SKU 3013 (Group A)

CHEMISTRY I

ASSIGNMENT 2
HISTORY OF ATOM
(Niels Bohr)

No. Name Matrics No.

1. Sheylina Nair d/o Kesiven D20172080323
2. Nanthini d/o Mathu D20172081411

Lecturer : Associate Professor Dr. Norhayati binti Hashim

Date of Submission :
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

NO. CONTENT(S) PAGE(S)

1. Introduction / Background of the Scientist 3

2. Atomic Model Proposed by the Scientist 4

3. Theory Proposed by the Scientist 5

4. Advantages & Disadvantages of the Theory 9

5. Conclusion 11

6. References 12
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INTRODUCTION

Niels Bohr
Full Name: Niels Henrik David Bohr
Date of Birth: 7 October 1885
Place of Birth: Copenhagen, Denmark
Date of Death: 18 November 1962
Place of Death: Copenhagen
Occupation: Danish physicist
Awards and Honors: Copley Medal (1938) & Nobel Prize (1922), Gold Medal (1906)
Subjects of Study: Atom, Atomic Theory, Correspondence principle, Bohr Model, Quantum
Main subject: Physics
Minor Subject: Mathematics, Astronomy and Chemistry
Education: Master’s and Doctorate in Physics
Father: Christian Bohr
Mother: Ellen Adler
Spouse: Margrethe Norlund
Role Model: Rutherford
Contribution: Institute for Theoretical Physics
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ATOMIC MODEL PROPOSED BY THE SCIENTIST

Picture 1: Bohr’s Model of an Atom

This means
Electrons If that
that as Radiation is
orbit the The lower energy level
electrons fill when an
nucleus in the energy of is fill (or at
up the electron
orbits that the electron, capacity), a
orbitals, they moves from
have a set the lower the new energy
will fill the one level to
size and orbit. level will
lower energy another.
energy. begin.
level first.

Example:
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THEORY PROPOSED BY THE SCIENTIST

Picture 2: Bohr’s Atomic Model

The theory is about what was going on inside an atom. Bohr studied how the atoms behaved and
pop up with a model. In Bohr’s model, protons and neutrons are held in or center of the atom.
Electrons move around in orbits.

In Bohr’s Atomic Model, the electrons move around the nucleus in shells. Electron shell
need the electron to have greater energy than others. If electron receive the energy, it can move to
higher energy shell. If opposite way, from high energy orbit to low energy orbit, the energy called
quantum.

In the model, the behavior of the atom is highlight and explained well by Bohr. The
elements form chemical bonds. The outer electron orbits are full when they have 8 electrons. When
the outer sell reached 8 electrons, the shell is very stable and don’t form bonds with other atoms.
If atoms don’t have 8 atoms in outer electron shell, they will bond with others atom to reach
stability.
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Bohr model, portrayal of the structure of particles, particularly that of hydrogen, proposed (1913)
by the Danish physicist Niels Bohr. The Bohr model of the particle, an extreme takeoff from prior,
traditional portrayals, was the main that consolidated quantum hypothesis and was the archetype
of completely quantum-mechanical models. The Bohr model and the entirety of its replacements
depict the properties of nuclear electrons as far as a bunch of permitted (potential) values.
Molecules assimilate or produce radiation just when the electrons unexpectedly hop between
permitted, or fixed, states. Direct exploratory proof for the presence of such discrete states was
gotten (1914) by the German-conceived physicists James Franck and Gustav Hertz.

The movement of the electrons in the Rutherford model was precarious on the grounds
that, as indicated by old style mechanics and electromagnetic hypothesis, any charged molecule
proceeding onward a bended way produces electromagnetic radiation consequently, the electrons
would lose energy and winding into the core. To cure the solidness issue, Bohr changed the
Rutherford model by necessitating that the electrons move in circles of fixed size and energy. The
energy of an electron relies upon the size of the circle and is lower for more modest circles.
Radiation can happen just when the electron hops starting with one circle then onto the next. The
iota will be totally steady in the state with the littlest circle, since there is no circle of lower energy
into which the electron can hop.

Picture 3: According to classical physics, an electron in orbit around an atomic nucleus

should emit electromagnetic radiation (photons) continuously, because it is continually
accelerating in a curved path. The resulting loss of energy implies that the electron should
spiral into the nucleus in a very short time (for example, atoms cannot exist).
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Picture 4: Bohr proposed that electron are restricted to certain fixed (quantized) orbits. An
electron can jump suddenly between these orbits by absorbing or emitting a photon with
the appropriate precise wavelength.
Bohr's beginning stage was to understand that traditional mechanics without help from
anyone else would never clarify the iota's dependability. A steady molecule has a specific size so
any condition portraying it must contain some basic consistent or blend of constants with a
component of length. The traditional crucial constants- - specifically, the charges and the majority
of the electron and the core - can't be consolidated to make a length. Bohr saw, notwithstanding,
that the quantum consistent figured by the German physicist Max Planck has measurements which,
when joined with the mass and charge of the electron, produce a proportion of length.
Mathematically, the measure is near the known size of molecules. This urged Bohr to utilize
Planck's steady in looking for a hypothesis of the particle.

Planck had presented his consistent in 1900 out of a recipe clarifying the light radiation
discharged from warmed bodies. As per old style hypothesis, practically identical measures of
light energy ought to be delivered at all frequencies. This isn't simply in opposition to perception
yet in addition infers the ridiculous outcome that the absolute energy emanated by a warmed body
should be endless. Planck hypothesized that energy must be transmitted or consumed in discrete
sums, which he called quanta (the Latin word for "how much"). The energy quantum is identified
with the recurrence of the light by another essential steady, h. At the point when a body is warmed,
its brilliant energy in a specific recurrence range is, as per traditional hypothesis, corresponding to
the temperature of the body. With Planck's theory, be that as it may, the radiation can happen just
in quantum measures of energy. In the event that the brilliant energy is not exactly the quantum of
energy, the measure of light in that recurrence reach will be decreased. Planck's recipe accurately
depicts radiation from warmed bodies. Planck's steady has the elements of activity, which might
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be communicated as units of energy increased by time, units of force duplicated by length, or units
of precise energy. For instance, Planck's steady can be composed as h = 6.6x10-34 joule seconds.

Utilizing Planck's consistent, Bohr got a precise equation for the energy levels of the
hydrogen molecule. He hypothesized that the precise force of the electron is quantized- - i.e., it
can have just discrete qualities. He accepted that in any case electrons comply with the laws of old
style mechanics by going around the core in roundabout circles. On account of the quantization,
the electron circles have fixed sizes and energies. The circles are named by a number, the quantum
number n.

With his model, Bohr clarified how electrons could hop starting with one circle then onto the next
simply by producing or engrossing energy in fixed quanta. For instance, if an electron bounces one
circle nearer to the core, it must transmit energy equivalent to the distinction of the energies of the
two circles. Then again, when the electron leaps to a bigger circle, it must assimilate a quantum of
light equivalent in energy to the distinction in circles.
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ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF THE THEORY

Helps to
calculate the
energy of the
electron

Stationary
Explains the
states were
stability
numbered

MERITS

Applied to
Provides a
ions
picture of
containing
atomic
only one
structure
electron

Merits of Bohr’s Theory:

i. It clarifies the solidness. An electron can't lose energy as long as it states in a specific circle.
Along these lines the subject of utilizing energy continously and falling into the nucleus
doesn't arise.
ii. Provides a picture of atomic structure that illustrates some properties of atoms.
iii. It clarify the nuclear range of H.
iv. His hypothesis can likewise be applied to particles containing just a single electron like
that of hydrogen atom. It is conceivable to compute speed of electron moving in circle.
v. Fixed states were numbered as n = 1, 2, 3,...........etc. These basic numbers are called rule
quantum numbers.
vi. Assists with figuring the energy of the electron, range of circle for H particle.
vii. Bohr's idea of the fixed condition of electron clarifies the outflow and assimilation spectra
of hydrogen-like molecules.
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Does not
follow the
Heisenberg
uncertainty
principle

Cannot be Failed to
used to explain the
predict ability of
structure atoms
LIMITATIONS

Failed to
Provides explain the
wrong spilting of
information spectral
line

Limitations of Bohr’s Theory:

i. Cannot be utilized to predict structure and measure relative forces of spectral lines. Bohr’s
atomic model failed to account for the effect of the magnetic field (Zeeman Effect) or
electric field (Stark effect) on the spectra of atoms or ions. It was observed that when the
source of a spectrum is placed in a strong magnetic or electric field, each spectral line
further splits into a number of lines. This observation could not be explained on the basis
of Bohr’s model.
ii. Gives wrong data about the estimation of angular momentum of an electron in atom.
iii. His theory failed to explain the spectrum of atoms other than H.
iv. Doesn't follow the Heisenberg vulnerability standard. According to this principle “It is
impossible to determine simultaneously the exact position and momentum of a small
moving particle like an electron”. The postulate of Bohr, that electrons revolve in well-
defined orbits around the nucleus with well-defined velocities is thus not tenable.
v. His theory failed to explain the ability of atoms to form molecules by chemical bonds.
vi. De Broglie suggested that electrons like light have a dual character. It has particle and wave
character. Bohr treated the electron only as a particle.
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CONCLUSION

Bohr’s contribution had a strong influence in our modern understanding of atoms. He explained
well about the electrons orbit the nucleus at fixed energy levels, the orbits further from the nucleus
exist at higher energy levels and electrons return to lower energy level to emit energy in light form.

I noticed various things during my research. One of the most important things I learned
was the relationship scientists had between them and their discoveries, by this I mean that Niels
Bohr worked with a lot of scientist and was inspired by Ernest Rutherford. I was able to create
connections with the content we have been learning on class. I believe that Niels Bohr was really
a role model, he was a brilliant scientist and his discoveries affected atom's structure. I enjoyed
researching about this scientist and learning more about his life.
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REFERENCES

i. Aaserud, F. (2020). Niels Bohr, Philanthropy, and the Rise of Nuclear Physics. Retrieved
from https://www.britannica.com/biography/Niels-Bohr
ii. Bohr model. (n.d.). Retrieved November 19, 2020, from
https://www.britannica.com/science/Bohr-model.
iii. Chemistry Libretexts. (2020). Introduction Chemistry. Bohr’s Atomic Model. Retrieved
from
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Book%3A_Intro
ductory_Chemistry_(CK
12)/05%3A_Electrons_in_Atoms/5.06%3A_Bohr's_Atomic_Model
iv. Merits and Drawbacks of Bohr's Model. (n.d.). Retrieved November 19, 2020, from
https://freeguruhelpline.com/merits-and-drawbacks-of-bohrs-model/.
v. Niels Bohr: Biography, Atomic Theory & Discovery. (2016, February 8). Retrieved from
https://study.com/academy/lesson/niels-bohr-biography-atomic-theory-
discovery.html
vi. Ross. (2018, June 13). The Merits and Limitations of the Bohr Model. Retrieved
November 19, 2020, from https://easychem.com.au/the-chemistry-of-art/the-
structure-of-the-atom-and-colours/the-merits-and-limitations-of-the-bohr-model/.