbeto Heaven!(Slavi cerului!);

b) in propoziliisubordoDate(
maialesconditionale
, completive
Siconcesive
):

egll!: - lt's hardto sayif greater/wad of skill appearir writtingor in /judgingill.

@ greude spus dacd scrierilesau criticile proastesecaracterizeazApdntr-o mar
mare,/pronuntata lipsedetalent,(Alcxander Pope, Essayon Criticism));

- I suggest
he speakfirst.(Propun
cael sdvorbeascdprimul.)
;
- Bethat asit 6ay , 've ca['t heip takingthat detailinto accouot.(o1-icum
axsta

62
 iuqudle , nu putemsdnu linem seamade ace$ amenunt.);

- I'll crossit , thoughitblastme !(ll voi inAutrta, chiarde-arfi semdnimiceasc5.

- Shakespeare , HaDlet) ;

2.SUBJONCTIVUL TRECUT(preterit):
- sefolosegtein diferitepropoziFisubordonate
dupe:

a) verbele:- (l) wish- (eu)doresc, af dori , at \Tea, ceplcat ce(nu)...;

- suppose(that)- sapresupunem cej presupunand cd, inchipuili-vdcd ;

b) copiutrcdile: - tlough - deii . cu toarec; i

- eventhough- chiardacd, de$i;
- asif/though - ca$i cum, ca9i cend;

c) -dupa exprcsiica : - had rather ;

- wouldsooner;
- It's (high) time ;

FORIVTA:
- coincideca fomd cu trecutulsimplu:
egl!l: I asked- (eu)seintoeb; youasked- (tu)sAintrcbi;
exceptiel!l:verbulto be * were(latoatepersoanele);

EXXMPLE:
- I wish I werethere.(Ag dori/weasi hu acolo.)
- Suppose theworldwereflat.(Senefuchipuimcepemaotul eplat.)
- He speakEnglishasiflthoughherrereanEnglisbman.(Vorbefte englezestede
parci ar fi (uo) englez,)
' I had rather you did not answerthephone.(Agfi preferatsdnu rtupuDzila
telefor)
- It's high time youwenthome.(Este cazulsemergiacasa.)

3.SUBJONCTTW,'LMAI MT]LT CA PERFECTUL

- estefolosit in condilii aseminatoarc
cu celeale zubjoncti{rlui preterit;

FOR\IA:
- esteidentic caforml cu mai mult caperfectul:
eg!!!: I wishI hadbeenthere.(Ag weasefi fostacolo.)
Supposethathe had forgottenhis cue.(Sene-nchipuimcd gi-arfi uitat replica.)

63
 SI,IBJONCTII-I]L ANAIITIC

- estemaifolositin engleza contemporana , ii reprezintd

imbindrideverbemodale
transformatein auxiliare(auxiliare,,pure"sauimplicando ugoardnuantemodale, ceea
ce facecain aseneieaoazui eie si devini -.sernialrriliare')cu i.:rfinitive:
e gl ! ! :

a)SEA.LL + INFINITW:

- dintrefuncjile auxiliarealelui shall in stucturi subjonctivale, ceamai frecventAse

htahe$tela persoana 1-a5i a 3-acdndarevaloarea conjunliei,,si":
eg!!!:ShallI reply to his letter?(Se-iraspundla scrisoare?)
Wllat shall they say?(Ceo sdzicdei?)

b)SEOLTLD+ tr\lF!\-ITIv:

- should (1atoatepercoanele)cu valoa.ede si gi uneodde casdplus infiniti!'ul scurteste

folosit:

a') - in propozilii interogative(directeti indirecte):

eg::::Wty sbouldyou$ asteyourrimelfDecesi iti pierzitimpull)
How shouldI begin?(Cumsdincep?)

b') -in propoziliisubordonate dediferitetipuri , dupdverbesaualtepe4i devorbirece

exprimdnecesitatea , dodnla, ordinul, etc.!
egll!: Theofficerorderedthattheprisonershouldbe setfree.
I don't think it's necessa,J that you shouldwarn him.
It is desirablethat \r'e shouldn't interfere.

c'y-in propozigii
subordonatetemporale
to stayindoorstill he shoDldfeelbetter.
eg!!!:He decided

d') -in propozitiisubordonate dupaconjunctialest-canu cumvase, de

finalenegative
teamesanu , casenu ; saudupafor fear that - deteamesenu ;
eg|! ! i We were afraidlesthe shouldfril.

64
c)I4AylEqqg!ry:
- mav cu valoarede si fomeazSimpreunacu inlidtivul scurtun subjonctivanalitrccare
sefolose$te:

a') - in propozilii exclamative, petrtrua expdmao ura.el

eg!l!: May youliYeioDgl!! i
Longmay youliYe!!l !

b') -in propoziliisubordonale finaledaceverbuldinprincipahestela un timpprezent,

viitor saula imperativ(ma)-ca si) |
eg|! !: I'm afraidit may rain.
We'll seadher a telegramsothat shemay wait for us at the statioD.
Getup earlierso that you Esy catch the train.

c') - dupe,jt is possible" sepoate, e posibilI

egl!l: It is possiblethathemay cometoo.

d',) in propoziliisubordonate
coocesive
:
eg!!!rTry ashemay, he won't succed.

d)MIGHT + INFIMTIV:

- might cu valoarede (ca)si insolitdeun infinitivscurtseintelne$te:

a') in propozi{ile pentrua exprimao rrare, etc:

exclamative
eg!!!:O , thathemight comesoorl

b') -in propoziliisubordonate

finaledacaverbuldinprincipalS
estelaun ti6p trecutl
eg!!!:He madethissacrificethattheothersmight live.

c') - ln propozililesubordonate
completive
dupeto be afraid a seteme, a-i fi
teame/fticA:
eg!!!:Shewasafraid I might be dededadmittaDce.

65
d') - dupdit was possible- seputea, eraposibil ;
eg!l!l It was possiblethat he might come.

e)r*ILL + INTIMTIVI

- will cu infinitivulscurtsefolose$te
uneoriin loc demay + inlinitiv(in propozifiile
finale):
eg!! !r Closethe doorso that it will be wam in the room.

DWOLTLD+ INFINITTV:
- would cu infiniriwl scurtsefoloseiteuneoriid loc de might + iulinitiy saushould +
infinitiv (in propozitilefinale):
egll!: Theplaneflew high lestthestorm\youldovertakeit.

66
 W!]A!!W

l,CAN/COIJLD

a) - exprimA fizic[ sauintelectual*(to be ableto , to be capableof, to

capacitatea
know how to) ;
egl!!: He canpasstbeexa,'n.(Ele in starest ia examenul.)
CanyouspeakEnglish?(?oti vorbi engleza?)

- poatefi implicatdgi ideeadevoinle:

egl!!: Can/couldyoudo me a favour?(Poti./Ai
puteasa-mifaciun serviciu?)

b) - exprimepermisiunea(mai
pulinoficialdecatmay) :
egl!!r Can/CouldI smokehere?(PotAtputeairxoaaici?)

c) - exprimeposibilitatea
teoietice:
poatege$i.)
eg!!!:ADybodycar makemistakes.(Oricine

Notelll:
- iDfltritivprezent- permissioo:
a) cao-/could
eg!!:rCatrhecometoo ?( Poafeveni9i el?)No he catr'tl- Nu , au poate!
T
in cazul propozililor degative - prohibition;

b) can/could + infinitiy prezent - presentpast abilit!;

egl!!i I could(n't) ski, !r'henI was a child.
T
- in cazulpropozigilornegative- lack of abilify ;

c) could - itrfinitir perfect - past unusedability ; sometimeswith a nuanceof

reproach;
egl!!: He couldhavecomeearlier, but hedidn'tlvantto,

d) can'tcouldn't- infinitiy prezent- negativepresentdeduction;

eg!!!:it can't be Tom.He'sto shortto be Tom.

e) can'Vcouldn't+ infinitiv perfect- Degative

deductionaboutthe past;
eg!!!:He couldn'thavestudiedthelesson.

OBSI!!:could- usedfor pastability.- He couldskatewhenhe wassix.

was able to - usedfor past achievemcnt.* He was ableto skatealtlough the
loe WaSmelDng,

67
 W=A-1!@

l.CAN/COULD

a) - exprirndcapacitatea to be ableto , to trecapableof, to

fizicesauintelectual[:(
knowhow to) ;
eg!!!:He canpasstheexam.(Ele in staresdia examenul.)
Car you speakEnglish?(?olivorbi engleza?)

- poatefi impiicatdqi ideeadevoinle:

puteasd-mifaciun serviciu?)
egl!!: CaB/couldyoudo me a favour?CPoli/Ai

b) - exprimepemisiurea(mai
pulinoficialdecatmay) :
eg!!!rCa CouldI smokehere?(Pot/Asputeafrrmaaici?)

c) - exprimeposibilitatea
teoretica:
poategle$i.)
eg!!!:Anybodycatrmakemistakes.(Oricine

Note!!!:

a) can/could- infinitiv prezent- permissioo;

eg!!::Canhe cone too ?( PoateveniSie1?)No he catr'tl- Nu , nu poate!
T
in cazulpropozitilo! tregative- prohibition;

b) can/could+ infinitiy prezent- presenupastabiuty;

eg!!!:I cou.ld(n't)ski, whenI wasa chjld.
T
- in cazulpropozililornegative- lack of abilify ;

c) could - inlinitiv perfect - past unusedabilitv i sometimeswith a Duaneeof

reProach;
eglll: He couldhavecone earlier, but hedid!'t wadtto.

d) cau'Vcouldn't - inliEitiv prezent- negativepresentdeduction ;

eg!!l:It can't be Tom.He'sto shortto be Tom.

e) can'tcouldn't+ infrnitiv perfect- negativedeductionaboutthe past;

egl!!:He couldn'thavestudiedthelesson.

OBSI!!:could- usedfor pastability.- He couldskatewhenhe wassix.

'wssable to - usedfor past achrevemept.
- He was dbleto skatealthoughtle
lce wasmetung,

6'7
 2.ILAYA{IGIIT

a) - exprimapermisiunea(tob€ permitted./tobe allowedto) - mai oficial decatcad;

egl!l: Ma"\'/hightI comea ljttle later?(PovA9
pureavenipulinmaitarziu?)
Yes , you ma1',Noyou mustn't/you are not allowed to-(DaNu , nu ai voie.)

b) expdmeposibiiitatea
practic5:
egll!: Whatyou saymay/mightbetlue.(Ceea
cespuipoatefl adeverat.)

OBSI : to be allowedtolto be permittedto - inlocuiesc

pe may afuscicendpropozilia
cereun timp pe caremay 0u il are.
mqs - niF Fnf \,i;f^r '

dight - condilional
, vorbireaindirectA;
to - prezent. necut. viitor . prezentperfect...
to be allowed./permitted

3.MUST

a) - exprimio obligafie(]aprezentxtobe obligedto, to haveto):

egl!!:You mustbebackby teno'clock.(Trebuie p6n5la ora 10.)
si te inapoiezi

b) - exprimdnecesitatea in propozilileafirmative.ln
logice(doar propozilileinterogative
qinegalivesefolose;tecan):
eg! ! !: Theremust to be a mistake.DAR: Therecannotbe a mistake.

c) exprim5reguli , rcgulamente:
eg! ! I I You must havea driving ]icencein orderto aldvea car.

d) - mustmaipoatesemnifica $i o deduclielogice:
eg!!l: Probablyit wasalreadylate.- It must havebeenlate.
I'm sureyouareco1d.-Youmust be cold.

68
Notel!!:
in propozifilenegativese folosesc
verbele: Needtr't, don'thaveto , not be obligedto ,
must troFtrotbe allowedto.

Eustn't - prohibition ; You mustn't smoke.- You areforbiddento smoke.

needn't - absenceof obligatior ; You needn't come.- It is not trecessary
for you to
come.

Obs!!!:
In cazul propozililor ilterogative must 9i need au adeseainteleslri similare , dar need
NU poate fi utilizat dupd cuvinte speciflce intrebirilor(questioa words).
Cetrd se folosEte need inti-o intrebare se spereca raspullsul se fie no.

4.SHALL

a) - exprimdvoinla exprimat6devorbitor(in legehnecu persoanele

a 2-a qi a 3-a);
egl:::Yousboulddo asI toldyou.(AisafaciasacuDti-amspus)
He shalldo it.(O si o facd.)

b) - exprimeinte4ia exprimatide vorbitor la pe$oana1-a.Esteaproapehtotdeuna

idocuit dewill.Nu poatefi insi inlocuit in propozilileinterogativela persoana1.
eg!!!:I shan'tbe loog,{won't be long . (Nuvoi stamult.)
ShallI comeat once?(Sd yia...?)
Whatshall do oow?(Cesdfacemacum?)
vre

5.SHOULD

a) - exprimdo obliga{ie, necesitatelogice( ought to )

eg!!!:You should/ought to obeytherules.
Theyshould/oughtto behomeby now.(Artrebuisa...)

b) - exprimi miraredin parteavorbitorului dupaexpresiica : It is a pity that , I am

surpriseilthat ,
eg!!l: It is odd that he shouldsaythatto me.(Eciudatseimi spundataceva.)

c) -'expdmdo acliuneintimpldtoareposibila:
eg! ! !: If I shouldmeethin. ..@acd1-a9iotAlri...)

69
 6.\llILL

a) - exprimeo intenlievoiti :
eg::l: WiU you do it fc,rme lfVre: s-o faciir loculrner.t?)

b) - exprimi un refuz(iDconstructiinegative):
Eg!l!: He sayshe*on't come.

c) - exprimdcaractemlfrecventativ(dercpetare)al acliul1ii;
eg!!!rHe will alwayscontiadictyou .(Mercute contazice.)
Oil will noaton waler.(Lileiul
Dluleflepe api)

T.WOULD

a) - expiimdvoinla , in constiu4ii negative- refirz.:

eg!!!rHe wouldn't do it.( N-avrut s-oface.)
The doorwouldn't open.(l-ISa nu sedeschidea-)

b) - expdmeo cererepoliticoasd,o invitalie:

egl!!: Would youholdon a moment?(Aqtepta,ti o clipi, ve rog!)

c) - arati caracterulfrecventativai unei acliuni( in trecut)

egl!l: Everymominghowouldgo for a walk.(In fiecarediminea.t5 flceao plimbare
-
iungi. eraun obicei)

d) - expdml o probabilitate:
egl!l: Thatwouldbeyourmother.(Aceea
o fi mamata.)

S.OUGHTTO

- exprimi o obligalie, o trecesitate

logice( should ):
eg!!!:You oughtto comein time.(Arhebuisavi la timp.)
They ought to be hereby now.(Ar fi trebuit sI soseasclpaneacur!.)

N.Blll: Should9i oughtto suntmaipulin categorice

decatmust

'70
 9.USEDTO

- expdmdo staresauun obiceicaie existain tiecut , dar carc a incetat( would sensc)
eg!!!;He usedto beverypunctual.(He wasformerly/once verypunctual).@ra foarte
Dunctualodata.)

lO.NEED

- expdmi necesitatea.Se
folosegtedoarin propozililenegativegi interogative(ca
verb
modal):
egl!!: NeedI retumthebooktomorrow?(Trebuie seirupoiezcarteamaine?)
No youneedn't,DAR Yesyou Bust.

Il.DARE

- a in&izd:
eg!!!:How dareyou?(Cum
indrazDetti?)

1l
 EqrW

NOTE!!I:
Loculiutriprepozilionalecaresepot folosiin locuilui IF la tiprile 1.2,3r
- on the €onditioDthat ; providedb.ovidingthet ; suppose/supposing that ; whether
; assoonas ; aslong as ; in case; unless;

OBS!I!:
In subordonatacondilionala(propozida cu i0 I!l!! se folosefte niciodate viitorul !! ! !

TYPE 1

a) - exprimeo condilierealeii posibil5(viitoale):

VTITOR_IF_PRXZENT

egll!: I'll come too i?in caseI am ftee.

Voi reni qi eudaci'/in cazul in care voi fr liber.

b) - exprimao condifierealdgeneraia:

a')PREZENT- IF - PREZENT

eglli: I am alwayshappyif I canlistento music.

IDtotdeunasu.'1tfericit daci pot ascultamuzid.

b)IMPERATIV _ IF _ PRXZENT

eg!!!:Buy a ticketfor meif youFant meto comewith you.

Cumpdri-miun bilet daci vrei si vin cu tine.

72
 TT?E 2

a) - exprimao condilie ireald$ improbabilaprezenta:

CONDITIONAL PRXZENT _ IF _ TRECUTUL SIMPLU

eglll: I would go for a 11'alkifl were you.

M-a5 duce Ia plimbare daci a9E io locd teu.

b) - exprimh o condilie ireald ti improbab e viitoare:

CONDITIONAI PREZENT _ IF _ TRECUTUL SIMPLU

eg!!!: He would accompanyifhe had somesparctime tomorow.

Te-ar insoli daci E6joe ar aveapr4in timp liber.

'73
 T\?E 3

exprimao condiiieirealar.imposibilatrecula:

CONDITIONAI TRECUT _ IF _ TRXCUTL'I-PERIECT

egl!!: He would have accompatriedyou if he had had somespar€time.

Te-ar fi insolit dace ar fi a!,r]t pr4in timp liber.

NOTE!!!:

l.Conjr.mc1ia condi$onaleunlessaresensregativ ti e folositE(umati) deIm verbla

formaafirmativi!!!
egll!: I won't stayonemoredayunlessI missthetrain.
Nu mai stauo zi decft in cazl in carepierd trenul.

2.O condilionald se poate reducein felul umetor

egl!!: I can help ,vorl, if necessary,

3.Putan folosi *ilVwould in propoziliacondiliooaladar cu valoarede verbemodale.(a

egll!: If you will come...

(dacawei si vii)
If yourvouldhelpme...(dace ai aveaamabilitatea
s[ mEajuli)

4.Cazudde omiterea conj condigionale:

If I wereat theseaside...*Were I at theseaside...

If hecame... -Should he came...
Ifl badbeentbere...-Had I beenrhere..
If it weren'tfor you...+But for you...
lf it hadnt beenlor you...- But for yol.r...
 y:@EAEIBEqTA

I.PROPOZITII ENI]].{TTATI!'E

Verbul to say dil principalasepdstreazdatuDcicandnu esteiEsolitde un complement

indirect, alh]linteri seinlocuieqtecuto tell ;
Pronurqele, determhanliigi adverbeleseidocuiesc in imclie dein{eles, cain lirnba
romAnide exempiu:

- I(eu) poatedevenihe(el)saushe(ea);
- this(acestaceasta)
poatedevenithat(aceyacea) ;
- today(ast^zi)poatedevenithat day(in aceeazi) ;
- yesterday(ied)poatedevenithe day before(in ziuaprecedenta);
- here{aici)poatedevenithere(acolo);

egl!!: ,J thirk I heardyouspeaking

on theradiolastmonth", shesaidto me.
become:
Shetoid me shethoughtshehadheardme speakingon themdio a monthbefore.

Shesaid,,No" becomerSherefused/denied
it/answeredin thenegativ€.

Shesaid,,Yes"become:Sheagreed/accepted/aNwered
in the afnrmative.

Shesaidto us,,You'dbetternot do it"becom€:Sheadvisedusnot to do it.

2.PP.OPOZITIIN{TEROGATN'E:

Ordineacuvintelorintr-o propozilieinterogativehdirectd esteaceeaa cuviltelor dinh-o

propozilie enuoliative.Propozi,tia
iaterogativaindirecfi esteinh odusi de obiceipdn ifsau
whether , iar ah$ci candiotebareaestealt€rnativdpdn whether.
Pronumele, adjectivele, 5i adverbeledeterEinativese-nlocuiesc duS intelesca in limba
romand.

tl
EXEMPLE:

- He askedme,,Haveyou seenthenewtheatre?"
- He askedme ifI lad seenthenewtheate.

- ,,lYhattime is it?" , he asked.

- He askedwhat time it was.

- ,,Wouldyou comeio?" shesaidto her mother- o invitatie.

' Sheinvited,/asked
her motherto comertr.

- ,,ShallI buy this preseotfor her?"I askedMary - cere.eal]nui sfat.

- I askedMaJyif I shouldbuy thatpreserffor her.

- ,,Shallwe have a drink?" , he asked.- o sugestie.

- He suggested havinga drinl/that they shouldhavea &ink.

- ,,ShallI give you somecoffee?", I askedtheo - o oferti.

- I offercdto give theft somecoffee.

- ,,Will you comewith us?" he askedMary - O intrebaredespreo acliune

vutoate.
- He askedMary if shewould cooe with thern.

3.PROPOZITtr IMPERATNTE:

Seredauin vorbireaindirectecu ajutorulrrnorverbecareexprimEordioul , rugimintea ,

cererea,etc.(toask-acere,aiovita,aponnci;toorder-aporunci,aordona;totell
- a spule. a ziceI to beg- a cere,a sdEui. etc.urmatedeinfidtive.)
Prorlumele, adjectivele, 9i adverbeledeterminativese-docuiescduF intelescain limba
rom6n5.

EXXMPLE:
- ,Prive quicker!"he saidto me.
- He askedme to dive quicker.

'76
 Y-@AINLIaEqTA

l.PROPOZITII ENUIiTIATIlT

Veibul to say din prilcipah se pestreazeatunci cand nu esteiasofit de un compiemeat

indirect , altmhteri se inlocuieite cuto tell ;
Prommele , determinantii ti advebele se inlocuiesc in funclie de iileles , ca ia limba
romatr5 de exemplu:

- I(eu) poate deved he(el) sau she(ea) ;

- this(acest/aceasta)poate deveni that(aceyacea) ;
- today(astazi) poate deveai that day(in aceeazi) ;
- yeslerday(ieri) poate deveni the day before(in ziua precedenta);
- here(aici)poatedevenithere(acolo);

eglll: ,J think I heardyou speakingon the radio last month" , shesaidto me.
become:
She told me she thought she had heard me speakingon the radio a month before.

She said ,,No" become: She refused,/denieditlanswered ir the negative.

She said ,,Yes" become: She agreed/accepted,/answe.ed

in the affinnative.

Shesaidto us ,,You'd betternot do if'becom€: Sheadvisedus not to do it.

2,PROPOZITUII{TEROGATN/E:

Ordineacuvintelorioh-o propozilieinterogativa hdtectE esteaceeaa cuvintelordintr-o

propoziJieenu.tiative.Propoziliainterogativaindircoti esteintrodusAde obiceiprin if sau
whether , iar atutrcicandirtrebaleaestealtemativepdtr whether.
Pronumele, adjectivele, ti adverbeledeterdinativese-nlocuiesc duS inteiescain limba
romand.

'15
EXEMPLE:

- He askedme ,$ave you seenthe new theatle?"

- He askedme iI I hadseenthe new (heate.

- ,,Whatii,-neis it?" , he asked.

- He askedwhat time it was.

- ..Wouldvoucoloein?" shesaidto hermotber-o invitalie.

- Sheitrvited,/asked
her motherto comeltr.

- ,,Sha[ I buy this presentfor her?"I askedMary - cerereaunui sfat.

- I askedMai:yif I shouldbuy thatpresedtfor her.

- ,,Shallwe ha1'ea drink?" , he asked.- o sugestie.

- He suggested havinga drinl/that they shouldhavea drink.

- ,,ShallI give you somecoffee?", I askedthem- o oferti.

- I offeredto give themsomecoffee.

- ,,Will you comewith us?" he askedMary - O intrebaiedeEre o acliuDe

vutoare.
- He askedMary if shewould comewith them.

3.PROPOZITtr IMPI,RATN/E:

Seredauin vorbireaindirectecu ajutorulunorverbecareexpimi ordimi , rugemintea,

cereleaJetc.(toask-acere,ainvita.aporunci;toorder-aporunci,aordoDa;totell
- a spune,a zice; to beg- a cere,a sterui,etc.Ematedeinfidtive.)
Pronumele, adjectivele, $i adverbeledeterminativese-nlocuiesc
duf intelescafu limba
romanA.

EXEMPLE:

- ,,Drivequicker!"he saidto me.

- He askedn]e to drive quicker.

'76
 - ,,Comehereat otrce!"he saidto us.
- He orderedus that we shouldgo thereat once.

- ,Pon't do it!" hetoldme .

- He told me not to do it.

- ,,Tellmewhatyouwartl" hesaidto hrsson.

- He askedhis sooto tell him whathe \raDted.

- He saidto us:,,Cleanthercombedoreyouleave!"
- He saidthat we wereto cleaotbe room beforewe left.

4.PROPOZITTIEXCLAMATIVE :

Sunt redate in vorbirea indirectd printr-o serie de modificdri cerute de sens, caractenrl
exclamadei frind redat mai ales de verbe gi adverbe(demod).

EXEMPLE:

- He said: ,, Thatisn't Ilue!".

- He exclaimed/criedindignantlythat it wasn'ttue.

- ,,Oh!", shesaid.
- gavgaa exclamationofsurlrrise.
Sheexclaimed\rith surprise/She

- ,,HowtiredI aml", he said.

- He complainedthalhe\r,asverytired.

- I said: ,,Thankyou!"
- I tharkedthem.

- Shesaid: ,,Goodmomingl"to us.

- Shegreeted u9wjshedusa goodmoming.

- They all saidto me : ,,Mary happyreturnsof the day!"

- They all congratulated me (otrmy birthda,

'7'7
 MODIFICARI AIE TIMPI,IRILOR \.ERBAIE IN
VORBIRXA INDIR-ECTA

1.Dacepredicatuldin principab estela rm prczentsauviitor limpul din completiva

directErdmaaeneschimbat:
eg!!!r- He says/issaying,has
said:,,I'll try later"
- He sayVissaying,hassaidhe will try later.

2.DacAprdicatul propozilieiprircipale estela un tiep tecut , timpurile verbaledin

compietivadirectddevintrecute@ACKSHlFT):
eg!!!:- He said.&ad said: ,,I'11try later".- future.
- He said/hadsaidhe wouldtr) later- futurein thepast.

EXCEPTII:

l corespondenla timpurilor nu seaplicddacdaclirmeaesteviitoare 9i in rtromentul

vorbirii indirecte.

2.
eg!!l: - Shesaid: I amverytted - prezent.
- Shesaidshewasvery tired.-trecuti raportde simultaDeitate,

Core*ondenlatimpurilor tru seaplici atuncicdnd:

- prezetrtulexprimdo caractedsticA pemanentda subiectului- un obicei.

eg!! !: He saidhis brothersrDokes
a lot.

- vorbireadirectaexprimdrm adevir absolut:

eg!!!:He admifted thatwg caDnot
live withoutoxigen.

- conlinuhrleNnulului estevalabil gi-nmomentulvorbirii:

eg!!l: He saidheca!'t taketheexamashehasn'tstudiedeDough.

3.
Shesaid:"I sawhim yesterday''.- hecut simpiu
Shesaidshehadseetrhim the daybefore- trecutftai mult caperfectul- raportde
atrterioritate

TrecunrlsimplupoatelimeDetreschimbar
:

- pertru acliuoi repetatein t ecut:

eg!!l: He saidheusedto smokewhenhe wasyounger.

78
- peltru emrnluriredateimediatdup6rostirealor:
eg!!!:He toldusheboughtit thismoming.

- in rcgeda uaei circumpstantiale detimp:

eg!l!: He told us he visited,&advisited a lot of museumswhenhe lived in this town.

- in propozilile condilionale:
eg!l!:He saidhewouldgo thereifhe could.

qQIIqO-BD-ANIAJIIMPI]RILQR.

- exprimdraportuldhtre timpul predicatuluiutreipropozilii subordonate

qi timpul
predicanrluidin gopozi]ia principab sauregenti.

OBS!!:rDatoritdraporturilorlogicede timp caresestabilesciDtrediferitepredicatedintr-

o Aazd. un anumittip verbalnu poatefr insolit intr'-oal6 propozi,tiede orice alt timp
verbai.

RJGULAl:

Un timp prezent(Present , PresertPerfect)poatefi insolit (ia subordonati)de orice alt

timp condilionatlogic (caia limba romdni) ;

SIJ'BORDINATE
I am sule - he had left earlier.(cd - PastPerfect
( Suntsigur) - he left earlier.(c'a olecatmai deweme)- Past
PresentSimple - he has left earliei.{ceaDlecatDai deL.eme}-PresentPerfect
ye eariier.fcivaDecamai deraem€)- Future

'79
REGLILA2:

UDtimp trecut(PastTense. ?astPerfect)ceretot uo timp treclt in subordonati:

a) - pentruSIIIIILTANEITATE : PAST TENSE +PAST TENSE

MADI CLAUSE STTBORDINATE

I was sule
@ramsigur) - he was there.(cdesteaoolo.)-Past Tense
PastTense

b) - pentlu ANTERIORITATE : PAST TENSE+ PASTPERT'ECT

egl!!:

NIAI}{ CLAUSE SUBORDINATE

I was slre
(Eramsigu) - he had beenthere.(cda fosVfusese
acolo.) PastPeif€ct
PastTense

c) - peDtmIDEEA DE VIITOR FATA DE TRECUT :

UN TIMP TRECUT + IIITORUL IN TRECUT

SUBORDLNATE
I was swe
(Erarnsigrr)
PastT€nse - he would comefcd va veni) - Future in the Past
I had beenswe
(Fusesemsigur)
PastPerfect

80
EXCEPTT DE LA RNGULAz:

a) - dupeun timp trecutsefolosegteprezeDtulin subordotat6, atuncicaodaceasta

exprimarr! adevfugeoeral, un fapt lmivelsalcunoscut, etc,

eg!l!:

MADI CLAUSE SUBORDINATE

He demonstrated -that th€ atomis trot the smallestpadicie of mater.(cAatomultru
(A demorstat) esteceamaimicdparticuliamateriei.)-PresentSimple;
PastTense

b) - dupdun timp trecut sefolosegeorice timp (logic) itr propoziia subordonati, atulci
candaceastaesteatributivi , de mod, compalativa, cauzald$i altecateva:

MAIN CLAUSE SL''BORDINATE

You spokefrenchbetterlastyear -thanyou do now
fforbeai md bine Aancezaanultecut) (decatanulacesta)
PastTense PreseDtSimple
Did you speak to the man - who will lead the expeditio!?
(Ai vorbit cu omul) (care va conduceexpedilia?)
Past Tense Future Simple
I didn't speakto him ibr I'U seehim tonight
(Nu amvorbit cu el) (pt ca am sa-lvad deseara.)
PastTense Future Simple.

RXGULA3:

Condilionalul prezent cerePastTeasein subordonata

penauEM!\ryMT!:

eg!l!l

MAIN CLAUSE SIJBORDDIATE

I would go to the cotrcert if youcamewith me.
(M-a; ducela concert) (daci ai mergecu mine)
ConditionalPrezent Pasttense

81
CotrjuDclia!f, sepoateomitei
a) - folosindu-seinversiuneadaceverbul din subordonata
condilionalaesteto have , to
be sauurl verb modal.Ia acest
cazpropozit'a precedede obiceiprincipala
subordonati
sauregenta:
eg!!!:

SUBORDLNATE NI.AII{ CLAUSE

Were I you I wouldn't do that.
(Dacea5fi h locul tiu) (r-at faceasta)
Condi$onal Prezent
Couldyoucometoo $-eshould be very pleased.
paca ai puteaveri Situ) (amfi foarteincentali)
Modal Verb Condi{ionalPrezent

b) - folosindu-seshould(saucu o usoara[uanla depolitelesaurugimir]tewould) si

trecandu-se verbulprincipal la infrnitiv.
eg!l!:

Sbould\\'ould you come I'd go to the concert

(Daceai mergecu mine) (m-ai duce la conceft)
Prezent

REGLILAs:

Cotrditionalul trecut din pdncipah sauregenteesteinsolit de un Past Perlect h

subordonatS.

MAIN' CLAUSE ST'BORDIN.{TE

We shouldbaYeleft at 7 ifit had not raiDed
(Am fi plecatla 7) (daci n-ar fi plouat)
ConditionalTrecut Past Perfect
He might havesucceded if he had not exagerated
(Ar fi putut rcu$i) (dacan-ar fi exagerat)
Conditior1al Trecut PastPerfect

82
Coqlunctiaif poatefi omiseprifl inversiune:

SUBORDINI.{TE MAIN CLAUSE

Had it not rained we shouldhaveleft at 7
(Dacdn-ar fi piouat) (amfi plecatla 7)
PastPerfect ConditioralTrecut

RXGULA6:

Daceverbul ditr propoziliaprhcipala sauregentiestela un timp prezent(Present.

PreseDtPerfect), la viitor sauIa imperativ, verbuluneipropozilii finale estela
subjonctivtl analiticcu may(uneorilvill) , iar dactrFopozilia fitra16estenegativa, la
subjonctiwl analiticcu should :
es!ll:

MAIN CLAUSE SIJBORDLNATE

I'll rep€at tle questlon
(Voi repeta intlebarea)
Future Simple
I'll repeat the question
(voi repetaintebarea)
Future Simple
so that everybody may understand it.
(paltru ca s-o inteleagi toli)
Subj Analitic
lestit shouldbe misunderstood
(ca sAau fie ilteleasdgretit)
Subj Alalitic

RXGLTLAT:

Dacdverbuldin propozigiaprincipalSsauregentiestela un timp trecut(PastTeDse. Past

Perfect), verbulunei propozilii linale estela subjoDctivulaoaliticcumight(ueori cu
would) , iar daci propozifa finali esteregativi , la subjonctirulanaliticcu
should(uneori cu would).
Ad !

MAIII CLAUSE SUBORDINATE

I repeatedthe question
(Am repetatirbebarea)
PastTeDse
I repeatedthequestion
(Am repetatintebarea)
PastTense
sothat everybodydight understandit.
(pentruca s-ointeleagdtoli)
Subj ADalitic
lestit should/would be nisunderstood-
(casbnu fie inteleasagre$it)
Subj Anatitic

83
 D@Z!APAEry_A
Timpudle diatezeipasivesuntfomate din timpurileverbuluiauxiliar to be Sipadicipiul
trecut a1verbului nolional.

CONSTRUCTII ACTI\T CONSTRUCTtr PASII'E

lverbul tranzitiY esteurmatde un l.Compledetrnll direcl{anaflicle)devirre
compl€mert direct: subiectgraxoatical, iar subiectul
eg!!!:He wrote anarticle. gramatical(he)deviaecomplementde agent
(by him) , adici subiectlogic:
€glll: An articlewaswritten by him.
2.Verbul tranzitiv esteumat de doua 2.Complem€.'otu1 diJectal pefoaaei devine
complemente dlecte: subiectulpropozilieipasive, iar compl.
egl!!:We askedhiE severalquestiotrs. direct al lucrului devhe obiecnri
,-ri-,,i-ar.inarl ^Lia^r\'

egl!!: Ee was askedseveralquestionsby

us.
3.Veibul tranzitiv e urmatde un compl 3.Complindirectdevinesubiect,iar
indirect$i deuDcompldirect.: compl.directesterelinut.:
ee!!!:I offeredhim a ticket. egl! !: He wasofrereda ticket.
sau:
A ticket was offered to him.
4.Unverb intranzitiv e wmat de un comPl Complprepoziliooaldevinesubiectul
prepozi$onal: propozilieipasive, iar prepoziliaseapropie
eg!!!:We are rvaitingfor him. de funcliauneiparticuleadverbiale:
eg!!!:Ee is beingwaitedforoy us).
5.Verbul tranzitiv e urmatdeun comPl S.Compl dir€ct devile subiect grmatical ,
ilirect fi de un compl prepozitional: iar compl pepozilional este rqinut:
eg!!l:We acquaintedthemwith the eg!!l: They were acquaintedwith the
Programme. Programme.

6]/erbul tranzitiv esteu]mat de un codpl 6.Colopldirect devinesubiectiar el

direct $i de un element predicatiY
suplimedtarpe langa acesta:
egl!!: Do you cau this a joke?
T.Verbul tranzitiY esteufmatde un
acuzativ cu iBfinitiv:
egl!!:We heardthe bell ring
predicativsupLimetrtaresterelinut:
eg!!l:Is this calleda joke?
T.Acuzati\rl cu infinitiv devineBoDinatrv
cu fufinitiv:
The bell washeardto iing.

84
Put his book on the table.

Give this book to him.

Nota!!l:Substantilr. saupronumeleplasatdupaprcpozitieestemrmitOBIECTUL
oreoozitiei.

In propozitilede mai sussubstantivul,,table"esteobiectulprepozitiei,,oo";sipronumele

,,him" esteobiectulpreozitiei,,to".

EXCEPTII:

a.-intr-opropozitiepasiva:egM
tHe r{aslaughedat.

b.-in propozitii relativesi joterogative:eg : -This is tle mar I told you aboul.
-Mere is he comingfrom?

c.-dupauneleinfinitive(cusensuluneipropozitiirelative):eg!!!iIhaveno pento wdte

with.

d.-in propozitii afirmativecareiocepcu :\vho,What,\4hich

eg!!!:-wlat I amlookingat is John'shouse.

M lwhat troublethey'vegotinto!
e.-inuneleexclarnatii:eg

f.-ia subordonatele
atributive:eg movieI'm lookilg aL
ll!:-mat movie?The

PREPOZITILE SUNT:

a.-simple:eg!! I:*abouton under;

b.-compuse:eg! ! !:iato,within,without;
c.-complexe:eg! !!:because of,instead of;
d.-locutiuniprepozitionale: eg! I l:by meatrsof,in themiddle of;onbebalfof;

PREPOZITI DE TIMP:

l ON - cureferirela o anumitazi:eg!!!:-onSunday, onCbristuasday;

2.IN - cu referirela o peioadadetimp:eg!l!:-in Juoe, in 1994, in themoming/evenhg;

3.AT - cu referirela ora:egll!:-at

5 o'clock, at 6 p.m., at right ;

4.FAR{ PREPOZITIE - D! sefolosescprepozitiicu : this , next, last, tomonow ,

yesterday;
PREPOZITI DE LOC:

1.ON - se folosestecu rcferire la : - o linie:eg!!!:-on the edge;

- o suprafata:egll::-oo the lable;

2.IN - de folosestecu leferire la o zona :egl! !rin my bag, itr Paris;

3.AT - se folosestecu referirela u1rarumit punct sauo pozitieieg!l!:-atthe statio4

4.BETWEEN - exprimapozitia fata de douaelemetrte:eg!!lt betweenthe schoolaad

the ba!k;

PREPOZITtr DE MISCARX:

PR-EPOZITN CARX EXPRI}LA, MIJLOCL-I- DE TRANSPORT:

1.BY :eg!!!:-by car,'taxi/plane6oatair/tiain;

2.ON:egll!:-oo foothorseback;

PRXPOZITI DE AGENT:

BY :eg!!!! Theplayis $rittenby Shaw.

- It wasmadeby hand.

PREPOZITtr:

1. about- despre;
2. above- d€asupra;
3. across- de-acumezisul;
4. along - de-aludgul;
5. alongside- rmullangaaln:i;
6. among- intre;
7. around imprejuj:
9. before - inahte;
10.below- dedesupt;
11.beDeath-sub, Eaijos de;
12.besides- in afaa de ;
13. beyond - dincolode ;
14.by - de , de cate , pd! i
15.for- peotru;
16.h-in;
I 7. irside - inauntru,
18.into - in , insprc;
19. uear - laDga;
20. nofwithstanding - cu toate ca ;
2 1 .o f - d e:
22.oD-pe|.
23. opposite- de vis-a-vis;
24.over peste;
25.past-pe langa,dincolode;
26.round-iojurul;
27. since- de , de 1a;
28.throughout- prin , peste,dupa;
29. to - la , cahe ;
30.under- sub;
31.up - para la , in susul, cate;
32. withir - in , inaultrul , Dumaitarziu de ;
33.without - fara;

3.AD\TERBIJL

Adverbulpoatedetermina un verb(eg!l!:-She singsbeautifirlly,) -

, un adjectiv(eg!!l
extremelybeautiful)sauun alt adverb(eg!!!:-verylate).

MODIJL DE FORMARX

sufixului:!L laun adjectiv'

Majoritateaadverbelordepqg{ seformeazaprin adaugarea

ADJECTIV AD\'ERB
slow slowly
easy easily
MIe tluly
 whole wholly
useful usefully
tull finly

OBS!!!Adjectivele telndnatein -ic primescterminatia-ally:

Eg!ll:- faotastic- fantastically;
- diplomatic - diplomatically ;

OBS!!! Unele adverbeau aceasifcrrmacu adjectivelecorespuDzatoare :

-
Eg!!l: hard, friendly ; lorely ; only; early; fast ; late ; skaight;

A)TIPURI DE ADI'ERBE:

I.AD\TRBE DE TIP SI DE FREC\'ENTA:

egl!!: - yesteday- ieli ;

- soon- cuand ;
- often- deseori;
- always- intotdeuna;

2.AD\'ER3E DE MOD:

eg!!!: - slowly- lent ;

- bravely cu culaj ;

N.B.ll! Uneleverbecabecome/tum , keepheinaidstay

, look , seem, taste, smellsunt
urmatede adjectivesi!!de adverbe.
eg!!!! smellsgood;

3.AD\'ERBEDE LOC:

eg!!!: - nearby- aprcape;

- beiow- dedesupt;
- down-jos ;
- here- aici ;

4.ADI'ERBE CARE INDICA GRADUL:

- complet;
eg!!!: - absolutely/completely/entircly
- incredibly- incredibil de ;
- perfectly- peifect ;
 - simply- pul si simplu ;
- rcally - in mod rcal ;
- very - foarte ;

5.A-DVERBf,CARE SE REFERA LA O I.NTREAGA PROPOZITIE :

eg!!!: - actually- defapt ;

- evidently/obliously- evident;
- hooestly- sincer;
- sutpasillgly- in mod suprinzator ;

B)POZITLAA}VERBELOR IN PROPOZITM:

l.Advefuelede timp [ehotarat(now, sometimes, iater , once) , precumsi adverbelede

mod seplaseazainlr'e subiectsi predicat, candacestadin urma estesimplu :

egl!!: - I sometim€s play chess.

- He heartily thMked you.

2.Aceleasiadverbe(vezipunctul 1) , candpredicatulestecompussepiaseazaintre partile

acestuia, dupapdmul auxiliar

eg!!!: - I havetever playedchess.

- I shouidneverhaveplayedwith him,

3.Candacesteadverbe(vezi puncteleI si 2 ) aparla iDceputuisaula sfarsih:lpropozitiei,

ideeaexprimatade ele esteaccetrtuata
.

eg!l!: - Suddenly,I remembercd.

- I rememberedsuddenly,

4.Adverbelede timp hotaratseplaseazafie lanceputr.rlfie la sfarsihrlpropoeitiei(ceva

mai fiecventla sfa6it),

Eg!!l: - Yesterday I wentto Bran.

- I weDtto Bratr yesterday.

5.Candin propozitieexistadai mlrlteadyerbeordhea este:

MOD'IIANNER) + LOC@LACE) + TIMPOIME)

123
egll!: - We anived54Q[ in Lotrdotryesterday.
123
6.Adverbelede mod carc deteminaun verb iDtr-oprolozitie activaseplaseazadupa
verbuirespectiv.

Eg!!!: - He ruDsquickiy.
- Shesingsbeautitully.

Aceleasiverbe, ir,tr-opropozitiepasiva, suntprecedatede advcrbuldemod , ele fiind la

participiultecut si avandir consecintao valoareadjectivala.

Eg!!!: - Thepoemwasclearlyrecited.

4.CONJUIiCTIA

Arc rolul de-afacelegatwahhe propozit[.

FELURILE CONJUNCTIEII

1.CONJLTNCTtrCOORDONATOAREfcaTeleagaintre ele propozitii de acelasifel:

1. accordingly - in consecinta;
2. also - deascmenea;
3. and- si;
4. aswell as-prccum si;
5. besides- in plus;
6, both,...and- atat .... cat si;
7. Dotonly ,..but also- nu numai... ci si ;
8. either,..or - sau...sau;
9. neither... nor - nici ... nici ;
10.but - dar;
11.consequently(therefore)- in codsechta;
12,he[ce- deaiciurmeazasa;
13.honeYer- oricum,tofusi;
14.still - totusi;
15.nevertheless - totusi;
16.moreoyer/futhermore - maimult decatatatI
17.or - sau;
18.so- asadar;
19.therelor - prin urmare;
20.yet - totusi ;
2.CONJLTNCTTISUBORDONATOARE:-careleagao propozitiesecundara
de regenta
sa:

1. after - dupace ;
2. althougb-/though- desi ;
3. as- l.deoarece , 2.pecand, h timp ce, 3.asacum;
4. as a s - l a f e l c a ;
5. as if/as though - ca si cand;
6. because- deoarece;
7. before - inainteca;
8. if- daca;
9. lest - ca sa Du ;
10.no sooner .,. than - de-abia.... ca ;
11.since- cum,deoarece;
12. th^t - ca i
13.till - panace ;
14. udess - dacaDu ;
15.Fhen - cand;
16. irbeoever - ori de cateori ;
17. whereas - in timp ce(sefolosestecand se face o compaiatie) ;
18. whether - daca(inkoduce o completiva directa ;
19. while - in timp ce ;

5.SUBSTAIiTII'UL

1GENIJL SIJBSTANTNTULUI

a)G!!ftJL-!44$Cglnlpentru persoanesi arimale de sexmasculinl

eg:!!: - man- barbat;

- holse- cal ;

b)GENIIL FEMINII{ peatn.!persoanesi arimale de sexfeminin:

eg!!!: - girl - fata;

- duck- rata ;
* La gdaulfemioin slmt si substantivele
: ship- co.abie; motor cax- masina;

l0
FEMININELE FORMATE DE LA GENI,'L IIA.SCULIN + ESS

MasculiD Feminin
Lioa Lioness
Pdnce Princess
Actress
Negro Negress
Waiter Waitress
Host hostess

*Animaleiemici precumsi copiii , obiectesutrtdegenul neutru,

c)SLTBSTANTI!'ELENEUTRE devinprin personihcare:

a')DEGEN IIA.SCLILIN:
- elgmerteienaturale, raurile , muntii , tunetul, timpul , moartea, soarele,vara, toaDna
, iama , ziua , somnul, etc.;

eg!!!: - air , ball , book, box , bread, building, bus, crocodile, en'or, fish , flag, flute
, fork, glory, helicopter,honoxr,house,irdifference,land, light, metal,
monkey,mouse,net,novel,number,ocean,oil, page,petal,pig root,
shark,surl,tea,etc.;

b')DE GEN FEMbIIN:

-fortelenahrriimai putin violente, lutra, marea, natlua, pab.ia, numedetad , olase,
univsNitati, primavara, artele, stiinele , noaptea, dimineata, seara;

GENUL NEUTRU sefolosestepeot]lrlucruri , pentrusubstantiveneinsufietite:

Eg!!!:- earth,ba.rel;

d)GENLL COMUN PENTRU A.MBELE SE)GI

1 architect- arhitect/arhitecta ;
2. artist- arhsUartlsta
atist artisVarti ;
3. author- autor/autoare ;
4. client- clientclietrta;
5. cook- bucatar,/bucatarcasa ;
6. cousia- verisor/verisoara ;
7. dancer- dansator/dansatoare ;
8. -
doctor doctor/doctorita;
9. frignd-prieteo/priet€na;

11
10.guest- irvitauinvitata ;
I 1. owrer -propietar/propdetareasa
;
-
12.parent pariote;
13.passenger - pasager/pasagera;
14. photografer - fotografl fotografa;
15.physician - doctor/doc torita;
-
16.physicist fiziciar/fiziciana ;
17.pdsoDer- prizonier/prizoniera;
18.rcader-cititor/cititoare ;
-
19.scholar i[vatat/invatata;
20. smoker - fildator/irdatoare ;
21.spouse - sot/soata;
-
22.teachu profesor/profasoara;
23.s'riter -scditor/scriitoare;

PLTIRA,LLILSUBSTANTII'IJLIJI

DOUn cuP.cups
book-books
-s ; -ss i -ch i -x i -sh i -z i +es bus-buses
-zz fox-foraes
class-classes
beach-treaches
dish-dishes
calf-calves
life.lves
wife.riiYes
self-selves
erceptii:
roof-roofs
scarf-scarfs
chief-chiefs
dwarf-dwarfs
cliff-clifrs
-o +oes echo-echoes
mosquito.hosquitoes
negro-negroes
volcano-Yolcanoes
tomato-tomatoes
potato-potatoes
exceptii:
radio,piano,photo,cucroo;

12
 Cotrsoana+Y +les country'coutrtries
family-families
sk]'-skies
bab]-babies
Exceptie:
penny-pence
Vocala+Y boy-boys
to1'1ot,
play-plays
day-days

PLLTRA.LULNERXGULAT AI STTBSTAIiTI\,'ULUI

GEESE

PLIIR{LE PROI'EMTE DIN LIMBI STRAINE

A)DIN LIMBA LATINA:

SINGL'I,AR PLURAL TRADUCERE

agendum Agenda ageDda/agende;
alga algae alga/alge;
acquanum acquaria acvariu/acvarii;
glnnasrum gl'nrnasia./siufts gim Daziulgimnazii;
stimulus stimuli stimuVstimuli;
stramm strata strat/straturi;

t3
b)DIN LIMBA GREACA:

SINGULAR PLIJRAL TRADUCERE

atralysis aDAlyses analiza./analize;
axls axes axa/axe;
basis bases bazalbarni
cnsls cnses cr'tz Jcrizei
metropolis metropolises metropola/metropole;

PLLTRALEASIMILATE IN LIMBA ENGLEZA

SINCULAR PLURAL TRADUCERX

arena arenas arena/arene;
clrcus clrcuses circ/circuri;
dilemma dilemmas rlilema/rlileme;
diploma diplomas aliploEa/diplome;
geluus geniuses geniu,/gedi;
idea ideas idee/idei;
mrnus muluses minus/minusur'i;
opera operas opera/opere;
umbrella umbrellas umbrela/umbrele;

STIBSTANTIITENUNfdI CU FORME DE PLURAL

A.Substantivele(obiecte)fomate din douaparti audrmai foma de plwal:

SUBSTANTTV TRADUCERE
goggles ochela.ride protectie;
pliers
scales canta{ + \ERB LA PLURAL
scrssors foarfece;
glasses ochelad;
toDgs cleste;
trousers pafiaro ;

- o foarfeca./o
EG!l!;- a pair of scissors percche
defoarfece;
flrcse tousersare lons.

rwnai cu An. deDluralsefacecu : A PAIR OF

OBS!!l: Numarareasubstantivelor
B.Adjectivesaupa.ticipii substantivizatel

Eg!!!:-thepoor-ceisamci;
- the iqjured- cei raaiti ;

nemaicatela plural:
C.Substarltive

Eg!!!:-cattle- vite;
- peopl€- oameni;

STBSTANTT\TNUI\tr{I CI' FORMA Df SINGULAR

A. - substantivele
aenumarabileconcrete:

Eg!I |: - silver, gold, sulphudcacid, bead, butter,ham, sand,water;

N&U Substaotiveiecasard si watersepot folosi ia plural cu valoarestilistica , pentrua

expdmacaotitatimad .
Egl! !: - thewatersof thesea; thesandsof thedesert;

B. - 'ubsrantivele!.enunarabileabsEacrc

Egl!!: - advice, information, ldorvledge, progrcss, evidence, research,business,

wisdom , interest, etc.i

C. - substaDtiveconcrcte ca :

Eg! I I: - money, luggage,firnihue, equipment,etc.;

D. - unele substaotivetemilate in ,,-S":

Egl!l: - news,measles
i mathematics;

N.B.!!! Cuartificarea unorsubstantive , trev/s, fi]mitulesepoate

caadvice,ioJormatioo
face cu : .,a pieceof' , ,g!.ilglqgll , etc.
Egl!!r-two piecesof advice;

E. - ahesubstantive: salt, work , me.chandise, strerght;

l)
 SUBSTANTIVE CU ACEf,ASI FORMA PENTRU PLURAL SI SINGWAR

Eg!!!:- sheep,fish,deer;

Substantivece sefolosgscdupacontextcu :

I'ERB LA PLIJRAL VERB LA SNiGULAR

-candreferireae 1amembrii componenti - caodsedenruneste

colectivitateaca
ai colectivitatii: rm rnteg:

Egl!!: - Paul'sfamilyareat bome. Eg!l!:- Paul'sfamiiyis larye.

- Th" r.,- r.'i-ind - The teamis very good.
"'"

OBS!!I: Aceastaregulaseaplicapentrusubstatrtivele: farnily , class, crcw , audimce,

codminee.team,board,poljce.

CAZURILE SUBSTANTNULUI

I.CAZUL GEMTTV

a)GEMITIAIL PREPOZITIONAL : of the /a

-sefoloseste
cu :

1. - substantivecomrrnel

eg!!!:- thecolourof thesky- culoarea cerului;

- the authorof the book- autorulcartii ;
- theligbrofthe candie Iunina lumanarii;

) - dcnrrmiri oenmfina'

egl!!: - thecity of Londoa- orasulLondra;

3. - cu numeproprii , in locul genitivuluisintetic(deobiceipentrua sublinianumele

propnu):

16
B. A.djectivesauparticipii subslaDrivizate:

For I r'- ihe n^^r-.Fi a,rr.i '

- the injued - cei mniti ;

C.Substantive la plural:
nemarcate

Eg!!l:-cattle vite;
- people- oameni;

SLIBSTANTI\T NUMAI CU FORMA DE STNGULAR

A. - substaotivele
nenumarabileconcreteI

Eg!!l: - silver, gold, sulphuricacid, bread,butter,ham, satrd, water;

ca sandsi rlater sepot folosi la plwal cu valoarestilistica, pentru a

N.B.!!! Substantivele
-v-;-a ^o-fiiDri --;

Eg!!li - the v/atersoflie sea; the sandsofthe desert;

B. - substantivele
nenumarabileabstracte:

EgM: - advice, iniomation, howledge, progress

, evidence,research,business
,
wisdoo , hterest, etc.;

C. - substa[tiveconcreteca :

Eglll: - money,lrrggage , etc.;

, fumiture, equipment

D. - unelesubstaativetenninatein ,,-S":

Egl!l: - news, aeasles; mathematics

;

N.B.!l! Cuantificareaulor substantiveca advice, iDfomation , Dews, i]mitl]re se poate

face cu : ogjggggf , .,atr item of' , etc.
Eg!!!:-two piecesofadvice;

E. altesubsta.ntive
: salt , work , merchandise, stenght ;

l)
 SUBSTANTI!'E CU ACEEASI FORTtr{ Pf,NTRU PLURAL SI SINGULAR

F6rrr'- c1lFFn fich dFc

Substantivece se folosesc dupa context cu :

I.ERB LA PLIJRAL I"ERB LA SINGULAR

-candreferiea e la D]embriicomponenti - candsedenumeste

colectivitateaca
ai colectivitatii: url itraegi

Egl!!: - Paul'sfamilyarcat home. Eg!!!:- Paul'sfamilyis large,

- Theteamareb'aining. - Theteamis verygood.

OBS:!:: Aceastaregulaseaplicapeltru substantivele: family , class, crew , audieoce,

co.omitlee,learn. board.police

CAZURILE SUBSTANTTWJLUI

I.CAZUL GEMTIV

a)GENTmSUL PREPOZIfiO\AL : of the /a

-sefolosestecu :

1.- substantivecomune:

egl!!:- thecolourofthe sky- culoarea cemlui:

- the authorof the book autorulcartii ;
- the light of the candle- luminalumanarii;

2 - dcn,,niri oF^ffifi.p '

eg!!l: - the city of Lordon- omsulLondra;

3. - cu numeproprii , in locul geniti\.iui sintetic(deobiceipentrua subliniamrmeie

propnu):
eg::::-thepainlintsofTumer piclurile
lui Tumer:

b)GENITIW,IL SINTETIC : SAOt sgr's ; pt pl - s')

1.- sefoloseste
cu iume propdisaucu nlrmedepe$oane:

€g!!!:- Mark'sredcar- masinarosiea lui Mark .

- teacher'sbooks- cartileprofesorului;
- ny friend'sparellts- parintii prietenuluimeu ;
- my fliends' parents- padntii prietedlor mei ;

2. - sefoloseste
cu substatrtive
colective.

- independenta
eg!l!: - the nation'sindependence natiunii ;

3. - sefolosestecu denumiriigeograficesi ale unor institutii :

eg::lr- Erglandshistory- istoria

Angljei:
- the school'sprogramne- programulscolii ;

4. - sefolosestecu adverbeca : today, yesterday, torfght saucu substantivecarc

exprimatimpul , spatiul, saugreutatea:

eg:!::- yesrerday's newspaper-ziar-uldeieri :

- a mile's dislaoca distantade o mila ;

5. -se folosestecandsubstartivuldeterminatesteomis :

eg!!l: - thebutcher's(shop)- magazioul

Eacelarului;
- Mada,'nTussaud's(museum);

1',7
egl!l: - atreedle's eye urecheaunui ac;
- to one'sheart'sconteot dupapoftainimii ;
- for God'ssake pentrunumelelui Durrnezeu;
- for safety'ssake- pentrusig1]ranta
;
- the miad's eye- ochiuimintii ;
- art for art's sake adade dragulanei;

?. - se foloseste catrd obiectul deournit estepe$ooificat :

egl!!: - the Eanh's cnrst- scoartaPamantului;

- tbe ocean'sroar -l'uienrJoceaoului;

l.CAZUL NOMINATTV-TIIE.../A...

- wEo ?,\l'HAT?

Eg!!:: - The lvaiter is weaiing white gloves . - Clhelnerulpoarta manusi albe.

- WAo wears white gloves?- Cine poarta mallusi albe?

- The v/aiter....

2.CAZW GENITTV- OF THE/A . 'S/S

-wHosE?,wHIcE?,wHrcE
oF?,WEAT?
Eg!!!: - Theglovesofthe waiterarewhite.
Sau - Manusilechelneruiuisuntalbe.
- The waiter's glovesaie white.

-Whoseglovesarc\r'hite?- Ale cui matrusisuotalbe?

- Thewaiter's.....

3.CAZUL DATTV _ TO TEE/A

- TO WIIOM? : WHOOD ....TO ;

- FOR WHOM? : wHoOO ....FoR ;
- WHAT ....TO ? ; TO WEAT,... ? ;

18
EgI I ! : - Don'l iorget to give a tip to the waiter.
- Nu uita sa-i dai bacsischeLoerului.
- Don't forgetto givethe waiter a tip.

4.CAZIJL ACUZATIV . TIIE/A

- \lTlOM? - pentru persoane;

- llrg-AT? - pentru obiecte;

Egl!!: - Let'scall thewaiter.- Sachemam

cheherul.
Whom...?

s.CAZUL VOCATTV( -)

- Chelenerl
eg!!!:- WaiterlThebill please. Nota, te rcg.

19
 Prepcsition

this nounol pronounandsomeotherlvord in thesentence.

Exdir,ples : -

Put his book o/rthe iable.

Givethis booklo him.

Naie - Th. norr o: !rooun piacedafrerrhe preposilioni! calt.d irs Objecr

the noun" /dr1e" is the objecrofthe prerosition', o, ,' I andihe

In the abovesentences.
'
pfonoun" ,ln is the obiecrofthe preposirion " to ".

The followingIisrcontainssomeotherexamples |-
olthe preposition

( a i A lampis hungdlo}e mi, head.

( b ) He sailedacrosslhe see.

( c ) He returneday'er man;-days

( d ) FIeis not,il llomejusr no\,\'.

( e ) He stands,etrl.e the door

-lhe
( f) dog rar bc,/rlna
its master.

( g ) He sroodbsldrrme in theclass

(h)lsatbertd?hin].

( i ) Thereis nothingin theroom6c-ri.1er

a tabte.

(j ) You mustbe backb) tburo clock.

( k ) He doesthissun,lbr his calssma:e.

( l) He camef'o,zschool.

(m ) Co futorhegarden.

( n ) He sentme a box ofbooks

Describingcharacters
given.Compare
of thecharacteristics
Givetheopposite youranswers
to the
solutions.

POSITIVE NEGATIVE
hard-working
clever
relaxeo
honest

cheerful
flexible
handsome
kind l
self-confident
 Word formation2
Gap-Fill E ercise

Complete lvilh a wordderivedfromtheonebetweenbrackets.

thefollowingsentences
I
1.Meetingotherpeople,for me,is a basicI , (to need)
[-]]l*drinking andsmoking.
(toexceeol
2. I usualll T a sor"h"uduft",u nigh,of
" -have
to addtnel-. - --.
3. Tle) musrha\eforgonen to Lhisleiter.(lo enclosej
4. Checkif thereis a l--_._fee. (to cancel)
5. I mustbe flled within 5 workingdays.(to complain- pluralnoun)
6. Ifyourrermsare| , \\ e mal considerplacingregular
orders.(to satisfy)
7. Couldyou sendus l0 I brochures amangour stafl: (to add)
for distribution
8. In thepas!lhreemonLh.I havebeenworkingasa | . tto Lrain)
 Telephoning- basicvocabulary-
Gap-Fitl Exercise:chooseJtomthe wortlsbelaw

Gettingconnected

You needto nakc a Iet"phon.l--?'rrrcn makesurcvou haveyourcorrcsponoenis

n . r r f e r c l o . er ' \ r r J T e l - p l 'n. r n . . r m b ccr^. r , i r ' ^r t a and a
lfvou don\ knorvyourcontrclsnumbcr,look it up in thetelephone ofthe
Thelxtlerconlainsthctelcphone
numbersofbllsinesses
andtradcrsin youl

'fhe
nextrhinsvou Co is l ili thc anc I or prcsslhc number.\'ou \!ill thcn
n " " ,uf - . I r r h en u m b e
i sr vou rvill hearan ensaged1one.Ilad luck.
vou will havcto fing bacl(latcr.

ln a conrpan). thc fifslpersonwho answr:rs thephoncrvill ohcnbe the .He-but

slill mofr oftcn shc- \aill luL vou throuqhir)thepersonvou rcquife.l_he
opefrtor
opereics I
the1el€phone . ln an increasinq
nLlmbef
of bLrsincsscs
howcvcrmanual
cxchanlcsarcrcplaccdb-r.directlinesor I cxchanses.
Put the verbs in the tensesthat are indicated'

1. Shecamein andturnedoffihetv Myfavoufite programme

......0ust,to begin,past perJecl simple)
2. .... (you, not realise, simple pfesent) thatwe
........(toaccomplish) something extraordinary?
3 . W e . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . .... . . . . . . . . . (
. i
. o
. w a i t p
, r e s e nple r f e ccto n t i n u o uf os r)t h i s
' for mofethan10 years
opportunity
' lay,simplepast)downthe lifeless
4. Theygently, . - . ' . . . , ' ' ' ' . ' ' . , ' . ' ' . '(.t' o
bodyon the coldstone.
(tohear,simplepast)it on theradiowhileI
(tohavedinner,pastcontinuous) withmyfamily
6. simplepresent)
. (you,notconsider, goingto Ine
police?
'Bytheend
7. ofthisweek,we .... .. . . . (towork,
futurecontinuous) on thisprojeclfof morethan6 weeks
B . At 3 pm tornorrow| .. . .. (to work,future
c o n t i n u o u isn) t h e g a r d e n|. . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . ( t om o w 'f u t u r e
continuous) tha lawn.
9. (you,to meet,simplePast)anYbodY
interesting at the Parly?
. .k. n. o w ,pastperfectsimPle)thatthlngs
1 0 . l fI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (. t. o
were goingto turn out the way theydid,I wouldneverhavejoinedthe
company.
1 1 . W e. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( t os h o w ,p r e s e nperfectt simple) our
shareholders thatwe can outpedofmthe market
12....................... (youa , l r e a d tyo r i n g 'p r e s e npi e d e c t
simple)Mr Petersto sortout thai problem withthe delivery?
13.1........ ... ( t ot r y 'p r e s e npt e r f e cct o n t i n u o uasl)l
m o r n i n g| .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 u s t t' o h a n gu p ,p a s tp e r f e c t
simpletwhenthe door ... ... . . . . ...... ...... .... (to burst,simplepast).open
and Mi Petershimself . (towalk'simplepast)
intothe roorn.
1 4 . H es a i dt h a th i s c o m p a n y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( t oh i t ,p a s t
perfectsimple,passive)hafdby the factihatwe
'. . lnordeliver'pastperfectsimple)on time
15. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. . (he nol know'simplepast)thatwe
........ dealwiih,pastpefect continuous)
(to witha
go-slowfor morethan2 weeks?
" Quia- worksheet
'"-
nug"
zli1

b. accidentally

11. Choosethe correctly

spelledword.
a. definately
b. detlnitely

Chooseihe correctiy
speiledword
a. excede
o. excego

13. Choosetheqorrectiy spelled

word.
a. judgment
b .j u d g e m e n t

Choosethecorrectly
spelled
word.
a. occurence
b. occurrence

I J. Choosethe correcily
spelled
word.
a. irritable
b. irritible

Choosethe correctly
spelledwofd.
a. lnadvertant
b. inadvertent

17. Choosethecorrectly
spelled
word.
a. embarrassment
b. embarassment

to Choosethecorrectly
spe!led
word.
a. irresistible
b. irresistable

Choosethecorrectly
spelled
word.
a. ocassion
b. occaslon

20. Choosethe correctlyspelledword.

a. existence
b. existance
21. Choosethe cor;ectlyspelledword
a. accomooale
b. accommodate

22. Choosethe correctlysPelledword

a. a lol
b alot

29. spelledword
Choosethe correctly
a. desPalr
b. dispair

24. spelledwofd
Choosethe correctly
a. harrass
b. harass

25. Choosethe correctlyspelledword

a. Privilege
b. priviledge
Exercises- businesscorrespondcnce
_ booking a borel room

Correspondence
conpletewith anappropriate
word,a clueis givenbetvr'een
bEckets

I lookforward
to ... yourreply.

*l,l",i .. an)ofrheabo,e prea,eju.r ca . rmare (tear,

r1. 1lt b e h a p p )r o a c c e pa' I h i w i l t g u a r a r . e)eo r r b o o k i n gt.f i r s rD a \ T r e n]
_$eqIr
: I wiltbeyo{ conlacr ...rt-ercoms voJre;- ei. 1r.i., r^?,'," 1" ,r,,
gLr po, .n... up.n s,5rnsrrecoi,Iacr. "+.ri":ir,i "
:. :ltlrer :r.on :1
) . $ e a r eu n f l n g . . . a c t i e"onl.. \shnsl
n i( f o r )
6. Pleasesendus your ... caralogueandprjce tisi. (preseni)
7. W e are looking for a manufacturer qho can ... us w;$ a rage of
fashjonabterr€nchcoa!!
(deliver)
8 . J o h n n e\ \ a t L e fi < a l € a o ; r ; . . . n d m ei n S c o r c h$ h i s k ) .
o. Could ( r r a d er n a r k r
) o u s e n du r . o m e . . o f l n e s o no t p a p e r v . a rl o. , a
1 0 . N e w o u j C. . . a p r o m p tr e p l ) .(.t i k e ) ",:t"..:-r"*nlrf"rl
ll. W€ will do our urmos!ro ... thar a goeswelloD the day
ofthe event.(makecertain)

L cou{dyourerus
y""r",",r,.";;,]"roouoo*,nnn,
. 2 . C o L l or o L i r t o r m r . . r h e x e r o r X : - 0 ! c a n . ( a nd n ac o p t ,
o _ , c a n . . o D va n d t - "r l
i . w e h o u t d a r o t i k e r a r r o w . i ! o u a - e o f f e r r n s*. a. "
ai;","i, ,,"".; *, ,
" . L o u ' o o _ a t s o) e n dL . s a m p l e ., o m e. r . ,
i . $ e w e r er r p r e s s e d . w . iarqesa.rmr

. : n o u r 0y o u $ ' s h ( o c o n r a f rl n e. . r d x .n _ )n - m b e ri . 0 1 7 6 d
569878

Sta]ing at a hotel - cross out \rhat doesn't fit and complete

with the 'r.ords listed
belor,r.

Be3in.\NI dan t h eg o o dv, e l l e q m p p e e

d q w p e (.t. . . . . . . . . .c t u b .. . . . . - . . . . . . . .
a l o n gd a y ,i l , s a s r e a ! af€r
':ri rhereisa brsrarsepoot.spabarh,
saLrna,
sream
room,nt"*. .".
ll1.:." ,;;i;.,r;),",
*',",1 wrthour!pendLnsso,ie.]?,.],
en€rs,setire ""d - -..-:;;i,,
backinrhe.........
:it^::-,:tl",l;
magazrieandperhapsalighrsnack.Altemat\et).,_.................yoursetitoheAttanafeautvtrearments
",,, "
... wrnnjngsarnnorrrsLroLrrhairdfesserbutbesu.etobookin..._..................
tbe salonsare alwayspoLrlar. .s

advance-equally-award_ comry._tr€arleisure
"
 Exercises- brusines, - booking a hotel room
"o..uspond"nc"

* completewith aE appropnate
Correspondence woril, a clue is giyetrbetwee' brack€ts
1. I look fonvardto readincvour .eDl\
: lil:.'1,n1r,.1'q"nyoi*.,rii. pr.uselu.r
cal.{mdre
ctedf,
i x.ii]i!li:i!!iiijxt,1,,.ifJl;i1i,ili,,1#r::#{,:ffi-fl!;lxil,
"-'""'"
: V"J "*"' en'ne'h"'on"uii''il;i
:li:li lXllliili,liii;i
"'-ii,iilif
I i,:,::_'.11 r-*'.Jr enLcaratosue
f ior a manLrfacturer ancpnceli,r.rp,e"enu
.. we are ookrng $h.
rliTffi '**"*lrenchc'a'1s
(de
ve'
,n.; ."m!.Ilii* ii::*! Tj.'jn
\r'e$ourdap;;;;",;;;,",";;.;l'
ffi;l:;:l
X*iiii"ij'I'l
p'oeaarevo.,d::ijbur? erampict
"i
iz. wewLrld0ourutmost
lo enslr€tt atallgoes
weliontheda),ofrh€event.
(make
certain)

I ! : l l 9 r . " l . l " . r \ o u h , r v e 5 0 r o r n s a v a i t d b e o n 2 0toocqreolb e r

; ;?fJ.":; :l:'ll;"*:".1i[i;i:) 5,"..ans.dlJnocop)
o' scdr.op!aidid{]
uade drscounr'one
r J"
i). J9,ra ;J;#;;; :X;']H"r't "rv
"i,i,.'"'ii,il
we wereimpressed \\ lth t|hal q,e
* {prep'si'!ion)
sau c
#ii'
;. ll**:rr*irnl:r1ttttri
nit'.t.",Tfi
lij,;l#ff
Stayitrg at a hotel - cross out Rhat doesq,t fit aud
coEplete with the words listed below.

ilT#:lfffifl+jn:lfi#[.ii,i"li::?|fl"i,irygi.!!"iiii;
-d;ilr,,;;;;;,h";ri#;',ill!:"d=fffi?xxff:Tn*i::ffi"1;limg;*,;:l"
,dyanc€_equrl:y-award_comry_treat-
le,sure
Eaiin,gauddri'king - cobprete(ifpossiblerrith
a \yord derivedfrom the oD€betweetr
oracKets)

Thereis a choiceofwhite of brownbreadwith

saladandcfisps.(to choose)

Fof stanerslve couldofderihe fresht),pfeDared

soupoftte day_It is served!virh a breadroil. (fiesh)

Or we couldsrmpt-v
orCerrRo roundsofsandrviches
with a drink.Gimple)

As a maincoursewe couldhavechargri ed chicken

wilh seasoned
vegeiables
andpotaroes.
Geason)
For dessenwe couldtale ihe Feshirui! saladserved
wirh crcam.

\ryhatdo the following senl€nces

mean?Explai_u
in your own words.
Various,4 1d.a.re dishesare avaitableir
'"''",,,o',, *"q"riq, voLr room pt.,\F n^,. .r.._ r. - !< _^. -.

";"*;;*ffii:Tl;"'r"#ilJrH"";:,:ff
ll::: lll:i:.'l^,
prease
n:vean)specidr
dieraD orarrersies."T:;HFil::lT#I"
requrremenLs
allow25 minuresfrom orderinq

X i Aacc^&" '&q ,J*'*a -p.- *" .",. -

o' f'ot &*tu =i*.k" ,1" !1,"a^al*4
"*ot:&*,V"a bng *
faring and drir Ung - complete{ if possiblewith a s ord derivedfrom
rhe one
Detween0rackets)

Thereis a ... ofwhire or brolvn bread$.jth saladand crisps.(io choose)

For staderswe could orde.ihe ... preparedsoupofrhe day. It is ser.ed ,jrh

a brcadrcll. (fresh)

Or we could ... order11!orounCsofsandwicheswirh a drink.

Gimpte)

As a marncoursewe couldhavechargriledctickenwith... vegeiables

ard poiatoesGeason)

For dessen
we ccutdiakethefreshfruit _..seNedwith crean.

What do the followingsentences

mean?Explain in your owd *.orals,
. YatiavsAtaca e dishesare availablein your .oorTl.pleasenotether€is a 15 rray charge
for ihjs
. To nainrah the quaLityofrie food,pleasesrorcjn the darkenedboor
ofyouf car, out ofouecr
. Pleaseinform us ifyou have any speciatcreraryrequremenisor altergies.
. Pl€aseallo$ 25 minlres from o.dering.
 .?ili+i3t titles to their
explanation.

rfHffiF;;',* 1o"u.iii"eii,"-; l
2.Ir,tunugag;;;;d
t
I
3.Finance "o@t"'ull;;;;* t
dEil
i
', ,.\CCOUntani 1,..ponribl".
fo,;e;;
{J) I
5.Mu.k.ddG;; h.aool rhii*
rea,,r-.-.--
l6
6. SatesMia-ser-..- /bisboss.ro;;;;,erarchy--.-..---

ffi-.*-.e
z.p.oau",MiiJ
14
s. p.oau"tionGiiJ

Plarr Marueer--- ;i,liTil;ffw

I0. Foy.-rn.,
jl:;"#,1Fm*
11.p"..onn"i
@l
I/11"^'o'".*-
f i;G;,"^t
illff::"'hilD";G;;
t:. rurchas;rg
fr[!]
'l#il*;i.;;
I4. Facili11it16n-a-;;
ruff"?i,,li
t r
", """_a...=-i"ilr"
u"r,"-..-...-.-...-
 1.

SoLUTIoNPrepositions

You should haye completed the sentenceswith the following preDositionsi

e My childrendon't approveofmy smonng.

r Tfe nnor oirl h,irci inro lFrr(
. \\ho is responsiblefor thismess?
. I lookforq'ardto seeingheragain.
. Marvinwasaresledandcharged rvith murder.
. Al Caponewas suedfor taxevasion.
. I getveryannoyed with peopleu.hodon'tqueueat busstops.
. He wasin Londonon business.
. Helpl Thehouseis on firel
. He did it deliberately,
on purpose.
. I'll havea beer.No, on seconC thoughts. givemea whisky.
. You arein chargeof this group.
. Thesenatoris opposed to thisnel\,bi1L.
r Theslotmachineis ou1oforder.
. You will haveto cheerherup a bit.
. Add somemilkandsugarto )ourtea.
. Are ycu familiar$ i1hthe tvofkI do ,
. I am fedup with his behaviour.
. Sowe'l] seeeachotheratthehotel.
. FlelenlivesiII HarleyStreet.
. Thesickmanuasbrought into theroom.
. He got promoted on the4thofJul),at9 a.m.
. I haven'tseenmyelderbrother for 2 1'eals.
. I haven'tseenJohnSince1996.

Usingthe conectpreposirion
is a trick,vbusiness
in English,especiall)r
for non-native
speakers.
Howeverjasis sooftenthecase:practicewill makeperfect.Sowhy not !r!
anotherexercise
?
(1)iDtre USA: Pr€sidenr

(2) inrneUSA: ChiefExecurive

Ofiicer(CEo)

(3) in th€USA: FinarcialControlier

' ; j::,

:rL
'
1:t:
'.:;..)
t:;.::::.;
':t:l
. :t
, :,:.1,:i:
i:;.ri

r-,1
"';.- j.,.;**€
Prepositibns

CompleteFith a correctpreposition.

1. My children don'tapprove ..........my smoking.

2. Theloor girl bu$t . .. ... . . .. tears.
3. Whois lesponsible ........thismess?
4. I lookforward.........seeing heragarn.
5. MaNin wasarestedandcharged..... murder.
6 . A l C a p o n\ea ss L e d . . . . .r. a. xe v a s i o n .
7, i getveryannoyed. .. ... ... peoplewhodon,tqueueat busstops.
8 . H ew a si n L o n d o n . . . . . . .b. u s i n e s s .
9. HelplThehouseis ......,...fire!
10.He didit deliberately, .,......puryose.
11.I'll havea beer.No, .......second thoughts. givemea whisky.
1 2 .Y o ua r ei n c h a r g.e. . . . . , . . . .t.h. i sg r o u p ,
13.Thesenator is opposed ............thisnewbill.
1 4 .T h es l o m
t a c h i ni se . . . . . . . . _ .. . . . . . . . . . . . .o. .r o e r .
1 5 ,Y o uw i l lh a v et o c h e ehre r. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a . .b. i t .
1 6 .A d ds o m m e i l ka n ds u g a.r. . . . . . . . . . . ,y. .o u r e a .
1 7 .A r ey o uf a m i 1 i a . .i. . . . . . . . . .t.h. ew o r kI d o?
1 8 . Ia mf e d . . . . , . . . ...... . . . . . . , , .h. .i sb e h a v i o u r ,
19.Sowe'll seeeachother.........thehotel.
20.Helenlives.........Harle!Street.
2 L Thesickmanwasbrought ,...........rneroom.
2 2 .H eg o tp r o m o r e. .d. . . . . .t.h e4 t ho f J u l ]. . . . . . . . .9. a . m .
23.I haven'lseenmy elderbrother.........2 vears.
2 4 .l h a r e n r s e e n J o l.m . . . . . . . . . . . . .I .9 9 6 .
Vocabularyexercise(2) - solutions
FiLlin a fitthg uord.

1. This is dch famiand. The soil is very i.ertile.

2. \Urenmy-uncle djed.l inleritedall hispossessions.
3. How muchdo they chargefor homedelivery?
4. Viewersarepeoplewho q?tch TV.
5. Theres loughcompeljLlon betqeenthesetwo fLrms.
o. rlarcos shares arequored on theBnr>sels Srockfxchange.
. Herepreseots iheemploS.ees asa member ofrherradeuior.
E. Slopspreading rheserumours.Thesesrories nay notbe
-- ---'
rnre.
Thefluis a contagious disease. It is eu,ilypus,"aoo.
,9.
lA. 7nDe_Pe."soncelsgids oflasrweekrhereweleDolesslhan467r.acanq;,,5.
Il I er.nnotnga 5Uttable candidale is not ar easymaner.
12. It's thepersonnel manager's job to look for thepersonwith the bestqualifications.
13. Economyis govemedbJ.theiaw of supplf.anOiemana.
14. The@ standsfor Registered Tmdemark.
*. '::t"qsinglysoldnorin bontesbu!in cans.
i)
to. Pd4:
)pea{tngot ctnnts.another\rord for a drinl<is a bereraqe.
17. Buyhg andseliingbuiidingsis preciseiywhata realestiteaeent
does.
Complete thefollotring table and practise your main tenses

Verb s i m p l ep a s t pastparticiple translation

to anse
lay
Iaid
to shirie
to slide
struck

itore
thrust
ground
dug

to bum
CASI

s\{ung
sank

seen
S\YOM

taught
to \r'akg
ro spend
to spoil

forbade

kept
wntten
 led
to breed
beaten
burst
to swing
meant
stuck
strove
thought
tore
stridden
Expressingpreference
. I'd rath€rgo to the seasidethanto the Ardennes.
. I'd soonergoto ihe seasidethan to llre Ardexnos.

My own preferences:I'd rather/I!d sooE€r+ infinitiye

. I'd rath€rHelen were healih) agair.

. I'd rurh€ryou didn'r snoke nolv.
. I'd nther }!u hadn,t caltedhim ,old'.
. I'd ratherhavespeniihe aftemoonwirh agood tieDd.

Prefe.en.es about other peopte: I,d nther + sjmpt€ pqst ... to r€fe, to the presenr
or th. future
t'd .arber + past perlect ... to r€fer to the past

. I m seeingEmmarhis aftemoon.I,d ratheryou didr,i.

. I sas Enllna yesrerdayaffemoon.I,d mrberyou hadn,t.

S h o r lr e p l i e sI:' d m t b e f) o u d i d n ' i . . . . . . .t o r e f e rt o t h ep r € s e n to . i h e f u t u r € .
I d r a i h e rv o u h a d n , t. . . . . . i o r e f e rt o i h e p a s r ,

1 Noe what do vou prefer ?

A holiday a1lhe seasideor iD the moumains?

I'd rather spendry halidars at the seasidethcn n me natnwns

1. Working fion home o. from the ofiice ?

2. Travelling by caf or b! public iIanspon?
3. coing to the cinemaor to th€ thearre?
4. Mear offish as a main course?
5. Winrer fashionor sunm€r fashion?
6. Readingorwatching r€levision?
7. Adogoracar?
8. Leamins vocabularyo. grammar?

3. Nos imaginea friend of!our(. did L,refoltovine:

:r,
HeAhegossiped aboutyouio a friend,caledyourbrothera tjar,insuliedyourfarhet(,,yo11can,tdrire !,,),
borrowedyourpenandbrokeit, danced too ctoseiytoyourjliend,teft youwaiiingfor hin her arthedisco
for morethan45 minutes.

Talkaboutwhatyoudidn't like.Usethestructures
reviewed.
 .J;.,,,'. .r,,r
{"
',',

t"
i;
i.

$
 ,:':
,:a,.l

l-ist of Terms
ffiffiffi
Face ldiosns l"t lp

Matchtheseidiomswith t h e i r d e f i n i t i o n s . C.elpylhts rtlt!tty

^,: i*i.
l'lnd sther r,criyrtrer
l: --n-ier' a ii;r,-r.,:+
5t!rt Gwei

Backto activity

A B
t o p l a yi t b y e a r d o n ' tm a k ea n y d e f i n i t ep l a n s
musicto my ears goodnews
to keepyour eyespeeled pay attention/ lookfor something
a sightfor soreeyes somebodyyou are happyto seethat
you haven'tseenfor a longtime
to see eye to eye t o a g r e eo n s o m e t h i n g
to havean eye for something to havea sensefor something
t o k e e py o u r e a r so p e n to pay attentionto what is beinq
said
to be allsmiles to be very happy
to haveyour eyespopout of your to be extremeiysurprised
head
to leavea bad tastein your mouth to be upsetaboutsomeone's
actions
t o h a v ea n e a r f o r m u s i c to be talentedat music
to havea nosefor news to knowwhereto lookfor
information
keepa stiff upperlip d o n ' ts h o wt h a t y o u a r e u p s e t
to be nosy t o s t i c ky o u rn o s ei n s o m e o n e l s e ' s
business

_ Backtoactivity J
 Although - despite

I ... it was raining heavily,we playedthe match as planned.

f-- elthough
r-^
I uespue

2 ... my headacheI enjoyedthe film.

r-
I Altnough

I uespfe

3 Their new product turned out to be a success

... pessimistic
market
studies.
t_-
I althoush
f- desoite

'l rhe speechmadethe crowd cheer... the minister's

lack of
preparationtime.

r- although

T- despite

5 I rvent to lvork... my doctor had tolcl me to stay in becl.

I althoush

I OeSDlte

6... I had practisedfor hourson end,my first golf baUendedup in the

 trees.
r Although

r Despite

. 7 IIis careerdid not really take off ... his ambitions.

|-
I although
I --"r"'"
d ccnite
I
ffiffi
rl'jj:,'
'l
i:::i. :.:1.:':'"t.'.
to throw a pinch of it over his left -
shoulder, using his righi hand--
why it was donelike this,,howev6r, r
isn't knowa. "
'

l1

I Readquicklythroughthe textsand find ' . . '

1 the nameof a GreekGoddess
2 threemethodsof protection from the deador from
evil spirits
3 the nameof a book
h which side is tinkedwith evil - left or righi?
'decePtion'
;5 tne meaningof
6 why we use our righthandsto shakehands
7 the nameof a queen
8 an omen of bad luck
ig how men and womendressdttierently

BUTTONS LEFT AND LETTING irITE CAT OUT

RIGHT OF TI{E BAG
The custom of men buttoning thek This saying goes back lo the
clothes from left to right, with English country fairs of the Middle
women doing the opposite, began AgeS. At these fairs sucking pigs
in medieval times for the simple were often sold ready wrapped i:r a
reason that most men and women sack. But cheaLswould hand over
are rilht handed. Wtrile men usu- a sack coutaining a cat instead, and
aily dressedthemselves,women, in the deception would. not be dis-
Tbere are rnany sayings and particular nobie ladies, were dres- covered untii the purchaser opened
customs which we use every sed by their maids. Facing her mis- the sack having carried it all the
day but have you ever tress during such dressing opera- way home. On the other hand, a
wondered when they tions the maid, using her right wary buyer who insisted on opening
originated and why? hand, found it much easier to but- the sack as soon as it was handed
ton the various garments from over wouldlet the cat out of the bag
right to left. and in doing so would expose the
cheal in public.
CLINKING GI.ASSES
The clinking of glassesis now con-
sidered a sign ofconviviality, but it
was not always so. The custom
dates back thousands of years to
the time wben people were afraid
that the Devii might enter their
bodies along wiih the drink. So,
before actually drinking they made
a loud noise in an attempt to
frighten him away.

SPILLING TTIE SALT

From Rornan days the spilling of
salt has been an omen of ill luck.
Salt had long been considered an
irnportanl part of the daiiy diet as
a purifier and a holy substance-a
meal without it was consideredpro.
fane. The Ronans..!!ouch!. *
bigbly of it that they paid their sol-
diers either with lunips of edt or '
paiil an allowance to buy iiiTo-'
ive* ill !u* the srpiller of sdtfiid-i
 WRONGSIDE OFTTIEBED
Wben people are bad temPered we-'
sav that theY must have got out of
b"d oo the wrong side. OriginallY
this was meant quite iiteraliY'
People believed that the waY theY PERA]VIBI]LATING
*"" i:r the morning affected their The mcidern Pram is little more
behaviour throughout the daY' The than 100 years old. It was first con-
wrong sideto them was the left side, structed in New York in 1848 bY a
BLUE FOR BOYS-PE'IK man called Charles Burton' His
the ieft alwaYs having been linked
NOE GIBLS new-fangled invention didnlt catch
f.iom {hd daYsof antiquitYit was with evil.
orr. ^"ittlY because the Pram col'
UeUe"eitthai evil sPfuitshovered lided with too many pedestrians! So
menacinglY ovel the'nurserY' It he openedafactorYinEngland' His
was thougbt further that t'be evil pre'. appealed to ue conutron
;;;"; particularlY allergic to *"o". of stiuth mothers and
ihe eolour blue, associating it with became fashionable when Queen
tbe heavenly sky. T'hus tbe ilisplay Victoria ordered this uerr tYPe of
of blue on a Yolrng child was not baby carriage for ber familY' The
merelY an adornment but a neces' *ora tr"t"-bulatPr' was chosenfor
sary Precaution. Girl babies were the nlw babY caiiiage PossibiY
a vastlY inferior to boY because its literal meaning, derived
"on"idet
babies ancl it was assumed that evil from l,ati:r, is to walk through or
spirits s'ould not be interested in about. The shortened version ofthe
iit"*. atty distinctive colour for word, !ram' which we now use'
girls wag deemed unnecessary' It' is first apPearedin the vocabularY in
generations,
lossible, that lat€r 1857.
L"** of the original cause of
i blue for boys', but consciousof the
neglect of gtls, introduced the link
look.

werethe firstpastthe
4 The Conservatives
n Vocabularyextension.Completethe sentences
/. idiom'Choosetromtne
with an appropriate in the election.
followingwords. out my
5 l'm thinkingof seftingup my own bpsiness'
rnurder two birds
bull ^ i . t r tr o husbandthinksI'm on a very sticky..-..-.-
post stitches
dogs odds wicket tnere. :
but you'lllusthaveto takethe
6 Yes,it'll be difticult,
in bY the horns
i He tetlsvery funnystories.He has us all
I could
7 l'm reallYthirstY,
 Add the correct pneposition
Choosethe correct answer,

1 John was later blamed... the accident.

with

f---l about
l-ro'
|l rrbm

Ele reported ... that matter to me months ago.

l-- about
[- on

lor
l]ror
3 The whole room smelled... lavender!

r to

r* of

l-- with

f- from

heritancewas divided ... equalparts.

to
at
into
for

A goodthing we courdstop him ... rnakingthat

stupid remark !
trom
[-
I agatnst
 Jane congratulatedher sister... her birthday

f-l with
Fon
for
by

You shquldn't comparea Ferrari... a BMW.

r by

r against

r to

r with

8 Why didn't you inform us ... the strike ?

I agree... his proposaron the conditionthat he dropped

a[ charges.
I with
l. to

l- on
I aDout

10 Are we sufficienflyinsured... fire ?

[lror
 Which or what?
Choosethe correct answer.

1 ... is the airline you normally fly with?

what

2 ... do you prefer: the white or the blue one?

l, which

r what

3 ... would you Iike for your birthday?

which
[-
I wnat
I

4 ... flavour do you prefer? There'svanilla and strawberry.

I wnrcn

I what

5 ... are your deliveryterms?

t- which

t- what

6 ...is better:creditor cash?

 l]-i which
f-l what

i 7 ... is your favourite car?

i k

' I
t . " " _ .which
' I
t . _ . _ what

ffi
As a questionword ...

whatis usedto refer to objectsor ideasin an open question;

whiclt is preferred when a choiceis givenof itemsyou can choosefrom.

 i te 13 ;
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gs 8s TDMTE?Ats&E tr? '?,8

y oNDAY Wi DNf"AY f--r|-.^lY

I U€ 'DL\ THURsDAY JATJRD^Y

OUR TIMETABLE
M o n < l a yi s e a s y ,w e h a v c n o t a s k .
T u e s d a yi s b u s y , i f y o u m a y a s k .
Wednesdayis krng, brings mathemati,-::.
Thursdayis strong,<loinggymnastics
O n F - r i d a yn e x t , R o m a n i a n ,f j n e !
We rea<la te.xt.we learn a line
On Saturdaywe like to talk
About the Sundaygame and walk.

10. [rt's sing:

MUFFIN MAN
Do you know the Muffin Man M,

I'ire N'Xul'l'in
man, the Muffin lv{an l/vt

l)o you know the Muffin NIan

,w,
Who lives in Drury lane? ;
Yes, I knorv the Muffin Man
The Muffin Man, the Muffin Man
Yes, I know the Muffin Man
Who lives in Drury lane.

87
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